201
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Ghosh B, Antonio T, Reith MEA, Dutta AK. Discovery of 4-(4-(2-((5-Hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)(propyl)amino)ethyl)piperazin-1-yl)quinolin-8-ol and its analogues as highly potent dopamine D2/D3 agonists and as iron chelator: in vivo activity indicates potential application in symptomatic and neuroprotective therapy for Parkinson's disease. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2114-25. [PMID: 20146482 DOI: 10.1021/jm901618d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of iron in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been implicated strongly because of generation of oxidative stress leading to dopamine cell death. In our overall goal to develop bifunctional/multifunctional drugs, we designed dopamine D2/D3 agonist molecules with a capacity to bind to iron. Binding assays were carried out with HEK-293 cells expressing either D2 or D3 receptor with tritiated spiperone to evaluate inhibition constants (K(i)). Functional activity of selected compounds was carried out with GTPgammaS binding assay. SAR results identified compounds (+)-19a and (-)-19b as two potent agonists for both D2 and D3 receptors (EC(50) (GTPgammaS); D2 = 4.51 and 1.69 nM and D3 = 1.58 and 0.74 nM for (-)-19b and (+)-19a, respectively). In vitro complexation studies with 19b demonstrated efficient chelation with iron. Furthermore, the deoxyribose assay with 19b demonstrated potent antioxidant activity. In PD animal model study, (-)-19b exhibited potent in vivo activity in reversing locomotor activity in reserpinized rats and also in producing potent rotational activity in 6-OHDA lesioned rats. This reports initial development of unique lead molecules that might find potential use in symptomatic and neuroprotective treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaram Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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202
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Arriagada C, Bustamante M, Atwater I, Rojas E, Caviedes R, Caviedes P. Apoptosis is directly related to intracellular amyloid accumulation in a cell line derived from the cerebral cortex of a trisomy 16 mouse, an animal model of Down syndrome. Neurosci Lett 2010; 470:81-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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203
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Abada S, Lecointre A, Elhabiri M, Charbonnière LJ. Formation of very stable and selective Cu(ii) complexes with a non-macrocyclic ligand: can basicity rival pre-organization? Dalton Trans 2010; 39:9055-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00453g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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204
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Santner A, Uversky VN. Metalloproteomics and metal toxicology of α-synuclein. Metallomics 2010; 2:378-92. [DOI: 10.1039/b926659c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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205
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Franssens V, Boelen E, Anandhakumar J, Vanhelmont T, Büttner S, Winderickx J. Yeast unfolds the road map toward α-synuclein-induced cell death. Cell Death Differ 2009; 17:746-53. [DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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206
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Perez LR, Franz KJ. Minding metals: tailoring multifunctional chelating agents for neurodegenerative disease. Dalton Trans 2009; 39:2177-87. [PMID: 20162187 DOI: 10.1039/b919237a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease are associated with elevated levels of iron, copper, and zinc and consequentially high levels of oxidative stress. Given the multifactorial nature of these diseases, it is becoming evident that the next generation of therapies must have multiple functions to combat multiple mechanisms of disease progression. Metal-chelating agents provide one such function as an intervention for ameliorating metal-associated damage in degenerative diseases. Targeting chelators to adjust localized metal imbalances in the brain, however, presents significant challenges. In this perspective, we focus on some noteworthy advances in the area of multifunctional metal chelators as potential therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to metal chelating ability, these agents also contain features designed to improve their uptake across the blood-brain barrier, increase their selectivity for metals in damage-prone environments, increase antioxidant capabilities, lower Abeta peptide aggregation, or inhibit disease-associated enzymes such as monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissette R Perez
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0346, USA
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207
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Scheiber IF, Mercer JFB, Dringen R. Copper accumulation by cultured astrocytes. Neurochem Int 2009; 56:451-60. [PMID: 20004225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To study copper transport in brain astrocytes, we have used astrocyte-rich primary cultures as model system. Cells in these cultures contained a basal copper content of 1.1+/-0.4 nmol per mg protein. The cellular copper content increased strongly after application of copper chloride in a time and concentration-dependent manner. Analysis of the linear copper accumulation during the first 5 min of copper exposure revealed that cultured astrocytes accumulated copper with saturable kinetics with apparent K(M)- and V(max)-values of 9.4+/-1.8 microM and 0.76+/-0.13 nmol/(min x mg protein), respectively. In contrast, incubation of astrocytes with copper in the presence of ascorbate caused a linear increase of the copper accumulation rates for copper concentrations of up to 30 microM. In addition, copper accumulation was strongly inhibited by the presence of an excess of zinc or of various other divalent metal ions. The presence of mRNA and of immunoreactivity of the copper transport protein Ctr1 in astrocyte cultures suggests that Ctr1 contributes to the observed copper accumulation. However, since some characteristics of the observed copper accumulation are not consistent with Ctr1-mediated copper transport, additional Ctr1-independent mechanism(s) are likely to be involved in astrocytic copper accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo F Scheiber
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
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208
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209
