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Pallebage-Gamarallage M, Foxley S, Menke RAL, Huszar IN, Jenkinson M, Tendler BC, Wang C, Jbabdi S, Turner MR, Miller KL, Ansorge O. Dissecting the pathobiology of altered MRI signal in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A post mortem whole brain sampling strategy for the integration of ultra-high-field MRI and quantitative neuropathology. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:11. [PMID: 29529995 PMCID: PMC5848544 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a clinically and histopathologically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder, in which therapy is hindered by the rapid progression of disease and lack of biomarkers. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has demonstrated its potential for detecting the pathological signature and tracking disease progression in ALS. However, the microstructural and molecular pathological substrate is poorly understood and generally defined histologically. One route to understanding and validating the pathophysiological correlates of MRI signal changes in ALS is to directly compare MRI to histology in post mortem human brains. RESULTS The article delineates a universal whole brain sampling strategy of pathologically relevant grey matter (cortical and subcortical) and white matter tracts of interest suitable for histological evaluation and direct correlation with MRI. A standardised systematic sampling strategy that was compatible with co-registration of images across modalities was established for regions representing phosphorylated 43-kDa TAR DNA-binding protein (pTDP-43) patterns that were topographically recognisable with defined neuroanatomical landmarks. Moreover, tractography-guided sampling facilitated accurate delineation of white matter tracts of interest. A digital photography pipeline at various stages of sampling and histological processing was established to account for structural deformations that might impact alignment and registration of histological images to MRI volumes. Combined with quantitative digital histology image analysis, the proposed sampling strategy is suitable for routine implementation in a high-throughput manner for acquisition of large-scale histology datasets. Proof of concept was determined in the spinal cord of an ALS patient where multiple MRI modalities (T1, T2, FA and MD) demonstrated sensitivity to axonal degeneration and associated heightened inflammatory changes in the lateral corticospinal tract. Furthermore, qualitative comparison of R2* and susceptibility maps in the motor cortex of 2 ALS patients demonstrated varying degrees of hyperintense signal changes compared to a control. Upon histological evaluation of the same region, intensity of signal changes in both modalities appeared to correspond primarily to the degree of microglial activation. CONCLUSION The proposed post mortem whole brain sampling methodology enables the accurate intraindividual study of pathological propagation and comparison with quantitative MRI data, to more fully understand the relationship of imaging signal changes with underlying pathophysiology in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean Foxley
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- 0000 0004 1936 7822grid.170205.1Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ricarda A. L. Menke
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Istvan N. Huszar
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark Jenkinson
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin C. Tendler
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chaoyue Wang
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Saad Jbabdi
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin R. Turner
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karla L. Miller
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Olaf Ansorge
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Yao CH, Liu GY, Wang R, Moon SH, Gross RW, Patti GJ. Identifying off-target effects of etomoxir reveals that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I is essential for cancer cell proliferation independent of β-oxidation. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2003782. [PMID: 29596410 PMCID: PMC5892939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2003782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that some cancer cells rely upon fatty acid oxidation (FAO) for energy. Here we show that when FAO was reduced approximately 90% by pharmacological inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) with low concentrations of etomoxir, the proliferation rate of various cancer cells was unaffected. Efforts to pharmacologically inhibit FAO more than 90% revealed that high concentrations of etomoxir (200 μM) have an off-target effect of inhibiting complex I of the electron transport chain. Surprisingly, however, when FAO was reduced further by genetic knockdown of CPT1, the proliferation rate of these same cells decreased nearly 2-fold and could not be restored by acetate or octanoic acid supplementation. Moreover, CPT1 knockdowns had altered mitochondrial morphology and impaired mitochondrial coupling, whereas cells in which CPT1 had been approximately 90% inhibited by etomoxir did not. Lipidomic profiling of mitochondria isolated from CPT1 knockdowns showed depleted concentrations of complex structural and signaling lipids. Additionally, expression of a catalytically dead CPT1 in CPT1 knockdowns did not restore mitochondrial coupling. Taken together, these results suggest that transport of at least some long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria by CPT1 may be required for anabolic processes that support healthy mitochondrial function and cancer cell proliferation independent of FAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Hui Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gao-Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Bioorganic and Molecular Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rencheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sung Ho Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Bioorganic and Molecular Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Richard W. Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Bioorganic and Molecular Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gary J. Patti
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Sub-cellular In-situ Characterization of Ferritin(iron) in a Rodent Model of Spinal Cord Injury. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3567. [PMID: 29476055 PMCID: PMC5824835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential metal involved in a wide spectrum of physiological functions. Sub-cellular characterization of the size, composition, and distribution of ferritin(iron) can provide valuable information on iron storage and transport in health and disease. In this study we employ magnetic force microscopy (MFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) to characterize differences in ferritin(iron) distribution and composition across injured and non-injured tissues by employing a rodent model of spinal cord injury (SCI). Our biophysical and ultrastructural analyses provide novel insights into iron distribution which are not obtained by routine biochemical stains. In particular, ferritin(iron) rich lysosomes revealed increased heterogeneity in MFM signal from tissues of SCI animals. Ultrastructural analysis using TEM elucidated that both cytosolic and lysosomal ferritin(iron) density was increased in the injured (spinal cord) and non-injured (spleen) tissues of SCI as compared to naïve animals. In-situ EELs analysis revealed that ferritin(iron) was primarily in Fe3+ oxidation state in both naïve and SCI animal tissues. The insights provided by this study and the approaches utilized here can be applied broadly to other systemic problems involving iron regulation or to understand the fate of exogenously delivered iron-oxide nanoparticles.
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Unraveling the Burden of Iron in Neurodegeneration: Intersections with Amyloid Beta Peptide Pathology. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2850341. [PMID: 29581821 PMCID: PMC5831758 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2850341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron overload is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative processes such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. Unbound iron accumulated as a consequence of brain aging is highly reactive with water and oxygen and produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) or free radicals. ROS are toxic compounds able to damage cell membranes, DNA, and mitochondria. Which are the mechanisms involved in neuronal iron homeostasis and in neuronal response to iron-induced oxidative stress constitutes a cutting-edge topic in metalloneurobiology. Increasing our knowledge about the underlying mechanisms that operate in iron accumulation and their consequences would shed light on the comprehension of the molecular events that participate in the pathophysiology of the abovementioned neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, current evidences about iron accumulation in the brain, the signaling mechanisms triggered by metal overload, as well as the interaction between amyloid β (Aβ) and iron, will be summarized.
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Nanoscopic X-ray fluorescence imaging and quantification of intracellular key-elements in cryofrozen Friedreich's ataxia fibroblasts. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190495. [PMID: 29342155 PMCID: PMC5771581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation based nanoscopic X-ray fluorescence (SR nano-XRF) analysis can visualize trace level elemental distribution in a fully quantitative manner within single cells. However, in-air XRF analysis requires chemical fixation modifying the cell's chemical composition. Here, we describe first nanoscopic XRF analysis upon cryogenically frozen (-150°C) fibroblasts at the ID16A-NI 'Nano-imaging' end-station located at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble (France). Fibroblast cells were obtained from skin biopsies from control and Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) patients. FRDA is an autosomal recessive disorder with dysregulation of iron metabolism as a key feature. By means of the X-ray Fundamental Parameter (FP) method, including absorption correction of the ice layer deposited onto the fibroblasts, background-corrected mass fraction elemental maps of P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe and Zn of entire cryofrozen human fibroblasts were obtained. Despite the presence of diffracting microcrystals in the vitreous ice matrix and minor sample radiation damage effects, clusters of iron-rich hot-spots with similar mass fractions were found in the cytoplasm of both control and FRDA fibroblasts. Interestingly, no significant difference in the mean iron concentration was found in the cytoplasm of FRDA fibroblasts, but a significant decrease in zinc concentration. This finding might underscore metal dysregulation, beyond iron, in cells derived from FRDA patients. In conclusion, although currently having slightly increased limits of detection (LODs) compared to non-cryogenic mode, SR based nanoscopic XRF under cryogenic sample conditions largely obliterates the debate on chemical sample preservation and provides a unique tool for trace level elemental imaging in single cells close to their native state with a superior spatial resolution of 20 nm.
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Quantifying iron deposition within the substantia nigra of Parkinson's disease by quantitative susceptibility mapping. J Neurol Sci 2018; 386:46-52. [PMID: 29406966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deposition within the substantia nigra (SN) has been postulated to play a vital role in Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this study was to explore the inherent link of PD patients between their substantia nigra iron accumulation and clinical status using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) which is now considered to be the only quantitative imaging technique of brain iron deposition. METHODS 44 PD patients and 31 age- and gender-matched healthy controls underwent quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) were recruited in this study. We firstly divided the patients into mild symptom severity (MSP) and advanced symptom severity (ASP) groups concerning their disease stage, aiming to illuminate the relationship between iron deposition in SN of PD and disease progression. Then, we classified the patients with Parkinson's disease into three subgroups: tremor-dominant PD (TD), akinetic/rigidity-dominant PD (AR), mixed-PD (M) according to their dominant motor symptoms in order to investigate whether there are any effects of SN iron accumulation to different subtypes of PD patients. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, patients with PD have increased QSM magnetic values in the substantia nigra (138.039±37.320 vs 179.553±65.715; P=0.001). More prominent statistically significance of the difference of SN iron deposition between healthy controls (HC) and advanced symptom severity (ASP) subgroup was displayed (138.039±37.320 vs 232.827±92.040; P<0.001). Besides, among the three clinical phenotypes both TD and AR subgroup showed significant difference compared with healthy controls concerning the QSM values (138.039±37.320 vs 185.864±99.851; P=0.013; 188.148±52.958 vs 138.039±37.320; P=0.001). Furthermore, the iron content in the SN of PD patients was significantly correlated with the Hoehn-Yahr stage, the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) scores (r=0.417, P=0.005; r=0.300, P=0.048; r=0.540, P<0.001; r=0.553, P<0.001). In MSP the significantly correlation was displayed only in MADRS, HAMA scores (r=0.429, P=0.013; r=0.492, P=0.004), when disease progressed into advanced severity stage all these clinical measures (Hoehn-Yahr stage, UPDRS-3, UPDRS, HAMA, and MADRS scores) we had recruited into this study shown prominent correlation to SN iron content (r=0.650, P=0.030; r=0.709, P=0.015; r=0.708, P=0.015; r=0.758, P=0.007; r=0.683, P=0.020). In the three phenotypes the correlation between iron content and MADRS, HAMA scores (r=0.686, P=0.002; r=0.633, P=0.006) was found in AR subgroups exclusively. CONCLUSIONS Patients with PD exhibited significantly higher magnetic susceptibility values, especially in those who are in advanced disease severity stage, which confirmed that iron accumulation in the SN is in line with Parkinson's disease progression. Furthermore, we testified that there are actually some inherent effects of substantia nigra iron deposition to the clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Moreover, it seems that akinetic/rigidity-dominant PD subgroup was affected most by SN iron accumulation.
