201
|
Zhou W, Yu H. Conductive hybrid nanofibers self-assembled with three different amphiphilic salts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:2154-2159. [PMID: 22432941 DOI: 10.1021/am300151r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Upon supramolecular self-assembly, novel conductive hybrid nanofibers were successfully fabricated using three amphiphilic salts, azopyridinium, aniline hydrochloride, and alkylbenzenesulfate-based anionic surfactants. The interactions like π-π stacking and ionic bonding among the different compounds played important roles in preparation of these multicomponent hybrid nanofibers. These were demonstrated by measurements of XRD, UV-vis absorption, and FTIR spectra. Interesting conductivity in an order of magnitude of 1 × 10(-7) to 1 × 10(-5) S/cm was observed in films of the fabricated hybrid nanofibers, which was attributed to the existence of freely movable ions, showing their possible applications as bionanomaterials and nanoelectronic devices. The fabrication processes of the conductive nanofibers might provide references for simulation of nerve fibers in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
202
|
Nelson ED, Ramberg JE, Best T, Sinnott RA. Neurologic effects of exogenous saccharides: a review of controlled human, animal, and in vitro studies. Nutr Neurosci 2012; 15:149-62. [PMID: 22417773 PMCID: PMC3389826 DOI: 10.1179/1476830512y.0000000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Current research efforts are centered on delineating the novel health benefits of naturally derived saccharides, including growing interest in their abilities to influence neurologic health. We performed a comprehensive review of the literature to consolidate all controlled studies assessing various roles of exogenous saccharide compounds and polysaccharide-rich extracts from plants, fungi, and other natural sources on brain function, with a significant focus on benefits derived from oral intake. METHODS Studies were identified by conducting electronic searches on PubMed and Google Scholar. Reference lists of articles were also reviewed for additional relevant studies. Only articles published in English were included in this review. RESULTS Six randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies were identified in which consumption of a blend of plant-derived polysaccharides showed positive effects on cognitive function and mood in healthy adults. A separate controlled clinical study observed improvements in well-being with ingestion of a yeast beta-glucan. Numerous animal and in vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of individual saccharide compounds and polysaccharide-rich extracts to modify behavior, enhance synaptic plasticity, and provide neuroprotective effects. DISCUSSION Although the mechanisms by which exogenous saccharides can influence brain function are not well understood at this time, the literature suggests that certain naturally occurring compounds and polysaccharide-rich extracts show promise, when taken orally, in supporting neurologic health and function. Additional well-controlled clinical studies on larger populations are necessary, however, before specific recommendations can be made.
Collapse
|
203
|
|
204
|
Measurement of free and total sialic acid by isotopic dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3694-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
205
|
Mijan MA, Lee YK, Kwak HS. Classification, Structure, and Bioactive Functions of Oligosaccharides in Milk. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2011. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2011.31.5.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
|
206
|
|
207
|
Fraga MC, Moura EG, Silva JO, Bonomo IT, Filgueiras CC, Abreu-Villaça Y, Passos MCF, Lisboa PC, Manhães AC. Maternal prolactin inhibition at the end of lactation affects learning/memory and anxiety-like behaviors but not novelty-seeking in adult rat progeny. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:165-73. [PMID: 21777608 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Maternal hypoprolactinemia at the end of lactation in rats reduces milk production and is associated with offspring's malnutrition. Since malnutrition during development is also known to have long lasting effects on cognition and emotion, in the present study we tested the hypothesis that maternal hypoprolactinemia, induced by bromocriptine treatment, at the end of the lactating period affects memory/learning, novelty-seeking and anxiety-like behaviors in adult male Wistar rats using, respectively, the radial arm water maze (RAWM), the hole board (HB) arena and the elevated plus-maze (EPM). We also analyzed serum corticosterone and thyroid hormone levels at postnatal day (PN) 21. Lactating dams were treated with bromocriptine (BRO, 1mg twice a day, inhibiting prolactin) or saline from PN19 to 21 (the last 3 days of lactation). BRO offspring had hypercorticosteronemia and hypothyroidism at PN21. In the RAWM, reductions in latency observed in CON rats were initially more accentuated than in BRO ones. By the end of the testing period, latencies became similar between groups. No difference was observed between groups regarding the number of nose-pokes in the HB. In the EPM, BRO rats stayed less time in and had fewer entries into the open-arms than CON ones. This pattern of results indicates that maternal bromocriptine treatment at the end of the lactating period results in poorer memory/learning performance and in higher levels of anxiety-like behavior in the adult offspring, demonstrating that even a relatively short period of malnutrition during development can have long lasting detrimental effects regarding cognition and emotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mabel C Fraga
