201
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Rodrigo G, Daròs JA, Elena SF. Virus-host interactome: Putting the accent on how it changes. J Proteomics 2016; 156:1-4. [PMID: 28007618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are extremely complex processes that could only be well understood by precisely characterizing the interaction networks between the virus and the host components. In recent years, much effort has gone in this direction with the aim of unveiling the molecular basis of viral pathology. These networks are mostly formed by viral and host proteins, and are expected to be dynamic both with time and space (i.e., with the progression of infection, as well as with the virus and host genotypes; what we call plastodynamic). This largely overlooked spatio-temporal evolution urgently calls for a change both in the conceptual paradigms and experimental techniques used so far to characterize virus-host interactions. More generally, molecular plasticity and temporal dynamics are unavoidable components of the mechanisms that underlie any complex disease; components whose understanding will eventually enhance our ability to modulate those networks with the aim of improving disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Rodrigo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Biología Integrativa y de Sistemas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - José-Antonio Daròs
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Santiago F Elena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Biología Integrativa y de Sistemas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain; Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA.
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202
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Moore TO, Paradowski M, Ward SE. An atom-efficient and convergent approach to the preparation of NS5A inhibitors by C-H activation. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3307-13. [PMID: 26936019 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00340k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach of the convergent functionalisation of aryl dibromides to form NS5A type inhibitors using C-H activation is reported. The focus of investigation was to reduce the formation of homodimeric side product, as well as to investigate the scope of different aryl dibromides that were tolerated under the reaction conditions. The C-H activation methodology was found to give a viable synthetic route to NS5A inhibitors, with late stage functionalisation of the core portion of the molecule, albeit with some chemical functionalities not tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O Moore
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, England BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | - Michael Paradowski
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, England BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | - Simon E Ward
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, England BN1 9QJ, UK.
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203
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Ferguson D, Zhang J, Davis MA, Helsley RN, Vedin LL, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Allende DS, Parini P, Brown JM. The lipid droplet-associated protein perilipin 3 facilitates hepatitis C virus-driven hepatic steatosis. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:420-432. [PMID: 27941027 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m073734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an enveloped RNA virus responsible for 170 million cases of viral hepatitis worldwide. Over 50% of chronically infected HCV patients develop hepatic steatosis, and steatosis can be induced by expression of HCV core protein (core) alone. Additionally, core must associate with cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) for steatosis development and viral particle assembly. Due to the importance of the LD as a key component of hepatic lipid storage and as a platform for HCV particle assembly, it seems this dynamic subcellular organelle is a gatekeeper in the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis. Here, we hypothesized that core requires the host LD scaffold protein, perilipin (PLIN)3, to induce hepatic steatosis. To test our hypothesis in vivo, we have studied core-induced hepatic steatosis in the absence or presence of antisense oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown of PLIN3. PLIN3 knockdown blunted HCV core-induced steatosis in transgenic mice fed either chow or a moderate fat diet. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that the LD scaffold protein, PLIN3, is essential for HCV core-induced hepatic steatosis and provide new insights into the pathogenesis of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ferguson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH.,Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Matthew A Davis
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Robert N Helsley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Lise-Lotte Vedin
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard G Lee
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rosanne M Crooke
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark J Graham
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Paolo Parini
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH
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204
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Pethe MA, Rubenstein AB, Khare SD. Large-Scale Structure-Based Prediction and Identification of Novel Protease Substrates Using Computational Protein Design. J Mol Biol 2016; 429:220-236. [PMID: 27932294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing the substrate specificity of protease enzymes is critical for illuminating the molecular basis of their diverse and complex roles in a wide array of biological processes. Rapid and accurate prediction of their extended substrate specificity would also aid in the design of custom proteases capable of selectively and controllably cleaving biotechnologically or therapeutically relevant targets. However, current in silico approaches for protease specificity prediction, rely on, and are therefore limited by, machine learning of sequence patterns in known experimental data. Here, we describe a general approach for predicting peptidase substrates de novo using protein structure modeling and biophysical evaluation of enzyme-substrate complexes. We construct atomic resolution models of thousands of candidate substrate-enzyme complexes for each of five model proteases belonging to the four major protease mechanistic classes-serine, cysteine, aspartyl, and metallo-proteases-and develop a discriminatory scoring function using enzyme design modules from Rosetta and AMBER's MMPBSA. We rank putative substrates based on calculated interaction energy with a modeled near-attack conformation of the enzyme active site. We show that the energetic patterns obtained from these simulations can be used to robustly rank and classify known cleaved and uncleaved peptides and that these structural-energetic patterns have greater discriminatory power compared to purely sequence-based statistical inference. Combining sequence and energetic patterns using machine-learning algorithms further improves classification performance, and analysis of structural models provides physical insight into the structural basis for the observed specificities. We further tested the predictive capability of the model by designing and experimentally characterizing the cleavage of four novel substrate motifs for the hepatitis C virus NS3/4 protease using an in vivo assay. The presented structure-based approach is generalizable to other protease enzymes with known or modeled structures, and complements existing experimental methods for specificity determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi A Pethe
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Center for Integrative Proteomics Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Aliza B Rubenstein
- Computational Biology & Molecular Biophysics Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sagar D Khare
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Center for Integrative Proteomics Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Computational Biology & Molecular Biophysics Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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205
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Ali M, Afzal S, Zia A, Hassan A, Khalil AT, Ovais M, Shinwari ZK, Idrees M. A systematic review of treatment response rates in Pakistani hepatitis C virus patients; current prospects and future challenges. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5327. [PMID: 27977575 PMCID: PMC5268021 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The estimated hepatitis C virus (HCV) carriers are approximately 10 million in Pakistan which usually progresses to chronic hepatitis, with rare cases of spontaneous viral eradication. The present article reviews the treatment status of HCV infection in Pakistani population and various factors associated with the treatment response rates. METHODS Literature on anti-HCV therapy was searched in PubMed, Google Scholar and PakMediNet. Thirty three different studies representing different geographic regions of Pakistan published from 2002 to 2016 were included in the present review. Weighted mean, standard error estimates (SE) and standard deviation (SD) were determined for each population group. RESULTS Mean value for sustained virological response (SVR) for standard IFN plus ribavirin (RBV) combination therapy was 68.38% ± 14.13% (range 33.8%-87.10%; SE 3.08) and pegylated-IFN plus RBV combination therapy 64.38% ± 8.68% (range 55.0%-76.00%; SE 3.88). The lowest value for SVR has been reported to be 24.3% (for genotype 1; administering INF-α 2b 3MU 3 times/week and RBV 1000-1200 mg/day for 48 weeks) while highest of 87.5% (genotype 3a; INF-α 2a 3MU 3 times/week and RBV 1000-1200 mg/day for 24 weeks). The mean value for rapid virological response (RVR) was found to be 48.18% ± 29.20% (SE 9.73). As PEG-interferon and direct acting antivirals (DAAs) are relatively expensive, interferon-alfa (IFN-α) and RBV combination therapy have been used widely to treat HCV infected patients in Pakistan for the last one and half decade. On average, 2.45% of the patients discontinued treatment due to severe side effects. CONCLUSION We encourage further studies on understanding host and viral factors associated with specific focus on harder to treat viral variants (relapsers and nonresponders). These variants are currently rising in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad
| | - Samia Afzal
- Division of Molecular Virology, National Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB)
| | - Asad Zia
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad
| | - Ahmed Hassan
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad
| | - Ali Talha Khalil
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad
| | - Muhammad Ovais
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad
| | | | - Muhammad Idrees
- Division of Molecular Virology, National Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB)
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore
- Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan
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206
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Bagwell A, Chastain CA. Hepatitis C Treatment in HIV Coinfection: Approaches, Challenges, and Future Opportunities. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-016-0097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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207
