201
|
Ladd AN. New Insights Into the Role of RNA-Binding Proteins in the Regulation of Heart Development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 324:125-85. [PMID: 27017008 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression during development takes place both at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate pre-mRNA processing, mRNA localization, stability, and translation. Many RBPs are expressed in the heart and have been implicated in heart development, function, or disease. This chapter will review the current knowledge about RBPs in the developing heart, focusing on those that regulate posttranscriptional gene expression. The involvement of RBPs at each stage of heart development will be considered in turn, including the establishment of specific cardiac cell types and formation of the primitive heart tube, cardiac morphogenesis, and postnatal maturation and aging. The contributions of RBPs to cardiac birth defects and heart disease will also be considered in these contexts. Finally, the interplay between RBPs and other regulatory factors in the developing heart, such as transcription factors and miRNAs, will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A N Ladd
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
The lack of the Celf2a splicing factor converts a Duchenne genotype into a Becker phenotype. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10488. [PMID: 26796035 PMCID: PMC4736020 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Substitutions, deletions and duplications in the dystrophin gene lead to either the severe Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) or mild Becker muscular dystrophy depending on whether out-of-frame or in-frame transcripts are produced. We identified a DMD case (GSΔ44) where the correlation between genotype and phenotype is not respected, even if carrying a typical Duchenne mutation (exon 44 deletion) a Becker-like phenotype was observed. Here we report that in this patient, partial restoration of an in-frame transcript occurs by natural skipping of exon 45 and that this is due to the lack of Celf2a, a splicing factor that interacts with exon 45 in the dystrophin pre-mRNA. Several experiments are presented that demonstrate the central role of Celf2a in controlling exon 45 splicing; our data point to this factor as a potential target for the improvement of those DMD therapeutic treatments, which requires exon 45 skipping. Muscular Dystrophy can be caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, causing the severe Duchenne form or the mild Becker form depending on if the transcript is in or out-of-frame. Here the authors identify a Duchenne-type mutation that gives a Becker-like phenotype due to skipping of exon 45.
Collapse
|
203
|
Obesity and cancer, a case for insulin signaling. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e2037. [PMID: 26720346 PMCID: PMC4720912 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic, with the number of overweight and obese individuals climbing from just over 500 million in 2008 to 1.9 billion in 2014. Type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease have long been associated with the obese state, whereas cancer is quickly emerging as another pathological consequence of this disease. Globally, at least 2.8 million people die each year from being overweight or obese. It is estimated that by 2020 being overweight or obese will surpass the health burden of tobacco consumption. Increase in the body mass index (BMI) in overweight (BMI>25 kg/m2) and obese (BMI>30 kg/m2) individuals is a result of adipose tissue (AT) expansion, which can lead to fat comprising >50% of the body weight in the morbidly obese. Extensive research over the last several years has painted a very complex picture of AT biology. One clear link between AT expansion and etiology of diseases like T2D and cancer is the development of insulin resistance (IR) and hyperinsulinemia. This review focuses on defining the link between obesity, IR and cancer.
Collapse
|
204
|
Actinomycin D Specifically Reduces Expanded CUG Repeat RNA in Myotonic Dystrophy Models. Cell Rep 2015; 13:2386-2394. [PMID: 26686629 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is an inherited disease characterized by the inability to relax contracted muscles. Affected individuals carry large CTG expansions that are toxic when transcribed. One possible treatment approach is to reduce or eliminate transcription of CTG repeats. Actinomycin D (ActD) is a potent transcription inhibitor and FDA-approved chemotherapeutic that binds GC-rich DNA with high affinity. Here, we report that ActD decreased CUG transcript levels in a dose-dependent manner in DM1 cell and mouse models at significantly lower concentrations (nanomolar) compared to its use as a general transcription inhibitor or chemotherapeutic. ActD also significantly reversed DM1-associated splicing defects in a DM1 mouse model, and did so within the currently approved human treatment range. RNA-seq analyses showed that low concentrations of ActD did not globally inhibit transcription in a DM1 mouse model. These results indicate that transcription inhibition of CTG expansions is a promising treatment approach for DM1.
Collapse
|
205
|
Daguenet E, Dujardin G, Valcárcel J. The pathogenicity of splicing defects: mechanistic insights into pre-mRNA processing inform novel therapeutic approaches. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1640-55. [PMID: 26566663 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of introns from pre-mRNA precursors (pre-mRNA splicing) is a necessary step for the expression of most genes in multicellular organisms, and alternative patterns of intron removal diversify and regulate the output of genomic information. Mutation or natural variation in pre-mRNA sequences, as well as in spliceosomal components and regulatory factors, has been implicated in the etiology and progression of numerous pathologies. These range from monogenic to multifactorial genetic diseases, including metabolic syndromes, muscular dystrophies, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Understanding the molecular mechanisms associated with splicing-related pathologies can provide key insights into the normal function and physiological context of the complex splicing machinery and establish sound basis for novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Daguenet
- Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu-Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gwendal Dujardin
- Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu-Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Valcárcel
- Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu-Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Nakamura T, Ohsawa-Yoshida N, Zhao Y, Koebis M, Oana K, Mitsuhashi H, Ishiura S. Splicing of human chloride channel 1. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 5:63-69. [PMID: 28955807 PMCID: PMC5600464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of chloride channel 1 (CLCN1/ClC-1) in skeletal muscle is driven by alternative splicing, a process regulated in part by RNA-binding protein families MBNL and CELF. Aberrant splicing of CLCN1 produces many mRNAs, which were translated into inactive proteins, resulting in myotonia in myotonic dystrophy (DM), a genetic disorder caused by the expansion of a CTG or CCTG repeat. This increase in abnormal splicing variants containing exons 6B, 7A or the insertion of a TAG stop codon just before exon 7 leads to a decrease in expression of the normal splice pattern. The majority of studies examining splicing in CLCN1 have been performed using mouse Clcn1, as have investigations into the activation and suppression of normal splicing variant expression by MBNL1-3 and CELF3–6, respectively. In contrast, examinations of human CLCN1 have been less common due to the greater complexity of splicing patterns. Here, we constructed a minigene containing CLCN1 exons 5–7 and established a novel assay system to quantify the expression of the normal splicing variant of CLCN1 using real-time RT-PCR. Antisense oligonucleotides could promote normal CLCN1 alternative splicing but the effective sequence was different from that of Clcn1. This result differs from previous reports using Clcn1, highlighting the effect of differences in splicing patterns between mice and humans. Splicing of of human chloride channel 1 (CLCN1) was studied. Abnormal splicing variants were observed. Antisense oligonucleotides could promote normal CLCN1 splicing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Nakamura
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Natsumi Ohsawa-Yoshida
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yimeng Zhao
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Michinori Koebis
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kosuke Oana
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuhashi
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Shoichi Ishiura
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Nguyen L, Luu LM, Peng S, Serrano JF, Chan HYE, Zimmerman SC. Rationally designed small molecules that target both the DNA and RNA causing myotonic dystrophy type 1. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14180-9. [PMID: 26473464 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Single-agent, single-target therapeutic approaches are often limited by a complex disease pathobiology. We report rationally designed, multi-target agents for myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). DM1 originates in an abnormal expansion of CTG repeats (CTG(exp)) in the DMPK gene. The resultant expanded CUG transcript (CUG(exp)) identified as a toxic agent sequesters important proteins, such as muscleblind-like proteins (MBNL), undergoes repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation, and potentially causes microRNA dysregulation. We report rationally designed small molecules that target the DM1 pathobiology in vitro in three distinct ways by acting simultaneously as transcription inhibitors, by inhibiting aberrant protein binding to the toxic RNA, and by acting as RNase mimics to degrade the toxic RNA. In vitro, the agents are shown to (1) bind CTG(exp) and inhibit formation of the CUG(exp) transcript, (2) bind CUG(exp) and inhibit sequestration of MBNL1, and (3) cleave CUG(exp) in an RNase-like manner. The most potent compounds are capable of reducing the levels of CUG(exp) in DM1 model cells, and one reverses two separate CUG(exp)-induced phenotypes in a DM1 Drosophila model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lien Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Long M Luu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Shaohong Peng
- Laboratory of Drosophila Research and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin N.T., Hong Kong, SAR
| | - Julio F Serrano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - H Y Edwin Chan
- Laboratory of Drosophila Research and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin N.T., Hong Kong, SAR
| | - Steven C Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Chakraborty M, Selma-Soriano E, Magny E, Couso JP, Pérez-Alonso M, Charlet-Berguerand N, Artero R, Llamusi B. Pentamidine rescues contractility and rhythmicity in a Drosophila model of myotonic dystrophy heart dysfunction. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1569-78. [PMID: 26515653 PMCID: PMC4728315 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.021428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Up to 80% of individuals with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) will develop cardiac abnormalities at some point during the progression of their disease, the most common of which is heart blockage of varying degrees. Such blockage is characterized by conduction defects and supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia, and carries a high risk of sudden cardiac death. Despite its importance, very few animal model studies have focused on the heart dysfunction in DM1. Here, we describe the characterization of the heart phenotype in a Drosophila model expressing pure expanded CUG repeats under the control of the cardiomyocyte-specific driver GMH5-Gal4. Morphologically, expression of 250 CUG repeats caused abnormalities in the parallel alignment of the spiral myofibrils in dissected fly hearts, as revealed by phalloidin staining. Moreover, combined immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization of Muscleblind and CUG repeats, respectively, confirmed detectable ribonuclear foci and Muscleblind sequestration, characteristic features of DM1, exclusively in flies expressing the expanded CTG repeats. Similarly to what has been reported in humans with DM1, heart-specific expression of toxic RNA resulted in reduced survival, increased arrhythmia, altered diastolic and systolic function, reduced heart tube diameters and reduced contractility in the model flies. As a proof of concept that the fly heart model can be used for in vivo testing of promising therapeutic compounds, we fed flies with pentamidine, a compound previously described to improve DM1 phenotypes. Pentamidine not only released Muscleblind from the CUG RNA repeats and reduced ribonuclear formation in the Drosophila heart, but also rescued heart arrhythmicity and contractility, and improved fly survival in animals expressing 250 CUG repeats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mouli Chakraborty