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Peng Y, Wang C, Xu HH, Liu YN, Zhou F. Binding of alpha-synuclein with Fe(III) and with Fe(II) and biological implications of the resultant complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 104:365-70. [PMID: 20005574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is hallmarked by the abnormal intracellular inclusions (Lewy bodies or LBs) in dopaminergic cells. Amyloidogenic protein alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn) and iron (including both Fe(III) and Fe(II)) are both found to be present in LBs. The interaction between iron and alpha-syn might have important biological relevance to PD etiology. Previously, a moderate binding affinity between alpha-syn and Fe(II) (5.8x10(3)M(-1)) has been measured, but studies on the binding between alpha-syn and Fe(III) have not been reported. In this work, electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to study the binding between alpha-syn and Fe(II) and the redox property of the resultant alpha-syn-Fe(II) complex. The complex is of a 1:1 stoichiometry and can be readily oxidized electrochemically and chemically (by O(2)) to the putative alpha-syn-Fe(III) complex, with H(2)O(2) as a co-product. The reduction potential was estimated to be 0.025V vs. Ag/AgCl, which represents a shift by -0.550V vs. the standard reduction potential of the free Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple. Such a shift allows a binding constant between alpha-syn and Fe(III), 1.2x10(13)M(-1), to be deduced. Despite the relatively high binding affinity, alpha-syn-Fe(III) generated from the oxidation of alpha-syn-Fe(II) still dissociates due to the stronger tendency of Fe(III) to hydrolyze to Fe(OH)(3) and/or ferrihydrite gel. The roles of alpha-syn and its interaction with Fe(III) and/or Fe(II) are discussed in the context of oxidative stress, metal-catalyzed alpha-syn aggregation, and iron transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
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210
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Abstract
Zinc is a life-sustaining trace element, serving structural, catalytic, and regulatory roles in cellular biology. It is required for normal mammalian brain development and physiology, such that deficiency or excess of zinc has been shown to contribute to alterations in behavior, abnormal central nervous system development, and neurological disease. In this light, it is not surprising that zinc ions have now been shown to play a role in the neuromodulation of synaptic transmission as well as in cortical plasticity. Zinc is stored in specific synaptic vesicles by a class of glutamatergic or "gluzinergic" neurons and is released in an activity-dependent manner. Because gluzinergic neurons are found almost exclusively in the cerebral cortex and limbic structures, zinc may be critical for normal cognitive and emotional functioning. Conversely, direct evidence shows that zinc might be a relatively potent neurotoxin. Neuronal injury secondary to in vivo zinc mobilization and release occurs in several neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, in addition to epilepsy and ischemia. Thus, zinc homeostasis is integral to normal central nervous system functioning, and in fact its role may be underappreciated. This article provides an overview of zinc neurobiology and reviews the experimental evidence that implicates zinc signals in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases. A greater understanding of zinc's role in the central nervous system may therefore allow for the development of therapeutic approaches where aberrant metal homeostasis is implicated in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron K Y Bitanihirwe
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
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211
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García T, Ribes D, Colomina MT, Cabré M, Domingo JL, Gómez M. Evaluation of the protective role of melatonin on the behavioral effects of aluminum in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Toxicology 2009; 265:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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212
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Chaves S, Dron PI, Danalache FA, Sacoto D, Gano L, Santos MA. Combined chelation based on glycosyl-mono- and bis-hydroxypyridinones for aluminium mobilization: Solution and biodistribution studies. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 103:1521-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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213
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Singh D, Tangirala R, Bakthisaran R, Chintalagiri MR. Synergistic effects of metal ion and the pre-senile cataract-causing G98R alphaA-crystallin: self-aggregation propensities and chaperone activity. Mol Vis 2009; 15:2050-60. [PMID: 19862354 PMCID: PMC2768467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE alphaA- and alphaB-crystallins are abundantly present in the eye lens, belong to the small heat shock protein family, and exhibit molecular chaperone activity. They are also known to interact with metal ions such as Cu(2+), and their metal-binding modulates the structure and chaperone function. Unlike other point mutations in alphaA-crystallin that cause congenital cataracts, the G98R mutation causes pre-senile cataract. We have investigated the effect of Cu(2+) on the structure and function of G98R alphaA-crystallin. METHODS Fluorescence spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry were used to study Cu(2+) binding to alphaA- and G98R alphaA-crystallin. Circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to study secondary and tertiary structures, and dynamic light scattering was used to determine the hydrodynamic radii of the proteins. Chaperone activity and self-aggregation of the wild type and the mutant protein in the absence and the presence of the metal ions was monitored using light scattering. RESULTS Our fluorescence quenching and isothermal titration calorimetric studies show that like alphaA-crystallin, G98R alphaA-crystallin binds Cu(2+) with picomolar range affinity. Further, both wild type and mutant alphaA-crystallin inhibit Cu(2+)-induced generation of reactive oxygen species with similar efficiency. However, G98R alphaA-crystallin undergoes pronounced self-aggregation above a certain concentration of Cu(2+) (above subunit to Cu(2+) molar ratio of 1:3 in HEPES-NaOH buffer, pH 7.4). At concentrations of Cu(2+) below this ratio, G98R alphaA-crystallin is more susceptible to Cu(2+)-induced tertiary and quaternary structural changes than alphaA-crystallin. Interestingly, Cu(2+) binding increases the chaperone-like activity of alphaA-crystallin toward the aggregation of citrate synthase at 43 degrees C while it decreases the chaperone-like activity of G98R alphaA-crystallin. Mixed oligomer formation between the wild type and the mutant subunits modulates the Cu(2+)-induced effect on the self-aggregation propensity. Other heavy metal ions, namely Cd(2+) and Zn(2+) but not Ca(2+), also promote the self-aggregation of G98R alphaA-crystallin and decrease its chaperone-like activity. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that unlike wild type alphaA-crystallin, G98R alphaA-crystallin and its mixed oligomers with wild type protein are vulnerable to heavy metal ions. Our study provides insight into aspects of how environmental factors could augment phenotype(s) in certain genetically predisposed conditions.