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Knop V, Hoppe D, Welzel T, Vermehren J, Herrmann E, Vermehren A, Friedrich-Rust M, Sarrazin C, Zeuzem S, Welker MW. Regression of fibrosis and portal hypertension in HCV-associated cirrhosis and sustained virologic response after interferon-free antiviral therapy. J Viral Hepat 2016; 23:994-1002. [PMID: 27500382 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is still controversial, whether and to what amount cirrhosis and portal hypertension are reversible in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated cirrhosis and sustained virologic response (SVR) after interferon-free antiviral therapy. In this study, we prospectively evaluated dynamics of liver and spleen stiffness in HCV-infected patients with advanced liver disease and SVR after interferon-free treatment. A total of 54 patients with HCV-associated cirrhosis and SVR were included. Liver and spleen stiffness was measured at therapy baseline (BL), end of treatment (EOT) and 24 weeks after EOT (FU24) by transient liver elastography (L-TE) as well as by acoustic radiation force impulse of the liver (L-ARFI) and spleen (S-ARFI), as well as biochemical, virologic and clinical data. Improvement of liver and spleen stiffness was found in 44 of 50 (88%), 31 of 54 (57%) and 25 of 54 (46%) of patients assessed by L-TE, L-ARFI and S-ARFI between baseline and FU24. Liver stiffness assessed by L-TE improved between BL [median (range), 32.5 (9.1-75) kPa] and EOT [median (range), 21.3 (6.7-73.5) kPa; (P<.0001)], and between BL and FU24 [median (range), 21.2 (5.4-70) kPa; (P<.0001)]. Liver stiffness assessed by L-ARFI improved between BL [median (range), 2.7 (1.2-4.1) m/s] and FU24 [median (range), 2.4 (1.2-3.9) m/s; P=.002), while spleen stiffness remained unchanged. Our data suggest that improvement of liver stiffness may be rather due to reduced necroinflammation and may be due to a less extent to regression of cirrhosis, as dynamics of liver stiffness improvement was more pronounced between BL and EOT than BL and FU24.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Knop
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - D Hoppe
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - T Welzel
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - J Vermehren
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - E Herrmann
- Institut für Biostatistik und mathematische Modellierung, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A Vermehren
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M Friedrich-Rust
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - C Sarrazin
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Zeuzem
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M-W Welker
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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208
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Lee KY, Chen YH, Hsu SC, Yu MJ. Phosphorylation of Serine 235 of the Hepatitis C Virus Non-Structural Protein NS5A by Multiple Kinases. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166763. [PMID: 27875595 PMCID: PMC5119781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation at serine 235 (S235) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) plays a critical role in the viral life cycle. For medical and virological interests, we exploited the HEK293T kidney cells to test 3 candidate protein kinases on NS5A S235 phosphorylation. Inhibitors that inhibit casein kinase I α (CKIα), polo-like kinase I (PlKI) or calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) all reduced NS5A S235 phosphorylation. CKIα was studied previously and PlKI had severe cytotoxicity, thus CaMKII was selected for validation in the Huh7.5.1 liver cells. In the HCV (J6/JFH1)-infected Huh7.5.1 cells, CaMKII inhibitor reduced NS5A S235 phosphorylation and HCV RNA levels without apparent cytotoxicity. RT-PCR analysis showed expression of CaMKII γ and δ isoforms in the Huh7.5.1 cells. Both CaMKII γ and δ directly phosphorylated NS5A S235 in vitro. CaMKII γ or δ single knockdown did not affect NS5A S235 phosphorylation but elevated the HCV RNA levels in the infected cells. CKIα plus CaMKII (γ or δ) double knockdown reduced NS5A S235 phosphorylation and reduced HCV RNA levels; however, the HCV RNA levels were higher than those in the infected cells with CKIα single knockdown. We conclude that CKIα-mediated NS5A S235 phosphorylation is critical for HCV replication. CaMKII γ and δ may have negative roles in the HCV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ying Lee
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chin Hsu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jiun Yu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
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209
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JunaBeegum GR, Revikumar A, SuharaBeevy S, Sugunan VS. Identification of novel inhibitors of HCV NS3 protease genotype 3 subtype B through molecular docking studies of phytochemicals from Boerhavia diffusa L. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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210
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Tong L, Yu W, Chen L, Selyutin O, Dwyer MP, Nair AG, Mazzola R, Kim JH, Sha D, Yin J, Ruck RT, Davies IW, Hu B, Zhong B, Hao J, Ji T, Zan S, Liu R, Agrawal S, Xia E, Curry S, McMonagle P, Bystol K, Lahser F, Carr D, Rokosz L, Ingravallo P, Chen S, Feng KI, Cartwright M, Asante-Appiah E, Kozlowski JA. Discovery of Ruzasvir (MK-8408): A Potent, Pan-Genotype HCV NS5A Inhibitor with Optimized Activity against Common Resistance-Associated Polymorphisms. J Med Chem 2016; 60:290-306. [PMID: 27808515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe the research that led to the discovery of compound 40 (ruzasvir, MK-8408), a pan-genotypic HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitor with a "flat" GT1 mutant profile. This NS5A inhibitor contains a unique tetracyclic indole core while maintaining the imidazole-proline-valine Moc motifs of our previous NS5A inhibitors. Compound 40 is currently in early clinical trials and is under evaluation as part of an all-oral DAA regimen for the treatment of chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bin Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec , Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec , Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Jinglai Hao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec , Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Tao Ji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec , Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Shuai Zan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec , Shanghai, 200131, China
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211
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Yu W, Tong L, Hu B, Zhong B, Hao J, Ji T, Zan S, Coburn CA, Selyutin O, Chen L, Rokosz L, Agrawal S, Liu R, Curry S, McMonagle P, Ingravallo P, Asante-Appiah E, Chen S, Kozlowski JA. Discovery of Chromane Containing Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) NS5A Inhibitors with Improved Potency against Resistance-Associated Variants. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10228-10243. [PMID: 27792320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of potent and pan-genotypic HCV NS5A inhibitors faces many challenges including the significant diversity among genotypes, substantial potency shift conferred on some key resistance-associated variants, inconsistent SARs between different genotypes and mutants, and the lacking of models of inhibitor/protein complexes for rational inhibitor design. As part of ongoing efforts on HCV NS5A inhibition at Merck, we now describe the discovery of a novel series of chromane containing NS5A inhibitors. SAR studies around the "Z" group of the tetracyclic indole scaffold explored fused bicyclic rings as alternates to the phenyl group of elbasvir (1, MK-8742) and identified novel chromane and 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran derivatives as "Z" group replacements offered good potency across all genotypes. This effort, incorporating the C-1 fluoro substitution at the tetracyclic indole core, led to the discovery of a new series of NS5A inhibitors, such as compounds 14 and 25-28, with significantly improved potency against resistance-associated variants, such as GT2b, GT1a Y93H, and GT1a L31V. Compound 14 also showed reasonable PK exposures in preclinical species (rat and dog).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories , 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ling Tong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories , 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Bin Hu
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Jinglai Hao
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Tao Ji
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Shuai Zan
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Craig A Coburn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Oleg Selyutin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories , 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories , 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Laura Rokosz
- Department of in Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sony Agrawal
- Department of in Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Stephanie Curry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Patricia McMonagle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Paul Ingravallo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ernest Asante-Appiah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shiying Chen
- Department of PPDM, Merck Research Laboratories , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joseph A Kozlowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories , 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway New Jersey 07065, United States
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212
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Salama H, Medhat E, Shaheen M, Zekri ARN, Darwish T, Ghoneum M. Arabinoxylan rice bran (Biobran) suppresses the viremia level in patients with chronic HCV infection: A randomized trial. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 29:647-653. [PMID: 27799299 DOI: 10.1177/0394632016674954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for Hepatitis C virus (HCV) have severe side effects and are very expensive. There is a need to explore effective natural therapies against HCV that are less toxic and more cost-effective. In the current study, 37 chronic HCV patients were randomized into two groups and treated with either pegylated interferon (PEG IFN) plus ribavirin (n = 21) or Biobran, an arabinoxylan from rice bran (1 g/day) (n = 16). We examined viremia, liver enzymes, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels in serum, and toxicity before and three months after treatment. Both groups showed a significant and similar reduction in viral load after three months of treatment relative to the baseline viral load (P <0.05). In addition, treatment with Biobran resulted in a significant increase in the level of IFN-γ (P <0.001). Patients in the PEG IFN plus ribavirin group showed fever, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and easy fatigue. Patients in the Biobran group showed no side effects and reported good health. We conclude that Biobran is a potential novel therapeutic regimen that has a similar effect to PEG IFN plus ribavirin and is safe and cost-effective in the treatment of chronic HCV. Our finding of Biobran's efficacy against HCV infection warrants further investigation in multiple clinical trials (Clinical Trials Registration: NCT02690103).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosny Salama
- Tropical Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Medhat
- Tropical Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Magda Shaheen
- Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Tarneem Darwish
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mamdooh Ghoneum
- Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Department of Otolaryngology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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213
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Liu N, Zhu S, Zhang X, Yin X, Dong G, Yao J, Miao Z, Zhang W, Zhang X, Sheng C. The discovery and characterization of a novel scaffold as a potent hepatitis C virus inhibitor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3340-3. [PMID: 26822629 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc10594c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HCV infections are a major global health concern. Although direct acting antiviral agents have significantly improved the response rate of anti-HCV therapy, they also suffer from drug resistance, unfavorable pharmacokinetic profiles and high costs. Thus, it is still highly desirable to develop new anti-HCV therapeutics. Herein a novel anti-HCV benzothiazole scaffold was discovered by phenotypic screening. Further target characterization and structural optimization studies revealed that the benzothiazole-disulfoamide derivatives were potent anti-HCV molecules with good selectivity and acted by targeting NS5A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Shiping Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xianghua Zhang
- The First Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xunkui Yin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jianzhong Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Zhenyuan Miao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Wannian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Caolang Road 2901, Shanghai 201508, China.