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Mapping the microscale origins of magnetic resonance image contrast with subcellular diamond magnetometry. Nat Commun 2018; 9:131. [PMID: 29317627 PMCID: PMC5760582 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02471-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a widely used biomedical imaging modality that derives much of its contrast from microscale magnetic field patterns in tissues. However, the connection between these patterns and the appearance of macroscale MR images has not been the subject of direct experimental study due to a lack of methods to map microscopic fields in biological samples. Here, we optically probe magnetic fields in mammalian cells and tissues with submicron resolution and nanotesla sensitivity using nitrogen-vacancy diamond magnetometry, and combine these measurements with simulations of nuclear spin precession to predict the corresponding MRI contrast. We demonstrate the utility of this technology in an in vitro model of macrophage iron uptake and histological samples from a mouse model of hepatic iron overload. In addition, we follow magnetic particle endocytosis in live cells. This approach bridges a fundamental gap between an MRI voxel and its microscopic constituents. Magnetic resonance imaging derives its contrast from local magnetic fields, however the connection between these fields and macroscale contrast has not been established through direct experiments. Here, Davis et al. use diamond magnetometry to map local magnetic fields within mammalian cells with sub-micron resolution and predict macroscale contrast.
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208
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Barone E, Arena A, Head E, Butterfield DA, Perluigi M. Disturbance of redox homeostasis in Down Syndrome: Role of iron dysmetabolism. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 114:84-93. [PMID: 28705658 PMCID: PMC5748256 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Down Syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic form of intellectual disability that leads in the majority of cases to development of early-onset Alzheimer-like dementia (AD). The neuropathology of DS has several common features with AD including alteration of redox homeostasis, mitochondrial deficits, and inflammation among others. Interestingly, some of the genes encoded by chromosome 21 are responsible of increased oxidative stress (OS) conditions that are further exacerbated by decreased antioxidant defense. Previous studies from our groups showed that accumulation of oxidative damage is an early event in DS neurodegeneration and that oxidative modifications of selected proteins affects the integrity of the protein degradative systems, antioxidant response, neuronal integrity and energy metabolism. In particular, the current review elaborates recent findings demonstrating the accumulation of oxidative damage in DS and we focus attention on specific deregulation of iron metabolism, which affects both the central nervous system and the periphery. Iron dysmetabolism is a well-recognized factor that contributes to neurodegeneration; thus we opine that better understanding how and to what extent the concerted loss of iron dyshomeostasis and increased OS occur in DS could provide novel insights for the development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer-like dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de alud, Avenida Pedro de Valdivia 425, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Arena
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Casjens S, Dydak U, Dharmadhikari S, Lotz A, Lehnert M, Quetscher C, Stewig C, Glaubitz B, Schmidt-Wilcke T, Edmondson D, Yeh CL, Weiss T, Thriel CV, Herrmann L, Muhlack S, Woitalla D, Aschner M, Brüning T, Pesch B. Association of exposure to manganese and iron with striatal and thalamic GABA and other neurometabolites - Neuroimaging results from the WELDOX II study. Neurotoxicology 2018; 64:60-67. [PMID: 28803850 PMCID: PMC5808902 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive method to quantify neurometabolite concentrations in the brain. Within the framework of the WELDOX II study, we investigated the association of exposure to manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and other neurometabolites in the striatum and thalamus of 154 men. MATERIAL AND METHODS GABA-edited and short echo-time MRS at 3T was used to assess brain levels of GABA, glutamate, total creatine (tCr) and other neurometabolites. Volumes of interest (VOIs) were placed into the striatum and thalamus of both hemispheres of 47 active welders, 20 former welders, 36 men with Parkinson's disease (PD), 12 men with hemochromatosis (HC), and 39 male controls. Linear mixed models were used to estimate the influence of Mn and Fe exposure on neurometabolites while simultaneously adjusting for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) content, age and other factors. Exposure to Mn and Fe was assessed by study group, blood concentrations, relaxation rates R1 and R2* in the globus pallidus (GP), and airborne exposure (active welders only). RESULTS The median shift exposure to respirable Mn and Fe in active welders was 23μg/m3 and 110μg/m3, respectively. Airborne exposure was not associated with any other neurometabolite concentration. Mn in blood and serum ferritin were highest in active and former welders. GABA concentrations were not associated with any measure of exposure to Mn or Fe. In comparison to controls, tCr in these VOIs was lower in welders and patients with PD or HC. Serum concentrations of ferritin and Fe were associated with N-acetylaspartate, but in opposed directions. Higher R1 values in the GP correlated with lower neurometabolite concentrations, in particular tCr (exp(β)=0.87, p<0.01) and choline (exp(β)=0.84, p=0.04). R2* was positively associated with glutamate-glutamine and negatively with myo-inositol. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not provide evidence that striatal and thalamic GABA differ between Mn-exposed workers, PD or HC patients, and controls. This may be due to the low exposure levels of the Mn-exposed workers and the challenges to detect small changes in GABA. Whereas Mn in blood was not associated with any neurometabolite content in these VOIs, a higher metal accumulation in the GP assessed with R1 correlated with generally lower neurometabolite concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaantje Casjens
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany.
| | - Urike Dydak
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shalmali Dharmadhikari
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anne Lotz
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Lehnert
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Clara Quetscher
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Stewig
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Benjamin Glaubitz
- Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmidt-Wilcke
- Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Edmondson
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chien-Lin Yeh
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph van Thriel
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | - Dirk Woitalla
- Department of Neurology, Sankt Josef Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Beate Pesch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
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Abstract
Trace elements are chemical elements needed in minute amounts for normal physiology. Some of the physiologically relevant trace elements include iodine, copper, iron, manganese, zinc, selenium, cobalt and molybdenum. Of these, some are metals, and in particular, transition metals. The different electron shells of an atom carry different energy levels, with those closest to the nucleus being lowest in energy. The number of electrons in the outermost shell determines the reactivity of such an atom. The electron shells are divided in sub-shells, and in particular the third shell has s, p and d sub-shells. Transition metals are strictly defined as elements whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell. This incomplete d sub-shell makes them prone to chemical reactions, particularly redox reactions. Transition metals of biologic importance include copper, iron, manganese, cobalt and molybdenum. Zinc is not a transition metal, since it has a complete d sub-shell. Selenium, on the other hand, is strictly speaking a nonmetal, although given its chemical properties between those of metals and nonmetals, it is sometimes considered a metalloid. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the inborn errors of metal and metalloid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R. Ferreira
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Section on Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William A. Gahl
- Section on Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Hagemeier J, Ramanathan M, Schweser F, Dwyer MG, Lin F, Bergsland N, Weinstock-Guttman B, Zivadinov R. Iron-related gene variants and brain iron in multiple sclerosis and healthy individuals. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 17:530-540. [PMID: 29201641 PMCID: PMC5699896 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brain iron homeostasis is known to be disturbed in multiple sclerosis (MS), yet little is known about the association of common gene variants linked to iron regulation and pathological tissue changes in the brain. In this study, we investigated the association of genetic determinants linked to iron regulation with deep gray matter (GM) magnetic susceptibility in both healthy controls (HC) and MS patients. Four hundred (400) patients with MS and 150 age- and sex-matched HCs were enrolled and obtained 3 T MRI examination. Three (3) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with iron regulation were genotyped: two SNPs in the human hereditary hemochromatosis protein gene HFE: rs1800562 (C282Y mutation) and rs1799945 (H63D mutation), as well as the rs1049296 SNP in the transferrin gene (C2 mutation). The effects of disease and genetic status were studied using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) voxel-based analysis (VBA) and region-of-interest (ROI) analysis of the deep GM. The general linear model framework was used to compare groups. Analyses were corrected for age and sex, and adjusted for false discovery rate. We found moderate increases in susceptibility in the right putamen of participants with the C282Y (+ 6.1 ppb) and H63D (+ 6.9 ppb) gene variants vs. non-carriers, as well as a decrease in thalamic susceptibility of progressive MS patients with the C282Y mutation (left: − 5.3 ppb, right: − 6.7 ppb, p < 0.05). Female MS patients had lower susceptibility in the caudate (− 6.0 ppb) and putamen (left: − 3.9 ppb, right: − 4.6 ppb) than men, but only when they had a wild-type allele (p < 0.05). Iron-gene linked increases in putamen susceptibility (in HC and relapsing remitting MS) and decreases in thalamus susceptibility (in progressive MS), coupled with apparent sex interactions, indicate that brain iron in healthy and disease states may be influenced by genetic factors. Magnetic susceptibility and common gene variants linked to iron were investigated. The C282Y and H63D alleles were associated with putamen and thalamus susceptibility changes. Dependent on allele status, men and women differed in deep GM susceptibility in MS.
