201
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Nelson AC, Mould AW, Bikoff EK, Robertson EJ. Mapping the chromatin landscape and Blimp1 transcriptional targets that regulate trophoblast differentiation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6793. [PMID: 28754907 PMCID: PMC5533796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06859-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) give rise to specialized cell types within the placenta. However, the regulatory mechanisms that guide trophoblast cell fate decisions during placenta development remain ill defined. Here we exploited ATAC-seq and transcriptional profiling strategies to describe dynamic changes in gene expression and chromatin accessibility during TSC differentiation. We detect significantly increased chromatin accessibility at key genes upregulated as TSCs exit from the stem cell state. However, downregulated gene expression is not simply due to the loss of chromatin accessibility in proximal regions. Additionally, transcriptional targets recognized by the zinc finger transcriptional repressor Prdm1/Blimp1, an essential regulator of placenta development, were identified in ChIP-seq experiments. Comparisons with previously reported ChIP-seq datasets for primordial germ cell-like cells and E18.5 small intestine, combined with functional annotation analysis revealed that Blimp1 has broadly shared as well as cell type-specific functional activities unique to the trophoblast lineage. Importantly, Blimp1 not only silences TSC gene expression but also prevents aberrant activation of divergent developmental programmes. Overall the present study provides new insights into the chromatin landscape and Blimp1-dependent regulatory networks governing trophoblast gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Nelson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.,School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Arne W Mould
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Elizabeth K Bikoff
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Robertson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
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202
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Canela A, Maman Y, Jung S, Wong N, Callen E, Day A, Kieffer-Kwon KR, Pekowska A, Zhang H, Rao SSP, Huang SC, Mckinnon PJ, Aplan PD, Pommier Y, Aiden EL, Casellas R, Nussenzweig A. Genome Organization Drives Chromosome Fragility. Cell 2017; 170:507-521.e18. [PMID: 28735753 PMCID: PMC6133249 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we show that evolutionarily conserved chromosome loop anchors bound by CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) and cohesin are vulnerable to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) mediated by topoisomerase 2B (TOP2B). Polymorphisms in the genome that redistribute CTCF/cohesin occupancy rewire DNA cleavage sites to novel loop anchors. While transcription- and replication-coupled genomic rearrangements have been well documented, we demonstrate that DSBs formed at loop anchors are largely transcription-, replication-, and cell-type-independent. DSBs are continuously formed throughout interphase, are enriched on both sides of strong topological domain borders, and frequently occur at breakpoint clusters commonly translocated in cancer. Thus, loop anchors serve as fragile sites that generate DSBs and chromosomal rearrangements. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Canela
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yaakov Maman
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Seolkyoung Jung
- Genomics and Immunity, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy Wong
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elsa Callen
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Day
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kyong-Rim Kieffer-Kwon
- Genomics and Immunity, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aleksandra Pekowska
- Genomics and Immunity, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Suhas S P Rao
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Su-Chen Huang
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter J Mckinnon
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Peter D Aplan
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Erez Lieberman Aiden
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rafael Casellas
- Genomics and Immunity, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - André Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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203
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Meinzinger J, Jäck HM, Pracht K. miRNA meets plasma cells "How tiny RNAs control antibody responses". Clin Immunol 2017; 186:3-8. [PMID: 28736279 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We review the importance of small non-coding microRNAs for the generation of germinal center B cells and their differentiation in antibody-secreting plasma cells. In the last part, we briefly elucidate the role of microRNAs in some plasma cell disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Meinzinger
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center of MolecularMedicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center of MolecularMedicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Katharina Pracht
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center of MolecularMedicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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204