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Roopngam P, Liu K, Mei L, Zheng Y, Zhu X, Tsai HI, Huang L. Hepatitis C virus E2 protein encapsulation into poly d, l-lactic- co-glycolide microspheres could induce mice cytotoxic T-cell response. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:5361-5370. [PMID: 27789948 PMCID: PMC5072560 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s109081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is known to cause hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. E2 envelope glycoprotein of HCV type (HCV-E2) has been reported to bind human host cells and is a major target for developing anti-HCV vaccines. However, the therapeutic vaccine for infected patients still needs further development. The vaccine aims to provide cytotoxic T-cells to eliminate infected cells and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, there is no effective HCV therapeutic vaccine because most chronically infected patients rarely generate cytotoxic T-cells, even though they have high levels of neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, the adjuvant must be applied to enhance the efficacy of the therapeutic vaccine. In this study, we constructed HCV1b-E2 recombinant protein, a truncated form of peptide, to combine with an effective vaccine adjuvant and delivery system by using poly d,l-lactic-co-glycolide (PLGA) microspheres. HCV1b-E2 protein was effectively encapsulated into PLGA microspheres (HCV1b-E2-PLGA) as a strategy to deliver an insoluble form of HCV1b-E2 protein. The size and shape of PLGA microspheres were generated properly to carry an insoluble form of viral peptide in vivo. The encapsulated viral protein was slowly and continuously released from PLGA microspheres, which indicated the property of the adjuvant. HCV1b-E2-PLGA can trigger a cell-mediated immune response by inducing an expression of mice CD8+ T-cells. Our results demonstrated that HCV1b-E2-PLGA-immunized mice have a significantly increased CD8+ T-cell number, whereas HCV1b-E2-immunized mice have a lower number of CD8+ T-cells. Moreover, HCV1b-E2-PLGA could induce a specific antibody to viral protein, and the immune cells could secrete IFN-γ, which is a significant cytokine for viral response. Thus, HCV1b-E2-PLGA is shown to have adjuvant property and efficacy in the murine model, which is a good strategy to develop HCV prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyachat Roopngam
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; The Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Division of Life and Health Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Kewei Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; The Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Division of Life and Health Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Mei
- The Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Division of Life and Health Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zheng
- The Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Division of Life and Health Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianbing Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; The Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Division of Life and Health Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Hsiang-I Tsai
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; The Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Division of Life and Health Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Laiqiang Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; The Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Division of Life and Health Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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215
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Saleem A, Akhtar MF, Mushtaq MF, Saleem M, Muhammad ST, Akhtar B, Sharif A, Peerzada S. Current trends in the treatment of hepatitis C: interventions to avoid adverse effects and increase effectiveness of anti-HCV drugs. EXCLI JOURNAL 2016; 15:578-588. [PMID: 28096788 PMCID: PMC5225681 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viral hepatitis, an inflammatory liver disease, is caused by various genotypes of hepatitis C viruses (HCV). Hepatitis C slowly sprouts into fibrosis, which progresses to cirrhosis. Over a prolonged period of time compensated cirrhosis can advance to decompensated cirrhosis culminating in hepatic failure and death. Conventional treatment of HCV involves the administration of interferons. However, association of interferon with the adverse drug reactions led to the development of novel anti-HCV drugs given as monotherapy or in combination with the other drugs. Advances in drug delivery systems (DDS) improved the pharmacokinetic profile and stability of drugs, ameliorated tissue damages on extravasation and increased the targeting of affected sites. Liposomes and lipid based vehicles have been employed with polyethylene glycol (PEG) so as to stabilize the formulations as PEG drug complex. Sofosbuvir, a novel anti-HCV drug, is administered as monotherapy or in combination with daclatasvir, ledipasivir, protease inhibitors, ribavirin and interferon for the treatment of HCV genotypes 1, 2 and 3. These drug combinations are highly effective in eradicating the interferon resistance, recurrent HCV infection in liver transplant, concurrent HIV infection and preventing interferon related adverse effects. Further investigations to improve drug targeting and identification of new drug targets are highly warranted due to the rapid emergence of drug resistance in HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammara Saleem
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Muhammad Saleem
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Bushra Akhtar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Sharif
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sohaib Peerzada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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216
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Williams CL. Ralf Bartenschlager, Charles Rice, and Michael Sofia are honored with the 2016 Lasker~DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3639-3644. [PMID: 27620536 PMCID: PMC5096798 DOI: 10.1172/jci90179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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217
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Bukh J. The history of hepatitis C virus (HCV): Basic research reveals unique features in phylogeny, evolution and the viral life cycle with new perspectives for epidemic control. J Hepatol 2016; 65:S2-S21. [PMID: 27641985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in 1989 permitted basic research to unravel critical components of a complex life cycle for this important human pathogen. HCV is a highly divergent group of viruses classified in 7 major genotypes and a great number of subtypes, and circulating in infected individuals as a continuously evolving quasispecies destined to escape host immune responses and applied antivirals. Despite the inability to culture patient viruses directly in the laboratory, efforts to define the infectious genome of HCV resulted in development of experimental recombinant in vivo and in vitro systems, including replicons and infectious cultures in human hepatoma cell lines. And HCV has become a model virus defining new paradigms in virology, immunology and biology. For example, HCV research discovered that a virus could be completely dependent on microRNA for its replication since microRNA-122 is critical for the HCV life cycle. A number of other host molecules critical for HCV entry and replication have been identified. Thus, basic HCV research revealed important molecules for development of host targeting agents (HTA). The identification and characterization of HCV encoded proteins and their functional units contributed to the development of highly effective direct acting antivirals (DAA) against the NS3 protease, NS5A and the NS5B polymerase. In combination, these inhibitors have since 2014 permitted interferon-free therapy with cure rates above 90% among patients with chronic HCV infection; however, viral resistance represents a challenge. Worldwide control of HCV will most likely require the development of a prophylactic vaccine, and numerous candidates have been pursued. Research characterizing features critical for antibody-based virus neutralization and T cell based virus elimination from infected cells is essential for this effort. If the world community promotes an ambitious approach by applying current DAA broadly, continues to develop alternative viral- and host- targeted antivirals to combat resistant variants, and invests in the development of a vaccine, it would be possible to eradicate HCV. This would prevent about 500 thousand deaths annually. However, given the nature of HCV, the millions of new infections annually, a high chronicity rate, and with over 150 million individuals with chronic infection (which are frequently unidentified), this effort remains a major challenge for basic researchers, clinicians and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bukh
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Research Centre, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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218
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Moradpour D, Grakoui A, Manns MP. Future landscape of hepatitis C research - Basic, translational and clinical perspectives. J Hepatol 2016; 65:S143-S155. [PMID: 27641984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the latest all-oral interferon- and ribavirin-free regimens based on direct acting antivirals against the hepatitis C virus (HCV), sustained virological response rates of >90% are achieved, which is equivalent to cure. This has become possible for all genotypes and all subgroups of patients, including many of the most difficult-to-treat populations so far. Since a prophylactic HCV vaccine is not yet available, control of HCV infection will for the time being have to rely on the use of effective and safe antiviral treatments as well as their accessibility and affordability. Different approaches may apply to different parts of the world, eradication of HCV representing a major long-term goal. Whether hepatitis C becomes the first chronic viral infection to be eradicated without a prophylactic vaccine remains to be shown. Here, we briefly summarize advances in the molecular virology of hepatitis C, highlight lessons of biological relevance that were learned through the study of HCV, and its translational and clinical implications. We have also listed selected unsolved challenges, emphasizing that HCV is a unique model and that advances in this direction may yield knowledge of broad biological significance, novel technologies and insights into related important human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Moradpour
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Arash Grakoui
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Michael P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany.
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219
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Fungus-Derived Neoechinulin B as a Novel Antagonist of Liver X Receptor, Identified by Chemical Genetics Using a Hepatitis C Virus Cell Culture System. J Virol 2016; 90:9058-74. [PMID: 27489280 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00856-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cell culture systems reproducing virus replication can serve as unique models for the discovery of novel bioactive molecules. Here, using a hepatitis C virus (HCV) cell culture system, we identified neoechinulin B (NeoB), a fungus-derived compound, as an inhibitor of the liver X receptor (LXR). NeoB was initially identified by chemical screening as a compound that impeded the production of infectious HCV. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis and reporter assays revealed that NeoB specifically inhibits LXR-mediated transcription. NeoB was also shown to interact directly with LXRs. Analysis of structural analogs suggested that the molecular interaction of NeoB with LXR correlated with the capacity to inactivate LXR-mediated transcription and to modulate lipid metabolism in hepatocytes. Our data strongly suggested that NeoB is a novel LXR antagonist. Analysis using NeoB as a bioprobe revealed that LXRs support HCV replication: LXR inactivation resulted in dispersion of double-membrane vesicles, putative viral replication sites. Indeed, cells treated with NeoB showed decreased replicative permissiveness for poliovirus, which also replicates in double-membrane vesicles, but not for dengue virus, which replicates via a distinct membrane compartment. Together, our data suggest that LXR-mediated transcription regulates the formation of virus-associated membrane compartments. Significantly, inhibition of LXRs by NeoB enhanced the activity of all known classes of anti-HCV agents, and NeoB showed especially strong synergy when combined with interferon or an HCV NS5A inhibitor. Thus, our chemical genetics analysis demonstrates the utility of the HCV cell culture system for identifying novel bioactive molecules and characterizing the virus-host interaction machinery. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is highly dependent on host factors for efficient replication. In the present study, we used an HCV cell culture system to screen an uncharacterized chemical library. Our results identified neoechinulin B (NeoB) as a novel inhibitor of the liver X receptor (LXR). NeoB inhibited the induction of LXR-regulated genes and altered lipid metabolism. Intriguingly, our results indicated that LXRs are critical to the process of HCV replication: LXR inactivation by NeoB disrupted double-membrane vesicles, putative sites of viral replication. Moreover, NeoB augmented the antiviral activity of all known classes of currently approved anti-HCV agents without increasing cytotoxicity. Thus, our strategy directly links the identification of novel bioactive compounds to basic virology and the development of new antiviral agents.
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220
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Mori KI, Matsumoto A, Maki N, Ichikawa Y, Tanaka E, Yagi S. Production of infectious HCV genotype 1b virus in cell culture using a novel Set of adaptive mutations. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:224. [PMID: 27678340 PMCID: PMC5039931 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0846-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the high prevalence of genotype 1b hepatitis C virus (HCV) among patients, a cell culture system that permits entire viral life cycle of genotype 1b isolates is limited. To develop a cell-cultured hepatitis C virus (HCVcc) of genotype 1b, the proper combination of HCV genomic variants and host cells is essential. HCV genomes isolated from patients with distinctive symptoms may provide the variants required to establish an HCVcc of genotype 1b. Results We first established subgenomic replicons in Huh7 cells using HCV cDNAs isolated from two patients: one with fulminant hepatitis after liver transplantation (TPF1) and another with acute hepatitis and moderate symptoms (sAH). Replicons established from TPF1 and sAH showed mutations in NS4B and in NS3 and NS5A, respectively. Using these replication machineries, we constructed HCV genomic RNAs for each isolate. Virus infectivity was evaluated by a focus-forming assay, which is dependent on the intracellular expression of core antigen, and production of virus particles was assessed by density-gradient centrifugation. Infectious virus was only observed in the culture medium of cells transfected with TFP1 HCV RNA. A chimeric genome with the structural segment (5′-untranslated region [UTR] through NS2) from sAH and the replication machinery (NS3 through 3′-UTR) from TPF1 exhibited greater infectivity than did TFP1, despite formation of deficient virus particles in sAH, suggesting that this genomic segment potentiates virus particle formation. To identify the responsible variants, infectious virus formation was assessed in a chimeric genome carrying parts of the sAH structural segment of the TPF1 genome. A variant in NS2 (M170T) was identified that enhanced infectious virus formation. HCVcc carrying an NS2 gene encoding the M170T substitution and adaptive mutations in NS4B (referred to as TPF1-M170T) infected naïve cured Huh7 cells in a CD81-dependent manner. Conclusions We established a novel HCVcc of genotype 1b in Huh7 cells by introducing an amino acid variant in NS2 and adaptive mutations in NS4B from HCV genomic RNA isolated from a patient with fulminant HCV after liver transplantation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0846-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Mori
- R&D Department, Advanced Life Science Institute, Inc., 2-10-23 Maruyamadai, Wako, Saitama, 351-0112, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Noboru Maki
- R&D Department, Advanced Life Science Institute, Inc., 2-10-23 Maruyamadai, Wako, Saitama, 351-0112, Japan
| | - Yuki Ichikawa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Eiji Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shintaro Yagi
- R&D Department, Advanced Life Science Institute, Inc., 2-10-23 Maruyamadai, Wako, Saitama, 351-0112, Japan.