- Translational Genomics Group, Incliva Health Research Institute, Avda. Menendez Pelayo 4 acc 46010, Valencia, Spain Department of Genetics and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, Burjasot 46100, Spain
| | - Estela Selma-Soriano
- Department of Genetics and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, Burjasot 46100, Spain
| | - Emile Magny
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Juan Pablo Couso
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Manuel Pérez-Alonso
- Translational Genomics Group, Incliva Health Research Institute, Avda. Menendez Pelayo 4 acc 46010, Valencia, Spain Department of Genetics and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, Burjasot 46100, Spain
| | - Nicolas Charlet-Berguerand
- Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Ruben Artero
- Translational Genomics Group, Incliva Health Research Institute, Avda. Menendez Pelayo 4 acc 46010, Valencia, Spain Department of Genetics and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, Burjasot 46100, Spain
| | - Beatriz Llamusi
- Translational Genomics Group, Incliva Health Research Institute, Avda. Menendez Pelayo 4 acc 46010, Valencia, Spain Department of Genetics and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, Burjasot 46100, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Vicario A, Colliva A, Ratti A, Davidovic L, Baj G, Gricman Ł, Colombrita C, Pallavicini A, Jones KR, Bardoni B, Tongiorgi E. Dendritic targeting of short and long 3' UTR BDNF mRNA is regulated by BDNF or NT-3 and distinct sets of RNA-binding proteins. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:62. [PMID: 26578876 PMCID: PMC4624863 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorting of mRNAs in neuronal dendrites relies upon inducible transport mechanisms whose molecular bases are poorly understood. We investigated here the mechanism of inducible dendritic targeting of rat brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNAs as a paradigmatic example. BDNF encodes multiple mRNAs with either short or long 3' UTR, both hypothesized to harbor inducible dendritic targeting signals. However, the mechanisms of sorting of the two 3' UTR isoforms are controversial. We found that dendritic localization of BDNF mRNAs with short 3' UTR was induced by depolarization and NT3 in vitro or by seizures in vivo and required CPEB-1, -2 and ELAV-2, -4. Dendritic targeting of long 3' UTR was induced by activity or BDNF and required CPEB-1 and the relief of soma-retention signals mediated by ELAV-1, -3, -4, and FXR proteins. Thus, long and short 3' UTRs, by using different sets of RNA-binding proteins provide a mechanism of selective targeting in response to different stimuli which may underlay distinct roles of BDNF variants in neuronal development and plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Vicario
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Colliva
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonia Ratti
- Laboratory of Neuroscience - IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano Milano, Italy ; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, "Dino Ferrari Center", Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Baj
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste Trieste, Italy
| | - Łukasz Gricman
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudia Colombrita
- Laboratory of Neuroscience - IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano Milano, Italy ; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, "Dino Ferrari Center", Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
| | | | - Kevin R Jones
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder CO, USA
| | | | - Enrico Tongiorgi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Iachettini S, Valaperta R, Marchesi A, Perfetti A, Cuomo G, Fossati B, Vaienti L, Costa E, Meola G, Cardani R. Tibialis anterior muscle needle biopsy and sensitive biomolecular methods: a useful tool in myotonic dystrophy type 1. Eur J Histochem 2015; 59:2562. [PMID: 26708183 PMCID: PMC4698615 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2015.2562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a neuromuscular disorder caused by a CTG repeat expansion in 3'UTR of DMPK gene. This mutation causes accumulation of toxic RNA in nuclear foci leading to splicing misregulation of specific genes. In view of future clinical trials with antisense oligonucleotides in DM1 patients, it is important to set up sensitive and minimally-invasive tools to monitor the efficacy of treatments on skeletal muscle. A tibialis anterior (TA) muscle sample of about 60 mg was obtained from 5 DM1 patients and 5 healthy subjects through a needle biopsy. A fragment of about 40 mg was used for histological examination and a fragment of about 20 mg was used for biomolecular analysis. The TA fragments obtained with the minimally-invasive needle biopsy technique is enough to perform all the histopathological and biomolecular evaluations useful to monitor a clinical trial on DM1 patients.
Collapse
|
211
|
Yildirim I, Chakraborty D, Disney MD, Wales DJ, Schatz GC. Computational investigation of RNA CUG repeats responsible for myotonic dystrophy 1. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:4943-58. [PMID: 26500461 PMCID: PMC4606397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of the knowledge of molecular hydration entropy (ΔShyd) in chemical and biological processes, the exact calculation of ΔShyd is very difficult, because of the complexity in solute–water interactions. Although free-energy perturbation (FEP) methods have been employed quite widely in the literature, the poor convergent behavior of the van der Waals interaction term in the potential function limited the accuracy and robustness. In this study, we propose a new method for estimating ΔShyd by means of combining the FEP approach and the scaled particle theory (or information theory) to separately calculate the electrostatic solute–water interaction term (ΔSelec) and the hydrophobic contribution approximated by the cavity formation entropy (ΔScav), respectively. Decomposition of ΔShyd into ΔScav and ΔSelec terms is found to be very effective with a substantial accuracy enhancement in ΔShyd estimation, when compared to the conventional full FEP calculations. ΔScav appears to dominate over ΔSelec in magnitude, even in the case of polar solutes, implying that the major contribution to the entropic cost for hydration comes from the formation of a solvent-excluded volume. Our hybrid scaled particle theory and FEP method is thus found to enhance the accuracy of ΔShyd prediction by effectively complementing the conventional full FEP method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Yildirim
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB2 1EW
| | - Debayan Chakraborty
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB2 1EW
| | - Matthew D. Disney
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - David J. Wales
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB2 1EW
| | - George C. Schatz
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Lee DH, Park DS, Kim DH, Lee SH, Cho HM. Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Complicated With Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease: A Case Report. Ann Rehabil Med 2015; 39:645-8. [PMID: 26361604 PMCID: PMC4564715 DOI: 10.5535/arm.2015.39.4.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy (MD) is the most common adult muscular dystrophy characterized by multi-systemic clinical manifestations involving the brain, smooth muscle, cardiovascular and endocrine systems. However, peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) is an uncommon presentation of MD type 1 (DM1), which has not been reported in recent literature. A 53-year-old female, previously confirmed as DM1, presented with vague claudication of both lower limbs. The diagnosis of PAOD based on results of ankle-brachial index, ultrasonography, and abdominal computed tomography angiography studies was followed by aortobifemoral artery bypass surgery. Although the arterial patency was restored after the operation, she did not recover from post-operative respiratory complications. Screening of PAOD is necessary for DM1 with general risk factors of occlusive arteriopathy. However, surgery should be reserved for the most severe cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Sik Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Mun Cho
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Pandey SK, Wheeler TM, Justice SL, Kim A, Younis HS, Gattis D, Jauvin D, Puymirat J, Swayze EE, Freier SM, Bennett CF, Thornton CA, MacLeod AR. Identification and characterization of modified antisense oligonucleotides targeting DMPK in mice and nonhuman primates for the treatment of myotonic dystrophy type 1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 355:329-40. [PMID: 26330536 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.226969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is the most common form of muscular dystrophy in adults. DM1 is caused by an expanded CTG repeat in the 3'-untranslated region of DMPK, the gene encoding dystrophia myotonica protein kinase (DMPK). Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) containing 2',4'-constrained ethyl-modified (cEt) residues exhibit a significantly increased RNA binding affinity and in vivo potency relative to those modified with other 2'-chemistries, which we speculated could translate to enhanced activity in extrahepatic tissues, such as muscle. Here, we describe the design and characterization of a cEt gapmer DMPK ASO (ISIS 486178), with potent activity in vitro and in vivo against mouse, monkey, and human DMPK. Systemic delivery of unformulated ISIS 486718 to wild-type mice decreased DMPK mRNA levels by up to 90% in liver and skeletal muscle. Similarly, treatment of either human DMPK transgenic mice or cynomolgus monkeys with ISIS 486178 led to up to 70% inhibition of DMPK in multiple skeletal muscles and ∼50% in cardiac muscle in both species. Importantly, inhibition of DMPK was well tolerated and was not associated with any skeletal muscle or cardiac toxicity. Also interesting was the demonstration that the inhibition of DMPK mRNA levels in muscle was maintained for up to 16 and 13 weeks post-treatment in mice and monkeys, respectively. These results demonstrate that cEt-modified ASOs show potent activity in skeletal muscle, and that this attractive therapeutic approach warrants further clinical investigation to inhibit the gain-of-function toxic RNA underlying the pathogenesis of DM1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Pandey
- Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, CA (S.K.P., S.L.J., A.K., H.S.Y., D.G., E.E.S., S.M.F., C.F.B., A.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Center of Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (T.M.W., C.A.T.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (T.M.W.); and Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, Quebec City, Canada (D.J., J.P.)
| | - Thurman M Wheeler
- Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, CA (S.K.P., S.L.J., A.K., H.S.Y., D.G., E.E.S., S.M.F., C.F.B., A.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Center of Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (T.M.W., C.A.T.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (T.M.W.); and Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, Quebec City, Canada (D.J., J.P.)