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Poholek AC, Jankovic D, Villarino AV, Petermann F, Hettinga A, Shouval DS, Snapper SB, Kaech SM, Brooks SR, Vahedi G, Sher A, Kanno Y, O'Shea JJ. IL-10 induces a STAT3-dependent autoregulatory loop in T H2 cells that promotes Blimp-1 restriction of cell expansion via antagonism of STAT5 target genes. Sci Immunol 2017; 1. [PMID: 28713870 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaf8612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Blimp-1 expression in T cells extinguishes the fate of T follicular helper cells, drives terminal differentiation, and limits autoimmunity. Although various factors have been described to control Blimp-1 expression in T cells, little is known about what regulates Blimp-1 expression in T helper 2 (TH2) cells and the molecular basis of its actions. We report that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) unexpectedly played a critical role in regulating Blimp-1 in TH2 cells. Furthermore, we found that the cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) acted directly on TH2 cells and was necessary and sufficient to induce optimal Blimp-1 expression through STAT3. Together, Blimp-1 and STAT3 amplified IL-10 production in TH2 cells, creating a strong autoregulatory loop that enhanced Blimp-1 expression. Increased Blimp-1 in T cells antagonized STAT5-regulated cell cycle and antiapoptotic genes to limit cell expansion. These data elucidate the signals required for Blimp-1 expression in TH2 cells and reveal an unexpected mechanism of action of IL-10 in T cells, providing insights into the molecular underpinning by which Blimp-1 constrains T cell expansion to limit autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Poholek
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Dragana Jankovic
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alejandro V Villarino
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Franziska Petermann
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Angela Hettinga
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Dror S Shouval
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Scott B Snapper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Stephen R Brooks
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Golnaz Vahedi
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuka Kanno
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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205
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CTCF orchestrates the germinal centre transcriptional program and prevents premature plasma cell differentiation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16067. [PMID: 28677680 PMCID: PMC5504274 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In germinal centres (GC) mature B cells undergo intense proliferation and immunoglobulin gene modification before they differentiate into memory B cells or long-lived plasma cells (PC). GC B-cell-to-PC transition involves a major transcriptional switch that promotes a halt in cell proliferation and the production of secreted immunoglobulins. Here we show that the CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is required for the GC reaction in vivo, whereas in vitro the requirement for CTCF is not universal and instead depends on the pathways used for B-cell activation. CTCF maintains the GC transcriptional programme, allows a high proliferation rate, and represses the expression of Blimp-1, the master regulator of PC differentiation. Restoration of Blimp-1 levels partially rescues the proliferation defect of CTCF-deficient B cells. Thus, our data reveal an essential function of CTCF in maintaining the GC transcriptional programme and preventing premature PC differentiation. Activated B cells differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells in the germinal centre in secondary lymphoid organs. Here the authors show that this differentiation process and related transcription programs are modulated by the transcription factor CTCF, partly by suppressing the premature expression of Blimp-1.
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206
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Park S, Sim H, Kim HI, Jeong D, Wu G, Cho SY, Lee YS, Kwon HJ, Lee K. CD11b regulates antibody class switching via induction of AID. Mol Immunol 2017; 87:47-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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207
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Post M, Cuapio A, Osl M, Lehmann D, Resch U, Davies DM, Bilban M, Schlechta B, Eppel W, Nathwani A, Stoiber D, Spanholtz J, Casanova E, Hofer E. The Transcription Factor ZNF683/HOBIT Regulates Human NK-Cell Development. Front Immunol 2017; 8:535. [PMID: 28555134 PMCID: PMC5430038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified ZNF683/HOBIT as the most highly upregulated transcription factor gene during ex vivo differentiation of human CD34+ cord blood progenitor cells to CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells. ZNF683/HOBIT mRNA was preferentially expressed in NK cells compared to other human peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes. During ex vivo differentiation, ZNF683/HOBIT mRNA started to increase shortly after addition of IL-15 and further accumulated in parallel to the generation of CD56+ NK cells. shRNA-mediated knockdown of ZNF683/HOBIT resulted in a substantial reduction of CD56−CD14− NK-cell progenitors and the following generation of CD56+ NK cells was largely abrogated. The few CD56+ NK cells, which escaped the developmental inhibition in the ZNF683/HOBIT knockdown cultures, displayed normal levels of NKG2A and KIR receptors. Functional analyses of these cells showed no differences in degranulation capacity from control cultures. However, the proportion of IFN-γ-producing cells appeared to be increased upon ZNF683/HOBIT knockdown. These results indicate a key role of ZNF683/HOBIT for the differentiation of the human NK-cell lineage and further suggest a potential negative control on IFN-γ production in more mature human NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirte Post