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Peng Q, Li K, Cao MR, Bie CQ, Tang HJ, Tang SH. Daclatasvir combined with peginterferon-α and ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a meta-analysis. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1569. [PMID: 27652142 PMCID: PMC5023653 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Daclatasvir, a HCV NS5A inhibitor, is a new direct-acting antiviral drug for chronic hepatitis C (CHC). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of daclatasvir combined with peginterferon-α (pegIFN-α) and ribavirin (RBV) for the treatment of CHC. The databases of PUBMED, EMBASE, COCHRANE, WANFANG, and CNKI were retrieved to identify eligible studies. Pooled risk ratio (RR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were calculated using random or fixed models. A total of six RCTs including 1100 adult patients with CHC met the inclusion criteria and the patients were infected with HCV genotype 1-4, with the genotype 1 infection accounting for 73.1 %. Meta-analysis showed daclatasvir-based combination therapy yielded a significantly higher probability of achieving the overall RVR (46.43 vs. 18.97 %) with pooled RR of 3.77 (95 % CI 1.95-7.28, p < 0.0001) and a slightly higher probability of achieving the overall SVR24 (65.08 vs. 47.77 %) with pooled RR of 1.41 (95 % CI 1.18-1.68, p < 0.0001), and did not show increased adverse events compared with the pegIFN-α/RBV regimen (control group). Subgroup analysis showed the rate of RVR and SVR24 in high-dose daclatasvir (60 mg/day) group were slightly higher than the overall results; the rate of RVR in low-dose daclatasvir (10 mg/day) group was also higher than the control group, but its SVR24 rate was similar between the two groups. Daclatasvir combined with pegIFN-α/RBV is effective and safe in treating adult patients with CHC, especially HCV genotype 1 infection, and daclatasvir (60 mg/day) is a better choice as compared with daclatasvir (10 mg/day).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 613 Huang Pu Avenue, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated HeXian Memorial Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Rong Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Cai Qun Bie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Shenzhen Shajing Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Shenzhen, 518104 China
| | - Hui Jun Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Shenzhen Shajing Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Shenzhen, 518104 China
| | - Shao Hui Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 613 Huang Pu Avenue, Guangzhou, China
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Mousa OY, Pungpapong S, Ankoma‐Sey V. The era of first direct-acting antiviral agents: What did we learn? Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2016; 8:72-75. [PMID: 31041067 PMCID: PMC6490203 DOI: 10.1002/cld.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Y. Mousa
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFL
| | - Surakit Pungpapong
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFL
- Department of TransplantMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFL
| | - Victor Ankoma‐Sey
- Gastroenterology and HepatologyLiver Associates of Texas, P.A.HoustonTX
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223
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Hu B, Li S, Zhang Z, Xie S, Hu Y, Huang X, Zheng Y. HCV NS4B targets Scribble for proteasome-mediated degradation to facilitate cell transformation. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12387-12396. [PMID: 27315218 PMCID: PMC7097421 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 4B (NS4B) is a multi-transmembrane protein, but little is known about how NS4B contributes to HCV replication and tumorigenesis. Its C-terminal domain (CTD) has been shown to associate with intracellular membrane, and we have previously shown that NS4B CTD contains a class I PDZ-binding motif (PBM). Here, we demonstrated that NS4B PBM interacts with the PDZ-containing tumor suppressor protein, Scribble, using immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation assays, and this interaction requires at least three contiguous PDZ domains of Scribble. In addition, NS4B PBM specifically induced Scribble degradation by activating the proteasome-ubiquitin pathway. Similar Scribble degradation was also observed in HCV-infected cells, suggesting NS4B could work in the context of HCV. Finally, NS4B PBM mutants showed reduced colony formation capacity compared with its wild-type counterpart, indicating that NS4B PBM plays important roles in NS4B-mediated cell transformation. Altogether, we provide a mechanism by which NS4B induces cell transformation through its PBM, which specifically interacts with the PDZ domains of Scribble and targets Scribble for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, China
| | - Zhanfeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Science, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Shenggao Xie
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, China
| | - Yuqian Hu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, China
| | - Xianzhang Huang
- Department of Laboratory Science, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, China.
- Department of Nephrology, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510800, China.
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224
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Borgia G, Maraolo AE, Buonomo AR, Scotto R, Gentile I. The therapeutic potential of new investigational hepatitis C virus translation inhibitors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:1209-14. [PMID: 27537604 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1225036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver-related death worldwide. Currently, the anti-HCV armamentarium encompasses several direct-acting antivirals (DAA) that achieve very high response rates and have an excellent tolerability profile. However, they do not represent a final solution for HCV global eradication for at least these two reasons: i) some patients harbour resistant strains to DAAs and cannot benefit from currently available treatments; ii) the cost of these drugs remains very high. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes pre-clinical and clinical data regarding HCV translation inhibitors, a new class of drugs currently in the pipeline with novel mechanisms of action. EXPERT OPINION The availability of DAAs resolved most issues related to HCV treatment compared with the previous interferon-based therapies. However, there are some patients that cannot achieve a viral clearance with currently available treatments. Therefore, there is still room for new drugs in this setting, providing that they demonstrate an advantage in terms of efficacy, safety, cost or or simplicity of use. Based on preliminary results, at least for some promising molecules (e.g. miravirsen and RG-101), studies on safety and efficacy on this intriguing class of drugs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Borgia
- a Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples 'Federico II,' Naples , Italy
| | - Alberto Enrico Maraolo
- a Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples 'Federico II,' Naples , Italy
| | - Antonio Riccardo Buonomo
- a Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples 'Federico II,' Naples , Italy
| | - Riccardo Scotto
- a Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples 'Federico II,' Naples , Italy
| | - Ivan Gentile
- a Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples 'Federico II,' Naples , Italy
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Yu W, Zhou G, Coburn CA, Zeng Q, Tong L, Dwyer MP, Hu B, Zhong B, Hao J, Ji T, Zan S, Chen L, Mazzola R, Kim JH, Sha D, Selyutin O, Rosenblum SB, Lavey B, Nair AG, Heon Kim S, Keertikar KM, Rokosz L, Agrawal S, Liu R, Xia E, Zhai Y, Curry S, McMonagle P, Ingravallo P, Asante-Appiah E, Chen S, Kozlowski JA. Substituted tetracyclic indole core derivatives of HCV NS5A inhibitor MK-8742. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4851-4856. [PMID: 27568086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As part of an ongoing effort in NS5A inhibition at Merck we now describe our efforts for introducing substitution around the tetracyclic indole core of MK-8742. Fluoro substitution on the core combined with the fluoro substitutions on the proline ring improved the potency against GT1a Y93H significantly. However, no improvement on GT2b potency was achieved. Limiting the fluoro substitution to C-1 of the tetracyclic indole core had a positive impact on the potency against the resistance associated variants, such as GT1a Y93H and GT2b, and the PK profile as well. Compounds, such as 62, with reduced potency shifts between wild type GT1a to GT2b, GT1a Y93H, and GT1a L31V were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Guowei Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Craig A Coburn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Qingbei Zeng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Ling Tong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Michael P Dwyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Bin Hu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jinglai Hao
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Tao Ji
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Shuai Zan
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Robert Mazzola
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Jae-Hun Kim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Deyou Sha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Oleg Selyutin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Stuart B Rosenblum
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Brian Lavey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Anilkumar G Nair
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Seong Heon Kim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Kerry M Keertikar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Laura Rokosz
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Sony Agrawal
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Ellen Xia
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Ying Zhai
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Stephanie Curry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Patricia McMonagle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Paul Ingravallo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Ernest Asante-Appiah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Shiying Chen
- Department of PPDM, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Joseph A Kozlowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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226
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Wahyuni TS, Utsubo CA, Hotta H. Promising Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Compounds from Natural Resources. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major worldwide problem, which involves approximately 170 million people. High morbidity of patients is caused by chronic infection, which leads to liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and other HCV-related diseases. The sustained virological response (SVR) has been markedly improved to be >90% by the current standard interferon (IFN)-free treatment regimens with a combination of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) targeting the viral NS3 protease, NS5A multi-function protein and NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, compared with 50–70% of SVR rates achieved by the previous standard IFN-based treatment regimens with or without an NS3 protease inhibitor. However, the emergence of DAA-resistant HCV strains and the limited access to the DAAs due to their high cost could be major concerns. Also, the long-term prognosis of patients treated with DAAs, such as the possible development of hepatocellular carcinoma, still needs to be further evaluated. Natural resources are considered to be good candidates to develop anti-HCV agents. Here, we summarize anti-HCV compounds obtained from natural resources, including medicinal plant extracts, their isolated compounds and some of their derivatives that possess high antiviral potency against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tutik Sri Wahyuni
- Division of Microbiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Jl. Dharmawangsa Dalam, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Chie Aoki Utsubo
- Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2, Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - Hak Hotta
- Division of Microbiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- Department of Oral Vaccine and Drug Development, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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227
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Schwartz RE, Bram Y, Frankel A. Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocyte-like Cells: A Tool to Study Infectious Disease. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 4:147-156. [PMID: 29910973 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Liver disease is an important clinical and global problem and is the 16th leading cause of death worldwide and responsible for 1 million deaths worldwide each year. Infectious disease is a major cause of liver disease specifically and overall is even a greater cause of patient morbidity and mortality. Tools to study human liver disease and infectious disease have been lacking which has significantly hampered the study of liver disease generally and hepatotropic pathogens more specifically. Historically, hepatoma cell lines have been used for in vitro cell culture models to study infectious disease. Significant differences between human hepatoma cell lines and the human hepatocyte has hampered our understanding of hepatocyte pathogen infection and hepatocyte--pathogen interactions. Recent Findings Despite these limitations, great progress was made in the understanding of specific aspects of the life cycle of the canonical hepatocyte viral pathogen, Hepatitis C Virus. Over time various specific drugs targeting various proteins of the HCV virion or aspects of the HCV viral life cycle have been created that enable almost complete elimination of the virus in vitro and clinically. These drugs, direct-acting antivirals have enabled achieving sustained virologic response in over 90-95 percent of patients. Summary Despite the development of direct-acting antivirals and the extreme success in achieving sustained virologic response, there has only been limited success elucidating host-pathogen interactions largely due to the poor nature of the hepatoma platform. Alternative approaches are needed. Pluripotent stem cells are renewable, can be derived from a single donor and can be efficiently and reproducibly differentiated towards many cell types including ectodermal-, endodermal-, and mesodermal-derived lineages. The development of pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells (iHLCS) changes the paradigm as robust cells with the phenotype and function of hepatocytes can be readily created on demand with a variety of genetic background or alterations. iHLCs are readily used as models to study human drug metabolism, human liver disease, and human hepatotropic infectious disease. In this review, we discuss the biology of the HCV virus, the use of iHLCs as models to study human liver disease, and review the current work on using iHLCs to study HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaron Bram
- Weill Cornell School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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228
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Interaction between Nonstructural Proteins NS4B and NS5A Is Essential for Proper NS5A Localization and Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication. J Virol 2016; 90:7205-7218. [PMID: 27252526 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00037-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The hepatitis C virus NS5A protein is tethered to cellular membranes via an amphipathic amino-terminal helix that is inserted in-plane into the outer endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived membrane leaflet. The charged face of the helix faces the cytoplasm and may contribute to interactions involved in replicase assembly and function. Using an aggressive charge flip mutagenesis strategy, we identified a number of essential residues for replication on the charged face of the NS5A anchor and identified a double charge face mutant that is lethal for RNA replication but generates suppressor mutations in the carboxy-terminal helix of the NS4B protein. This suppressor restores RNA replication of the NS5A helix double flip mutant (D1979K/D1982K) and, interestingly, seems to function by restoring the proper localization of NS5A to the viral replicase. These data add to our understanding of the complex organization and assembly of the viral replicase via NS4B-NS5A interactions. IMPORTANCE Information about the functional role of the cytosolic face of the NS5A anchoring helix remains obscure. In this study, we show that while the hydrophobic face of the NS5A anchor helix mediates membrane association, the polar cytosolic face of the helix plays a key role during hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication by mediating the interaction of NS5A with other HCV nonstructural proteins via NS4B. Such an interaction determines the subcellular localization of NS5A by engaging NS5A in the HCV replication process during the formation of a functional HCV replication complex. Thus, collectively, it can be stated that the findings in the present study provide further information about the interactions between the HCV nonstructural proteins during HCV RNA replication and provide a platform to gain more insights about the molecular architecture of HCV replication complexes.