| | - Samantha L Justice
- Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, CA (S.K.P., S.L.J., A.K., H.S.Y., D.G., E.E.S., S.M.F., C.F.B., A.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Center of Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (T.M.W., C.A.T.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (T.M.W.); and Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, Quebec City, Canada (D.J., J.P.)
| | - Aneeza Kim
- Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, CA (S.K.P., S.L.J., A.K., H.S.Y., D.G., E.E.S., S.M.F., C.F.B., A.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Center of Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (T.M.W., C.A.T.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (T.M.W.); and Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, Quebec City, Canada (D.J., J.P.)
| | - Husam S Younis
- Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, CA (S.K.P., S.L.J., A.K., H.S.Y., D.G., E.E.S., S.M.F., C.F.B., A.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Center of Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (T.M.W., C.A.T.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (T.M.W.); and Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, Quebec City, Canada (D.J., J.P.)
| | - Danielle Gattis
- Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, CA (S.K.P., S.L.J., A.K., H.S.Y., D.G., E.E.S., S.M.F., C.F.B., A.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Center of Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (T.M.W., C.A.T.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (T.M.W.); and Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, Quebec City, Canada (D.J., J.P.)
| | - Dominic Jauvin
- Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, CA (S.K.P., S.L.J., A.K., H.S.Y., D.G., E.E.S., S.M.F., C.F.B., A.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Center of Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (T.M.W., C.A.T.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (T.M.W.); and Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, Quebec City, Canada (D.J., J.P.)
| | - Jack Puymirat
- Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, CA (S.K.P., S.L.J., A.K., H.S.Y., D.G., E.E.S., S.M.F., C.F.B., A.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Center of Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (T.M.W., C.A.T.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (T.M.W.); and Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, Quebec City, Canada (D.J., J.P.)
| | - Eric E Swayze
- Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, CA (S.K.P., S.L.J., A.K., H.S.Y., D.G., E.E.S., S.M.F., C.F.B., A.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Center of Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (T.M.W., C.A.T.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (T.M.W.); and Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, Quebec City, Canada (D.J., J.P.)
| | - Susan M Freier
- Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, CA (S.K.P., S.L.J., A.K., H.S.Y., D.G., E.E.S., S.M.F., C.F.B., A.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Center of Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (T.M.W., C.A.T.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (T.M.W.); and Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, Quebec City, Canada (D.J., J.P.)
| | - C Frank Bennett
- Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, CA (S.K.P., S.L.J., A.K., H.S.Y., D.G., E.E.S., S.M.F., C.F.B., A.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Center of Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (T.M.W., C.A.T.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (T.M.W.); and Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, Quebec City, Canada (D.J., J.P.)
| | - Charles A Thornton
- Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, CA (S.K.P., S.L.J., A.K., H.S.Y., D.G., E.E.S., S.M.F., C.F.B., A.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Center of Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (T.M.W., C.A.T.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (T.M.W.); and Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, Quebec City, Canada (D.J., J.P.)
| | - A Robert MacLeod
- Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, CA (S.K.P., S.L.J., A.K., H.S.Y., D.G., E.E.S., S.M.F., C.F.B., A.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Center of Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (T.M.W., C.A.T.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (T.M.W.); and Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, Quebec City, Canada (D.J., J.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Takarada T, Nishida A, Takeuchi A, Lee T, Takeshima Y, Matsuo M. Resveratrol enhances splicing of insulin receptor exon 11 in myotonic dystrophy type 1 fibroblasts. Brain Dev 2015; 37:661-8. [PMID: 25476247 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is characterized by splicing abnormalities caused by CUG expansion of the DMPK gene transcript. Splicing of exon 11 of the insulin receptor (IR) gene is deregulated to suppress exon 11 inclusion into mRNA in DM1. Consequently, the exon 11-deleted IR isoform that is less sensitive to insulin is predominantly produced, leading to glucose intolerance in DM1. Upregulation of exon 11 retaining full-length IR mRNA is a potential way to recover insulin sensitivity in DM1. METHODS We examined candidate chemicals for their ability to enhance inclusion of exon 11 of the IR gene in cultured cells by reverse transcription-PCR amplification of a fragment extending from exons 10 to 12 of IR mRNA. RESULTS We revealed that resveratrol (RES) enhanced the percentage of exon 11-containing IR mRNA among the total IR mRNA in HeLa cells. The RES-mediated enhancement of exon 11 inclusion was cell-specific and highest in fibroblasts. We tested RES on four fibroblast samples from three generations of one DM1 family. In each sample, RES treatment significantly upregulated the percentage of exon 11-containing IR mRNA to levels higher than that of the control, irrespective of the length of the sample's CTG repeat expansion. DISCUSSION A natural compound, RES, was shown for the first time to upregulate the full-length IR mRNA in fibroblasts from DM1 cases. Our results provide the justification of RES as a leading compound to improve glucose tolerance in DM1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takarada
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobegakuin University, Nishi, Kobe 6512180, Japan; Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada, Kobe 6588558, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishida
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobegakuin University, Nishi, Kobe 6512180, Japan
| | - Atsuko Takeuchi
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada, Kobe 6588558, Japan
| | - Tomoko Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 6638131, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takeshima
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 6638131, Japan
| | - Masafumi Matsuo
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobegakuin University, Nishi, Kobe 6512180, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Meola G, Cardani R. Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2: An Update on Clinical Aspects, Genetic and Pathomolecular Mechanism. J Neuromuscul Dis 2015; 2:S59-S71. [PMID: 27858759 PMCID: PMC5240594 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-150088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is the most common adult muscular dystrophy, characterized by autosomal dominant progressive myopathy, myotonia and multiorgan involvement. To date two distinct forms caused by similar mutations have been identified. Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1, Steinert's disease) is caused by a (CTG)n expansion in DMPK, while myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is caused by a (CCTG)n expansion in CNBP. Despite clinical and genetic similarities, DM1 and DM2 are distinct disorders. The pathogenesis of DM is explained by a common RNA gain-of-function mechanism in which the CUG and CCUG repeats alter cellular function, including alternative splicing of various genes. However additional pathogenic mechanism like changes in gene expression, modifier genes, protein translation and micro-RNA metabolism may also contribute to disease pathology and to clarify the phenotypic differences between these two types of myotonic dystrophies.This review is an update on the latest findings specific to DM2, including explanations for the differences in clinical manifestations and pathophysiology between the two forms of myotonic dystrophies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Meola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, University of Milan, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Muscle Histopathology and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Cardani
- Laboratory of Muscle Histopathology and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Hypogonadism Associated with Cyp19a1 (Aromatase) Posttranscriptional Upregulation in Celf1 Knockout Mice. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:3244-53. [PMID: 26169831 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00074-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CELF1 is a multifunctional RNA-binding protein that controls several aspects of RNA fate. The targeted disruption of the Celf1 gene in mice causes male infertility due to impaired spermiogenesis, the postmeiotic differentiation of male gametes. Here, we investigated the molecular reasons that underlie this testicular phenotype. By measuring sex hormone levels, we detected low concentrations of testosterone in Celf1-null mice. We investigated the effect of Celf1 disruption on the expression levels of steroidogenic enzyme genes, and we observed that Cyp19a1 was upregulated. Cyp19a1 encodes aromatase, which transforms testosterone into estradiol. Administration of testosterone or the aromatase inhibitor letrozole partly rescued the spermiogenesis defects, indicating that a lack of testosterone associated with excessive aromatase contributes to the testicular phenotype. In vivo and in vitro interaction assays demonstrated that CELF1 binds to Cyp19a1 mRNA, and reporter assays supported the conclusion that CELF1 directly represses Cyp19a1 translation. We conclude that CELF1 downregulates Cyp19a1 (Aromatase) posttranscriptionally to achieve high concentrations of testosterone compatible with spermiogenesis completion. We discuss the implications of these findings with respect to reproductive defects in men, including patients suffering from isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and myotonic dystrophy type I.