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelica Cuapio
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Osl
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorit Lehmann
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Resch
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David M Davies
- Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Schlechta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Eppel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amit Nathwani
- Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Dagmar Stoiber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Emilio Casanova
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erhard Hofer
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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208
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Alles J, Ludwig N, Rheinheimer S, Leidinger P, Grässer FA, Keller A, Meese E. MiR-148a impairs Ras/ERK signaling in B lymphocytes by targeting SOS proteins. Oncotarget 2017; 8:56417-56427. [PMID: 28915601 PMCID: PMC5593572 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although microRNAs have been recognized as central cellular regulators, there is an evident lack of knowledge about their targets. Here, we analyzed potential target genes for miR-148a functioning in Ras signaling in B cells, including SOS1 and SOS2. A dual-luciferase reporter assay showed significantly decreased luciferase activity upon ectopic overexpression of miR-148a in HEK-293T cells that were co-transfected with the 3′UTR of either SOS1 or SOS2. Each of the 3′UTRs of SOS1 and SOS2 contained two binding sites for miR-148a both of which were necessary for the decreased luciferase activity. MiR-148a overexpression in HEK-293T lead to significantly reduced levels of both endogenous SOS1 and SOS2 proteins. Likewise, reduced levels of SOS proteins were found in two B cell lines that were transfected with miR-148a. The level of ERK1/2 phosphorylation as one of the most relevant downstream members of the Ras/ERK signaling pathway was also reduced in cells with miR-148a overexpression. The data show that miR-148a impairs the Ras/ERK signaling pathway via SOS1 and SOS2 proteins in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Alles
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Petra Leidinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Keller
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Eckart Meese
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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209
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Budzyńska PM, Kyläniemi MK, Kallonen T, Soikkeli AI, Nera KP, Lassila O, Alinikula J. Bach2 regulates AID-mediated immunoglobulin gene conversion and somatic hypermutation in DT40 B cells. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:993-1001. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M Budzyńska
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Biomedical Sciences and Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - Minna K Kyläniemi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - Teemu Kallonen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - Anni I Soikkeli
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - Kalle-Pekka Nera
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - Olli Lassila
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Departament of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - Jukka Alinikula
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
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210
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Gallego-Paez LM, Bordone MC, Leote AC, Saraiva-Agostinho N, Ascensão-Ferreira M, Barbosa-Morais NL. Alternative splicing: the pledge, the turn, and the prestige : The key role of alternative splicing in human biological systems. Hum Genet 2017; 136:1015-1042. [PMID: 28374191 PMCID: PMC5602094 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing is a tightly controlled process conducted by the spliceosome, with the assistance of several regulators, resulting in the expression of different transcript isoforms from the same gene and increasing both transcriptome and proteome complexity. The differences between alternative isoforms may be subtle but enough to change the function or localization of the translated proteins. A fine control of the isoform balance is, therefore, needed throughout developmental stages and adult tissues or physiological conditions and it does not come as a surprise that several diseases are caused by its deregulation. In this review, we aim to bring the splicing machinery on stage and raise the curtain on its mechanisms and regulation throughout several systems and tissues of the human body, from neurodevelopment to the interactions with the human microbiome. We discuss, on one hand, the essential role of alternative splicing in assuring tissue function, diversity, and swiftness of response in these systems or tissues, and on the other hand, what goes wrong when its regulatory mechanisms fail. We also focus on the possibilities that splicing modulation therapies open for the future of personalized medicine, along with the leading techniques in this field. The final act of the spliceosome, however, is yet to be fully revealed, as more knowledge is needed regarding the complex regulatory network that coordinates alternative splicing and how its dysfunction leads to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Gallego-Paez
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M C Bordone
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A C Leote
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - N Saraiva-Agostinho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Ascensão-Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - N L Barbosa-Morais
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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211