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214
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Price KA, Caragounis A, Paterson BM, Filiz G, Volitakis I, Masters CL, Barnham KJ, Donnelly PS, Crouch PJ, White AR. Sustained Activation of Glial Cell Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor by Bis(thiosemicarbazonato) Metal Complexes Is Associated with Inhibition of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Activity. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6606-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9007938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brett M. Paterson
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Irene Volitakis
- The Mental Health Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Colin L. Masters
- The Mental Health Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kevin J. Barnham
- The Mental Health Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Paul S. Donnelly
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter J. Crouch
- The Mental Health Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anthony R. White
- The Mental Health Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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215
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Are there common biochemical and molecular mechanisms controlling manganism and parkisonism. Neuromolecular Med 2009; 11:281-96. [PMID: 19757210 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-009-8088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades there has been considerable progress in our basic knowledge as to the mechanisms and factors regulating Mn toxicity. The disorder known as manganism is associated with the preferential accumulation of Mn in the globus pallidus of the basal ganglia which is generally considered to be the major and initial site of injury. Because the area of the CNS comprising the basal ganglia is very complex and dependent on the precise function and balance of several neurotransmitters, it is not surprising that symptoms of manganism often overlap with that of Parkinson's disease. The fact that neurological symptoms and onset of Mn toxicity are quite broad and can vary unpredictably probably reflects specific genetic variance of the physiological and biochemical makeup within the basal ganglia in any individual. Differences in response to Mn overexposure are, thus, likely due to underlying genetic variability which ultimately presents in deviations in both susceptibility as well as the characteristics of the neurological lesions and symptoms expressed. Although chronic exposure to Mn is not the initial causative agent provoking Parkinsonism, there is evidence suggesting that persistent exposure can predispose an individual to acquire dystonic movements associated with Parkinson's disease. As noted in this review, there appears to be common threads between the two disorders, as mutations in the genes, parkin and ATP13A2, associated with early onset of Parkinsonism, may also predispose an individual to develop Mn toxicity. Mutations in both genes appear to effect transport of Mn into the cell. These genetic difference coupled with additional environmental or nutritional factors must also be considered as contributing to the severity and onset of manganism.
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216
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217
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Kupershmidt L, Weinreb O, Amit T, Mandel S, Carri MT, Youdim MBH. Neuroprotective and neuritogenic activities of novel multimodal iron-chelating drugs in motor-neuron-like NSC-34 cells and transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. FASEB J 2009; 23:3766-79. [PMID: 19638399 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-130047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders comprise drug candidates designed specifically to act on multiple central nervous system targets. We have recently synthesized multifunctional, nontoxic, brain-permeable iron-chelating drugs, M30 and HLA20, possessing the N-propargylamine neuroprotective moiety of rasagiline (Azilect) and the iron-chelating moiety of VK28. The present study demonstrates that M30 and HLA20 possess a wide range of pharmacological activities in mouse NSC-34 motor neuron cells, including neuroprotective effects against hydrogen peroxide- and 3-morpholinosydnonimine-induced neurotoxicity, induction of differentiation, and up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha and HIF-target genes (enolase1 and vascular endothelial growth factor). Both compounds induced NSC-34 neuritogenesis, accompanied by a marked increase in the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and growth-associated protein-43, which was inhibited by PD98059 and GF109203X, indicating the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase and protein kinase C pathways. A major finding was the ability of M30 to significantly extend the survival of G93A-SOD1 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mice and delay the onset of the disease. These properties of the novel multimodal iron-chelating drugs possessing neuroprotective/neuritogenic activities may offer future therapeutic possibilities for motor neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Kupershmidt
- Eve Topf and USA National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Haifa, Israel
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218
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Scott LE, Orvig C. Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Approaches to Passivation and Removal of Aberrant Metal Ions in Disease. Chem Rev 2009; 109:4885-910. [DOI: 10.1021/cr9000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Scott
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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219
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Fakih S, Podinovskaia M, Kong X, Schaible UE, Collins HL, Hider RC. Monitoring intracellular labile iron pools: A novel fluorescent iron(III) sensor as a potential non-invasive diagnosis tool. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:2212-26. [PMID: 18823046 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The physiological and pathophysiological importance of intracellular redox active "labile" iron has created a significant need for improved noninvasive diagnostic tools to reliably monitor iron metabolism in living cells. In this context, fluorescent iron-sensitive chemosensors in combination with digital fluorescence spectroscopic methods have proven to be highly sensitive and indispensable tools to determine cellular iron homeostasis. Recently, application of fluorescent iron sensors has led to the identification of a complex sub-cellular iron compartmentation. Cell organelle-specific iron sensors will significantly contribute to enhance fundamental knowledge of cellular iron trafficking, representing a crucial prerequisite for the future development of therapeutic strategies in iron dysregulatory diseases. Here we present physicochemical characterization and functional investigation of a new 3-hydroxypyridin-4-one based fluorescent iron(III) sensor, exclusively monitoring labile iron pools in the endosomal/lysosomal compartments. In vitro studies of the fluorescein labeled probe were carried out in murine bone marrow derived macrophages. Endosomal/lysosomal accumulation of the probe was revealed by confocal microscopy. Flow cytometry analyses demonstrated high sensitivity of the probe towards exogenous alterations of intracellular iron concentrations as well as in response to the chelation potency of iron chelators, clinically approved for treatment of iron-overload related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fakih
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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220
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Kobayashi H, Oikawa S, Umemura S, Hirosawa I, Kawanishi S. Mechanism of metal-mediated DNA damage and apoptosis induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Free Radic Res 2009; 42:651-60. [DOI: 10.1080/10715760802270334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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221