Collapse
|
217
|
Mateos-Aierdi AJ, Goicoechea M, Aiastui A, Fernández-Torrón R, Garcia-Puga M, Matheu A, López de Munain A. Muscle wasting in myotonic dystrophies: a model of premature aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26217220 PMCID: PMC4496580 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1 or Steinert’s disease) and type 2 (DM2) are multisystem disorders of genetic origin. Progressive muscular weakness, atrophy and myotonia are the most prominent neuromuscular features of these diseases, while other clinical manifestations such as cardiomyopathy, insulin resistance and cataracts are also common. From a clinical perspective, most DM symptoms are interpreted as a result of an accelerated aging (cataracts, muscular weakness and atrophy, cognitive decline, metabolic dysfunction, etc.), including an increased risk of developing tumors. From this point of view, DM1 could be described as a progeroid syndrome since a notable age-dependent dysfunction of all systems occurs. The underlying molecular disorder in DM1 consists of the existence of a pathological (CTG) triplet expansion in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the Dystrophia Myotonica Protein Kinase (DMPK) gene, whereas (CCTG)n repeats in the first intron of the Cellular Nucleic acid Binding Protein/Zinc Finger Protein 9(CNBP/ZNF9) gene cause DM2. The expansions are transcribed into (CUG)n and (CCUG)n-containing RNA, respectively, which form secondary structures and sequester RNA-binding proteins, such as the splicing factor muscleblind-like protein (MBNL), forming nuclear aggregates known as foci. Other splicing factors, such as CUGBP, are also disrupted, leading to a spliceopathy of a large number of downstream genes linked to the clinical features of these diseases. Skeletal muscle regeneration relies on muscle progenitor cells, known as satellite cells, which are activated after muscle damage, and which proliferate and differentiate to muscle cells, thus regenerating the damaged tissue. Satellite cell dysfunction seems to be a common feature of both age-dependent muscle degeneration (sarcopenia) and muscle wasting in DM and other muscle degenerative diseases. This review aims to describe the cellular, molecular and macrostructural processes involved in the muscular degeneration seen in DM patients, highlighting the similarities found with muscle aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Judith Mateos-Aierdi
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute San Sebastián, Spain ; CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Goicoechea
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute San Sebastián, Spain ; CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Aiastui
- CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad Madrid, Spain ; Cell Culture Platform, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián Spain
| | - Roberto Fernández-Torrón
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute San Sebastián, Spain ; CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad Madrid, Spain ; Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián Spain
| | - Mikel Garcia-Puga
- Oncology Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- Oncology Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute San Sebastián, Spain ; CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad Madrid, Spain ; Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, Universidad del País Vasco UPV-EHU San Sebastián, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Abstract
RNAs adopt diverse folded structures that are essential for function and thus play critical roles in cellular biology. A striking example of this is the ribosome, a complex, three-dimensionally folded macromolecular machine that orchestrates protein synthesis. Advances in RNA biochemistry, structural and molecular biology, and bioinformatics have revealed other non-coding RNAs whose functions are dictated by their structure. It is not surprising that aberrantly folded RNA structures contribute to disease. In this Review, we provide a brief introduction into RNA structural biology and then describe how RNA structures function in cells and cause or contribute to neurological disease. Finally, we highlight successful applications of rational design principles to provide chemical probes and lead compounds targeting structured RNAs. Based on several examples of well-characterized RNA-driven neurological disorders, we demonstrate how designed small molecules can facilitate the study of RNA dysfunction, elucidating previously unknown roles for RNA in disease, and provide lead therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viachaslau Bernat
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Matthew D Disney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Vujnic M, Peric S, Popovic S, Raseta N, Ralic V, Dobricic V, Novakovic I, Rakocevic-Stojanovic V. Metabolic syndrome in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1. Muscle Nerve 2015; 52:273-7. [PMID: 25487787 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and features of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). METHODS We studied 66 DM1 patients (50% men, aged 41.9 ± 10.5 years, disease duration of 19.3 ± 8.6 years). New worldwide consensus criteria for MetS from 2009 were used. RESULTS Components of MetS were present at the following frequencies: hypertriglyceridemia 67%; low HDL cholesterol 35%; hypertension 18%; central obesity 14%; and hyperglycemia 9%. MetS was present in 11 (17%) patients. The presence of MetS was not associated with patients' gender, age, disease severity, disease duration, or CTG repeat length (P > 0.05). Patients with MetS had significantly lower total SF-36 scores as a measure of quality of life in comparison to patients without MetS (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Although certain components of MetS were very frequent in patients with DM1, only 17% met the criteria for MetS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milorad Vujnic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Stojan Peric
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, 11 000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Srdjan Popovic
- Endocrinology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nela Raseta
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Vesna Ralic
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, 11 000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Valerija Dobricic
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, 11 000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Novakovic
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, 11 000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vidosava Rakocevic-Stojanovic
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, 11 000, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Bisset DR, Stepniak-Konieczna EA, Zavaljevski M, Wei J, Carter GT, Weiss MD, Chamberlain JR. Therapeutic impact of systemic AAV-mediated RNA interference in a mouse model of myotonic dystrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4971-83. [PMID: 26082468 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) offers a promising therapeutic approach for dominant genetic disorders that involve gain-of-function mechanisms. One candidate disease for RNAi therapy application is myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), which results from toxicity of a mutant mRNA. DM1 is caused by expansion of a CTG repeat in the 3' UTR of the DMPK gene. The expression of DMPK mRNA containing an expanded CUG repeat (CUG(exp)) leads to defects in RNA biogenesis and turnover. We designed miRNA-based RNAi hairpins to target the CUG(exp) mRNA in the human α-skeletal muscle actin long-repeat (HSA(LR)) mouse model of DM1. RNAi expression cassettes were delivered to HSA(LR) mice using recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors injected intravenously as a route to systemic gene therapy. Vector delivery significantly reduced disease pathology in muscles of the HSA(LR) mice, including a reduction in the CUG(exp) mRNA, a reduction in myotonic discharges, a shift toward adult pre-mRNA splicing patterns, reduced myofiber hypertrophy and a decrease in myonuclear foci containing the CUG(exp) mRNA. Significant reversal of hallmarks of DM1 in the rAAV RNAi-treated HSA(LR) mice indicate that defects characteristic of DM1 can be mitigated with a systemic RNAi approach targeting the nuclei of terminally differentiated myofibers. Efficient rAAV-mediated delivery of RNAi has the potential to provide a long-term therapy for DM1 and other dominant muscular dystrophies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jessica Wei
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Michael D Weiss
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
221
|
Rau F, Lainé J, Ramanoudjame L, Ferry A, Arandel L, Delalande O, Jollet A, Dingli F, Lee KY, Peccate C, Lorain S, Kabashi E, Athanasopoulos T, Koo T, Loew D, Swanson MS, Le Rumeur E, Dickson G, Allamand V, Marie J, Furling D. Abnormal splicing switch of DMD's penultimate exon compromises muscle fibre maintenance in myotonic dystrophy. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7205. [PMID: 26018658 PMCID: PMC4458869 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a dominant neuromuscular disease caused by nuclear-retained RNAs containing expanded CUG repeats. These toxic RNAs alter the activities of RNA splicing factors resulting in alternative splicing misregulation and muscular dysfunction. Here we show that the abnormal splicing of DMD exon 78 found in dystrophic muscles of DM1 patients is due to the functional loss of MBNL1 and leads to the re-expression of an embryonic dystrophin in place of the adult isoform. Forced expression of embryonic dystrophin in zebrafish using an exon-skipping approach severely impairs the mobility and muscle architecture. Moreover, reproducing Dmd exon 78 missplicing switch in mice induces muscle fibre remodelling and ultrastructural abnormalities including ringed fibres, sarcoplasmic masses or Z-band disorganization, which are characteristic features of dystrophic DM1 skeletal muscles. Thus, we propose that splicing misregulation of DMD exon 78 compromises muscle fibre maintenance and contributes to the progressive dystrophic process in DM1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Rau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Lainé
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, Département de Physiologie, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Laetitita Ramanoudjame
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Ferry
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Arandel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Delalande
- Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, F-35043 Rennes, France
| | - Arnaud Jollet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Florent Dingli
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Kuang-Yung Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.,Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan
| | - Cécile Peccate
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Lorain
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Edor Kabashi
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM 75, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, ICM, Paris, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Takis Athanasopoulos
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway-University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Taeyoung Koo
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway-University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Damarys Loew
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Maurice S Swanson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Elisabeth Le Rumeur
- Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, F-35043 Rennes, France
| | - George Dickson
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway-University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Valérie Allamand
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Marie
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Denis Furling
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Myotonic dystrophies type 1 and type 2 are progressive multisystem genetic disorders with clinical and genetic features in common. Myotonic dystrophy type 1 is the most prevalent muscular dystrophy in adults and has a wide phenotypic spectrum. The average age of death in myotonic dystrophy type 1 is in the fifth decade. In comparison, myotonic dystrophy type 2 tends to cause a milder phenotype with later onset of symptoms and is less common than myotonic dystrophy type 1. Historically, patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 have not received the medical and social input they need to maximize their quality and quantity of life. This review describes the improved understanding in the molecular and clinical features of myotonic dystrophy type 1 as well as the screening of clinical complications and their management. We will also discuss new potential genetic treatments. RECENT FINDINGS An active approach to screening and management of myotonic dystrophies type 1 and type 2 requires a multidisciplinary medical, rehabilitative and social team. This process will probably improve morbidity and mortality for patients. Genetic treatments have been successfully used in in-vitro and animal models to reverse the physiological, histopathological and transcriptomic features. SUMMARY Molecular therapeutics for myotonic dystrophy will probably bridge the translational gap between bench and bedside in the near future. There will still be a requirement for clinical screening of patients with myotonic dystrophy with proactive and systematic management of complications.