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229
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Baumgart BR, Wang F, Kwagh J, Storck C, Euler C, Fuller M, Simic D, Sharma S, Arnold JJ, Cameron CE, Van Vleet TR, Flint O, Bunch RT, Davies MH, Graziano MJ, Sanderson TP. Effects of BMS-986094, a Guanosine Nucleotide Analogue, on Mitochondrial DNA Synthesis and Function. Toxicol Sci 2016; 153:396-408. [PMID: 27466212 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BMS-986094, the prodrug of a guanosine nucleotide analogue (2'-C-methylguanosine), was withdrawn from clinical trials due to serious safety issues. Nonclinical investigative studies were conducted as a follow up to evaluate the potential for BMS-986094-related mitochondrial-toxicity. In vitro, BMS-986094 was applied to human hepatoma cells (HepG2 and Huh-7) or cardiomyocytes (hiPSCM) up to 19 days to assess mitochondrial DNA content and specific gene expression. There were no mitochondrial DNA changes at concentrations ≤10 µM. Transcriptional effects, such as reductions in Huh-7 MT-ND1 and MT-ND5 mRNA content and hiPSCM MT-ND1, MT-COXII, and POLRMT protein expression levels, occurred only at cytotoxic concentrations (≥10 µM) suggesting these transcriptional effects were a consequence of the observed toxicity. Additionally, BMS-986094 has a selective weak affinity for inhibition of RNA polymerases as opposed to DNA polymerases. In vivo, BMS-986094 was given orally to cynomolgus monkeys for 3 weeks or 1 month at doses of 15 or 30 mg/kg/day. Samples of heart and kidney were collected for assessment of mitochondrial respiration, mitochondrial DNA content, and levels of high energy substrates. Although pronounced cardiac and renal toxicities were observed in some monkeys at 30 mg/kg/day treated for 3-4 weeks, there were no changes in mitochondrial DNA content or ATP/GTP levels. Collectively, these data suggest that BMS-986094 is not a direct mitochondrial toxicant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany R Baumgart
- *Bristol-Myers Squibb, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08536
| | - Faye Wang
- *Bristol-Myers Squibb, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08536
| | - Jae Kwagh
- *Bristol-Myers Squibb, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08536
| | - Chris Storck
- *Bristol-Myers Squibb, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08536
| | - Catherine Euler
- *Bristol-Myers Squibb, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08536
| | - Megan Fuller
- *Bristol-Myers Squibb, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08536
| | - Damir Simic
- *Bristol-Myers Squibb, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08536
| | - Suresh Sharma
- The Pennsylvania State University, 201 Althouse Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Jamie J Arnold
- The Pennsylvania State University, 201 Althouse Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Craig E Cameron
- The Pennsylvania State University, 201 Althouse Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Terry R Van Vleet
- *Bristol-Myers Squibb, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08536
| | - Oliver Flint
- *Bristol-Myers Squibb, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08536
| | - Roderick T Bunch
- *Bristol-Myers Squibb, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08536
| | - Marc H Davies
- *Bristol-Myers Squibb, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08536
| | - Michael J Graziano
- *Bristol-Myers Squibb, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08536
| | - Thomas P Sanderson
- *Bristol-Myers Squibb, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08536
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230
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Nonstructural 3 Protein of Hepatitis C Virus Modulates the Tribbles Homolog 3/Akt Signaling Pathway for Persistent Viral Infection. J Virol 2016; 90:7231-7247. [PMID: 27252525 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00326-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection often causes chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the mechanisms underlying HCV-induced liver pathogenesis are still not fully understood. By transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis, we recently identified host genes that were significantly differentially expressed in cell culture-grown HCV (HCVcc)-infected cells. Of these, tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3) was selected for further characterization. TRIB3 was initially identified as a binding partner of protein kinase B (also known as Akt). TRIB3 blocks the phosphorylation of Akt and induces apoptosis under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions. HCV has been shown to enhance Akt phosphorylation for its own propagation. In the present study, we demonstrated that both mRNA and protein levels of TRIB3 were increased in the context of HCV replication. We further showed that promoter activity of TRIB3 was increased by HCV-induced ER stress. Silencing of TRIB3 resulted in increased RNA and protein levels of HCV, whereas overexpression of TRIB3 decreased HCV replication. By employing an HCV pseudoparticle entry assay, we further showed that TRIB3 was a negative host factor involved in HCV entry. Both in vitro binding and immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that HCV NS3 specifically interacted with TRIB3. Consequently, the association of TRIB3 and Akt was disrupted by HCV NS3, and thus, TRIB3-Akt signaling was impaired in HCV-infected cells. Moreover, HCV modulated TRIB3 to promote extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, activator protein 1 (AP-1) activity, and cell migration. Collectively, these data indicate that HCV exploits the TRIB3-Akt signaling pathway to promote persistent viral infection and may contribute to HCV-mediated pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE TRIB3 is a pseudokinase protein that acts as an adaptor in signaling pathways for important cellular processes. So far, the functional involvement of TRIB3 in virus-infected cells has not yet been demonstrated. We showed that both mRNA and protein expression levels of TRIB3 were increased in the context of HCV RNA replication. Gene silencing of TRIB3 increased HCV RNA and protein levels, and thus, overexpression of TRIB3 decreased HCV replication. TRIB3 is known to promote apoptosis by negatively regulating the Akt signaling pathway under ER stress conditions. Most importantly, we demonstrated that the TRIB3-Akt signaling pathway was disrupted by NS3 in HCV-infected cells. These data provide evidence that HCV modulates the TRIB3-Akt signaling pathway to establish persistent viral infection.
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231
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Biochemical Characterization of the Active Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Metabolites of 2,6-Diaminopurine Ribonucleoside Prodrug Compared to Sofosbuvir and BMS-986094. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:4659-69. [PMID: 27216050 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00318-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleoside analog inhibitors (rNAI) target the hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B) and cause RNA chain termination. Here, we expand our studies on β-d-2'-C-methyl-2,6-diaminopurine-ribonucleotide (DAPN) phosphoramidate prodrug 1 (PD1) as a novel investigational inhibitor of HCV. DAPN-PD1 is metabolized intracellularly into two distinct bioactive nucleoside triphosphate (TP) analogs. The first metabolite, 2'-C-methyl-GTP, is a well-characterized inhibitor of NS5B polymerase, whereas the second metabolite, 2'-C-methyl-DAPN-TP, behaves as an adenosine base analog. In vitro assays suggest that both metabolites are inhibitors of NS5B-mediated RNA polymerization. Additional factors, such as rNAI-TP incorporation efficiencies, intracellular rNAI-TP levels, and competition with natural ribonucleotides, were examined in order to further characterize the potential role of each nucleotide metabolite in vivo Finally, we found that although both 2'-C-methyl-GTP and 2'-C-methyl-DAPN-TP were weak substrates for human mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA) polymerase (POLRMT) in vitro, DAPN-PD1 did not cause off-target inhibition of mtRNA transcription in Huh-7 cells. In contrast, administration of BMS-986094, which also generates 2'-C-methyl-GTP and previously has been associated with toxicity in humans, caused detectable inhibition of mtRNA transcription. Metabolism of BMS-986094 in Huh-7 cells leads to 87-fold higher levels of intracellular 2'-C-methyl-GTP than DAPN-PD1. Collectively, our data characterize DAPN-PD1 as a novel and potent antiviral agent that combines the delivery of two active metabolites.