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Trumbull KA, Beckman JS. A role for copper in the toxicity of zinc-deficient superoxide dismutase to motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:1627-39. [PMID: 19309264 PMCID: PMC2842582 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the 16 years since mutations to copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) were first linked to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a multitude of apparently contradictory results have prevented any general consensus to emerge about the mechanism of toxicity. A decade ago, we showed that the loss of zinc from SOD1 results in the remaining copper in SOD1 to become extremely toxic to motor neurons in culture by a mechanism requiring nitric oxide. The loss of zinc causes SOD1 to become more accessible, more redox reactive, and a better catalyst of tyrosine nitration. Although SOD1 mutant proteins have a modestly reduced affinity for zinc, wild-type SOD1 can be induced to lose zinc by dialysis at slightly acidic pH. Our zinc-deficient hypothesis offers a compelling explanation for how mutant SOD1s have an increased propensity to become selectively toxic to motor neurons and also explains how wild-type SOD1 can be toxic in nonfamilial ALS patients. One critical prediction is that a therapeutic agent directed at zinc-deficient mutant SOD1 could be even more effective in treating sporadic ALS patients. Although transgenic mice experiments have yielded contradictory evidence to the zinc-deficient hypothesis, we will review more recent studies that support a role for copper in ALS. A more careful examination of the role of copper and zinc binding to SOD1 may help counter the growing disillusion in the ALS field about understanding the pathological role of SOD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A. Trumbull
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Joseph S. Beckman
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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222
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Bolognin S, Drago D, Messori L, Zatta P. Chelation therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. Med Res Rev 2009; 29:547-70. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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223
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Hortells P, Monleón E, Acín C, Vargas A, Vasseur V, Salomon A, Ryffel B, Cesbron JY, Badiola JJ, Monzón M. The Effect of Metal Imbalances on Scrapie Neurodegeneration. Zoonoses Public Health 2009; 57:358-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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224
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Singh A, Isaac AO, Luo X, Mohan ML, Cohen ML, Chen F, Kong Q, Bartz J, Singh N. Abnormal brain iron homeostasis in human and animal prion disorders. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000336. [PMID: 19283067 PMCID: PMC2652663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxicity in all prion disorders is believed to result from the accumulation of PrP-scrapie (PrP(Sc)), a beta-sheet rich isoform of a normal cell-surface glycoprotein, the prion protein (PrP(C)). Limited reports suggest imbalance of brain iron homeostasis as a significant associated cause of neurotoxicity in prion-infected cell and mouse models. However, systematic studies on the generality of this phenomenon and the underlying mechanism(s) leading to iron dyshomeostasis in diseased brains are lacking. In this report, we demonstrate that prion disease-affected human, hamster, and mouse brains show increased total and redox-active Fe (II) iron, and a paradoxical increase in major iron uptake proteins transferrin (Tf) and transferrin receptor (TfR) at the end stage of disease. Furthermore, examination of scrapie-inoculated hamster brains at different timepoints following infection shows increased levels of Tf with time, suggesting increasing iron deficiency with disease progression. Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD)-affected human brains show a similar increase in total iron and a direct correlation between PrP and Tf levels, implicating PrP(Sc) as the underlying cause of iron deficiency. Increased binding of Tf to the cerebellar Purkinje cell neurons of sCJD brains further indicates upregulation of TfR and a phenotype of neuronal iron deficiency in diseased brains despite increased iron levels. The likely cause of this phenotype is sequestration of iron in brain ferritin that becomes detergent-insoluble in PrP(Sc)-infected cell lines and sCJD brain homogenates. These results suggest that sequestration of iron in PrP(Sc)-ferritin complexes induces a state of iron bio-insufficiency in prion disease-affected brains, resulting in increased uptake and a state of iron dyshomeostasis. An additional unexpected observation is the resistance of Tf to digestion by proteinase-K, providing a reliable marker for iron levels in postmortem human brains. These data implicate redox-iron in prion disease-associated neurotoxicity, a novel observation with significant implications for prion disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Singh
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Alfred Orina Isaac
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xiu Luo
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Maradumane L. Mohan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark L. Cohen
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Fusong Chen
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Qingzhong Kong
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jason Bartz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Neena Singh
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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225
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Vašák M, Meloni G. Metallothionein-3, Zinc, and Copper in the Central Nervous System. METALLOTHIONEINS AND RELATED CHELATORS 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/9781847559531-00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Metallothionein-3 (MT-3), also known as the neuronal growth inhibitory factor, has been discovered by Uchida and coworkers in 1991 in their search for a cellular component responsible for antagonizing aberrant neuritic sprouting and increased survival of cultured neurons stimulated by Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain extract. Since this initial discovery further studies showed that MT-3 possesses peculiar structural and functional properties not shared by other members of the mammalian MT family. Several lines of evidence suggest that the metal-binding protein MT-3 plays a vital role in zinc and copper homeostasis in the brain. Although far from being understood, the unusual structural properties of MT-3 are responsible for its neuronal growth inhibitory activity, involvement in trafficking of zinc vesicles in the central nervous system, protection against copper-mediated toxicity in AD and in controlling abnormal metal-protein interactions in other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Vašák
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Zürich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Meloni
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Zürich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zürich Switzerland
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226