Collapse
|
223
|
Surgical treatment of obesity in DM1 – a case report and a review of the literature. Neuromuscul Disord 2015; 25:414-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
224
|
Moraes KCM, Diniz LF, Bahia MT. Role of cyclooxygenase-2 in Trypanosoma cruzi survival in the early stages of parasite host-cell interaction. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:181-91. [PMID: 25946241 PMCID: PMC4489448 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the intracellular protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is a serious health problem in Latin America. During this parasitic infection, the heart is one of the major organs affected. The pathogenesis of tissue remodelling, particularly regarding cardiomyocyte behaviour after parasite infection and the molecular mechanisms that occur immediately following parasite entry into host cells are not yet completely understood. When cells are infected with T. cruzi, they develop an inflammatory response, in which cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) catalyses rate-limiting steps in the arachidonic acid pathway. However, how the parasite interaction modulates COX-2 activity is poorly understood. In this study, the H9c2 cell line was used as our model and we investigated cellular and biochemical aspects during the initial 48 h of parasitic infection. Oscillatory activity of COX-2 was observed, which correlated with the control of the pro-inflammatory environment in infected cells. Interestingly, subcellular trafficking was also verified, correlated with the control of Cox-2 mRNA or the activated COX-2 protein in cells, which is directly connected with the assemble of stress granules structures. Our collective findings suggest that in the very early stage of the T. cruzi-host cell interaction, the parasite is able to modulate the cellular metabolism in order to survives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen CM Moraes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto
de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, SP,
Brasil
| | - Lívia F Diniz
- Laboratório de Doença de Chagas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas,
Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro
Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - Maria Terezinha Bahia
- Laboratório de Doença de Chagas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas,
Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro
Preto, MG, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
225
|
Wojtkowiak-Szlachcic A, Taylor K, Stepniak-Konieczna E, Sznajder LJ, Mykowska A, Sroka J, Thornton CA, Sobczak K. Short antisense-locked nucleic acids (all-LNAs) correct alternative splicing abnormalities in myotonic dystrophy. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:3318-31. [PMID: 25753670 PMCID: PMC4381072 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is an autosomal dominant multisystemic disorder caused by expansion of CTG triplet repeats in 3′-untranslated region of DMPK gene. The pathomechanism of DM1 is driven by accumulation of toxic transcripts containing expanded CUG repeats (CUGexp) in nuclear foci which sequester several factors regulating RNA metabolism, such as Muscleblind-like proteins (MBNLs). In this work, we utilized very short chemically modified antisense oligonucleotides composed exclusively of locked nucleic acids (all-LNAs) complementary to CUG repeats, as potential therapeutic agents against DM1. Our in vitro data demonstrated that very short, 8- or 10-unit all-LNAs effectively bound the CUG repeat RNA and prevented the formation of CUGexp/MBNL complexes. In proliferating DM1 cells as well as in skeletal muscles of DM1 mouse model the all-LNAs induced the reduction of the number and size of CUGexp foci and corrected MBNL-sensitive alternative splicing defects with high efficacy and specificity. The all-LNAs had low impact on the cellular level of CUGexp-containing transcripts and did not affect the expression of other transcripts with short CUG repeats. Our data strongly indicate that short all-LNAs complementary to CUG repeats are a promising therapeutic tool against DM1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wojtkowiak-Szlachcic
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Taylor
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Stepniak-Konieczna
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Lukasz J Sznajder
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mykowska
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Sroka
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Charles A Thornton
- Department of Neurology, Box 645, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Krzysztof Sobczak
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Besic V, Shi H, Stubbs RS, Hayes MT. Aberrant liver insulin receptor isoform a expression normalises with remission of type 2 diabetes after gastric bypass surgery. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119270. [PMID: 25742416 PMCID: PMC4351188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) results from a combination of progressive insulin resistance and loss of pancreatic beta cell function and/or mass. Insulin signalling occurs through the insulin receptor, (INSR) which is alternatively spliced into two isoforms: INSRA (-exon 11) and INSRB (+exon 11). Because the INSR isoforms have different functional characteristics, their relative expression ratio has been implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and T2DM. We studied levels of INSR isoform mRNA in liver samples taken from 46 individuals with or without T2DM at Roux-en-Y (RYGB) surgery, and on average 17 (± 5.6) months later in 16 of the same individuals (8 diabetic and non-diabetic patients). INSRA or INSRB was also overexpressed in HepG2 cells to ascertain their effect on AKT phosphorylation and PCK1 expression as markers of insulin-mediated metabolic signalling. We found the INSRB:A isoform ratio was reduced in individuals with T2DM in comparison to those with normal glucose tolerance and normalised with remission of diabetes. The INSRB:A ratio increased due to a reduction in the alternatively spliced INSRA isoform following remission of diabetes. Overexpressing INSRA isoform in HepG2 hepatoma cells reduced inhibition of PCK1 transcription and did not increase AKT phosphorylation in response to insulin load compared to the effect of overexpressing the B isoform. Data presented here revitalizes the role of the INSR isoforms in the pathogenesis of T2DM, and suggests that an abrogated INSRB:A ratio that favours the INSRA isoform may negatively impact insulin-mediated metabolic signalling.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Alternative Splicing
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Female
- Gastric Bypass/methods
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Obesity, Morbid/complications
- Obesity, Morbid/genetics
- Obesity, Morbid/surgery
- Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP)/genetics
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptor, Insulin/genetics
- Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinko Besic
- Wakefield Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (VB); (MTH)
| | - Hongjun Shi
- Wakefield Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Richard S. Stubbs
- Wakefield Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
- The Wakefield Clinic, Wakefield Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mark T. Hayes
- Wakefield Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- * E-mail: (VB); (MTH)
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Pettersson OJ, Aagaard L, Jensen TG, Damgaard CK. Molecular mechanisms in DM1 - a focus on foci. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:2433-41. [PMID: 25605794 PMCID: PMC4344492 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 is caused by abnormal expansion of a CTG-trinucleotide repeat in the gene encoding Dystrophia Myotonica Protein Kinase (DMPK), which in turn leads to global deregulation of gene expression in affected individuals. The transcribed mRNA contains a massive CUG-expansion in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) facilitating nucleation of several regulatory RNA-binding proteins, which are thus unable to perform their normal cellular function. These CUG-expanded mRNA-protein aggregates form distinct, primarily nuclear foci. In differentiated muscle cells, most of the CUG-expanded RNA remains in the nuclear compartment, while in dividing cells such as fibroblasts a considerable fraction of the mutant RNA reaches the cytoplasm, consistent with findings that both nuclear and cytoplasmic events are mis-regulated in DM1. Recent evidence suggests that the nuclear aggregates, or ribonuclear foci, are more dynamic than previously anticipated and regulated by several proteins, including RNA helicases. In this review, we focus on the homeostasis of DMPK mRNA foci and discuss how their dynamic regulation may affect disease-causing mechanisms in DM1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olof Joakim Pettersson
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, Building 1240, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lars Aagaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, Building 1240, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Gryesten Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, Building 1240, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian Kroun Damgaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, Building 1130, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Du J, Aleff RA, Soragni E, Kalari K, Nie J, Tang X, Davila J, Kocher JP, Patel SV, Gottesfeld JM, Baratz KH, Wieben ED. RNA toxicity and missplicing in the common eye disease fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5979-90. [PMID: 25593321 PMCID: PMC4358235 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.621607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is an inherited degenerative disease that affects the internal endothelial cell monolayer of the cornea and can result in corneal edema and vision loss in severe cases. FECD affects ∼5% of middle-aged Caucasians in the United States and accounts for >14,000 corneal transplantations annually. Among the several genes and loci associated with FECD, the strongest association is with an intronic (CTG·CAG)n trinucleotide repeat expansion in the TCF4 gene, which is found in the majority of affected patients. Corneal endothelial cells from FECD patients harbor a poly(CUG)n RNA that can be visualized as RNA foci containing this condensed RNA and associated proteins. Similar to myotonic dystrophy type 1, the poly(CUG)n RNA co-localizes with and sequesters the mRNA-splicing factor MBNL1, leading to missplicing of essential MBNL1-regulated mRNAs. Such foci and missplicing are not observed in similar cells from FECD patients who lack the repeat expansion. RNA-Seq splicing data from the corneal endothelia of FECD patients and controls reveal hundreds of differential alternative splicing events. These include events previously characterized in the context of myotonic dystrophy type 1 and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, as well as splicing changes in genes related to proposed mechanisms of FECD pathogenesis. We report the first instance of RNA toxicity and missplicing in a common non-neurological/neuromuscular disease associated with a repeat expansion. The FECD patient population with this (CTG·CAG)n trinucleotide repeat expansion exceeds that of the combined number of patients in all other microsatellite expansion disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jintang Du
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 and
| | - Ross A Aleff
- the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Elisabetta Soragni
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joel M Gottesfeld
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 and
| | | | - Eric D Wieben
- the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Chau A, Kalsotra A. Developmental insights into the pathology of and therapeutic strategies for DM1: Back to the basics. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:377-90. [PMID: 25504326 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 (DM1), the most prevalent adult onset muscular dystrophy, is a trinucleotide repeat expansion disease caused by CTG expansion in the 3'-UTR of DMPK gene. This expansion results in the expression of toxic gain-of-function RNA that forms ribonuclear foci and disrupts normal activities of RNA-binding proteins belonging to the MBNL and CELF families. Changes in alternative splicing, translation, localization, and mRNA stability due to sequestration of MBNL proteins and up-regulation of CELF1 are key to DM1 pathology. However, recent discoveries indicate that pathogenic mechanisms of DM1 involves many other factors as well, including repeat associated translation, activation of PKC-dependent signaling pathway, aberrant polyadenylation, and microRNA deregulation. Expression of the toxic repeat RNA culminates in the developmental remodeling of the transcriptome, which produces fetal isoforms of proteins that are unable to fulfill the physiological requirements of adult tissues. This review will describe advances in the understanding of DM1 pathogenesis as well as current therapeutic developments for DM1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Chau
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois; Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois; Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | | |
Collapse
|
230
|
Westermeier F, Salomón C, Farías M, Arroyo P, Fuenzalida B, Sáez T, Salsoso R, Sanhueza C, Guzmán‐Gutiérrez E, Pardo F, Leiva A, Sobrevia L. Insulin requires normal expression and signaling of insulin receptor A to reverse gestational diabetes‐reduced adenosine transport in human umbilical vein endothelium. FASEB J 2015; 29:37-49. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-254219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Westermeier
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL)Division of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchool of MedicineFaculty of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDIS)Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Carlos Salomón
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL)Division of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchool of MedicineFaculty of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR)Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of QueenslandHerstonQueenslandAustralia
| | - Marcelo Farías
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL)Division of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchool of MedicineFaculty of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Pablo Arroyo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL)Division of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchool of MedicineFaculty of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Bárbara Fuenzalida
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL)Division of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchool of MedicineFaculty of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Tamara Sáez
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL)Division of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchool of MedicineFaculty of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Rocío Salsoso
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL)Division of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchool of MedicineFaculty of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Carlos Sanhueza
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL)Division of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchool of MedicineFaculty of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Enrique Guzmán‐Gutiérrez
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL)Division of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchool of MedicineFaculty of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- Faculty of Health SciencesUniversidad San SebastiánConcepciónChile