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Suan D, Sundling C, Brink R. Plasma cell and memory B cell differentiation from the germinal center. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 45:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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212
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Smeenk L, Fischer M, Jurado S, Jaritz M, Azaryan A, Werner B, Roth M, Zuber J, Stanulla M, den Boer ML, Mullighan CG, Strehl S, Busslinger M. Molecular role of the PAX5-ETV6 oncoprotein in promoting B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. EMBO J 2017; 36:718-735. [PMID: 28219927 PMCID: PMC5350564 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PAX5 is a tumor suppressor in B-ALL, while the role of PAX5 fusion proteins in B-ALL development is largely unknown. Here, we studied the function of PAX5-ETV6 and PAX5-FOXP1 in mice expressing these proteins from the Pax5 locus. Both proteins arrested B-lymphopoiesis at the pro-B to pre-B-cell transition and, contrary to their proposed dominant-negative role, did not interfere with the expression of most regulated Pax5 target genes. Pax5-Etv6, but not Pax5-Foxp1, cooperated with loss of the Cdkna2a/b tumor suppressors in promoting B-ALL development. Regulated Pax5-Etv6 target genes identified in these B-ALLs encode proteins implicated in pre-B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and migration/adhesion, which could contribute to the proliferation, survival, and tissue infiltration of leukemic B cells. Together with similar observations made in human PAX5-ETV6+ B-ALLs, these data identified PAX5-ETV6 as a potent oncoprotein that drives B-cell leukemia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Smeenk
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Jurado
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Azaryan
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Werner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Mareike Roth
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Stanulla
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Monique L den Boer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sabine Strehl
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung e.V., Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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213
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Cell Type-Specific Epigenomic Analysis Reveals a Uniquely Closed Chromatin Architecture in Mouse Rod Photoreceptors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43184. [PMID: 28256534 PMCID: PMC5335693 DOI: 10.1038/srep43184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rod photoreceptors are specialized neurons that mediate vision in dim light and are the predominant photoreceptor type in nocturnal mammals. The rods of nocturnal mammals are unique among vertebrate cell types in having an ‘inverted’ nuclear architecture, with a dense mass of heterochromatin in the center of the nucleus rather than dispersed clumps at the periphery. To test if this unique nuclear architecture is correlated with a unique epigenomic landscape, we performed ATAC-seq on mouse rods and their most closely related cell type, cone photoreceptors. We find that thousands of loci are selectively closed in rods relative to cones as well as >60 additional cell types. Furthermore, we find that the open chromatin profile of photoreceptors lacking the rod master regulator Nrl is nearly indistinguishable from that of native cones, indicating that Nrl is required for selective chromatin closure in rods. Finally, we identified distinct enrichments of transcription factor binding sites in rods and cones, revealing key differences in the cis-regulatory grammar of these cell types. Taken together, these data provide insight into the development and maintenance of photoreceptor identity, and highlight rods as an attractive system for studying the relationship between nuclear organization and local changes in gene regulation.
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214
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Glatman Zaretsky A, Konradt C, Dépis F, Wing JB, Goenka R, Atria DG, Silver JS, Cho S, Wolf AI, Quinn WJ, Engiles JB, Brown DC, Beiting D, Erikson J, Allman D, Cancro MP, Sakaguchi S, Lu LF, Benoist CO, Hunter CA. T Regulatory Cells Support Plasma Cell Populations in the Bone Marrow. Cell Rep 2017; 18:1906-1916. [PMID: 28228257 PMCID: PMC5361408 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-lived plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow (BM) are a critical source of antibodies after infection or vaccination, but questions remain about the factors that control PCs. We found that systemic infection alters the BM, greatly reducing PCs and regulatory T (Treg) cells, a population that contributes to immune privilege in the BM. The use of intravital imaging revealed that BM Treg cells display a distinct behavior characterized by sustained co-localization with PCs and CD11c-YFP+ cells. Gene expression profiling indicated that BM Treg cells express high levels of Treg effector molecules, and CTLA-4 deletion in these cells resulted in elevated PCs. Furthermore, preservation of Treg cells during systemic infection prevents PC loss, while Treg cell depletion in uninfected mice reduced PC populations. These studies suggest a role for Treg cells in PC biology and provide a potential target for the modulation of PCs during vaccine-induced humoral responses or autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Konradt
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fabien Dépis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James B Wing
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Radhika Goenka
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniela Gomez Atria