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Key Words
- EDSS, Expanded Disability Status Scale
- FDR, false discovery rate
- FWE, family-wise error rate
- GLM, general linear model
- GM, gray matter
- GRE, gradient recalled echo
- HC, healthy control
- HFE, human hemochromatosis gene
- Iron
- Iron related genes
- MS, multiple sclerosis
- MSSS, multiple sclerosis severity scale
- Multiple sclerosis
- QSM
- QSM, quantitative susceptibility mapping
- Quantitative susceptibility mapping
- ROI, region of interest
- RRMS, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
- SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism
- T1w, T1-weighted
- TF, transferrin
- TFCE, threshold-free cluster enhancement
- VBA, voxel-based analysis
- ppb, parts per billion
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Hagemeier
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Murali Ramanathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ferdinand Schweser
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael G Dwyer
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Fuchun Lin
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Niels Bergsland
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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213
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Zhang FL, Hou HM, Yin ZN, Chang L, Li FM, Chen YJ, Ke Y, Qian ZM. Impairment of Hepcidin Upregulation by Lipopolysaccharide in the Interleukin-6 Knockout Mouse Brain. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:367. [PMID: 29163042 PMCID: PMC5681933 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To find out whether the Interleukin-6 (IL-6)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway is involved in the expression of hepcidin in the mouse brain in vivo, we investigated the phosphorylation of STAT3, as well as the expression of hepcidin mRNA, ferroportin 1 (Fpn1) and ferritin light chain (Ft-L) proteins in the cortex and hippocampus of LPS-treated wild type (IL-6+/+) and IL-6 knockout (IL-6-/-) mice. We demonstrated that IL-6 knockout could significantly reduce the response of hepcidin mRNA, phospho-STAT3, Fpn1 and Ft-L protein expression to LPS treatment, in both the cortex and hippocampus of mice. Also, Stattic, an inhibitor of STAT3, significantly reduced the expression of phospho-STAT3 and hepcidin mRNA in the cortex and hippocampus of the LPS-treated wild type mice. These findings provide in vivo evidence for the involvement of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway in the expression of hepcidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Li Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Min Hou
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Nan Yin
- The First Affiliate Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Chang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fe-Mi Li
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y-J Chen
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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214
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Healy S, McMahon JM, FitzGerald U. Modelling iron mismanagement in neurodegenerative disease in vitro: paradigms, pitfalls, possibilities & practical considerations. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 158:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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215
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Hebert E, Borngräber F, Schmidt A, Rakovic A, Brænne I, Weissbach A, Hampf J, Vollstedt EJ, Größer L, Schaake S, Müller M, Manzoor H, Jabusch HC, Alvarez-Fischer D, Kasten M, Kostic VS, Gasser T, Zeuner KE, Kim HJ, Jeon B, Bauer P, Altenmüller E, Klein C, Lohmann K. Functional Characterization of Rare RAB12 Variants and Their Role in Musician's and Other Dystonias. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8100276. [PMID: 29057844 PMCID: PMC5664126 DOI: 10.3390/genes8100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in RAB (member of the Ras superfamily) genes are increasingly recognized as cause of a variety of disorders including neurological conditions. While musician’s dystonia (MD) and writer’s dystonia (WD) are task-specific movement disorders, other dystonias persistently affect postures as in cervical dystonia. Little is known about the underlying etiology. Next-generation sequencing revealed a rare missense variant (c.586A>G; p.Ile196Val) in RAB12 in two of three MD/WD families. Next, we tested 916 additional dystonia patients; 512 Parkinson’s disease patients; and 461 healthy controls for RAB12 variants and identified 10 additional carriers of rare missense changes among dystonia patients (1.1%) but only one carrier in non-dystonic individuals (0.1%; p = 0.005). The detected variants among index patients comprised p.Ile196Val (n = 6); p.Ala174Thr (n = 3); p.Gly13Asp; p.Ala148Thr; and p.Arg181Gln in patients with MD; cervical dystonia; or WD. Two relatives of MD patients with WD also carried p.Ile196Val. The two variants identified in MD patients (p.Ile196Val; p.Gly13Asp) were characterized on endogenous levels in patient-derived fibroblasts and in two RAB12-overexpressing cell models. The ability to hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate (GTP), so called GTPase activity, was increased in mutants compared to wildtype. Furthermore, subcellular distribution of RAB12 in mutants was altered in fibroblasts. Soluble Transferrin receptor 1 levels were reduced in the blood of all three tested p.Ile196Val carriers. In conclusion, we demonstrate an enrichment of missense changes among dystonia patients. Functional characterization revealed altered enzyme activity and lysosomal distribution in mutants suggesting a contribution of RAB12 variants to MD and other dystonias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hebert
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.
| | - Friederike Borngräber
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.
- Kurt Singer Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians' Health, Hanns Eisler School of Music Berlin, 10595 Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Center for Musicians' Medicine, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.
- Kurt Singer Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians' Health, Hanns Eisler School of Music Berlin, 10595 Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Center for Musicians' Medicine, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Aleksandar Rakovic
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.
| | - Ingrid Brænne
- Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.
| | - Anne Weissbach
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.
| | - Jennie Hampf
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.
| | | | - Leopold Größer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Susen Schaake
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.
| | - Michaela Müller
- Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.
| | - Humera Manzoor
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
| | | | | | - Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lubeck, Germany.
| | - Vladimir S Kostic
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of Neurology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany.
| | - Kirsten E Zeuner
- Department of Neurology, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Han-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorder Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Beomseok Jeon
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorder Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | | | - Eckart Altenmüller
- Institute of Music Physiology and Musician's Medicine, Hanover University of Music, Drama and Media, 30175 Hanover, Germany.
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.
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216
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Zacchi LF, Dittmar JC, Mihalevic MJ, Shewan AM, Schulz BL, Brodsky JL, Bernstein KA. Early-onset torsion dystonia: a novel high-throughput yeast genetic screen for factors modifying protein levels of torsinAΔE. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:1129-1140. [PMID: 28768697 PMCID: PMC5611967 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is the third most common movement disorder, but its diagnosis and treatment remain challenging. One of the most severe types of dystonia is early-onset torsion dystonia (EOTD). The best studied and validated EOTD-associated mutation, torsinAΔE, is a deletion of a C-terminal glutamate residue in the AAA+ ATPase torsinA. TorsinA appears to be an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/nuclear envelope chaperone with multiple roles in the secretory pathway and in determining subcellular architecture. Many functions are disabled in the torsinAΔE variant, and torsinAΔE is also less stable than wild-type torsinA and is a substrate for ER-associated degradation. Nevertheless, the molecular factors involved in the biogenesis and degradation of torsinA and torsinAΔE have not been fully explored. To identify conserved cellular factors that can alter torsinAΔE protein levels, we designed a new high-throughput, automated, genome-wide screen utilizing our validated Saccharomyces cerevisiae torsinA expression system. By analyzing the yeast non-essential gene deletion collection, we identified 365 deletion strains with altered torsinAΔE steady-state levels. One notable hit was EUG1, which encodes a member of the protein disulfide isomerase family (PDIs). PDIs reside in the ER and catalyze the formation of disulfide bonds, mediate protein quality control and aid in nascent protein folding. We validated the role of select human PDIs in torsinA biogenesis in mammalian cells and found that overexpression of PDIs reduced the levels of torsinA and torsinAΔE. Together, our data report the first genome-wide screen to identify cellular factors that alter expression levels of the EOTD-associated protein torsinAΔE. More generally, the identified hits help in dissecting the cellular machinery involved in folding and degrading a torsinA variant, and constitute potential therapeutic factors for EOTD. This screen can also be readily adapted to identify factors impacting the levels of any protein of interest, considerably expanding the applicability of yeast in both basic and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía F Zacchi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - John C Dittmar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Michael J Mihalevic
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, UPCI Research Pavilion, 2.42e, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Annette M Shewan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Schulz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, A320 Langley Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Kara A Bernstein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, UPCI Research Pavilion, 2.42e, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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217
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Arber C, Angelova PR, Wiethoff S, Tsuchiya Y, Mazzacuva F, Preza E, Bhatia KP, Mills K, Gout I, Abramov AY, Hardy J, Duce JA, Houlden H, Wray S. iPSC-derived neuronal models of PANK2-associated neurodegeneration reveal mitochondrial dysfunction contributing to early disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184104. [PMID: 28863176 PMCID: PMC5581181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PANK2 lead to neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. PANK2 has a role in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) from dietary vitamin B5, but the neuropathological mechanism and reasons for iron accumulation remain unknown. In this study, atypical patient-derived fibroblasts were reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and subsequently differentiated into cortical neuronal cells for studying disease mechanisms in human neurons. We observed no changes in PANK2 expression between control and patient cells, but a reduction in protein levels was apparent in patient cells. CoA homeostasis and cellular iron handling were normal, mitochondrial function was affected; displaying activated NADH-related and inhibited FADH-related respiration, resulting in increased mitochondrial membrane potential. This led to increased reactive oxygen species generation and lipid peroxidation in patient-derived neurons. These data suggest that mitochondrial deficiency is an early feature of the disease process and can be explained by altered NADH/FADH substrate supply to oxidative phosphorylation. Intriguingly, iron chelation appeared to exacerbate the mitochondrial phenotype in both control and patient neuronal cells. This raises caution for the use iron chelation therapy in general when iron accumulation is absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Arber
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Plamena R. Angelova
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Wiethoff
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yugo Tsuchiya
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Mazzacuva
- Centre for Translational Omics, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisavet Preza
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kailash P. Bhatia
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Mills
- Centre for Translational Omics, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Gout
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrey Y. Abramov
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Duce
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Selina Wray
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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218
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Asthana A, Baksi S, Ashok A, Karmakar S, Mammadova N, Kokemuller R, Greenlee MH, Kong Q, Singh N. Prion protein facilitates retinal iron uptake and is cleaved at the β-site: Implications for retinal iron homeostasis in prion disorders. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9600. [PMID: 28851903 PMCID: PMC5575325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08821-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion disease-associated retinal degeneration is attributed to PrP-scrapie (PrPSc), a misfolded isoform of prion protein (PrPC) that accumulates in the neuroretina. However, a lack of temporal and spatial correlation between PrPSc and cytotoxicity suggests the contribution of host factors. We report retinal iron dyshomeostasis as one such factor. PrPC is expressed on the basolateral membrane of retinal-pigment-epithelial (RPE) cells, where it mediates uptake of iron by the neuroretina. Accordingly, the neuroretina of PrP-knock-out mice is iron-deficient. In RPE19 cells, silencing of PrPC decreases ferritin while over-expression upregulates ferritin and divalent-metal-transporter-1 (DMT-1), indicating PrPC-mediated iron uptake through DMT-1. Polarization of RPE19 cells results in upregulation of ferritin by ~10-fold and β-cleavage of PrPC, the latter likely to block further uptake of iron due to cleavage of the ferrireductase domain. A similar β-cleavage of PrPC is observed in mouse retinal lysates. Scrapie infection causes PrPSc accumulation and microglial activation, and surprisingly, upregulation of transferrin despite increased levels of ferritin. Notably, detergent-insoluble ferritin accumulates in RPE cells and correlates temporally with microglial activation, not PrPSc accumulation, suggesting that impaired uptake of iron by PrPSc combined with inflammation results in retinal iron-dyshomeostasis, a potentially toxic host response contributing to prion disease-associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Asthana
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Shounak Baksi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Ajay Ashok
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Shilpita Karmakar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Najiba Mammadova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA
| | - Robyn Kokemuller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA
| | - Mary Heather Greenlee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA
| | - Qingzhong Kong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Neena Singh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA.