| | - Fabián Pardo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL)Division of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchool of MedicineFaculty of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Andrea Leiva
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL)Division of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchool of MedicineFaculty of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL)Division of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchool of MedicineFaculty of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR)Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of QueenslandHerstonQueenslandAustralia
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversidad de SevillaSevilleSpain
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Ohsawa N, Koebis M, Mitsuhashi H, Nishino I, Ishiura S. ABLIM1 splicing is abnormal in skeletal muscle of patients with DM1 and regulated by MBNL, CELF and PTBP1. Genes Cells 2014; 20:121-34. [PMID: 25403273 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is an RNA-mediated disorder characterized by muscle weakness, cardiac defects and multiple symptoms and is caused by expanded CTG repeats within the 3' untranslated region of the DMPK gene. In this study, we found abnormal splicing of actin-binding LIM protein 1 (ABLIM1) in skeletal muscles of patients with DM1 and a DM1 mouse model (HSA(LR) ). An exon 11 inclusion isoform is expressed in skeletal muscle and heart of non-DM1 individuals, but not in skeletal muscle of patients with DM1 or other adult human tissues. Moreover, we determined that ABLIM1 splicing is regulated by several splice factors, including MBNL family proteins, CELF1, 2 and 6, and PTBP1, using a cellular splicing assay. MBNL proteins promoted the inclusion of ABLIM1 exon 11, but other proteins and expanded CUG repeats repressed exon 11 of ABLIM1. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that MBNL proteins are trapped by expanded CUG repeats and inactivated in DM1 and that CELF1 is activated in DM1. However, activation of PTBP1 has not been reported in DM1. Our results suggest that the exon 11 inclusion isoform of ABLIM1 may have a muscle-specific function, and its abnormal splicing could be related to muscle symptoms of DM1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Ohsawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
232
|
Rodríguez R, Hernández-Hernández O, Magaña JJ, González-Ramírez R, García-López ES, Cisneros B. Altered nuclear structure in myotonic dystrophy type 1-derived fibroblasts. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 42:479-88. [PMID: 25307018 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3791-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a multisystem genetic disorder caused by a triplet nucleotide repeat expansion in the 3' untranslated region of the Dystrophia Myotonica-Protein Kinase (DMPK) gene. DMPK gene transcripts containing CUG expanded repeats accumulate in nuclear foci and ultimately cause altered splicing/gene expression of numerous secondary genes. The study of primary cell cultures derived from patients with DM1 has allowed the identification and further characterization of molecular mechanisms underlying the pathology in the natural context of the disease. In this study we show for the first time impaired nuclear structure in fibroblasts of DM1 patients. DM1-derived fibroblasts exhibited altered localization of the nuclear envelope (NE) proteins emerin and lamins A/C and B1 with concomitant increased size and altered shape of nuclei. Abnormal NE organization is more common in DM1 fibroblasts containing abundant nuclear foci, implying expression of the expanded RNA as determinant of nuclear defects. That transient expression of the DMPK 3' UTR containing 960 CTG but not with the 3' UTR lacking CTG repeats is sufficient to generate NE disruption in normal fibroblasts confirms the direct impact of mutant RNA on NE architecture. We also evidence nucleoli distortion in DM1 fibroblasts by immunostaining of the nucleolar protein fibrillarin, implying a broader effect of the mutant RNA on nuclear structure. In summary, these findings reveal that NE disruption, a hallmark of laminopathy disorders, is a novel characteristic of DM1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Rodríguez
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508 Col Zacatenco, 07360, Mexico, D.F, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
233
|
deLorimier E, Coonrod LA, Copperman J, Taber A, Reister EE, Sharma K, Todd PK, Guenza MG, Berglund JA. Modifications to toxic CUG RNAs induce structural stability, rescue mis-splicing in a myotonic dystrophy cell model and reduce toxicity in a myotonic dystrophy zebrafish model. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:12768-78. [PMID: 25303993 PMCID: PMC4227782 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CUG repeat expansions in the 3′ UTR of dystrophia myotonica protein kinase (DMPK) cause myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). As RNA, these repeats elicit toxicity by sequestering splicing proteins, such as MBNL1, into protein–RNA aggregates. Structural studies demonstrate that CUG repeats can form A-form helices, suggesting that repeat secondary structure could be important in pathogenicity. To evaluate this hypothesis, we utilized structure-stabilizing RNA modifications pseudouridine (Ψ) and 2′-O-methylation to determine if stabilization of CUG helical conformations affected toxicity. CUG repeats modified with Ψ or 2′-O-methyl groups exhibited enhanced structural stability and reduced affinity for MBNL1. Molecular dynamics and X-ray crystallography suggest a potential water-bridging mechanism for Ψ-mediated CUG repeat stabilization. Ψ modification of CUG repeats rescued mis-splicing in a DM1 cell model and prevented CUG repeat toxicity in zebrafish embryos. This study indicates that the structure of toxic RNAs has a significant role in controlling the onset of neuromuscular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine deLorimier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Leslie A Coonrod
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Jeremy Copperman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Alex Taber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Emily E Reister
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Kush Sharma
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter K Todd
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marina G Guenza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - J Andrew Berglund
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Huang H, Xu Y, Cheng C. Detection of alternative splicing during epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Vis Exp 2014:e51845. [PMID: 25350517 DOI: 10.3791/51845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing plays a critical role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an essential cellular program that occurs in various physiological and pathological processes. Here we describe a strategy to detect alternative splicing during EMT using an inducible EMT model by expressing the transcription repressor Twist. EMT is monitored by changes in cell morphology, loss of E-cadherin localization at cell-cell junctions, and the switched expression of EMT markers, such as loss of epithelial markers E-cadherin and γ-catenin and gain of mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and vimentin. Using isoform-specific primer sets, the alternative splicing of interested mRNAs are analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. The production of corresponding protein isoforms is validated by immunoblotting assays. The method of detecting splice isoforms described here is also suitable for the study of alternative splicing in other biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Huang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Yilin Xu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Chonghui Cheng
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine;
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Villate O, Turatsinze JV, Mascali LG, Grieco FA, Nogueira TC, Cunha DA, Nardelli TR, Sammeth M, Salunkhe VA, Esguerra JLS, Eliasson L, Marselli L, Marchetti P, Eizirik DL. Nova1 is a master regulator of alternative splicing in pancreatic beta cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:11818-30. [PMID: 25249621 PMCID: PMC4191425 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a fundamental mechanism for the regulation of gene expression. It affects more than 90% of human genes but its role in the regulation of pancreatic beta cells, the producers of insulin, remains unknown. Our recently published data indicated that the ‘neuron-specific’ Nova1 splicing factor is expressed in pancreatic beta cells. We have presently coupled specific knockdown (KD) of Nova1 with RNA-sequencing to determine all splice variants and downstream pathways regulated by this protein in beta cells. Nova1 KD altered the splicing of nearly 5000 transcripts. Pathway analysis indicated that these genes are involved in exocytosis, apoptosis, insulin receptor signaling, splicing and transcription. In line with these findings, Nova1 silencing inhibited insulin secretion and induced apoptosis basally and after cytokine treatment in rodent and human beta cells. These observations identify a novel layer of regulation of beta cell function, namely AS controlled by key splicing regulators such as Nova1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olatz Villate
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (ULB) B-1070, Belgium
| | - Jean-Valery Turatsinze
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (ULB) B-1070, Belgium
| | - Loriana G Mascali
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (ULB) B-1070, Belgium
| | - Fabio A Grieco
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (ULB) B-1070, Belgium
| | - Tatiane C Nogueira
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (ULB) B-1070, Belgium
| | - Daniel A Cunha
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (ULB) B-1070, Belgium
| | - Tarlliza R Nardelli
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (ULB) B-1070, Belgium
| | - Michael Sammeth
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica (LNCC), Petrópolis Rio de Janeiro, 25651-076, Brazil
| | - Vishal A Salunkhe
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Unit of Islet cell Exocytosis, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, CRC 91-11, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonathan L S Esguerra
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Unit of Islet cell Exocytosis, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, CRC 91-11, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lena Eliasson
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Unit of Islet cell Exocytosis, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, CRC 91-11, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pancreatic Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pancreatic Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (ULB) B-1070, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Oas ST, Bryantsev AL, Cripps RM. Arrest is a regulator of fiber-specific alternative splicing in the indirect flight muscles of Drosophila. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 206:895-908. [PMID: 25246617 PMCID: PMC4178973 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201405058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The RNA-binding protein Arrest occupies a novel intranuclear domain and directs flight muscle–specific patterns of alternative splicing in flies. Drosophila melanogaster flight muscles are distinct from other skeletal muscles, such as jump muscles, and express several uniquely spliced muscle-associated transcripts. We sought to identify factors mediating splicing differences between the flight and jump muscle fiber types. We found that the ribonucleic acid–binding protein Arrest (Aret) is expressed in flight muscles: in founder cells, Aret accumulates in a novel intranuclear compartment that we termed the Bruno body, and after the onset of muscle differentiation, Aret disperses in the nucleus. Down-regulation of the aret gene led to ultrastructural changes and functional impairment of flight muscles, and transcripts of structural genes expressed in the flight muscles became spliced in a manner characteristic of jump muscles. Aret also potently promoted flight muscle splicing patterns when ectopically expressed in jump muscles or tissue culture cells. Genetically, aret is located downstream of exd (extradenticle), hth (homothorax), and salm (spalt major), transcription factors that control fiber identity. Our observations provide insight into a transcriptional and splicing regulatory network for muscle fiber specification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy T Oas
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Anton L Bryantsev
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Richard M Cripps
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| |
Collapse
|
237
|
García-Alcover I, Colonques-Bellmunt J, Garijo R, Tormo JR, Artero R, Álvarez-Abril MC, López Castel A, Pérez-Alonso M. Development of a Drosophila melanogaster spliceosensor system for in vivo high-throughput screening in myotonic dystrophy type 1. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:1297-306. [PMID: 25239918 PMCID: PMC4213733 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.016592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs is an important mechanism that regulates cellular function in higher eukaryotes. A growing number of human genetic diseases involve splicing defects that are directly connected to their pathology. In myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), several clinical manifestations have been proposed to be the consequence of tissue-specific missplicing of numerous genes. These events are triggered by an RNA gain-of-function and resultant deregulation of specific RNA-binding factors, such as the nuclear sequestration of muscleblind-like family factors (MBNL1–MBNL3). Thus, the identification of chemical modulators of splicing events could lead to the development of the first valid therapy for DM1 patients. To this end, we have generated and validated transgenic flies that contain a luciferase-reporter-based system that is coupled to the expression of MBNL1-reliant splicing (spliceosensor flies), to assess events that are deregulated in DM1 patients in a relevant disease tissue. We then developed an innovative 96-well plate screening platform to carry out in vivo high-throughput pharmacological screening (HTS) with the spliceosensor model. After a large-scale evaluation (>16,000 chemical entities), several reliable splicing modulators (hits) were identified. Hit validation steps recognized separate DM1-linked therapeutic traits for some of the hits, which corroborated the feasibility of the approach described herein to reveal promising drug candidates to correct missplicing in DM1. This powerful Drosophila-based screening tool might also be applied in other disease models displaying abnormal alternative splicing, thus offering myriad uses in drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irma García-Alcover
- Valentia BioPharma, Scientific Park of the University of Valencia, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain. Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Jordi Colonques-Bellmunt
- Valentia BioPharma, Scientific Park of the University of Valencia, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Raquel Garijo
- Valentia BioPharma, Scientific Park of the University of Valencia, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - José R Tormo
- Valentia BioPharma, Scientific Park of the University of Valencia, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Rubén Artero
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia 46010, Spain. INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | | | - Arturo López Castel
- Valentia BioPharma, Scientific Park of the University of Valencia, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain.