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232
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Echeverría N, Betancour G, Gámbaro F, Hernández N, López P, Chiodi D, Sánchez A, Boschi S, Fajardo A, Sóñora M, Moratorio G, Cristina J, Moreno P. Naturally occurring NS3 resistance-associated variants in hepatitis C virus genotype 1: Their relevance for developing countries. Virus Res 2016; 223:140-6. [PMID: 27449600 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of global morbidity and mortality, with an estimated 130-150 million infected individuals worldwide. HCV is a leading cause of chronic liver diseases including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current treatment options in developing countries involve pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin as dual therapy or in combination with one or more direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA). The emergence of resistance-associated variants (RAVs) after treatment reveals the great variability of this virus leading to a great difficulty in developing effective antiviral strategies. Baseline RAVs detected in DAA treatment-naïve HCV-infected patients could be of great importance for clinical management and outcome prediction. Although the frequency of naturally occurring HCV NS3 protease inhibitor mutations has been addressed in many countries, there are only a few reports on their prevalence in South America. In this study, we investigated the presence of RAVs in the HCV NS3 serine protease region by analysing a cohort of Uruguayan patients with chronic hepatitis C who had not been treated with any DAAs and compare them with the results found for other South American countries. The results of these studies revealed that naturally occurring mutations conferring resistance to NS3 inhibitors exist in a substantial proportion of Uruguayan treatment-naïve patients infected with HCV genotype 1 enrolled in these studies. The identification of these baseline RAVs could be of great importance for patients' management and outcome prediction in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Echeverría
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela Betancour
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fabiana Gámbaro
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nelia Hernández
- Clínica de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pablo López
- Clínica de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Daniela Chiodi
- Clínica de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Adriana Sánchez
- Clínica de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Susana Boschi
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Asociación Española, Palmar 1465, Montevideo, Uruguay, Uruguay
| | - Alvaro Fajardo
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martín Sóñora
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Moratorio
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Cristina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pilar Moreno
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Manolakopoulos S, Zacharakis G, Zissis M, Giannakopoulos V. Safety and efficacy of daclatasvir in the management of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Ann Gastroenterol 2016; 29:282-96. [PMID: 27366028 PMCID: PMC4923813 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2016.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Daclatasvir (Daklinza™), a new oral direct-acting antiviral, is an inhibitor of hepatitis C virus NS5A protein and has recently been approved in the United States, Europe and Japan in chronic hepatitis C. It shows potent pangenotypic activity and moderately high genetic barrier to resistance improving the sustained virological response (SVR) rates. In COMMAND phase 2 trials, daclatasvir demonstrated high SVR rates in HCV genotype 1-4 chronically infected patients treated with peginterferon-a (pegIFNα) plus ribavirin (RBV). Furthermore, it produced even higher response rates in all-oral combination with sofosbuvir, an interferon-free regimen, with or without ribavirin, in patients with advanced liver disease, HCV/HIV coinfection, liver transplantation in ALLY studies and other real-world studies. This narrative review provides information on the pharmacological properties, role, efficacy and safety of daclatasvir-containing regimens in chronic hepatitis C patients. Daclatasvir administered once-daily in combination with sofosbuvir is an effective 12-week treatment in adult patients with chronic hepatitis C and is generally safe and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spilios Manolakopoulos
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Hippocration General Hospital, Athens Greece (Spilios Manolakopoulos)
| | - George Zacharakis
- Endoscopy Unit, Limassol General Hospital and St George’s University of London Medical School at the University of Nicosia, Republic of Cyprus (George Zacharakis)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, KSA (George Zacharakis)
| | - Miltiadis Zissis
- Medical Affairs Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Athens Greece (Miltiadis Zissis, Vassilis Giannakopoulos)
| | - Vassilis Giannakopoulos
- Medical Affairs Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Athens Greece (Miltiadis Zissis, Vassilis Giannakopoulos)
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234
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Vasquez M, Fioravanti J, Aranda F, Paredes V, Gomar C, Ardaiz N, Fernandez-Ruiz V, Méndez M, Nistal-Villan E, Larrea E, Gao Q, Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza G, Prieto J, Berraondo P. Interferon alpha bioactivity critically depends on Scavenger receptor class B type I function. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1196309. [PMID: 27622065 PMCID: PMC5007953 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1196309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-B1) binds pathogen-associated molecular patterns participating in the regulation of the inflammatory reaction but there is no information regarding potential interactions between SR-B1 and the interferon system. Herein, we report that SR-B1 ligands strongly regulate the transcriptional response to interferon α (IFNα) and enhance its antiviral and antitumor activity. This effect was mediated by the activation of TLR2 and TLR4 as it was annulled by the addition of anti-TLR2 or anti-TLR4 blocking antibodies. In vivo, we maximized the antitumor activity of IFNα co-expressing in the liver a SR-B1 ligand and IFNα by adeno-associated viruses. This gene therapy strategy eradicated liver metastases from colon cancer with reduced toxicity. On the other hand, genetic and pharmacological inhibition of SR-B1 blocks the clathrin-dependent interferon receptor recycling pathway with a concomitant reduction in IFNα signaling and bioactivity. This effect can be applied to enhance cancer immunotherapy with oncolytic viruses. Indeed, SR-B1 antagonists facilitate replication of oncolytic viruses amplifying their tumoricidal potential. In conclusion, SR-B1 agonists behave as IFNα enhancers while SR-B1 inhibitors dampen IFNα activity. These results demonstrate that SR-B1 is a suitable pharmacology target to enhance cancer immunotherapy based on IFNα and oncolytic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Vasquez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) , Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Jessica Fioravanti
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) , Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) , Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Vladimir Paredes
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, IMSS, México DF, Mexico
| | - Celia Gomar
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) , Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Nuria Ardaiz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) , Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Veronica Fernandez-Ruiz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) , Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Miriam Méndez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) , Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Estanislao Nistal-Villan
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) , Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Esther Larrea
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; Instituto de Salud Tropical, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Qinshan Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY, USA
| | - Gloria Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) , Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Jesus Prieto
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) , Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) , Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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235
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Mandal A, Ganta KK, Chaubey B. Combinations of siRNAs against La Autoantigen with NS5B or hVAP-A Have Additive Effect on Inhibition of HCV Replication. HEPATITIS RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2016; 2016:9671031. [PMID: 27446609 PMCID: PMC4942654 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9671031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus is major cause of chronic liver diseases such as chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Presently available direct-acting antiviral drugs have improved success rate; however, high cost limits their utilization, especially in developing countries like India. In the present study, we evaluated anti-HCV potential of several siRNAs targeted against the HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B and cellular factors, La autoantigen, PSMA7, and human VAMP-associated protein to intercept different steps of viral life cycle. The target genes were downregulated individually as well as in combinations and their impact on viral replication was evaluated. Individual downregulation of La autoantigen, PSMA7, hVAP-A, and NS5B resulted in inhibition of HCV replication by about 67.2%, 50.7%, 39%, and 52%, respectively. However, antiviral effect was more pronounced when multiple genes were downregulated simultaneously. Combinations of siRNAs against La autoantigen with NS5B or hVAP-A resulted in greater inhibition in HCV replication. Our findings indicate that siRNA is a potential therapeutic tool for inhibiting HCV replication and simultaneously targeting multiple viral steps with the combination of siRNAs is more effective than silencing a single target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Mandal
- Centre for Advance Studies, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Ganta
- Centre for Advance Studies, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Binay Chaubey
- Centre for Advance Studies, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
- Laboratory of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, UG and MUG, Abrahama 58 Street, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
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236
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FakhriRavari A, Malakouti M, Brady R. Interferon-Free Treatments for Chronic Hepatitis C Genotype 1 Infection. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2016; 4:97-112. [PMID: 27350940 PMCID: PMC4913075 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2016.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects as many as 185 million people globally, many of whom are chronically infected and progress over time to cirrhosis, decompensated liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, and eventually death without a liver transplant. In the United States, HCV genotype 1 constitutes about 75% of all infections. While interferon and ribavirin therapy was the cornerstone of treatment for many years, interferon-free treatments have become the standard of care with the emergence of new direct-acting agents, resulting in more effective treatment, shorter duration of therapy, better tolerability, lower pill burden, and ultimately better adherence. This review will summarize the evidence for the currently available combination therapies as well as emerging therapies in phase 3 trials for treatment of HCV genotype 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza FakhriRavari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of the Incarnate Word Feik School of Pharmacy, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- *Correspondence to: Alireza FakhriRavari, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of the Incarnate Word Feik School of Pharmacy, 4301 Broadway CPO 99, San Antonio, Texas 78209, USA. Tel: +1-210-883-1142, Fax: +1-210-822-1516, E-mail:
| | - Mazyar Malakouti
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca Brady
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of the Incarnate Word Feik School of Pharmacy, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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237
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Yu W, Coburn CA, Nair AG, Wong M, Rosenblum SB, Zhou G, Dwyer MP, Tong L, Hu B, Zhong B, Hao J, Ji T, Zan S, Kim SH, Zeng Q, Selyutin O, Chen L, Masse F, Agrawal S, Liu R, Xia E, Zhai Y, Curry S, McMonagle P, Ingravallo P, Asante-Appiah E, Lin M, Kozlowski JA. Aryl or heteroaryl substituted aminal derivatives of HCV NS5A inhibitor MK-8742. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3414-20. [PMID: 27394665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein we describe our research efforts around the aryl and heteroaryl substitutions at the aminal carbon of the tetracyclic indole-based HCV NS5A inhibitor MK-8742. A series of potent NS5A inhibitors are described, such as compounds 45-47, 54, 56, and 65, which showed improved potency against clinically relevant and resistance associated HCV variants. The improved potency profiles of these compounds demonstrated an SAR that can improve the potency against GT2b, GT1a Y93H, and GT1a L31V altogether, which was unprecedented in our previous efforts in NS5A inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Craig A Coburn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Anilkumar G Nair
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Stuart B Rosenblum
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Guowei Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Michael P Dwyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Ling Tong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Bin Hu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jinglai Hao
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Tao Ji
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Shuai Zan
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Seong Heon Kim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Qingbei Zeng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Oleg Selyutin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Frederic Masse
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Sony Agrawal
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Ellen Xia
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Ying Zhai
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Stephanie Curry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Patricia McMonagle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Paul Ingravallo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Ernest Asante-Appiah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Mingxiang Lin
- Department of PPDM, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Joseph A Kozlowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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238
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Marceau CD, Puschnik AS, Majzoub K, Ooi YS, Brewer SM, Fuchs G, Swaminathan K, Mata MA, Elias JE, Sarnow P, Carette JE. Genetic dissection of Flaviviridae host factors through genome-scale CRISPR screens. Nature 2016; 535:159-63. [PMID: 27383987 PMCID: PMC4964798 DOI: 10.1038/nature18631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Flaviviridae are a family of viruses that cause severe human diseases. For example, dengue virus (DENV) is a rapidly emerging pathogen causing an estimated 100 million symptomatic infections annually worldwide. No approved antivirals are available to date and clinical trials with a tetravalent dengue vaccine showed disappointingly low protection rates. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) also remains a major medical problem, with 160 million chronically infected patients worldwide and only expensive treatments available. Despite distinct differences in their pathogenesis and modes of transmission, the two viruses share common replication strategies. A detailed understanding of the host functions that determine viral infection is lacking. Here we use a pooled CRISPR genetic screening strategy to comprehensively dissect host factors required for these two highly important Flaviviridae members. For DENV, we identified endoplasmic-reticulum (ER)-associated multi-protein complexes involved in signal sequence recognition, N-linked glycosylation and ER-associated degradation. DENV replication was nearly completely abrogated in cells deficient in the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex. Mechanistic studies pinpointed viral RNA replication and not entry or translation as the crucial step requiring the OST complex. Moreover, we show that viral non-structural proteins bind to the OST complex. The identified ER-associated protein complexes were also important for infection by other mosquito-borne flaviviruses including Zika virus, an emerging pathogen causing severe birth defects. By contrast, the most significant genes identified in the HCV screen were distinct and included viral receptors, RNA-binding proteins and enzymes involved in metabolism. We found an unexpected link between intracellular flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) levels and HCV replication. This study shows notable divergence in host-depenency factors between DENV and HCV, and illuminates new host targets for antiviral therapy.