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219
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Intraspinal TLR4 activation promotes iron storage but does not protect neurons or oligodendrocytes from progressive iron-mediated damage. Exp Neurol 2017; 298:42-56. [PMID: 28851597 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for basic cellular functions but in excess is highly toxic. For this reason, free iron and iron storage are controlled in the periphery by elaborate regulatory mechanisms. In contrast, iron regulation in the central nervous system (CNS) is not well defined. Given that excess iron is present after trauma, hemorrhagic stroke and neurodegeneration, understanding normal iron regulation and promoting iron uptake in CNS pathology is crucial. Peripherally, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation promotes iron sequestration by macrophages. Notably, iron-rich sites of CNS pathology typically contain TLR4 agonists, which may promote iron uptake. Indeed, our recent work showed impaired iron storage after acute spinal cord injury in mice with TLR4 deficiency. Here we used a reductionist model to ask if TLR4 activation in the CNS stimulates iron uptake and promotes neuroprotection from iron-induced toxicity. For this, we measured the ability of microglia/macrophages to sequester exogenous iron and prevent pathology with and without concomitant intraspinal TLR4 activation. Results show that, similar to the periphery, activating intraspinal TLR4 via focal LPS injection increased mRNA encoding iron uptake and storage proteins and promoted iron sequestration into ferritin-expressing macrophages. However, this did not prevent oligodendrocyte and neuron loss. Moreover, replacement of oligodendrocytes by progenitor cells - a normally robust response to in vivo macrophage TLR4 activation - was significantly reduced if iron was present concomitant with TLR4 activation. Thus, while TLR4 signaling promotes CNS iron uptake, future work needs to determine ways to enhance iron removal without blocking the reparative effects of innate immune receptor signaling.
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220
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Association of exposure to manganese and iron with relaxation rates R1 and R2*- magnetic resonance imaging results from the WELDOX II study. Neurotoxicology 2017; 64:68-77. [PMID: 28847517 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Magnetic resonance imaging is a non-invasive method that allows the indirect quantification of manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) accumulation in the brain due to their paramagnetic features. The WELDOX II study aimed to explore the influence of airborne and systemic exposure to Mn and Fe on the brain deposition using the relaxation rates R1 and R2* as biomarkers of metal accumulation in regions of interest in 161 men, including active and former welders. MATERIAL AND METHODS We obtained data on the relaxation rates R1 and R2* in regions that included structures within the globus pallidus (GP), substantia nigra (SN), and white matter of the frontal lobe (FL) of both hemispheres, as well as Mn in whole blood (MnB), and serum ferritin (SF). The study subjects, all male, included 48 active and 20 former welders, 41 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), 13 patients with hemochromatosis (HC), and 39 controls. Respirable Mn and Fe were measured during a working shift for welders. Mixed regression models were applied to estimate the effects of MnB and SF on R1 and R2*. Furthermore, we estimated the influence of airborne Mn and Fe on the relaxation rates in active welders. RESULTS MnB and SF were significant predictors of R1 but not of R2* in the GP, and were marginally associated with R1 in the SN (SF) and FL (MnB). Being a welder or suffering from PD or HC elicited no additional group effect on R1 or R2* beyond the effects of MnB and SF. In active welders, shift concentrations of respirable Mn>100μg/m3 were associated with stronger R1 signals in the GP. In addition to the effects of MnB and SF, the welding technique had no further influence on R1. CONCLUSIONS MnB and SF were significant predictors of R1 but not of R2*, indicative of metal accumulation, especially in the GP. Also, high airborne Mn concentration was associated with higher R1 signals in this brain region. The negative results obtained for being a welder or for the techniques with higher exposure to ultrafine particles when the blood-borne concentration was included into the models indicate that airborne exposure to Mn may act mainly through MnB.
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221
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An altered blood-brain barrier contributes to brain iron accumulation and neuroinflammation in the 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2017; 362:141-151. [PMID: 28842186 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain iron accumulation is a common feature shared by several neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease. However, what produces this accumulation of iron is still unknown. In this study, the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) hemi-parkinsonian rat model was used to investigate abnormal iron accumulation in substantia nigra. We investigated three possible causes of iron accumulation; a compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB), abnormal expression of ferritin, and neuroinflammation. We identified alterations in the BBB subsequent to the injection of 6-OHDA using gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Moreover, detection of extravasated IgG suggested that peripheral components are able to enter the brain through a leaky BBB. Presence of iron following dopamine cell degeneration was studied by MRI, which revealed hypointense signals in the substantia nigra. The presence of iron deposits was further validated in histological evaluations. Furthermore, iron inclusions were closely associated with active microglia and with increased levels of L-ferritin indicating a putative role for microglia and L-ferritin in brain iron accumulation and dopamine neurodegeneration.
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222
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Ma S, Dielschneider RF, Henson ES, Xiao W, Choquette TR, Blankstein AR, Chen Y, Gibson SB. Ferroptosis and autophagy induced cell death occur independently after siramesine and lapatinib treatment in breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182921. [PMID: 28827805 PMCID: PMC5565111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a cell death pathway characterized by iron-dependent accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the cell. The combination of siramesine, a lysosome disruptor, and lapatinib, a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been shown to synergistically induce cell death in breast cancer cells mediated by ferroptosis. These treatments also induce autophagy but its role in this synergistic cell death is unclear. In this study, we determined that siramesine and lapatinib initially induced ferroptosis but changes to an autophagy induced cell death after 24 hours. Furthermore, we found that intracellular iron level increased in a time dependent manner following treatment accompanied by an increase in ROS. Using the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) or the ROS scavenger alpha-tocopherol decreased both autophagy flux and cell death. We further discovered that decreased expression of the iron storage protein, ferritin was partially dependent upon autophagy degradation. In contrast, the expression of transferrin, which is responsible for the transport of iron into cells, is increased following treatment with lapatinib alone or in combination with siramesine. This indicates that ferroptosis and autophagy induced cell death occur independently but both are mediated by iron dependent ROS generation in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Ma
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Rebecca F. Dielschneider
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Elizabeth S. Henson
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Wenyan Xiao
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tricia R. Choquette
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anna R. Blankstein
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Spencer B. Gibson
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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223
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Lee S, Nam Y, Jang J, Na GH, Kim DG, Shin NY, Choi HS, Jung SL, Ahn KJ, Kim BS. Deep gray matter iron measurement in patients with liver cirrhosis using quantitative susceptibility mapping: Relationship with pallidal T1
hyperintensity. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 47:1342-1349. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Song Lee
- Department of Radiology; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Yoonho Nam
- Department of Radiology; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Jinhee Jang
- Department of Radiology; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Gun Hyung Na
- Department of Surgery; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
- Department of Surgery; Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon Korea
| | - Dong Goo Kim
- Department of Surgery; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Na-Young Shin
- Department of Radiology; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Choi
- Department of Radiology; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - So-Lyung Jung
- Department of Radiology; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Kook-Jin Ahn
- Department of Radiology; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Bum-soo Kim
- Department of Radiology; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
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Zucca FA, Segura-Aguilar J, Ferrari E, Muñoz P, Paris I, Sulzer D, Sarna T, Casella L, Zecca L. Interactions of iron, dopamine and neuromelanin pathways in brain aging and Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 155:96-119. [PMID: 26455458 PMCID: PMC4826627 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are several interrelated mechanisms involving iron, dopamine, and neuromelanin in neurons. Neuromelanin accumulates during aging and is the catecholamine-derived pigment of the dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra and norepinephrine neurons of the locus coeruleus, the two neuronal populations most targeted in Parkinson's disease. Many cellular redox reactions rely on iron, however an altered distribution of reactive iron is cytotoxic. In fact, increased levels of iron in the brain of Parkinson's disease patients are present. Dopamine accumulation can induce neuronal death; however, excess dopamine can be removed by converting it into a stable compound like neuromelanin, and this process rescues the cell. Interestingly, the main iron compound in dopamine and norepinephrine neurons is the neuromelanin-iron complex, since neuromelanin is an effective metal chelator. Neuromelanin serves to trap iron and provide neuronal protection from oxidative stress. This equilibrium between iron, dopamine, and neuromelanin is crucial for cell homeostasis and in some cellular circumstances can be disrupted. Indeed, when neuromelanin-containing organelles accumulate high load of toxins and iron during aging a neurodegenerative process can be triggered. In addition, neuromelanin released by degenerating neurons activates microglia and the latter cause neurons death with further release of neuromelanin, then starting a self-propelling mechanism of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Considering the above issues, age-related accumulation of neuromelanin in dopamine neurons shows an interesting link between aging and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emanuele Ferrari
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Irmgard Paris
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Santo Tomás University, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Luigi Casella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy.