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Kell DB. Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases. BMC Med Genomics 2009; 2:2. [PMID: 19133145 PMCID: PMC2672098 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of aerobic metabolism, and while these particular 'reactive oxygen species' (ROSs) can exhibit a number of biological effects, they are not of themselves excessively reactive and thus they are not especially damaging at physiological concentrations. However, their reactions with poorly liganded iron species can lead to the catalytic production of the very reactive and dangerous hydroxyl radical, which is exceptionally damaging, and a major cause of chronic inflammation. REVIEW We review the considerable and wide-ranging evidence for the involvement of this combination of (su)peroxide and poorly liganded iron in a large number of physiological and indeed pathological processes and inflammatory disorders, especially those involving the progressive degradation of cellular and organismal performance. These diseases share a great many similarities and thus might be considered to have a common cause (i.e. iron-catalysed free radical and especially hydroxyl radical generation).The studies reviewed include those focused on a series of cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases, where iron can be found at the sites of plaques and lesions, as well as studies showing the significance of iron to aging and longevity. The effective chelation of iron by natural or synthetic ligands is thus of major physiological (and potentially therapeutic) importance. As systems properties, we need to recognise that physiological observables have multiple molecular causes, and studying them in isolation leads to inconsistent patterns of apparent causality when it is the simultaneous combination of multiple factors that is responsible.This explains, for instance, the decidedly mixed effects of antioxidants that have been observed, since in some circumstances (especially the presence of poorly liganded iron) molecules that are nominally antioxidants can actually act as pro-oxidants. The reduction of redox stress thus requires suitable levels of both antioxidants and effective iron chelators. Some polyphenolic antioxidants may serve both roles.Understanding the exact speciation and liganding of iron in all its states is thus crucial to separating its various pro- and anti-inflammatory activities. Redox stress, innate immunity and pro- (and some anti-)inflammatory cytokines are linked in particular via signalling pathways involving NF-kappaB and p38, with the oxidative roles of iron here seemingly involved upstream of the IkappaB kinase (IKK) reaction. In a number of cases it is possible to identify mechanisms by which ROSs and poorly liganded iron act synergistically and autocatalytically, leading to 'runaway' reactions that are hard to control unless one tackles multiple sites of action simultaneously. Some molecules such as statins and erythropoietin, not traditionally associated with anti-inflammatory activity, do indeed have 'pleiotropic' anti-inflammatory effects that may be of benefit here. CONCLUSION Overall we argue, by synthesising a widely dispersed literature, that the role of poorly liganded iron has been rather underappreciated in the past, and that in combination with peroxide and superoxide its activity underpins the behaviour of a great many physiological processes that degrade over time. Understanding these requires an integrative, systems-level approach that may lead to novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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227
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Bell SG, Vallee BL. The Metallothionein/Thionein System: An Oxidoreductive Metabolic Zinc Link. Chembiochem 2009; 10:55-62. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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228
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Näsström T, Wahlberg T, Karlsson M, Nikolajeff F, Lannfelt L, Ingelsson M, Bergström J. The lipid peroxidation metabolite 4-oxo-2-nonenal cross-links α-synuclein causing rapid formation of stable oligomers. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 378:872-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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229
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Biran Y, Masters CL, Barnham KJ, Bush AI, Adlard PA. Pharmacotherapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:61-86. [PMID: 19040415 PMCID: PMC3823037 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which is characterized by an increasing impairment in normal memory and cognitive processes that significantly diminishes a person's daily functioning. Despite decades of research and advances in our understanding of disease aetiology and pathogenesis, there are still no effective disease-modifying drugs available for the treatment of AD. However, numerous compounds are currently undergoing pre-clinical and clinical evaluations. These candidate pharma-cotherapeutics are aimed at various aspects of the disease, such as the microtubule-associated τ-protein, the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and metal ion dyshomeostasis – all of which are involved in the development and progression of AD. We will review the way these pharmacological strategies target the biochemical and clinical features of the disease and the investigational drugs for each category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yif'at Biran
- The Oxidation Biology Laboratory, The Mental Health Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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230
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Endocannabinoids mediate neuroprotection after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2008; 1240:213-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 08/31/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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231
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Bolognin S, Zatta P, Drago D, Parnigotto PP, Ricchelli F, Tognon G. Mutual Stimulation of Beta-Amyloid Fibrillogenesis by Clioquinol and Divalent Metals. Neuromolecular Med 2008; 10:322-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-008-8046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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232
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Binolfi A, Lamberto GR, Duran R, Quintanar L, Bertoncini CW, Souza JM, Cerveñansky C, Zweckstetter M, Griesinger C, Fernández CO. Site-Specific Interactions of Cu(II) with α and β-Synuclein: Bridging the Molecular Gap between Metal Binding and Aggregation. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:11801-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ja803494v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Binolfi
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo e Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Calle Mataojo 2020, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay, Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360 D.F., México, Department of Chemistry, University
| | - Gonzalo R. Lamberto
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo e Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Calle Mataojo 2020, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay, Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360 D.F., México, Department of Chemistry, University
| | - Rosario Duran
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo e Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Calle Mataojo 2020, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay, Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360 D.F., México, Department of Chemistry, University
| | - Liliana Quintanar
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo e Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Calle Mataojo 2020, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay, Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360 D.F., México, Department of Chemistry, University
| | - Carlos W. Bertoncini
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo e Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Calle Mataojo 2020, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay, Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360 D.F., México, Department of Chemistry, University
| | - Jose M. Souza