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239
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Hepatitis C virus depends on E-cadherin as an entry factor and regulates its expression in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7620-5. [PMID: 27298373 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1602701113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) enters the host cell through interactions with a cascade of cellular factors. Although significant progress has been made in understanding HCV entry, the precise mechanisms by which HCV exploits the receptor complex and host machinery to enter the cell remain unclear. This intricate process of viral entry likely depends on additional yet-to-be-defined cellular molecules. Recently, by applying integrative functional genomics approaches, we identified and interrogated distinct sets of host dependencies in the complete HCV life cycle. Viral entry assays using HCV pseudoparticles (HCVpps) of various genotypes uncovered multiple previously unappreciated host factors, including E-cadherin, that mediate HCV entry. E-cadherin silencing significantly inhibited HCV infection in Huh7.5.1 cells, HepG2/miR122/CD81 cells, and primary human hepatocytes at a postbinding entry step. Knockdown of E-cadherin, however, had no effect on HCV RNA replication or internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)-mediated translation. In addition, an E-cadherin monoclonal antibody effectively blocked HCV entry and infection in hepatocytes. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that E-cadherin is closely associated with claudin-1 (CLDN1) and occludin (OCLN) on the cell membrane. Depletion of E-cadherin drastically diminished the cell-surface distribution of these two tight junction proteins in various hepatic cell lines, indicating that E-cadherin plays an important regulatory role in CLDN1/OCLN localization on the cell surface. Furthermore, loss of E-cadherin expression in hepatocytes is associated with HCV-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), providing an important link between HCV infection and liver cancer. Our data indicate that a dynamic interplay among E-cadherin, tight junctions, and EMT exists and mediates an important function in HCV entry.
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240
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Cell-death-inducing DFFA-like Effector B Contributes to the Assembly of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Particles and Interacts with HCV NS5A. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27778. [PMID: 27282740 PMCID: PMC4901263 DOI: 10.1038/srep27778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) uses components of the very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) pathway for assembly/release. We previously reported that hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) participates in HCV assembly/release through downstream factors those participate in VLDL assembly/secretion. Cell-death-inducing DFFA-like effector B (CIDEB) is an important regulator of the VLDL pathway. CIDEB is required for entry of HCV particles from cell culture (HCVcc), but the effects of CIDEB on the post-entry steps of the HCV lifecycle are unclear. In the present study, we determined that CIDEB is required for HCV assembly in addition to HCVcc entry. Furthermore, CIDEB interacts with the HCV NS5A protein, and the N terminus of CIDEB and the domain I of NS5A are involved in this interaction. Moreover, CIDEB silencing impairs the association of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) with HCV particles. Interestingly, CIDEB is also required for the post-entry stages of the dengue virus (DENV) life cycle. Collectively, these results indicate that CIDEB is a new host factor that is involved in HCV assembly, presumably by interacting with viral protein, providing new insight into the exploitation of the VLDL regulator CIDEB by HCV.
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241
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Abstract
The treatment of HCV infection has evolved at an extremely rapid pace over the past few years. The development of direct-acting antiviral agents, which potently inhibit different stages in the viral life cycle, has led to the replacement of interferon with well-tolerated oral therapies with cure rates of >90% in most patient populations. Understanding the mechanisms of action of the various agents as well as related issues, including the molecular basis for resistance, helps to guide drug development and clinical use. In this Review, we provide a mechanistic description of NS3/4A protease inhibitors, nucleotide and non-nucleotide inhibitors of the NS5B viral polymerase and inhibitors of the NS5A protein, followed by a summary of clinical data from studies of each drug class alone and in combination. Remaining challenges in drug development efforts are also discussed.
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242
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El-Guindi MA. Hepatitis C Viral Infection in Children: Updated Review. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2016; 19:83-95. [PMID: 27437184 PMCID: PMC4942315 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2016.19.2.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major medical challenge affecting around 200 million people worldwide. The main site of HCV replication is the hepatocytes of the liver. HCV is a positive enveloped RNA virus from the flaviviridae family. Six major HCV genotypes are implicated in the human infection. In developed countries the children are infected mainly through vertical transmission during deliveries, while in developing countries it is still due to horizontal transmission from adults. Minimal nonspecific and brief symptoms are initially found in approximately 15% of children. Acute and chronic HCV infection is diagnosed through the recognition of HCV RNA. The main objective for treatment of chronic HCV is to convert detected HCV viremia to below the detection limit. Children with chronic HCV infection are usually asymptomatic and rarely develop severe liver damage. Therefore, the benefits from current therapies, pegylated-Interferon plus ribavirin, must be weighed against their adverse effects. This combined treatment offers a 50-90% chance of clearing HCV infection according to several studies and on different HCV genotype. Recent direct acting antiviral (DAA) drugs which are well established for adults have not yet been approved for children and young adults below 18 years. The most important field for the prevention of HCV infection in children would be the prevention of perinatal and parenteral transmission. There are areas of focus for new lines of research in pediatric HCV-related disease that can be addressed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. El-Guindi
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Shebin El Kom, Menoufiya, Egypt
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243
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Majumdar A, Kitson MT, Roberts SK. Systematic review: current concepts and challenges for the direct-acting antiviral era in hepatitis C cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 43:1276-92. [PMID: 27087015 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of HCV cirrhosis is high and projected to increase significantly over the next decade. While interferon therapy is problematic in HCV cirrhosis, the era of direct-acting anti-viral (DAA) therapy provides effective treatment for patients with cirrhosis. AIM To systematically review the results of DAA therapy to date in patients with HCV cirrhosis, and highlight the ongoing challenges for DAA therapy in this population. METHODS A structured Medline search was conducted to obtain phase II and III HCV trials in patients with cirrhosis. Citations from review articles were cross-referenced and conference abstracts from EASL and AASLD liver meetings for the preceding 3 years were reviewed manually. Keywords used included hepatitis C, cirrhosis and the DAA's: sofosbuvir, ledipasvir, velpatasvir, grazoprevir, elbasvir, daclatasvir, beclabuvir, asunaprevir, simeprevir, paritaprevir, ombitasvir and dasabuvir. RESULTS Successful direct-acting anti-viral treatment is now possible in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis including those with liver decompensation with several regimens now offering sustained virological response (SVR) of 90-95%. Overall success rates in GT1 cirrhosis are excellent while GT3-infected patients with cirrhosis remain hard to cure. The pangenotypic combination of sofosbuvir and velpatasvir holds promise for GT3 cirrhosis achieving SVR of ~90%. CONCLUSIONS Potent DAA therapies provide much needed, safe and highly effective treatment options for persons with HCV cirrhosis including those previously deemed unsuitable for treatment. Combination therapy with two or more classes of drug is essential to achieve high efficacy and minimise viral resistance, with the role of ribavirin still under evaluation. However, several challenges remain including the hard-to-cure groups of GT3 cirrhosis and direct-acting anti-viral failures, and managing drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Majumdar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health and Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - M T Kitson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - S K Roberts
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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244
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Glab-Ampai K, Malik AA, Chulanetra M, Thanongsaksrikul J, Thueng-In K, Srimanote P, Tongtawe P, Chaicumpa W. Inhibition of HCV replication by humanized-single domain transbodies to NS4B. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 476:654-664. [PMID: 27240954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NS4B of hepatitis C virus (HCV) initiates membrane web formation, binds RNA and other HCV proteins for viral replication complex (RC) formation, hydrolyses NTP, and inhibits innate anti-viral immunity. Thus, NS4B is an attractive target of a novel anti-HCV agent. In this study, humanized-nanobodies (VHs/VHHs) that bound to recombinant NS4B were produced by means of phage display technology. The nanobodies were linked molecularly to a cell penetrating peptide, penetratin (PEN), for making them cell penetrable (become transbodies). Human hepatic (Huh7) cells transfected with HCV JFH1-RNA that were treated with transbodies from four Escherichia coli clones (PEN-VHH7, PEN-VHH9, PEN-VH33, and PEN-VH43) had significant reduction of HCV RNA amounts in their culture fluids and intracellularly when compared to the transfected cells treated with control transbody and medium alone. The results were supported by the HCV foci assay. The transbody treated-transfected cells also had upregulation of the studied innate cytokine genes, IRF3, IFNβ and IL-28b. The transbodies have high potential for testing further as a novel anti-HCV agent, either alone, adjunct of existing anti-HCV agents/remedies, or in combination with their cognates specific to other HCV enzymes/proteins.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage
- Antiviral Agents/chemistry
- Carrier Proteins/administration & dosage
- Carrier Proteins/chemistry
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Cell Line
- Cell Surface Display Techniques
- Cell-Penetrating Peptides/administration & dosage
- Cell-Penetrating Peptides/chemistry
- Cell-Penetrating Peptides/genetics
- Computer Simulation
- Hepacivirus/genetics
- Hepacivirus/immunology
- Hepacivirus/physiology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Models, Molecular
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Single-Domain Antibodies/administration & dosage
- Single-Domain Antibodies/chemistry
- Single-Domain Antibodies/genetics
- Transfection
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/physiology
- Virus Replication/genetics
- Virus Replication/immunology
- Virus Replication/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittirat Glab-Ampai
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Aijaz Ahmad Malik
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Monrat Chulanetra
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Jeeraphong Thanongsaksrikul
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Thueng-In
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; School of Pathology, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhonratchaseema Province 30000, Thailand
| | - Potjanee Srimanote
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pongsri Tongtawe
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
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245