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225
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Puz P, Lasek-Bal A, Radecka P. Transcranial sonography of subcortical structures in patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2017; 136:24-30. [PMID: 27642106 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial sonography may be applied to assess the basal ganglia nuclei and brain atrophy by the measurement of the width of the third ventricle. The aim of this study was to assess usefulness of transcranial sonography (TCS) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) by examining the echogenicity of subcortical structures and the width of the third ventricle. METHOD Transcranial sonography evaluation of substantia nigra, brain stem raphe nuclei, diameter of the third ventricle, width of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, thalamus, lenticular nucleus, and head of the caudate nucleus in 41 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), 23 with secondary progressive MS (SPMS), and 20 healthy controls was compared. A potential link between the patients' age, sex, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score, relapse index, and ultrasound parameters was assessed. RESULTS The following were found in patients with MS, as compared to the control group: a greater area of the substantia nigra, a longer diameter of the third ventricle and wider frontal horns of the lateral ventricles, hypo-echogenicity of the brain stem raphe, and hyperechogenicity of the lenticular nucleus. The study group was found to have a significant correlation between the area of the substantia nigra, and the age of patients, the duration of the illness, EDSS score, and the number of relapses. There was a significant correlation between the diameter of the third ventricle and the age of patients and EDSS score. CONCLUSIONS Patients with MS reveal ultrasound features of subcortical structure atrophy. Selected TCS findings show a correlation with disease progression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Puz
- Department of Neurology; Clinical Hospital No 7; Medical University of Silesia; Professor Leszek Giec Upper Silesian Medical Centre; Katowice Poland
| | - A. Lasek-Bal
- Department of Neurology; Clinical Hospital No 7; Medical University of Silesia; Professor Leszek Giec Upper Silesian Medical Centre; Katowice Poland
- High School of Science; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
| | - P. Radecka
- Department of Neurology; Clinical Hospital No 7; Medical University of Silesia; Professor Leszek Giec Upper Silesian Medical Centre; Katowice Poland
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Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), an innate immune protein, has emerged as a critical iron regulatory protein during physiological and inflammatory conditions. As a bacteriostatic factor, Lcn2 obstructs the siderophore iron-acquiring strategy of bacteria and thus inhibits bacterial growth. As part of host nutritional immunity, Lcn2 facilitates systemic, cellular, and mucosal hypoferremia during inflammation, in addition to stabilizing the siderophore-bound labile iron pool. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the interaction between Lcn2 and iron, and its effects in various inflammatory diseases. Lcn2 exerts mostly a protective role in infectious and inflammatory bowel diseases, whereas both beneficial and detrimental functions have been documented in neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndrome, renal disorders, skin disorders, and cancer. Further animal and clinical studies are necessary to unveil the multifaceted roles of Lcn2 in iron dysregulation during inflammation and to explore its therapeutic potential for treating inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xiao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802; .,Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
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227
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Lepka K, Volbracht K, Bill E, Schneider R, Rios N, Hildebrandt T, Ingwersen J, Prozorovski T, Lillig CH, van Horssen J, Steinman L, Hartung HP, Radi R, Holmgren A, Aktas O, Berndt C. Iron-sulfur glutaredoxin 2 protects oligodendrocytes against damage induced by nitric oxide release from activated microglia. Glia 2017; 65:1521-1534. [PMID: 28618115 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Demyelinated brain lesions, a hallmark of autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases like multiple sclerosis, result from oligodendroglial cell damage. Activated microglia are considered a major source of nitric oxide and subsequent peroxynitrite-mediated damage of myelin. Here, we provide biochemical and biophysical evidence that the oxidoreductase glutaredoxin 2 inhibits peroxynitrite formation by transforming nitric oxide into dinitrosyl-diglutathionyl-iron-complexes. Glutaredoxin 2 levels influence both survival rates of primary oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and preservation of myelin structure in cerebellar organotypic slice cultures challenged with activated microglia or nitric oxide donors. Of note, glutaredoxin 2-mediated protection is not linked to its enzymatic activity as oxidoreductase, but to the disassembly of its uniquely coordinated iron-sulfur cluster using glutathione as non-protein ligand. The protective effect of glutaredoxin 2 is connected to decreased protein carbonylation and nitration. In line, brain lesions of mice suffering from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis, show decreased glutaredoxin 2 expression and increased nitrotyrosine formation indicating that this type of protection is missing in the inflamed central nervous system. Our findings link inorganic biochemistry to neuroinflammation and identify glutaredoxin 2 as a protective factor against neuroinflammation-mediated myelin damage. Thus, improved availability of glutathione-coordinated iron-sulfur clusters emerges as a potential therapeutic approach in inflammatory demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Lepka
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Katrin Volbracht
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Mülheim/Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Reiner Schneider
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Natalia Rios
- Departmento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, CP 11800, Uruguay
| | - Thomas Hildebrandt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Jens Ingwersen
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Timur Prozorovski
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Christopher Horst Lillig
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Jack van Horssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, MB, 1007, The Netherlands
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5316, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departmento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, CP 11800, Uruguay
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Carsten Berndt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
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Crielaard BJ, Lammers T, Rivella S. Targeting iron metabolism in drug discovery and delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16:400-423. [PMID: 28154410 PMCID: PMC5455971 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron fulfils a central role in many essential biochemical processes in human physiology; thus, proper processing of iron is crucial. Although iron metabolism is subject to relatively strict physiological control, numerous disorders, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, have recently been linked to deregulated iron homeostasis. Consequently, iron metabolism constitutes a promising and largely unexploited therapeutic target for the development of new pharmacological treatments for these diseases. Several iron metabolism-targeted therapies are already under clinical evaluation for haematological disorders, and these and newly developed therapeutic agents are likely to have substantial benefit in the clinical management of iron metabolism-associated diseases, for which few efficacious treatments are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart J. Crielaard
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Bioengineering, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Targeted Therapeutics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Rivella
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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229
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Pino JMV, da Luz MHM, Antunes HKM, Giampá SQDC, Martins VR, Lee KS. Iron-Restricted Diet Affects Brain Ferritin Levels, Dopamine Metabolism and Cellular Prion Protein in a Region-Specific Manner. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:145. [PMID: 28567002 PMCID: PMC5434142 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for several physiological functions, including the regulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission. On the other hand, both iron, and dopamine can affect the folding and aggregation of proteins related with neurodegenerative diseases, such as cellular prion protein (PrPC) and α-synuclein, suggesting that deregulation of iron homeostasis and the consequential disturbance of dopamine metabolism can be a risk factor for conformational diseases. These proteins, in turn, are known to participate in the regulation of iron and dopamine metabolism. In this study, we evaluated the effects of dietary iron restriction on brain ferritin levels, dopamine metabolism, and the expression levels of PrPC and α-synuclein. To achieve this goal, C57BL/6 mice were fed with iron restricted diet (IR) or with normal diet (CTL) for 1 month. IR reduced iron and ferritin levels in liver. Ferritin reduction was also observed in the hippocampus. However, in the striatum of IR group, ferritin level was increased, suggesting that under iron-deficient condition, each brain area might acquire distinct capacity to store iron. Increased lipid peroxidation was observed only in hippocampus of IR group, where ferritin level was reduced. IR also generated discrete results regarding dopamine metabolism of distinct brain regions: in striatum, the level of dopamine metabolites (DOPAC and HVA) was reduced; in prefrontal cortex, only HVA was increased along with the enhanced MAO-A activity; in hippocampus, no alterations were observed. PrPC levels were increased only in the striatum of IR group, where ferritin level was also increased. PrPC is known to play roles in iron uptake. Thus, the increase of PrPC in striatum of IR group might be related to the increased ferritin level. α-synuclein was not altered in any regions. Abnormal accumulation of ferritin, increased MAO-A activity or lipid peroxidation are molecular features observed in several neurological disorders. Our findings show that nutritional iron deficiency produces these molecular alterations in a region-specific manner and provide new insight into the variety of molecular pathways that can lead to distinct neurological symptoms upon iron deficiency. Thus, adequate iron supplementation is essential for brain health and prevention of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M V Pino
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio H M da Luz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hanna K M Antunes
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kil S Lee
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
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230
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Hagemeier J, Zivadinov R, Dwyer MG, Polak P, Bergsland N, Weinstock-Guttman B, Zalis J, Deistung A, Reichenbach JR, Schweser F. Changes of deep gray matter magnetic susceptibility over 2 years in multiple sclerosis and healthy control brain. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 18:1007-1016. [PMID: 29868452 PMCID: PMC5984575 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis, pathological changes of both tissue iron and myelin occur, yet these factors have not been characterized in a longitudinal fashion using the novel iron- and myelin-sensitive quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) MRI technique. We investigated disease-relevant tissue changes associated with myelin loss and iron accumulation in multiple sclerosis deep gray matter (DGM) over two years. One-hundred twenty (120) multiple sclerosis patients and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in this prospective study. Written informed consent and local IRB approval were obtained from all participants. Clinical testing and QSM were performed both at baseline and at follow-up. Brain magnetic susceptibility was measured in major DGM structures. Temporal (baseline vs. follow-up) and cross-sectional (multiple sclerosis vs. controls) differences were studied using mixed factorial ANOVA analysis and appropriate t-tests. At either time-point, multiple sclerosis patients had significantly higher susceptibility in the caudate and globus pallidus and lower susceptibility in the thalamus. Over two years, susceptibility increased significantly in the caudate of both controls and multiple sclerosis patients. Inverse thalamic findings among MS patients suggest a multi-phase pathology explained by simultaneous myelin loss and/or iron accumulation followed by iron depletion and/or calcium deposition at later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Hagemeier
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; MRI Clinical and Translational Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael G Dwyer
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Paul Polak
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Niels Bergsland
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; IRCCS Don Gnocchi Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Joshua Zalis
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Andreas Deistung
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; Section of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jürgen R Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; Michael Stifel Center for Data-driven and Simulation Science Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Schweser
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; MRI Clinical and Translational Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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231
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Duyn JH, Schenck J. Contributions to magnetic susceptibility of brain tissue. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:10.1002/nbm.3546. [PMID: 27240118 PMCID: PMC5131875 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3546 10.1002/nbm.3546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the major contributors to the subtle magnetic properties of brain tissue and how they affect MRI contrast. With the increased availability of high-field scanners, the use of magnetic susceptibility contrast for the study of human brain anatomy and function has increased dramatically. This has not only led to novel applications, but has also improved our understanding of the complex relationship between MRI contrast and magnetic susceptibility. Chief contributors to the magnetic susceptibility of brain tissue have been found to include myelin as well as iron. In the brain, iron exists in various forms with diverse biological roles, many of which are now only starting to be uncovered. An interesting aspect of magnetic susceptibility contrast is its sensitivity to the microscopic distribution of iron and myelin, which provides opportunities to extract information at spatial scales well below MRI resolution. For example, in white matter, the myelin sheath that surrounds the axons can provide tissue contrast that is dependent on the axonal orientation and reflects the relative size of intra- and extra-axonal water compartments. The extraction of such ultrastructural information, together with quantitative information about iron and myelin concentrations, is an active area of research geared towards the characterization of brain structure and function, and their alteration in disease. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff H. Duyn