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo e Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Calle Mataojo 2020, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay, Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360 D.F., México, Department of Chemistry, University
| | - Carlos Cerveñansky
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo e Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Calle Mataojo 2020, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay, Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360 D.F., México, Department of Chemistry, University
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo e Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Calle Mataojo 2020, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay, Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360 D.F., México, Department of Chemistry, University
| | - Christian Griesinger
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo e Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Calle Mataojo 2020, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay, Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360 D.F., México, Department of Chemistry, University
| | - Claudio O. Fernández
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo e Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Calle Mataojo 2020, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay, Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360 D.F., México, Department of Chemistry, University
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233
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Lukiw WJ. Emerging amyloid beta (Ab) peptide modulators for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2008; 13:255-71. [PMID: 18537520 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.13.2.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the 'amyloid cascade hypothesis' of Alzheimer's disease (AD), abnormal processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP) into toxic amyloid beta (Abeta)-peptides is central to the etiopathology of this uniquely human brain disorder. OBJECTIVE To review current AD drugs, pharmacological approaches and strategies aimed at modulating Abeta-peptide generation and/or aggregation in the treatment of AD. METHODS Data searches at various websites: Alzheimer Research Forum; individual drug company databases; Medline; Pharmaprojects database; unpublished research; inter-University research communications. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Considerable research effort has focused on secretase-mediated mechanisms of betaAPP processing, and the latest pharmacological strategies have used selective Abeta-peptide-lowering agents (SALA) to provide therapeutic benefit against Abeta-initiated neurodegenerative pathology. Currently, dedicated anticholinesterase, glutamatergic agonist and Abeta-peptide immunization have had little impact in the clinical treatment of AD. One unexpected benefit of statins (HMG-CoA inhibitors), besides their cholesterol lowering abilities, has been their ancillary effects in potentiating the enzymatic mechanisms that generate Abeta-peptides. The long-term benefits or complications of statin-based therapies for use in the clinical management of AD are not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, LSU Neuroscience Center of Excellence, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 8B8, New Orleans, LA 70112-2272, USA.
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234
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Volgraf M, Lumb JP, Brastianos HC, Carr G, Chung MKW, Münzel M, Mauk AG, Andersen RJ, Trauner D. Biomimetic synthesis of the IDO inhibitors exiguamine A and B. Nat Chem Biol 2008; 4:535-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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235
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Fakih S, Podinovskaia M, Kong X, Collins HL, Schaible UE, Hider RC. Targeting the Lysosome: Fluorescent Iron(III) Chelators To Selectively Monitor Endosomal/Lysosomal Labile Iron Pools. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4539-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8001247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fakih
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins-Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K., Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K., and Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, Hodgkin-Building, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Maria Podinovskaia
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins-Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K., Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K., and Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, Hodgkin-Building, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Xiaole Kong
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins-Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K., Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K., and Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, Hodgkin-Building, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Helen L. Collins
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins-Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K., Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K., and Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, Hodgkin-Building, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Ulrich E. Schaible
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins-Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K., Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K., and Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, Hodgkin-Building, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Robert C. Hider
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins-Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K., Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K., and Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, Hodgkin-Building, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
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Rhodes SL, Ritz B. Genetics of iron regulation and the possible role of iron in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 32:183-95. [PMID: 18675357 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is acknowledged as the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's Disease. Older age may be the only unequivocal risk factor for PD although the male to female ratio is consistently greater than 1 in populations of European ancestry. Characteristic features of PD include dopaminergic neuron death in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta, accumulation of alpha-synuclein inclusions known as Lewy bodies in the SN, and brain iron accumulation beyond that observed in non-PD brains of a similar age. In this review article, we will provide an overview of human and animal studies investigating the contributions of iron in PD, a summary of human studies of iron-related genes in PD, a review of the literature on the genetics of iron metabolism, and some hypotheses on possible roles for iron in the pathogenic processes of PD including potential interactions between iron and other factors associated with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Rhodes
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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237