| | - Manuel Pérez-Alonso
- Valentia BioPharma, Scientific Park of the University of Valencia, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain. Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia 46010, Spain. INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia 46010, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
RBFOX1 cooperates with MBNL1 to control splicing in muscle, including events altered in myotonic dystrophy type 1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107324. [PMID: 25211016 PMCID: PMC4161394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the goal of identifying splicing alterations in myotonic dystrophy 1 (DM1) tissues that may yield insights into targets or mechanisms, we have surveyed mis-splicing events in three systems using a RT-PCR screening and validation platform. First, a transgenic mouse model expressing CUG-repeats identified splicing alterations shared with other mouse models of DM1. Second, using cell cultures from human embryonic muscle, we noted that DM1-associated splicing alterations were significantly enriched in cytoskeleton (e.g. SORBS1, TACC2, TTN, ACTN1 and DMD) and channel (e.g. KCND3 and TRPM4) genes. Third, of the splicing alterations occurring in adult DM1 tissues, one produced a dominant negative variant of the splicing regulator RBFOX1. Notably, half of the splicing events controlled by MBNL1 were co-regulated by RBFOX1, and several events in this category were mis-spliced in DM1 tissues. Our results suggest that reduced RBFOX1 activity in DM1 tissues may amplify several of the splicing alterations caused by the deficiency in MBNL1.
Collapse
|
239
|
Konieczny P, Stepniak-Konieczna E, Sobczak K. MBNL proteins and their target RNAs, interaction and splicing regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:10873-87. [PMID: 25183524 PMCID: PMC4176163 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscleblind-like (MBNL) proteins are key regulators of precursor and mature mRNA metabolism in mammals. Based on published and novel data, we explore models of tissue-specific MBNL interaction with RNA. We portray MBNL domains critical for RNA binding and splicing regulation, and the structure of MBNL's normal and pathogenic RNA targets, particularly in the context of myotonic dystrophy (DM), in which expanded CUG or CCUG repeat transcripts sequester several nuclear proteins including MBNLs. We also review the properties of MBNL/RNA complex, including recent data obtained from UV cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP-Seq), and discuss how this interaction shapes normal MBNL-dependent alternative splicing regulation. Finally, we review how this acquired knowledge about the pathogenic RNA structure and nature of MBNL sequestration can be translated into the design of therapeutic strategies against DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Konieczny
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Stepniak-Konieczna
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sobczak
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
Duan R, Sharma S, Xia Q, Garber K, Jin P. Towards Understanding RNA-Mediated Neurological Disorders. J Genet Genomics 2014; 41:473-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
241
|
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy (dystrophia myotonica, DM) is one of the most common lethal monogenic disorders in populations of European descent. DM type 1 was first described over a century ago. More recently, a second form of the disease, DM type 2 was recognized, which results from repeat expansion in a different gene. Both disorders have autosomal dominant inheritance and multisystem features, including myotonic myopathy, cataract, and cardiac conduction disease. This article reviews the clinical presentation and pathophysiology of DM and discusses current management and future potential for developing targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Thornton
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neural Development and Disease, Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 645, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Meola G, Cardani R. Myotonic dystrophies: An update on clinical aspects, genetic, pathology, and molecular pathomechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1852:594-606. [PMID: 24882752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is the most common adult muscular dystrophy, characterized by autosomal dominant progressive myopathy, myotonia and multiorgan involvement. To date two distinct forms caused by similar mutations have been identified. Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1, Steinert's disease) is caused by a (CTG)n expansion in DMPK, while myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is caused by a (CCTG)n expansion in ZNF9/CNBP. When transcribed into CUG/CCUG-containing RNA, mutant transcripts aggregate as nuclear foci that sequester RNA-binding proteins, resulting in spliceopathy of downstream effector genes. However, it is now clear that additional pathogenic mechanism like changes in gene expression, protein translation and micro-RNA metabolism may also contribute to disease pathology. Despite clinical and genetic similarities, DM1 and DM2 are distinct disorders requiring different diagnostic and management strategies. This review is an update on the recent advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind myotonic dystrophies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuromuscular Diseases: Pathology and Molecular Pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Meola
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, University of Milan, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Laboratory of Muscle Histopathology and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Cardani
- Laboratory of Muscle Histopathology and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
243
|
Hoskins JW, Ofori LO, Chen CZ, Kumar A, Sobczak K, Nakamori M, Southall N, Patnaik S, Marugan JJ, Zheng W, Austin CP, Disney MD, Miller BL, Thornton CA. Lomofungin and dilomofungin: inhibitors of MBNL1-CUG RNA binding with distinct cellular effects. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:6591-602. [PMID: 24799433 PMCID: PMC4041448 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a dominantly inherited neuromuscular disorder resulting from expression of RNA containing an expanded CUG repeat (CUGexp). The pathogenic RNA is retained in nuclear foci. Poly-(CUG) binding proteins in the Muscleblind-like (MBNL) family are sequestered in foci, causing misregulated alternative splicing of specific pre-mRNAs. Inhibitors of MBNL1-CUGexp binding have been shown to restore splicing regulation and correct phenotypes in DM1 models. We therefore conducted a high-throughput screen to identify novel inhibitors of MBNL1-(CUG)12 binding. The most active compound was lomofungin, a natural antimicrobial agent. We found that lomofungin undergoes spontaneous dimerization in DMSO, producing dilomofungin, whose inhibition of MBNL1–(CUG)12 binding was 17-fold more potent than lomofungin itself. However, while dilomofungin displayed the desired binding characteristics in vitro, when applied to cells it produced a large increase of CUGexp RNA in nuclear foci, owing to reduced turnover of the CUGexp transcript. By comparison, the monomer did not induce CUGexp accumulation in cells and was more effective at rescuing a CUGexp-induced splicing defect. These results support the feasibility of high-throughput screens to identify compounds targeting toxic RNA, but also demonstrate that ligands for repetitive sequences may have unexpected effects on RNA decay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Hoskins
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Leslie O Ofori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Catherine Z Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Krzysztof Sobczak
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Masayuki Nakamori
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Noel Southall
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Samarjit Patnaik
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Juan J Marugan
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | | | - Matthew D Disney
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Benjamin L Miller
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Charles A Thornton
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
Pettersson OJ, Aagaard L, Andrejeva D, Thomsen R, Jensen TG, Damgaard CK. DDX6 regulates sequestered nuclear CUG-expanded DMPK-mRNA in dystrophia myotonica type 1. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:7186-200. [PMID: 24792155 PMCID: PMC4066779 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is caused by CUG triplet expansions in the 3′ UTR of dystrophia myotonica protein kinase (DMPK) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). The etiology of this multi-systemic disease involves pre-mRNA splicing defects elicited by the ability of the CUG-expanded mRNA to ‘sponge’ splicing factors of the muscleblind family. Although nuclear aggregation of CUG-containing mRNPs in distinct foci is a hallmark of DM1, the mechanisms of their homeostasis have not been completely elucidated. Here we show that a DEAD-box helicase, DDX6, interacts with CUG triplet-repeat mRNA in primary fibroblasts from DM1 patients and with CUG–RNA in vitro. DDX6 overexpression relieves DM1 mis-splicing, and causes a significant reduction in nuclear DMPK-mRNA foci. Conversely, knockdown of endogenous DDX6 leads to a significant increase in DMPK-mRNA foci count and to increased sequestration of MBNL1 in the nucleus. While the level of CUG-expanded mRNA is unaffected by increased DDX6 expression, the mRNA re-localizes to the cytoplasm and its interaction partner MBNL1 becomes dispersed and also partially re-localized to the cytoplasm. Finally, we show that DDX6 unwinds CUG-repeat duplexes in vitro in an adenosinetriphosphate-dependent manner, suggesting that DDX6 can remodel and release nuclear DMPK messenger ribonucleoprotein foci, leading to normalization of pathogenic alternative splicing events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olof J Pettersson
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, Building 1240, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lars Aagaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, Building 1240, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Diana Andrejeva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, building 1131, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rune Thomsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, building 1131, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas G Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, Building 1240, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian K Damgaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, building 1131, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Wong CH, Nguyen L, Peh J, Luu LM, Sanchez J, Richardson SL, Tuccinardi T, Tsoi H, Chan WY, Chan HY, Baranger AM, Hergenrother PJ, Zimmerman SC. Targeting toxic RNAs that cause myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) with a bisamidinium inhibitor. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:6355-61. [PMID: 24702247 PMCID: PMC4015652 DOI: 10.1021/ja5012146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A working hypothesis for the pathogenesis of myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) involves the aberrant sequestration of an alternative splicing regulator, MBNL1, by expanded CUG repeats, r(CUG)(exp). It has been suggested that a reversal of the myotonia and potentially other symptoms of the DM1 disease can be achieved by inhibiting the toxic MBNL1-r(CUG)(exp) interaction. Using rational design, we discovered an RNA-groove binding inhibitor (ligand 3) that contains two triaminotriazine units connected by a bisamidinium linker. Ligand 3 binds r(CUG)12 with a low micromolar affinity (K(d) = 8 ± 2 μM) and disrupts the MBNL1-r(CUG)12 interaction in vitro (K(i) = 8 ± 2 μM). In addition, ligand 3 is cell and nucleus permeable, exhibits negligible toxicity to mammalian cells, dissolves MBNL1-r(CUG)(exp) ribonuclear foci, and restores misregulated splicing of IR and cTNT in a DM1 cell culture model. Importantly, suppression of r(CUG)(exp) RNA-induced toxicity in a DM1 Drosophila model was observed after treatment with ligand 3. These results suggest ligand 3 as a lead for the treatment of DM1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ho Wong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United
States
| | - Lien Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United
States
| | - Jessie Peh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United
States
| | - Long M. Luu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United
States
| | - Jeannette
S. Sanchez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United
States
| | - Stacie L. Richardson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United
States
| | | | - Ho Tsoi
- Laboratory of Drosophila
Research and School of Life Sciences and School of Biomedical
Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, The People's Republic
of China
| | - Wood Yee Chan
- Laboratory of Drosophila
Research and School of Life Sciences and School of Biomedical
Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, The People's Republic
of China
| | - H. Y.