- Advanced MRI Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular
Imaging, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - John Schenck
- MRI Technologies and Systems, General Electric
Global Research Center, 1 Research Circle, Schenectady, New York 12309, USA
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Duyn JH, Schenck J. Contributions to magnetic susceptibility of brain tissue. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:10.1002/nbm.3546. [PMID: 27240118 PMCID: PMC5131875 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the major contributors to the subtle magnetic properties of brain tissue and how they affect MRI contrast. With the increased availability of high-field scanners, the use of magnetic susceptibility contrast for the study of human brain anatomy and function has increased dramatically. This has not only led to novel applications, but has also improved our understanding of the complex relationship between MRI contrast and magnetic susceptibility. Chief contributors to the magnetic susceptibility of brain tissue have been found to include myelin as well as iron. In the brain, iron exists in various forms with diverse biological roles, many of which are now only starting to be uncovered. An interesting aspect of magnetic susceptibility contrast is its sensitivity to the microscopic distribution of iron and myelin, which provides opportunities to extract information at spatial scales well below MRI resolution. For example, in white matter, the myelin sheath that surrounds the axons can provide tissue contrast that is dependent on the axonal orientation and reflects the relative size of intra- and extra-axonal water compartments. The extraction of such ultrastructural information, together with quantitative information about iron and myelin concentrations, is an active area of research geared towards the characterization of brain structure and function, and their alteration in disease. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff H. Duyn
- Advanced MRI Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular
Imaging, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - John Schenck
- MRI Technologies and Systems, General Electric
Global Research Center, 1 Research Circle, Schenectady, New York 12309, USA
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233
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Eskreis-Winkler S, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Liu Z, Dimov A, Gupta A, Wang Y. The clinical utility of QSM: disease diagnosis, medical management, and surgical planning. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:e3668. [PMID: 27906525 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is an MR technique that depicts and quantifies magnetic susceptibility sources. Mapping iron, the dominant susceptibility source in the brain, has many important clinical applications. Herein, we review QSM applications in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disease. To assist in early disease diagnosis, QSM can identify elevated iron levels in the motor cortex of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients, in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, in the globus pallidus, putamen, and caudate of Huntington's disease patients, and in the basal ganglia of Wilson's disease patients. Additionally, QSM can distinguish between hemorrhage and calcification, which could prove useful in tumor subclassification, and can measure microbleeds in traumatic brain injury patients. In guiding medical management, QSM can be used to monitor iron chelation therapy in PD patients, to monitor smoldering inflammation of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions after the blood-brain barrier (BBB) seals, to monitor active inflammation of MS lesions before the BBB seals without using gadolinium, and to monitor hematoma volume in intracerebral hemorrhage. QSM can also guide neurosurgical treatment. Neurosurgeons require accurate depiction of the subthalamic nucleus, a tiny deep gray matter nucleus, prior to inserting deep brain stimulation electrodes into the brains of PD patients. QSM is arguably the best imaging tool for depiction of the subthalamic nucleus. Finally, we discuss future directions, including bone QSM, cardiac QSM, and using QSM to map cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexey Dimov
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ajay Gupta
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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234
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FBXL5 Inactivation in Mouse Brain Induces Aberrant Proliferation of Neural Stem Progenitor Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00470-16. [PMID: 28069738 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00470-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
FBXL5 is the substrate recognition subunit of an SCF-type ubiquitin ligase that serves as a master regulator of iron metabolism in mammalian cells. We previously showed that mice with systemic deficiency of FBXL5 fail to sense intracellular iron levels and die in utero at embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) as a result of iron overload and subsequent oxidative stress. This early embryonic mortality has thus impeded study of the role of FBXL5 in brain development. We have now generated mice lacking FBXL5 specifically in nestin-expressing neural stem progenitor cells (NSPCs) in the brain. Unexpectedly, the mutant embryos manifested a progressive increase in the number of NSPCs and astroglia in the cerebral cortex. Stabilization of iron regulatory protein 2 (IRP2) as a result of FBXL5 deficiency led to accumulation of ferrous and ferric iron as well as to generation of reactive oxygen species. Pharmacological manipulation suggested that the phenotypes of FBXL5 deficiency are attributable to aberrant activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Our results thus show that FBXL5 contributes to regulation of NSPC proliferation during mammalian brain development.
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235
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Abstract
Iron is an essential element for numerous fundamental biologic processes, but excess iron is toxic. Abnormalities in systemic iron balance are common in patients with chronic kidney disease and iron administration is a mainstay of anemia management in many patients. This review provides an overview of the essential role of iron in biology, the regulation of systemic and cellular iron homeostasis, how imbalances in iron homeostasis contribute to disease, and the implications for chronic kidney disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Som Dev
- Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jodie L Babitt
- Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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236
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Wang Y, Spincemaille P, Liu Z, Dimov A, Deh K, Li J, Zhang Y, Yao Y, Gillen KM, Wilman AH, Gupta A, Tsiouris AJ, Kovanlikaya I, Chiang GCY, Weinsaft JW, Tanenbaum L, Chen W, Zhu W, Chang S, Lou M, Kopell BH, Kaplitt MG, Devos D, Hirai T, Huang X, Korogi Y, Shtilbans A, Jahng GH, Pelletier D, Gauthier SA, Pitt D, Bush AI, Brittenham GM, Prince MR. Clinical quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM): Biometal imaging and its emerging roles in patient care. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 46:951-971. [PMID: 28295954 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) has enabled magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of tissue magnetic susceptibility to advance from simple qualitative detection of hypointense blooming artifacts to precise quantitative measurement of spatial biodistributions. QSM technology may be regarded to be sufficiently developed and validated to warrant wide dissemination for clinical applications of imaging isotropic susceptibility, which is dominated by metals in tissue, including iron and calcium. These biometals are highly regulated as vital participants in normal cellular biochemistry, and their dysregulations are manifested in a variety of pathologic processes. Therefore, QSM can be used to assess important tissue functions and disease. To facilitate QSM clinical translation, this review aims to organize pertinent information for implementing a robust automated QSM technique in routine MRI practice and to summarize available knowledge on diseases for which QSM can be used to improve patient care. In brief, QSM can be generated with postprocessing whenever gradient echo MRI is performed. QSM can be useful for diseases that involve neurodegeneration, inflammation, hemorrhage, abnormal oxygen consumption, substantial alterations in highly paramagnetic cellular iron, bone mineralization, or pathologic calcification; and for all disorders in which MRI diagnosis or surveillance requires contrast agent injection. Clinicians may consider integrating QSM into their routine imaging practices by including gradient echo sequences in all relevant MRI protocols. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 5 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:951-971.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Pascal Spincemaille
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Alexey Dimov
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Kofi Deh
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jianqi Li
- Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yihao Yao
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Kelly M Gillen
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alan H Wilman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ajay Gupta
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Ilhami Kovanlikaya
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Jonathan W Weinsaft
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhen Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Shixin Chang
- Department of Radiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Min Lou
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Brian H Kopell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael G Kaplitt
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Devos
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Lille, Lille, France.,Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, University of Lille, Lille, France.,Department of Toxicology, Public Health and Environment, University of Lille, Lille, France.,INSERM U1171, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Toshinori Hirai
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Department of Neurology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Radiology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yukunori Korogi
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Alexander Shtilbans
- Department of Neurology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorder Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Geon-Ho Jahng
- Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Daniel Pelletier
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Susan A Gauthier
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Pitt
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gary M Brittenham
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, Children's Hospital of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Martin R Prince
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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237
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Nairz M, Theurl I, Swirski FK, Weiss G. "Pumping iron"-how macrophages handle iron at the systemic, microenvironmental, and cellular levels. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:397-418. [PMID: 28251312 PMCID: PMC5362662 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages reside in virtually every organ. First arising during embryogenesis, macrophages replenish themselves in the adult through a combination of self-renewal and influx of bone marrow-derived monocytes. As large phagocytic cells, macrophages participate in innate immunity while contributing to tissue-specific homeostatic functions. Among the key metabolic tasks are senescent red blood cell recycling, free heme detoxification, and provision of iron for de novo hemoglobin synthesis. While this systemic mechanism involves the shuttling of iron between spleen, liver, and bone marrow through the concerted function of defined macrophage populations, similar circuits appear to exist within the microenvironment of other organs. The high turnover of iron is the prerequisite for continuous erythropoiesis and tissue integrity but challenges macrophages’ ability to maintain cellular iron homeostasis and immune function. This review provides a brief overview of systemic, microenvironmental, and cellular aspects of macrophage iron handling with a focus on exciting and unresolved questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guenter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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238
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Fujiwara E, Kmech JA, Cobzas D, Sun H, Seres P, Blevins G, Wilman AH. Cognitive Implications of Deep Gray Matter Iron in Multiple Sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 38:942-948. [PMID: 28232497 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Deep gray matter iron accumulation is increasingly recognized in association with multiple sclerosis and can be measured in vivo with MR imaging. The cognitive implications of this pathology are not well-understood, especially vis-à-vis deep gray matter atrophy. Our aim was to investigate the relationships between cognition and deep gray matter iron in MS by using 2 MR imaging-based iron-susceptibility measures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty patients with multiple sclerosis (relapsing-remitting, n = 16; progressive, n = 24) and 27 healthy controls were imaged at 4.7T by using the transverse relaxation rate and quantitative susceptibility mapping. The transverse relaxation rate and quantitative susceptibility mapping values and volumes (atrophy) of the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and thalamus were determined by multiatlas segmentation. Cognition was assessed with the Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests. Relationships between cognition and deep gray matter iron were examined by hierarchic regressions. RESULTS Compared with controls, patients showed reduced memory (P < .001) and processing speed (P = .02) and smaller putamen (P < .001), globus pallidus (P = .002), and thalamic volumes (P < .001). Quantitative susceptibility mapping values were increased in patients compared with controls in the putamen (P = .003) and globus pallidus (P = .003). In patients only, thalamus (P < .001) and putamen (P = .04) volumes were related to cognitive performance. After we controlled for volume effects, quantitative susceptibility mapping values in the globus pallidus (P = .03; trend for transverse relaxation rate, P = .10) were still related to cognition. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative susceptibility mapping was more sensitive compared with the transverse relaxation rate in detecting deep gray matter iron accumulation in the current multiple sclerosis cohort. Atrophy and iron accumulation in deep gray matter both have negative but separable relationships to cognition in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fujiwara
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (E.F., J.A.K.)
| | - J A Kmech
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (E.F., J.A.K.)
| | | | - H Sun
- Biomedical Engineering (H.S., P.S., A.H.W.)
| | - P Seres
- Biomedical Engineering (H.S., P.S., A.H.W.)
| | - G Blevins
- Medicine (G.B.), Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Northern Alberta Multiple Sclerosis Clinic (G.B.), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - A H Wilman
- Biomedical Engineering (H.S., P.S., A.H.W.)