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Berg D, Riederer P, Gerlach M. Contribution of disturbed iron metabolism to the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.2217/14796708.3.4.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research has revealed a complex pathophysiology in Parkinson’s disease, with different factors contributing to the progressive neurodegeneration. Within this complex pathophysiology, a central role of iron and iron-induced oxidative stress has been discussed for many years, as elevated tissue iron levels, especially within the substantia nigra, have been detected by different techniques in a number of postmortem studies. These findings could be verified intra vitam by advancing MRI techniques, and more recently transcranial ultrasound. Different causes, such as disruption of the BBB, local changes in the normal iron-regulatory system, release of iron from intracellular storages or intraneuronal transportation from iron-rich areas, as well as genetic variations leading to changes in brain iron metabolism, are being discussed to be responsible for the increased tissue iron levels. Although it is still not clear whether increased iron levels constitute a primary or secondary phenomenon in the etiology of Parkinson’s disease, its interaction with many pathophysiologcial cascades and contribution to all forms of Parkinson’s disease, idiopathic as well as monogenetic, stresses the importance of further elucidating the mechanism of brain iron homeostasis and its possible alterations to finally develop pharmacological interventions that may disrupt the chain of pathological events leading to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Berg
- Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Riederer
- University of Würzburg, Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy and, National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Laboratory for Clinical Neurochemistry, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Gerlach
- University of Würzburg, Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Laboratory for Clinical Neurobiology, Würzburg, Germany
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238
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Susuki S, Ando Y, Sato T, Nishiyama M, Miyata M, Suico MA, Shuto T, Kai H. Multi-elemental analysis of serum and amyloid fibrils in familial amyloid polyneuropathy patients. Amyloid 2008; 15:108-16. [PMID: 18484337 DOI: 10.1080/13506120802006013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence of the involvement of biological metal imbalance in the progression of amyloid diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and prion diseases. However, the mineral status in patients affected with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) has not been investigated. It is the aim of this study to determine the metal concentrations in the serum and in the transthyretin (TTR) amyloid fibrils of FAP amyloidogenic TTR (ATTR) V30M patients. Multi-elemental analysis of 17 metals by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) revealed a significant decrease of the metals Fe, Cu, Zn, Cs and Ba in the serum of FAP patients (mean age 38.5 +/- 8.3 years; duration of disease 4 +/- 2.6 years) in comparison with that of healthy individuals (mean age 36.2 +/- 9.2 years). On the other hand, these metals, except Cs, were found at high levels in the amyloid fibrils of FAP patients (mean age 55.8 +/- 9.2; duration of disease 6.5 +/- 1.3 years) compared with other metals. These findings firstly suggest that the mineral status could be a candidate factor, which participates in the wide spectrum of clinical pictures of FAP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiko Susuki
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Kumamoto, Japan
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Vasudevaraju P, Bharathi, Garruto R, Sambamurti K, Rao K. Role of DNA dynamics in Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:136-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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240
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Recent developments on 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinones with respect to their clinical applications. Coord Chem Rev 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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241
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Du T, La Fontaine SL, Abdo M, Bellingham SA, Greenough M, Volitakis I, Cherny RA, Bush AI, Hudson PJ, Camakaris J, Mercer JF, Crouch PJ, Masters CL, Perreau VM, White AR. Investigating copper-regulated protein expression in Menkes fibroblasts using antibody microarrays. Proteomics 2008; 8:1819-31. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pope SAS, Milton R, Heales SJR. Astrocytes protect against copper-catalysed loss of extracellular glutathione. Neurochem Res 2008; 33:1410-8. [PMID: 18335314 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is one of the major antioxidants in the brain. GSH is secreted by astrocytes and this extracellular GSH is used by neurones to maintain and increase their intracellular GSH levels. For efficient GSH trafficking between astrocytes and neurones, GSH needs to be maintained in the reduced form. In model systems, GSH trafficking has been shown to be essential for neuroprotection against a variety of stress conditions. Previously we and others have shown that GSH and thiols are unstable in cell culture media and are easily oxidised. In the present study it is shown that nanomolar concentrations of copper (II) ions can cause decay of GSH in cell culture media. Increased free or redox active copper has been implicated in a variety of diseases and degradation of extracellular GSH is a possible mechanism by which it exerts its harmful effects. Rat astrocytes, a human astrocytoma cell line and astrocyte-conditioned media, in the absence of cells, are able to retard this copper-catalysed decay of GSH and maintain GSH in its reduced form. The protective effect of astrocytes appears to be a combination of copper removing and antioxidant mechanisms. The importance of these protective mechanisms is discussed with regards to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A S Pope
- Division of Neurochemistry, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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244
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Molina-Holgado F, Gaeta A, Francis PT, Williams RJ, Hider RC. Neuroprotective actions of deferiprone in cultured cortical neurones and SHSY-5Y cells. J Neurochem 2008; 105:2466-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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245
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Kostka M, Högen T, Danzer KM, Levin J, Habeck M, Wirth A, Wagner R, Glabe CG, Finger S, Heinzelmann U, Garidel P, Duan W, Ross CA, Kretzschmar H, Giese A. Single particle characterization of iron-induced pore-forming alpha-synuclein oligomers. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:10992-1003. [PMID: 18258594 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709634200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of alpha-synuclein is a key event in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson disease. Recent findings suggest that oligomers represent the principal toxic aggregate species. Using confocal single-molecule fluorescence techniques, such as scanning for intensely fluorescent targets (SIFT) and atomic force microscopy, we monitored alpha-synuclein oligomer formation at the single particle level. Organic solvents were used to trigger aggregation, which resulted in small oligomers ("intermediate I"). Under these conditions, Fe(3+) at low micromolar concentrations dramatically increased aggregation and induced formation of larger oligomers ("intermediate II"). Both oligomer species were on-pathway to amyloid fibrils and could seed amyloid formation. Notably, only Fe(3+)-induced oligomers were SDS-resistant and could form ion-permeable pores in a planar lipid bilayer, which were inhibited by the oligomer-specific A11 antibody. Moreover, baicalein and N'-benzylidene-benzohydrazide derivatives inhibited oligomer formation. Baicalein also inhibited alpha-synuclein-dependent toxicity in neuronal cells. Our results may provide a potential disease mechanism regarding the role of ferric iron and of toxic oligomer species in Parkinson diseases. Moreover, scanning for intensely fluorescent targets allows high throughput screening for aggregation inhibitors and may provide new approaches for drug development and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Kostka
- CNS Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CNS Research, Birkendorferstrasse 65, 88397 Biberach, Germany.