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan S Silver
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sunglim Cho
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amaya I Wolf
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William J Quinn
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julie B Engiles
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dorothy C Brown
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel Beiting
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jan Erikson
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David Allman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael P Cancro
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Li-Fan Lu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christophe O Benoist
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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215
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Suzuki-Yamazaki N, Yanobu-Takanashi R, Okamura T, Takaki S. IL-10 production in murine IgM + CD138 hi cells is driven by Blimp-1 and downregulated in class-switched cells. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:493-503. [PMID: 28012163 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to antibody-induced inflammatory responses, some B-cell subpopulations suppress inflammation through the production of interleukin (IL)-10. However, the mechanisms underlying Il10 gene expression during B-cell development is elusive. Here, we identify IgM+ B220lo CD138hi cells responsible for marked IL-10 production in the bone marrow and spleen of mice. These murine IL-10-producing cells predominantly secrete IgM and have unique characteristics of long-lived plasma cells in spite of high expression of surface IgM. We found that IL-10 production is strongly correlated with the expression level of Prdm1 (encoding the Blimp-1 protein), an essential regulator of plasma cell development. Furthermore, overexpression of Prdm1 induces Il10 expression in naïve B cells. Immunoglobulin class-switching recombination events resulted in the downregulation of both Il10 and Prdm1 expression in differentiating B cells. Thus, the prolonged elevation of Blimp-1 expression during the formation of IgM+ CD138hi cells without class-switching elicits IL-10 production. Adoptive transfer of Il10-deficient B cells into B-cell-deficient mice demonstrated that IgM+ CD138hi cell-derived IL-10 supports the survival of class-switched plasma cells and their antibody production in response to antigen challenge. These findings reveal an important role for IL-10 secretion by IgM+ CD138hi cells in the complete and efficient humoral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Suzuki-Yamazaki
- Department of Immune Regulation, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Rieko Yanobu-Takanashi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamura
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Section of Animal Models, Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takaki
- Department of Immune Regulation, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
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216
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Lam T, Kulp DV, Wang R, Lou Z, Taylor J, Rivera CE, Yan H, Zhang Q, Wang Z, Zan H, Ivanov DN, Zhong G, Casali P, Xu Z. Small Molecule Inhibition of Rab7 Impairs B Cell Class Switching and Plasma Cell Survival To Dampen the Autoantibody Response in Murine Lupus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3792-3805. [PMID: 27742832 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IgG autoantibodies mediate pathology in systemic lupus patients and lupus-prone mice. In this study, we showed that the class-switched IgG autoantibody response in MRL/Faslpr/lpr and C57/Sle1Sle2Sle2 mice was blocked by the CID 1067700 compound, which specifically targeted Ras-related in brain 7 (Rab7), an endosome-localized small GTPase that was upregulated in activated human and mouse lupus B cells, leading to prevention of disease development and extension of lifespan. These were associated with decreased IgG-expressing B cells and plasma cells, but unchanged numbers and functions of myeloid cells and T cells. The Rab7 inhibitor suppressed T cell-dependent and T cell-independent Ab responses, but it did not affect T cell-mediated clearance of Chlamydia infection, consistent with a B cell-specific role of Rab7. Indeed, B cells and plasma cells were inherently sensitive to Rab7 gene knockout or Rab7 activity inhibition in class switching and survival, respectively, whereas proliferation/survival of B cells and generation of plasma cells were not affected. Impairment of NF-κB activation upon Rab7 inhibition, together with the rescue of B cell class switching and plasma cell survival by enforced NF-κB activation, indicated that Rab7 mediates these processes by promoting NF-κB activation, likely through signal transduction on intracellular membrane structures. Thus, a single Rab7-inhibiting small molecule can target two stages of B cell differentiation to dampen the pathogenic autoantibody response in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonika Lam
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Dennis V Kulp
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Zheng Lou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Julia Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Carlos E Rivera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Hong Zan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Dmitri N Ivanov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Guangming Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Paolo Casali
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Zhenming Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
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217