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
208
|
Mills S, Ross R, Hill C, Fitzgerald G, Stanton C. Milk intelligence: Mining milk for bioactive substances associated with human health. Int Dairy J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
209
|
Lacomba R, Salcedo J, Alegría A, Barberá R, Hueso P, Matencio E, Lagarda MJ. Effect of simulated gastrointestinal digestion on sialic acid and gangliosides present in human milk and infant formulas. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:5755-5762. [PMID: 21495682 DOI: 10.1021/jf200663k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The effects of simulated gastrointestinal digestion upon sialic acid and gangliosides in infant and follow-on formulas and human milk, as well as their bioaccessibility, have been evaluated. The gastric stage is the step that causes a greater decrease in sialic acid and ganglioside contents. The intestinal stage only decreases the total and individual contents of gangliosides. After gastrointestinal digestion, neither sialic acid nor gangliosides were found in the nonbioaccessible fraction. The highest bioaccessibility (100 × content in soluble fraction after gastrointestinal digestion/total content) of sialic acid is found in human milk (87%), followed by infant formula (77%) and follow-on formula (16%). In the case of gangliosides, the highest bioaccessibility is present in the follow-on formula (51%), followed by human milk (29%) and infant formula (5%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Lacomba
- Department of Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
210
|
Wickramasinghe S, Hua S, Rincon G, Islas-Trejo A, German JB, Lebrilla CB, Medrano JF. Transcriptome profiling of bovine milk oligosaccharide metabolism genes using RNA-sequencing. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18895. [PMID: 21541029 PMCID: PMC3081824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the genes coding for enzymes involved in bovine milk oligosaccharide metabolism by comparing the oligosaccharide profiles with the expressions of glycosylation-related genes. Fresh milk samples (n = 32) were collected from four Holstein and Jersey cows at days 1, 15, 90 and 250 of lactation and free milk oligosaccharide profiles were analyzed. RNA was extracted from milk somatic cells at days 15 and 250 of lactation (n = 12) and gene expression analysis was conducted by RNA-Sequencing. A list was created of 121 glycosylation-related genes involved in oligosaccharide metabolism pathways in bovine by analyzing the oligosaccharide profiles and performing an extensive literature search. No significant differences were observed in either oligosaccharide profiles or expressions of glycosylation-related genes between Holstein and Jersey cows. The highest concentrations of free oligosaccharides were observed in the colostrum samples and a sharp decrease was observed in the concentration of free oligosaccharides on day 15, followed by progressive decrease on days 90 and 250. Ninety-two glycosylation-related genes were expressed in milk somatic cells. Most of these genes exhibited higher expression in day 250 samples indicating increases in net glycosylation-related metabolism in spite of decreases in free milk oligosaccharides in late lactation milk. Even though fucosylated free oligosaccharides were not identified, gene expression indicated the likely presence of fucosylated oligosaccharides in bovine milk. Fucosidase genes were expressed in milk and a possible explanation for not detecting fucosylated free oligosaccharides is the degradation of large fucosylated free oligosaccharides by the fucosidases. Detailed characterization of enzymes encoded by the 92 glycosylation-related genes identified in this study will provide the basic knowledge for metabolic network analysis of oligosaccharides in mammalian milk. These candidate genes will guide the design of a targeted breeding strategy to optimize the content of beneficial oligosaccharides in bovine milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Wickramasinghe
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Serenus Hua
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Gonzalo Rincon
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Alma Islas-Trejo
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - J. Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Juan F. Medrano
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Bifidobacterial utilization of human milk oligosaccharides. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 149:58-64. [PMID: 21342711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A promising strategy to improve health is the rational manipulation of one's beneficial microbiota via dietary interventions. This is observed in nature where specific bifidobacteria utilize human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) that are encountered within the breast-fed infant colon. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis is regarded as the archetypical HMO consumer associated with the developing neonate. This review summarizes the known molecular mechanisms underlying HMO utilization, as determined for bifidobacterial commensals. In addition, future directions of HMO research are discussed with an emphasis on physiological, ecological and clinical approaches to understand bifidobacterial utilization of this intriguing substrate.