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246
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Carmona A, Devès G, Ortega R. Quantitative micro-analysis of metal ions in subcellular compartments of cultured dopaminergic cells by combination of three ion beam techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 390:1585-94. [PMID: 18246461 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of the trace element content of subcellular compartments is a challenging task because of the lack of analytical quantitative techniques with adequate spatial resolution and sensitivity. Ion beam micro-analysis, using MeV protons or alpha particles, offers a unique combination of analytical methods that can be used with micrometric resolution for the determination of chemical element distributions. This work illustrates how the association of three ion beam analytical methods, PIXE (particle induced X-ray emission), BS (backscattering spectrometry), and STIM (scanning transmission ion spectrometry), allows quantitative determination of the trace element content of single cells. PIXE is used for trace element detection while BS enables beam-current normalization, and STIM local mass determination. These methods were applied to freeze-dried cells, following a specific cryogenic protocol for sample preparation which preserves biological structures and chemical distributions in the cells. We investigated how iron accumulates into dopaminergic cells cultured in vitro. We found that the iron content increases in dopaminergic cells exposed to an excess iron, with marked accumulation within distal ends, suggesting interaction between iron and dopamine within neurotransmitter vesicles. Increased iron content of dopaminergic neurons is suspected to promote neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carmona
- Groupe d'Imagerie Chimique Cellulaire et Spéciation, Chemin du solarium, Laboratoire de Chimie Nucléaire Analytique et Bioenvironnementale, Universités de Bordeaux 1 & 2, 33175, Gradignan, France
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247
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Cavalli A, Bolognesi ML, Minarini A, Rosini M, Tumiatti V, Recanatini M, Melchiorre C. Multi-target-directed ligands to combat neurodegenerative diseases. J Med Chem 2008; 51:347-72. [PMID: 18181565 DOI: 10.1021/jm7009364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 841] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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248
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Wright JA, Brown DR. Alpha-synuclein and its role in metal binding: Relevance to Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:496-503. [PMID: 17705291 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease and some other neurodegenerative disorders are associated with a protein that can aggregate and form fibrils called alpha-synuclein. Like many other proteins associated with neurodegenerative disorders, this protein has no known function, and the mechanism by which it could cause diseases is poorly defined. It was recently suggested that it binds copper. This review assesses what is known about alpha-synuclein and its interaction with metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine A Wright
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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249
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Du T, Ciccotosto GD, Cranston GA, Kocak G, Masters CL, Crouch PJ, Cappai R, White AR. Neurotoxicity from glutathione depletion is mediated by Cu-dependent p53 activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:44-55. [PMID: 18045546 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2007] [Revised: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Loss of intracellular neuronal glutathione (GSH) is an important feature of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The consequences of GSH depletion include increased oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA and subsequent cytotoxic effects. GSH is also an important modulator of cellular copper (Cu) homeostasis and altered Cu metabolism is central to the pathology of several neurodegenerative diseases. The cytotoxic effects of Cu in cells depleted of GSH are not well understood. We have previously reported that depletion of neuronal GSH levels results in cell death from trace levels of extracellular Cu due to elevated Cu(I)-mediated free radical production. In this study we further examined the molecular pathway of trace Cu toxicity in neurons and fibroblasts depleted of GSH. Treatment of primary cortical neurons or 3T3 fibroblasts with the glutathione synthetase inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine resulted in substantial loss of intracellular GSH and increased cytotoxicity. We found that both neurons and fibroblasts revealed increased expression and activation of p53 after depletion of GSH. The increased p53 activity was induced by extracellular trace Cu. Furthermore, we showed that in GSH-depleted cells, Cu induced an increase in oxidative stress resulting in DNA damage and activation of p53-dependent cell death. These findings may have important implications for neurodegenerative disorders that involve GSH depletion and aberrant Cu metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Du
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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250
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Chelator-facilitated removal of iron from transferrin: relevance to combined chelation therapy. Biochem J 2007; 409:439-47. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20070823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Current iron chelation therapy consists primarily of DFO (desferrioxamine), which has to be administered via intravenous infusion, together with deferiprone and deferasirox, which are orally-active chelators. These chelators, although effective at decreasing the iron load, are associated with a number of side effects. Grady suggested that the combined administration of a smaller bidentate chelator and a larger hexadentate chelator, such as DFO, would result in greater iron removal than either chelator alone [Grady, Bardoukas and Giardina (1998) Blood 92, 16b]. This in turn could lead to a decrease in the chelator dose required. To test this hypothesis, the rate of iron transfer from a range of bidentate HPO (hydroxypyridin-4-one) chelators to DFO was monitored. Spectroscopic methods were utilized to monitor the decrease in the concentration of the Fe–HPO complex. Having established that the shuttling of iron from the bidentate chelator to DFO does occur under clinically relevant concentrations of chelator, studies were undertaken to evaluate whether this mechanism of transfer would apply to iron removal from transferrin. Again, the simultaneous presence of both a bidentate chelator and DFO was found to enhance the rate of iron chelation from transferrin at clinically relevant chelator levels. Deferiprone was found to be particularly effective at ‘shuttling’ iron from transferrin to DFO, probably as a result of its small size and relative low affinity for iron compared with other analogous HPO chelators.
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