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Wirth TC, Manns MP. The impact of the revolution in hepatitis C treatment on hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2016; 27:1467-74. [PMID: 27226385 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C infection represents a global health problem affecting ∼200 million chronically infected patients worldwide. Owing to the development of a fibrogenic and inflammatory micromilieu in the liver, hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients are at a high risk of developing fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The advent of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs), however, has spurred a revolution in the treatment of HCV patients with sustained viral response (SVR) rates exceeding 90% in real-life settings. Recent clinical trials suggest that these novel treatments will not only alter the epidemiology of HCV infection but also the incidence of HCV-induced complications including hepatic decompensation, liver transplantation and hepatocarcinogenesis. Here, we summarize data from clinical trials carried out in HCV patients with compensated and decompensated cirrhosis and analyze the impact of viral clearance on HCC development and treatment. Finally, we review and discuss current and future treatment options of HCV patients with HCC in pre- and post-transplantation settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Wirth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover
| | - M P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover German Center for Infectious Diseases (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
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246
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Lam JT, Salazar L. New combination antiviral for the treatment of hepatitis C. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2016; 73:1042-50. [PMID: 27217519 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp150163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and safety of Viekira, as well as its place in hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy, are reviewed. SUMMARY Ombitasvir 25 mg-paritaprevir 150 mg-ritonavir 100 mg plus dasabuvir 250 mg (Viekira) is approved in the United States as a combination direct-acting antiviral agent for treatment-naive or treatment-experienced patients with HCV genotype 1 infection, including those with compensated cirrhosis. It is the first coformulated direct-acting antiviral that targets different stages of the virus's life cycle. Viekira is administered as an oral, interferon-free regimen. Phase III clinical trials demonstrated that Viekira administered with or without ribavirin can achieve sustained virological response rates of ≥90%. These results are notable because they show that high virological cure rates can be achieved without peginterferon and ribavirin. Viekira is also effective for special patient populations, such as individuals coinfected with HIV, liver transplant recipients, and those with advanced renal disease. The most frequently reported adverse effects among patients associated with Viekira without ribavirin were nausea, pruritus, and insomnia. During clinical trials, the most common adverse effects among patients receiving Viekira with ribavirin were fatigue, nausea, pruritus, insomnia, and weakness. CONCLUSION Viekira, the first coformulated direct-acting antiviral that targets different stages of the HCV life cycle, is an interferon-free treatment for HCV genotype 1 infection. It is associated with a virological cure rate of ≥90% and treatment durations of 12 and 24 weeks. Viekira is also effective and safe for patients who have undergone liver transplantation, are coinfected with HIV, or have advanced kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerika T Lam
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA.
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247
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Hepatitis C Virus Infection Induces Autophagy as a Prosurvival Mechanism to Alleviate Hepatic ER-Stress Response. Viruses 2016; 8:v8050150. [PMID: 27223299 PMCID: PMC4885105 DOI: 10.3390/v8050150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection frequently leads to chronic liver disease, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The molecular mechanisms by which HCV infection leads to chronic liver disease and HCC are not well understood. The infection cycle of HCV is initiated by the attachment and entry of virus particles into a hepatocyte. Replication of the HCV genome inside hepatocytes leads to accumulation of large amounts of viral proteins and RNA replication intermediates in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), resulting in production of thousands of new virus particles. HCV-infected hepatocytes mount a substantial stress response. How the infected hepatocyte integrates the viral-induced stress response with chronic infection is unknown. The unfolded protein response (UPR), an ER-associated cellular transcriptional response, is activated in HCV infected hepatocytes. Over the past several years, research performed by a number of laboratories, including ours, has shown that HCV induced UPR robustly activates autophagy to sustain viral replication in the infected hepatocyte. Induction of the cellular autophagy response is required to improve survival of infected cells by inhibition of cellular apoptosis. The autophagy response also inhibits the cellular innate antiviral program that usually inhibits HCV replication. In this review, we discuss the physiological implications of the HCV-induced chronic ER-stress response in the liver disease progression.
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248
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Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1 to 6 Protease Inhibitor Escape Variants: In Vitro Selection, Fitness, and Resistance Patterns in the Context of the Infectious Viral Life Cycle. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3563-78. [PMID: 27021330 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02929-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 protease inhibitors (PIs) are important components of novel HCV therapy regimens. Studies of PI resistance initially focused on genotype 1. Therefore, knowledge about the determinants of PI resistance for the highly prevalent genotypes 2 to 6 remains limited. Using Huh7.5 cell culture-infectious HCV recombinants with genotype 1 to 6 NS3 protease, we identified protease positions 54, 155, and 156 as hot spots for the selection of resistance substitutions under treatment with the first licensed PIs, telaprevir and boceprevir. Treatment of a genotype 2 isolate with the newer PIs vaniprevir, faldaprevir, simeprevir, grazoprevir, paritaprevir, and deldeprevir identified positions 156 and 168 as hot spots for resistance; the Y56H substitution emerged for three newer PIs. Substitution selection also depended on the specific recombinant. The substitutions identified conferred cross-resistance to several PIs; however, most substitutions selected under telaprevir or boceprevir treatment conferred less resistance to certain newer PIs. In a single-cycle production assay, across genotypes, PI treatment primarily decreased viral replication, which was rescued by PI resistance substitutions. The substitutions identified resulted in differential effects on viral fitness, depending on the original recombinant and the substitution. Across genotypes, fitness impairment induced by resistance substitutions was due primarily to decreased replication. Most combinations of substitutions that were identified increased resistance or fitness. Combinations of resistance substitutions with fitness-compensating substitutions either rescued replication or compensated for decreased replication by increasing assembly. This comprehensive study provides insight into the selection patterns and effects of PI resistance substitutions for HCV genotypes 1 to 6 in the context of the infectious viral life cycle, which is of interest for clinical and virological HCV research.
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249
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Souii A, Elargoubi A, Fallecker C, Mastouri M, Drouet E. Hepatitis C Genotype Prevalence in Monastir Region, Tunisia: Correlation between 5' Untranslated Region (5'UTR), Non-structural 5B (NS5B), and Core Sequences in HCV Subtyping. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:324-334. [PMID: 27189386 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a causative agent of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. It constitutes a major public health around the world. There is no vaccine available against HCV, and current therapies are effective in only small percentage of patients. HCV has wide population-specific genotype variability. Genotype knowledge and viral load assessment are equally important for designing therapeutic strategies. Taking into account that the molecular epidemiology of HCV variants circulating in Tunisia is not yet well elucidated, and that, at present, little is known about the distribution pattern of HCV in Monastir region (Tunisia), we aimed, herein, to evaluate the prevalence of HCV genotypes in Monastir and to identify risk-related factors. For this purpose, 50 anti-HCV antibody-positive cases were diagnosed and subjected to viral RNA extraction, amplification, genotyping, and viral load quantification. Molecular epidemiology was studied by 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) sequencing as compared with the non-structural 5B (NS5B) and core region sequences. Overall concordance between 5' UTR, core, and NS5B sequencing was 100 %. The highest prevalent genotype was 1b (50 %) followed by genotypes 1a (16 %), 4a (12 %), 2a (10 %), 2c (8 %), and 3a (4 %). Interestingly, the subtype 1b had a statistically significant higher viral load than the other genotypes followed by subtype 1a. Based on these data, this study revealed a high prevalence of HCV genotype 1 (subtypes 1b and 1a) compared to other genotypes. A continued monitoring of HCV and knowledge of circulating genotypes could impact on future vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Souii
- Department of Biotechnology, Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 09 Sreet Zouhair Essafi, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Aida Elargoubi
- Laboratory of Microbiology of the University Hospital Center Fattouma Bourguiba of Monastir, Avenue Farhat HACHED, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Catherine Fallecker
- Institute of Structural Biology (Ibs), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, Street of Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Maha Mastouri
- Laboratory of Microbiology of the University Hospital Center Fattouma Bourguiba of Monastir, Avenue Farhat HACHED, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Contagious Diseases and Biologically Active Substances, LR99 - ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Emmanuel Drouet
- Institute of Structural Biology (Ibs), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, Street of Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
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250
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Yu W, Vibulbhan B, Rosenblum SB, Martin GS, Vellekoop AS, Holst CL, Coburn CA, Wong M, Selyutin O, Ji T, Zhong B, Hu B, Chen L, Dwyer MP, Jiang Y, Nair AG, Tong L, Zeng Q, Agrawal S, Carr D, Rokosz L, Liu R, Curry S, McMonagle P, Ingravallo P, Lahser F, Asante-Appiah E, Fells J, Kozlowski JA. Discovery of potent macrocyclic HCV NS5A inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3793-9. [PMID: 27282743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HCV NS5A inhibitors have demonstrated impressive in vitro virologic profiles in HCV replicon assays and robust HCV RNA titer reduction in the clinic making them attractive components for inclusion in an all oral fixed-dose combination (FDC) regimen for the treatment of HCV infection. Merck's effort in this area identified MK-4882 and MK-8325 as early development leads. Herein, we describe the discovery of potent macrocyclic NS5A inhibitors bearing the MK-8325 or MK-4882 core structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Bancha Vibulbhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Stuart B Rosenblum
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Gregory S Martin
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - A Samuel Vellekoop
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Christian L Holst
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Craig A Coburn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Oleg Selyutin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Tao Ji
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Bin Hu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Michael P Dwyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Yueheng Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Anilkumar G Nair
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Ling Tong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Qingbei Zeng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Sony Agrawal
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Donna Carr
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Laura Rokosz
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Stephanie Curry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Patricia McMonagle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Paul Ingravallo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Fred Lahser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Ernest Asante-Appiah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - James Fells
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065 USA
| | - Joseph A Kozlowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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