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Mesin L, Ersching J, Victora GD. Germinal Center B Cell Dynamics. Immunity 2016; 45:471-482. [PMID: 27653600 PMCID: PMC5123673 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 639] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are the site of antibody diversification and affinity maturation and as such are vitally important for humoral immunity. The study of GC biology has undergone a renaissance in the past 10 years, with a succession of findings that have transformed our understanding of the cellular dynamics of affinity maturation. In this review, we discuss recent developments in the field, with special emphasis on how GC cellular and clonal dynamics shape antibody affinity and diversity during the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Mesin
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jonatan Ersching
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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218
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TFH cells progressively differentiate to regulate the germinal center response. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1197-1205. [PMID: 27573866 PMCID: PMC5030190 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) B cells undergo affinity selection, which depends on interactions with CD4(+) follicular helper T cells (TFH cells). We found that TFH cells progressed through transcriptionally and functionally distinct stages and provided differential signals for GC regulation. They initially localized proximally to mutating B cells, secreted interleukin 21 (IL-21), induced expression of the transcription factor Bcl-6 and selected high-affinity B cell clones. As the GC response evolved, TFH cells extinguished IL-21 production and switched to IL-4 production, showed robust expression of the co-stimulatory molecule CD40L, and promoted the development of antibody-secreting B cells via upregulation of the transcription factor Blimp-1. Thus, TFH cells in the B cell follicle progressively differentiate through stages of localization, cytokine production and surface ligand expression to 'fine tune' the GC reaction.
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219
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Vikström IB, Slomp A, Carrington EM, Moesbergen LM, Chang C, Kelly GL, Glaser SP, Jansen JHM, Leusen JHW, Strasser A, Huang DCS, Lew AM, Peperzak V, Tarlinton DM. MCL-1 is required throughout B-cell development and its loss sensitizes specific B-cell subsets to inhibition of BCL-2 or BCL-XL. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2345. [PMID: 27560714 PMCID: PMC5108322 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pro-survival BCL-2 family members protect cells from programmed cell death that can be induced by multiple internal or external cues. Within the haematopoietic lineages, the BCL-2 family members BCL-2, BCL-XL and MCL-1 are known to support cell survival but the individual and overlapping roles of these pro-survival BCL-2 proteins for the persistence of individual leukocyte subsets in vivo has not yet been determined. By combining inducible knockout mouse models with the BH3-mimetic compound ABT-737, which inhibits BCL-2, BCL-XL and BCL-W, we found that dependency on MCL-1, BCL-XL or BCL-2 expression changes during B-cell development. We show that BCL-XL expression promotes survival of immature B cells, expression of BCL-2 is important for survival of mature B cells and long-lived plasma cells (PC), and expression of MCL-1 is important for survival throughout B-cell development. These data were confirmed with novel highly specific BH3-mimetic compounds that target either BCL-2, BCL-XL or MCL-1. In addition, we observed that combined inhibition of these pro-survival proteins acts in concert to delete specific B-cell subsets. Reduced expression of MCL-1 further sensitized immature as well as transitional B cells and splenic PC to loss of BCL-XL expression. More markedly, loss of MCL-1 greatly sensitizes PC populations to BCL-2 inhibition using ABT-737, even though the total wild-type PC pool in the spleen is not significantly affected by this drug and the bone marrow (BM) PC population only slightly. Combined loss or inhibition of MCL-1 and BCL-2 reduced the numbers of established PC >100-fold within days. Our data suggest that combination treatment targeting these pro-survival proteins could be advantageous for treatment of antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases and B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingela B Vikström
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anne Slomp
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emma M Carrington
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura M Moesbergen
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Chang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gemma L Kelly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stefan P Glaser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - J H Marco Jansen
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanette H W Leusen
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David C S Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew M Lew
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Victor Peperzak
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David M Tarlinton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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220
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CXCR5+ follicular cytotoxic T cells control viral infection in B cell follicles. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1187-96. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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221