Edwin Chan
- Laboratory of Drosophila
Research and School of Life Sciences and School of Biomedical
Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, The People's Republic
of China
| | - Anne M. Baranger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United
States
| | - Paul J. Hergenrother
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United
States
| | - Steven C. Zimmerman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United
States
| |
Collapse
|
246
|
Wojciechowska M, Taylor K, Sobczak K, Napierala M, Krzyzosiak WJ. Small molecule kinase inhibitors alleviate different molecular features of myotonic dystrophy type 1. RNA Biol 2014; 11:742-54. [PMID: 24824895 PMCID: PMC4156505 DOI: 10.4161/rna.28799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Expandable (CTG)n repeats in the 3′ UTR of the DMPK gene are a cause of myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), which leads to a toxic RNA gain-of-function disease. Mutant RNAs with expanded CUG repeats are retained in the nucleus and aggregate in discrete inclusions. These foci sequester splicing factors of the MBNL family and trigger upregulation of the CUGBP family of proteins resulting in the mis-splicing of their target transcripts. To date, many efforts to develop novel therapeutic strategies have been focused on disrupting the toxic nuclear foci and correcting aberrant alternative splicing via targeting mutant CUG repeats RNA; however, no effective treatment for DM1 is currently available. Herein, we present results of culturing of human DM1 myoblasts and fibroblasts with two small-molecule ATP-binding site-specific kinase inhibitors, C16 and C51, which resulted in the alleviation of the dominant-negative effects of CUG repeat expansion. Reversal of the DM1 molecular phenotype includes a reduction of the size and number of foci containing expanded CUG repeat transcripts, decreased steady-state levels of CUGBP1 protein, and consequent improvement of the aberrant alternative splicing of several pre-mRNAs misregulated in DM1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Wojciechowska
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine; Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Noskowskiego; Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Taylor
- Department of Gene Expression; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; Adam Mickiewicz University; Umultowska 89; Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sobczak
- Department of Gene Expression; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; Adam Mickiewicz University; Umultowska 89; Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Napierala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and UAB Stem Cell Institute; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Wlodzimierz J Krzyzosiak
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine; Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Noskowskiego; Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
247
|
Santoro M, Piacentini R, Masciullo M, Bianchi MLE, Modoni A, Podda MV, Ricci E, Silvestri G, Grassi C. Alternative splicing alterations of Ca2+handling genes are associated with Ca2+signal dysregulation in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and type 2 (DM2) myotubes. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2014; 40:464-76. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcella Masciullo
- Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics; Center of Neuromuscular Disorders; Università Cattolica; Rome Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana; Rome Italy
| | - Maria Laura Ester Bianchi
- Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics; Center of Neuromuscular Disorders; Università Cattolica; Rome Italy
| | - Anna Modoni
- Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics; Center of Neuromuscular Disorders; Università Cattolica; Rome Italy
| | | | - Enzo Ricci
- Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics; Center of Neuromuscular Disorders; Università Cattolica; Rome Italy
| | - Gabriella Silvestri
- Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics; Center of Neuromuscular Disorders; Università Cattolica; Rome Italy
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Institute of Human Physiology; Università Cattolica; Rome Italy
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Genome wide identification of aberrant alternative splicing events in myotonic dystrophy type 2. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93983. [PMID: 24722564 PMCID: PMC3983107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is a genetic, autosomal dominant disease due to expansion of tetraplet (CCTG) repetitions in the first intron of the ZNF9/CNBP gene. DM2 is a multisystemic disorder affecting the skeletal muscle, the heart, the eye and the endocrine system. According to the proposed pathological mechanism, the expanded tetraplets have an RNA toxic effect, disrupting the splicing of many mRNAs. Thus, the identification of aberrantly spliced transcripts is instrumental for our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the disease. The aim of this study was the identification of new aberrant alternative splicing events in DM2 patients. By genome wide analysis of 10 DM2 patients and 10 controls (CTR), we identified 273 alternative spliced exons in 218 genes. While many aberrant splicing events were already identified in the past, most were new. A subset of these events was validated by qPCR assays in 19 DM2 and 15 CTR subjects. To gain insight into the molecular pathways involving the identified aberrantly spliced genes, we performed a bioinformatics analysis with Ingenuity system. This analysis indicated a deregulation of development, cell survival, metabolism, calcium signaling and contractility. In conclusion, our genome wide analysis provided a database of aberrant splicing events in the skeletal muscle of DM2 patients. The affected genes are involved in numerous pathways and networks important for muscle physio-pathology, suggesting that the identified variants may contribute to DM2 pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
249
|
Matilla-Dueñas A, Ashizawa T, Brice A, Magri S, McFarland KN, Pandolfo M, Pulst SM, Riess O, Rubinsztein DC, Schmidt J, Schmidt T, Scoles DR, Stevanin G, Taroni F, Underwood BR, Sánchez I. Consensus paper: pathological mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in spinocerebellar ataxias. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 13:269-302. [PMID: 24307138 PMCID: PMC3943639 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-013-0539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intensive scientific research devoted in the recent years to understand the molecular mechanisms or neurodegeneration in spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are identifying new pathways and targets providing new insights and a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis in these diseases. In this consensus manuscript, the authors discuss their current views on the identified molecular processes causing or modulating the neurodegenerative phenotype in spinocerebellar ataxias with the common opinion of translating the new knowledge acquired into candidate targets for therapy. The following topics are discussed: transcription dysregulation, protein aggregation, autophagy, ion channels, the role of mitochondria, RNA toxicity, modulators of neurodegeneration and current therapeutic approaches. Overall point of consensus includes the common vision of neurodegeneration in SCAs as a multifactorial, progressive and reversible process, at least in early stages. Specific points of consensus include the role of the dysregulation of protein folding, transcription, bioenergetics, calcium handling and eventual cell death with apoptotic features of neurons during SCA disease progression. Unresolved questions include how the dysregulation of these pathways triggers the onset of symptoms and mediates disease progression since this understanding may allow effective treatments of SCAs within the window of reversibility to prevent early neuronal damage. Common opinions also include the need for clinical detection of early neuronal dysfunction, for more basic research to decipher the early neurodegenerative process in SCAs in order to give rise to new concepts for treatment strategies and for the translation of the results to preclinical studies and, thereafter, in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Matilla-Dueñas
- Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Ctra. de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles s/n, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
250
|
Ultrasound-enhanced delivery of morpholino with Bubble liposomes ameliorates the myotonia of myotonic dystrophy model mice. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2242. [PMID: 23873129 PMCID: PMC3718203 DOI: 10.1038/srep02242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotide (PMO)-mediated control of the alternative splicing of the chloride channel 1 (CLCN1) gene is a promising treatment for myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) because the abnormal splicing of this gene causes myotonia in patients with DM1. In this study, we optimised a PMO sequence to correct Clcn1 alternative splicing and successfully remedied the myotonic phenotype of a DM1 mouse model, the HSALR mouse. To enhance the efficiency of delivery of PMO into HSALR mouse muscles, Bubble liposomes, which have been used as a gene delivery tool, were applied with ultrasound exposure. Effective delivery of PMO led to increased expression of Clcn1 protein in skeletal muscle and the amelioration of myotonia. Thus, PMO-mediated control of the alternative splicing of the Clcn1 gene must be important target of antisense therapy of DM1.
Collapse
|