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239
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Ingrassia R, Memo M, Garavaglia B. Ferrous Iron Up-regulation in Fibroblasts of Patients with Beta Propeller Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration (BPAN). Front Genet 2017; 8:18. [PMID: 28261264 PMCID: PMC5314138 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in WDR45 gene, coding for a beta-propeller protein, have been found in patients affected by Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation, NBIA5 (also known as BPAN). BPAN is a movement disorder with Non Transferrin Bound Iron (NTBI) accumulation in the basal ganglia as common hallmark between NBIA classes (Hayflick et al., 2013). WDR45 has been predicted to have a role in autophagy, while the impairment of iron metabolism in the different NBIA subclasses has not currently been clarified. We found the up-regulation of the ferrous iron transporter (-)IRE/Divalent Metal Transporter1 and down-regulation of Transferrin receptor in the fibroblasts of two BPAN affected patients with splicing mutations 235+1G>A (BPAN1) and 517_519ΔVal 173 (BPAN2). The BPAN patients showed a concomitant increase of intracellular ferrous iron after starvation. An altered pattern of iron transporters with iron overload is highlighted in BPAN human fibroblasts, supporting for a role of DMT1 in NBIA. We here present a novel element, about iron accumulation, to the existing knowledge in field of NBIA. Attention is focused to a starvation-dependent iron overload, possibly accounting for iron accumulation in the basal ganglia. Further investigation could clarify iron regulation in BPAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Ingrassia
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Brescia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Memo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta Milan, Italy
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240
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Disrupted iron regulation in the brain and periphery in cocaine addiction. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1040. [PMID: 28221362 PMCID: PMC5438021 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulant drugs acutely increase dopamine neurotransmission in the brain, and chronic use leads to neuroadaptive changes in the mesolimbic dopamine system and morphological changes in basal ganglia structures. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying these changes but preclinical evidence suggests that iron, a coenzyme in dopamine synthesis and storage, may be a candidate mediator. Iron is present in high concentrations in the basal ganglia and stimulant drugs may interfere with iron homeostasis. We hypothesised that morphological brain changes in cocaine addiction relate to abnormal iron regulation in the brain and periphery. We determined iron concentration in the brain, using quantitative susceptibility mapping, and in the periphery, using iron markers in circulating blood, in 44 patients with cocaine addiction and 44 healthy controls. Cocaine-addicted individuals showed excess iron accumulation in the globus pallidus, which strongly correlated with duration of cocaine use, and mild iron deficiency in the periphery, which was associated with low iron levels in the red nucleus. Our findings show that iron dysregulation occurs in cocaine addiction and suggest that it arises consequent to chronic cocaine use. Putamen enlargement in these individuals was unrelated to iron concentrations, suggesting that these are co-occurring morphological changes that may respectively reflect predisposition to, and consequences of cocaine addiction. Understanding the mechanisms by which cocaine affects iron metabolism may reveal novel therapeutic targets, and determine the value of iron levels in the brain and periphery as biomarkers of vulnerability to, as well as progression and response to treatment of cocaine addiction.
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241
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Beydoun R, Hamood MA, Gomez Zubieta DM, Kondapalli KC. Na +/H + Exchanger 9 Regulates Iron Mobilization at the Blood-Brain Barrier in Response to Iron Starvation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4293-4301. [PMID: 28130443 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.769240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for brain function, with loss of iron homeostasis in the brain linked to neurological diseases ranging from rare syndromes to more common disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Iron entry into the brain is regulated by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Molecular mechanisms regulating this transport are poorly understood. Using an in vitro model of the BBB, we identify NHE9, an endosomal cation/proton exchanger, as a novel regulator of this system. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMVECs) that constitute the BBB receive brain iron status information via paracrine signals from ensheathing astrocytes. In hBMVECs, we show that NHE9 expression is up-regulated very early in a physiological response invoked by paracrine signals from iron-starved astrocytes. Ectopic expression of NHE9 in hBMVECs without external cues induced up-regulation of the transferrin receptor (TfR) and down-regulation of ferritin, leading to an increase in iron uptake. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that NHE9 localizes to recycling endosomes in hBMVECs where it raises the endosomal pH. The ensuing alkalization of the endosomal lumen increased translocation of TfRs to the hBMVEC membrane. TfRs on the membrane were previously shown to facilitate both recycling-dependent and -independent iron uptake. We propose that NHE9 regulates TfR-dependent, recycling-independent iron uptake in hBMVECs by fine-tuning the endosomal pH in response to paracrine signals and is therefore an important regulator in iron mobilization pathway at the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Beydoun
- From the Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan 48128
| | - Mohamed A Hamood
- From the Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan 48128
| | - Daniela M Gomez Zubieta
- From the Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan 48128
| | - Kalyan C Kondapalli
- From the Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan 48128
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242
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Juhás M, Sun H, Brown MRG, MacKay MB, Mann KF, Sommer WH, Wilman AH, Dursun SM, Greenshaw AJ. Deep grey matter iron accumulation in alcohol use disorder. Neuroimage 2017; 148:115-122. [PMID: 28065850 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate brain iron accumulation in alcohol use disorder (AUD) patients compared to controls using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). METHODS QSM was performed retrospectively by using phase images from resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). 20 male AUD patients and 15 matched healthy controls were examined. Susceptibility values were manually traced in deep grey matter regions including caudate nucleus, combined putamen and globus pallidus, combined substantia nigra and red nucleus, dentate nucleus, and a reference white matter region in the internal capsule. Average susceptibility values from each region were compared between the patients and controls. The relationship between age and susceptibility was also explored. RESULTS The AUD group exhibited increased susceptibility in caudate nucleus (+8.5%, p=0.034), combined putamen and globus pallidus (+10.8%, p=0.006), and dentate nucleus (+14.9%, p=0.022). Susceptibility increased with age in two of the four measured regions - combined putamen and globus pallidus (p=0.013) and combined substantia nigra and red nucleus (p=0.041). AUD did not significantly modulate the rate of susceptibility increase with age in our data. CONCLUSION Retrospective QSM computed from standard fMRI datasets provides new opportunities for brain iron studies in psychiatry. Substantially elevated brain iron was found in AUD subjects in the basal ganglia and dentate nucleus. This was the first human AUD brain iron study and the first retrospective clinical fMRI QSM study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Juhás
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Hongfu Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew R G Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marnie B MacKay
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karl F Mann
- Department of Addictive Behaviour & Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Sommer
- Department of Addictive Behaviour & Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alan H Wilman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Serdar M Dursun
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew J Greenshaw
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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243
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Lakhal-Littleton S, Wolna M, Chung YJ, Christian HC, Heather LC, Brescia M, Ball V, Diaz R, Santos A, Biggs D, Clarke K, Davies B, Robbins PA. An essential cell-autonomous role for hepcidin in cardiac iron homeostasis. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27897970 PMCID: PMC5176354 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin is the master regulator of systemic iron homeostasis. Derived primarily from the liver, it inhibits the iron exporter ferroportin in the gut and spleen, the sites of iron absorption and recycling respectively. Recently, we demonstrated that ferroportin is also found in cardiomyocytes, and that its cardiac-specific deletion leads to fatal cardiac iron overload. Hepcidin is also expressed in cardiomyocytes, where its function remains unknown. To define the function of cardiomyocyte hepcidin, we generated mice with cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of hepcidin, or knock-in of hepcidin-resistant ferroportin. We find that while both models maintain normal systemic iron homeostasis, they nonetheless develop fatal contractile and metabolic dysfunction as a consequence of cardiomyocyte iron deficiency. These findings are the first demonstration of a cell-autonomous role for hepcidin in iron homeostasis. They raise the possibility that such function may also be important in other tissues that express both hepcidin and ferroportin, such as the kidney and the brain. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19804.001 Many proteins inside cells require iron to work properly, and so this mineral is an essential part of the diets of most mammals. However, because too much iron in the body is also bad for health, mammals possess several proteins whose role is to maintain the balance of iron. Two proteins in particular, called hepcidin and ferroportin, are thought to be important in this process. Some ferroportin is found in the cells that line the gut (where iron is absorbed into the body) and is required to release this iron into the bloodstream. It is also found in the spleen, which is where iron is removed from old red blood cells so that it can be recycled. The liver produces hepcidin to control when ferroportin is active in the gut and spleen. Both hepcidin and ferroportin are also found in heart cells. In 2015, a study reported that that heart ferroportin plays an important role in heart activity. However, it was not clear what role hepcidin plays in this organ. Now, Lakhal-Littleton et al. – including many of the researchers from the previous work – have genetically engineered mice such that they specifically lacked heart hepcidin, or had a version of ferroportin in their heart that does not respond to hepcidin. The experiments show that these changes caused fatal heart failure in the mice because ferroportin releases iron from heart cells in an uncontrolled manner. Lakhal-Littleton et al. were able to prevent heart failure by injecting the animals with iron directly into the bloodstream. These findings show that hepcidin produced outside the liver has a role in controlling the levels of iron in the body’s organs. Other organs such as the brain, kidney and placenta all have their own forms of hepcidin and ferroportin; further work could investigate the roles of these proteins. Finally, another challenge for the future will be to test whether new drugs that are being developed to block or mimic hepcidin from the liver have the potential to treat heart conditions in humans. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19804.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Lakhal-Littleton
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Magda Wolna
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Jin Chung
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen C Christian
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa C Heather
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marcella Brescia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky Ball
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rebeca Diaz
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Santos
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Biggs
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Davies
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A Robbins
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Freed J, Chakrabarti L. Defining a role for hemoglobin in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2016; 2:16021. [PMID: 28725702 PMCID: PMC5516577 DOI: 10.1038/npjparkd.2016.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) has been shown to be expressed within dopaminergic neurons and to have a role in maintaining iron and mitochondrial homeostasis. In Parkinson's disease tissues, Hb has been localized to the mitochondrion. Though heme synthesis occurs within the mitochondria, the localization of Hb to this organelle has only recently been described. It is now important to understand whether Hb expression is protective or is a part of the neurodegenerative process. It is possible that the accumulation of neuronal or mitochondrial Hb is initially protective, but over many decades causes pathology. Studying Hb in neurons can give insight into the iron accumulation seen in the brain and the potential role of alpha-synuclein as a ferrireductase. In this review, we discuss the interactions of neuronal and mitochondrial Hb with other proteins and its possible role in pathways relevant to Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Freed