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Wöhner M, Tagoh H, Bilic I, Jaritz M, Poliakova DK, Fischer M, Busslinger M. Molecular functions of the transcription factors E2A and E2-2 in controlling germinal center B cell and plasma cell development. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1201-21. [PMID: 27261530 PMCID: PMC4925024 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20152002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Busslinger et al. showed that the transcription factors E2A and E2-2 control the expression of genes required for the development of GC B cells and plasma cells. E2A is an essential regulator of early B cell development. Here, we have demonstrated that E2A together with E2-2 controlled germinal center (GC) B cell and plasma cell development. As shown by the identification of regulated E2A,E2-2 target genes in activated B cells, these E-proteins directly activated genes with important functions in GC B cells and plasma cells by inducing and maintaining DNase I hypersensitive sites. Through binding to multiple enhancers in the Igh 3′ regulatory region and Aicda locus, E-proteins regulated class switch recombination by inducing both Igh germline transcription and AID expression. By regulating 3′ Igk and Igh enhancers and a distal element at the Prdm1 (Blimp1) locus, E-proteins contributed to Igk, Igh, and Prdm1 activation in plasmablasts. Together, these data identified E2A and E2-2 as central regulators of B cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Wöhner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivan Bilic
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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222
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Mackay LK, Minnich M, Kragten NAM, Liao Y, Nota B, Seillet C, Zaid A, Man K, Preston S, Freestone D, Braun A, Wynne-Jones E, Behr FM, Stark R, Pellicci DG, Godfrey DI, Belz GT, Pellegrini M, Gebhardt T, Busslinger M, Shi W, Carbone FR, van Lier RAW, Kallies A, van Gisbergen KPJM. Hobit and Blimp1 instruct a universal transcriptional program of tissue residency in lymphocytes. Science 2016; 352:459-63. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aad2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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223
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Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved pathway that recycles cytosolic material and organelles via lysosomal degradation. Once simplistically viewed as a non-selective survival strategy in dire straits, autophagy has emerged as a tightly regulated process ensuring organelle function, proteome plasticity, cell differentiation and tissue homeostasis, with key roles in physiology and disease. Selective target recognition, mediated by specific adapter proteins, enables autophagy to orchestrate highly specialized functions in innate and adaptive immunity. Among them, the shaping of plasma cells for sustainable antibody production through a negative control on their differentiation program. Moreover, memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells require autophagy to exist. Further, the plasma cell malignancy, multiple myeloma deploys abundant autophagy, essential for homeostasis, survival and drug resistance.
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224
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Aronov M, Tirosh B. Metabolic Control of Plasma Cell Differentiation- What We Know and What We Don't Know. J Clin Immunol 2016; 36 Suppl 1:12-7. [PMID: 26910101 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-016-0246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antibody secretion is executed by plasma cells that are generated in the periphery and migrate to the bone marrow to establish a long lived pool. The terminal differentiation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells is executed by a network of transcription factors that cross-regulate each other in order to irreversibly promote this transition. While major progress has been made in the understanding the transcriptional activity of the underlying master regulators, much less is known on the metabolic regulation of plasma cell differentiation that is required to support antibody synthesis, folding and secretion at high levels and allow their long-lasting survival. In this review we will address the known cross talks between the transcription and metabolic control of plasma cells and elaborate on the gaps of knowledge in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aronov
- Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Boaz Tirosh
- Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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225
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Blimp-1 controls plasma cell function through the regulation of immunoglobulin secretion and the unfolded protein response. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:323-30. [PMID: 26779600 PMCID: PMC4757736 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasma cell differentiation requires silencing of B cell transcription, while establishing antibody-secretory function and long-term survival. The transcription factors Blimp-1 and IRF4 are essential for plasma cell generation, however their function in mature plasma cells has remained elusive. We have found that while IRF4 was essential for plasma cell survival, Blimp-1 was dispensable. Blimp-1-deficient plasma cells retained their transcriptional identity, but lost the ability to secrete antibody. Blimp-1 regulated many components of the unfolded protein response (UPR), including XBP-1 and ATF6. The overlap of Blimp-1 and XBP-1 function was restricted to the UPR, with Blimp-1 uniquely regulating mTOR activity and plasma cell size. Thus, Blimp-1 is required for the unique physiological capacity of plasma cells that enables the secretion of protective antibody.
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