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton, Bonington, UK
| | - Lisa Chakrabarti
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton, Bonington, UK
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Dusek P, Bahn E, Litwin T, Jabłonka-Salach K, Łuciuk A, Huelnhagen T, Madai VI, Dieringer MA, Bulska E, Knauth M, Niendorf T, Sobesky J, Paul F, Schneider SA, Czlonkowska A, Brück W, Wegner C, Wuerfel J. Brain iron accumulation in Wilson disease: apost mortem7 Tesla MRI - histopathological study. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 43:514-532. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Dusek
- Institute of Neuroradiology; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience; 1 Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague; Charles University in Prague; Praha Czech Republic
| | - E. Bahn
- Institute of Neuropathology; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - T. Litwin
- 2 Department of Neurology; Institute Psychiatry and Neurology; Warsaw Poland
| | - K. Jabłonka-Salach
- Faculty of Chemistry; Biological and Chemical Research Centre; University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - A. Łuciuk
- Faculty of Chemistry; Biological and Chemical Research Centre; University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - T. Huelnhagen
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.); Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association; Berlin Germany
| | - V. I. Madai
- Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB); Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
| | - M. A. Dieringer
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.); Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association; Berlin Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC); Charité-Universitätsmedizin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC); Berlin Germany
| | - E. Bulska
- Faculty of Chemistry; Biological and Chemical Research Centre; University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - M. Knauth
- Institute of Neuroradiology; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - T. Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.); Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association; Berlin Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC); Charité-Universitätsmedizin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC); Berlin Germany
| | - J. Sobesky
- Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB); Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC); Charité-Universitätsmedizin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC); Berlin Germany
| | - F. Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC); Charité-Universitätsmedizin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC); Berlin Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center; Department of Neurology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
| | - S. A. Schneider
- Neurology Department; University of Kiel; Kiel Germany
- Department of Neurology; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - A. Czlonkowska
- 2 Department of Neurology; Institute Psychiatry and Neurology; Warsaw Poland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University; Warsaw Poland
| | - W. Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - C. Wegner
- Institute of Neuropathology; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - J. Wuerfel
- Institute of Neuroradiology; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center; Department of Neurology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
- Medical Imaging Analysis Center AG; Basel Switzerland
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Langkammer C, Pirpamer L, Seiler S, Deistung A, Schweser F, Franthal S, Homayoon N, Katschnig-Winter P, Koegl-Wallner M, Pendl T, Stoegerer EM, Wenzel K, Fazekas F, Ropele S, Reichenbach JR, Schmidt R, Schwingenschuh P. Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping in Parkinson's Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162460. [PMID: 27598250 PMCID: PMC5012676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and R2* relaxation rate mapping have demonstrated increased iron deposition in the substantia nigra of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the findings in other subcortical deep gray matter nuclei are converse and the sensitivity of QSM and R2* for morphological changes and their relation to clinical measures of disease severity has so far been investigated only sparsely. METHODS The local ethics committee approved this study and all subjects gave written informed consent. 66 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and 58 control subjects underwent quantitative MRI at 3T. Susceptibility and R2* maps were reconstructed from a spoiled multi-echo 3D gradient echo sequence. Mean susceptibilities and R2* rates were measured in subcortical deep gray matter nuclei and compared between patients with PD and controls as well as related to clinical variables. RESULTS Compared to control subjects, patients with PD had increased R2* values in the substantia nigra. QSM also showed higher susceptibilities in patients with PD in substantia nigra, in the nucleus ruber, thalamus, and globus pallidus. Magnetic susceptibility of several of these structures was correlated with the levodopa-equivalent daily dose (LEDD) and clinical markers of motor and non-motor disease severity (total MDS-UPDRS, MDS-UPDRS-I and II). Disease severity as assessed by the Hoehn & Yahr scale was correlated with magnetic susceptibility in the substantia nigra. CONCLUSION The established finding of higher R2* rates in the substantia nigra was extended by QSM showing superior sensitivity for PD-related tissue changes in nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways. QSM additionally reflected the levodopa-dosage and disease severity. These results suggest a more widespread pathologic involvement and QSM as a novel means for its investigation, more sensitive than current MRI techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukas Pirpamer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Stephan Seiler
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Deistung
- Medical Physics Group, University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Schweser
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
- MRI Molecular and Translational Imaging Center, Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | | | - Nina Homayoon
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Tamara Pendl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Karoline Wenzel
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Franz Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Ropele
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jürgen Rainer Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Michael Stifel Center for Data-driven and Simulation Science Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Petra Schwingenschuh
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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248
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Fernández B, Fdez E, Gómez-Suaga P, Gil F, Molina-Villalba I, Ferrer I, Patel S, Churchill GC, Hilfiker S. Iron overload causes endolysosomal deficits modulated by NAADP-regulated 2-pore channels and RAB7A. Autophagy 2016; 12:1487-506. [PMID: 27383256 PMCID: PMC5082776 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1190072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Various neurodegenerative disorders are associated with increased brain iron content. Iron is known to cause oxidative stress, which concomitantly promotes cell death. Whereas endolysosomes are known to serve as intracellular iron storage organelles, the consequences of increased iron on endolysosomal functioning, and effects on cell viability upon modulation of endolysosomal iron release remain largely unknown. Here, we show that increasing intracellular iron causes endolysosomal alterations associated with impaired autophagic clearance of intracellular protein aggregates, increased cytosolic oxidative stress and increased cell death. These effects are subject to regulation by NAADP, a potent second messenger reported to target endolysosomal TPCNs (2-pore channels). Consistent with endolysosomal iron storage, cytosolic iron levels are modulated by NAADP, and increased cytosolic iron is detected when overexpressing active, but not inactive TPCNs, indicating that these channels can modulate endolysosomal iron release. Cell death triggered by altered intralysosomal iron handling is abrogated in the presence of an NAADP antagonist or when inhibiting RAB7A activity. Taken together, our results suggest that increased endolysosomal iron causes cell death associated with increased cytosolic oxidative stress as well as autophagic impairments, and these effects are subject to modulation by endolysosomal ion channel activity in a RAB7A-dependent manner. These data highlight alternative therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders associated with increased intracellular iron load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Fernández
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine “López-Neyra,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Fdez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine “López-Neyra,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Patricia Gómez-Suaga
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine “López-Neyra,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Gil
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Molina-Villalba
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL-University Hospital Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Llobregat, Spain
| | - Sandip Patel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine “López-Neyra,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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249
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Rensvold JW, Krautkramer KA, Dowell JA, Denu JM, Pagliarini DJ. Iron Deprivation Induces Transcriptional Regulation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20827-20837. [PMID: 27497435 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.727701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles that adapt to stress and environmental changes. Among the nutrient signals that affect mitochondrial form and function is iron, whose depletion initiates a rapid and reversible decrease in mitochondrial biogenesis through unclear means. Here we demonstrate that, unlike the canonical iron-induced alterations to transcript stability, loss of iron dampens the transcription of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins with no change to transcript half-life. Using mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that these transcriptional changes are accompanied by dynamic alterations to histone acetylation and methylation levels that are largely reversible upon readministration of iron. Moreover, histone deacetylase inhibition abrogates the decreased histone acetylation observed upon iron deprivation and restores normal transcript levels at genes encoding mitochondrial proteins. Collectively, we demonstrate that deprivation of an essential nutrient induces transcriptional repression of organellar biogenesis involving epigenetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberly A Krautkramer
- the Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, and
| | - James A Dowell
- the Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, and
| | - John M Denu
- From the Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, the Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, and
| | - David J Pagliarini
- From the Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, the Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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250
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Oxidative Stress Implications in the Affective Disorders: Main Biomarkers, Animal Models Relevance, Genetic Perspectives, and Antioxidant Approaches. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3975101. [PMID: 27563374 PMCID: PMC4983669 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3975101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between the affective disorders and the almost ubiquitous pathological oxidative stress can be described in a multifactorial way, as an important mechanism of central nervous system impairment. Whether the obvious changes which occur in oxidative balance of the affective disorders are a part of the constitutive mechanism or a collateral effect yet remains as an interesting question. However it is now clear that oxidative stress is a component of these disorders, being characterized by different aspects in a disease-dependent manner. Still, there are a lot of controversies regarding the relevance of the oxidative stress status in most of the affective disorders and despite the fact that most of the studies are showing that the affective disorders development can be correlated to increased oxidative levels, there are various studies stating that oxidative stress is not linked with the mood changing tendencies. Thus, in this minireview we decided to describe the way in which oxidative stress is involved in the affective disorders development, by focusing on the main oxidative stress markers that could be used mechanistically and therapeutically in these deficiencies, the genetic perspectives, some antioxidant approaches, and the relevance of some animal models studies in this context.
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