Collapse
|
212
|
Chichlowski M, German JB, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA. The influence of milk oligosaccharides on microbiota of infants: opportunities for formulas. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2011; 2:331-51. [PMID: 22129386 PMCID: PMC7568403 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-022510-133743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In addition to a nutritive role, human milk also guides the development of a protective intestinal microbiota in the infant. Human milk possesses an overabundance of complex oligosaccharides that are indigestible by the infant yet are consumed by microbial populations in the developing intestine. These oligosaccharides are believed to facilitate enrichment of a healthy infant gastrointestinal microbiota, often associated with bifidobacteria. Advances in glycomics have enabled precise determination of milk glycan structures as well as identification of the specific glycans consumed by various gut microbes. Furthermore, genomic analysis of bifidobacteria from infants has revealed specific genetic loci related to milk oligosaccharide import and processing, suggesting coevolution between the human host, milk glycans, and the microbes they enrich. This review discusses the current understanding of how human milk oligosaccharides interact with the infant microbiota and examines the opportunities for translating this knowledge to improve the functionality of infant formulas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Chichlowski
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Functional Glycobiology Program, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - J. Bruce German
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Functional Glycobiology Program, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Functional Glycobiology Program, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - David A. Mills
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Functional Glycobiology Program, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
DeSimone TM, Jennings CV, Bei AK, Comeaux C, Coleman BI, Refour P, Triglia T, Stubbs J, Cowman AF, Duraisingh MT. Cooperativity between Plasmodium falciparum adhesive proteins for invasion into erythrocytes. Mol Microbiol 2010; 72:578-89. [PMID: 19400777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is the most virulent of the Plasmodium species infective to humans. Different P. falciparum strains vary in their dependence on erythrocyte receptors for invasion and their ability to switch in their utilization of different receptor repertoires. Members of the reticulocyte-binding protein-like (RBL) family of invasion ligands are postulated to play a central role in defining ligand-receptor interactions, known as invasion pathways. Here we report the targeted gene disruption of PfRh2b and PfRh2a in W2mef, a parasite strain that is heavily dependent on sialic-acid receptors for invasion, and show that the PfRh2b ligand is functional in this parasite background. Like the parental line, parasites lacking either PfRh2a or PfR2b can switch to a sialic acid-independent invasion pathway. However, both of the switched lines exhibit a reduced efficiency for invasion into sialic acid-depleted cells, suggesting a role for both PfRh2b and PfRh2a in invasion via sialic acid-independent receptors. We also find a strong selective pressure for the reconstitution of PfRh2b expression at the expense of PfRh2a. Our results reveal the importance of genetic background in ligand-receptor usage by P. falciparum parasites, and suggest that the co-ordinate expression of PfRh2a, PfRh2b together mediate efficient sialic acid-independent erythrocyte invasion.
Collapse
|
214
|
Maksimovic J, Sharp JA, Nicholas KR, Cocks BG, Savin K. Conservation of the ST6Gal I gene and its expression in the mammary gland. Glycobiology 2010; 21:467-81. [PMID: 21098517 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk sialoglycoconjugates can protect the gastrointestinal tract of the suckling neonate by competitively binding to invading pathogens and promoting growth of beneficial flora, and their potential role in postnatal brain development is of particular interest in human infant nutrition. Although the concentration and the distribution of sialoglycoconjugates have been extensively studied in the milk of various species, the investigation of sialyltransferase gene expression in the mammary gland, in the context of lactation, has been limited. The sialyltransferase enzyme ST6Gal I transfers sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to type 2 (Galβ1,4GlcNAc) free disaccharides or the termini of N- or O-linked oligosaccharides using an α2,6-linkage. Expression of the ST6Gal I gene is primarily regulated at the level of transcription through the use of several cell and development-specific promoters, producing transcripts with divergent 5' untranslated regions (UTR). In the mouse mammary gland, the novel 5'UTR exon (L) appears to be associated with a drastic increase in ST6Gal I gene expression during lactation. We find that rats also possess an exon (L), suggesting conservation of this regulatory mechanism in rodents. In contrast, an exon (L)-containing transcript was not detected in the lactating bovine or human mammary gland. We also observed a trend of increasing ST6Gal I gene expression in the bovine mammary gland, culminating in involution. This is in contrast to species such as mice where the greatest change in ST6Gal I gene expression occurs between pregnancy and lactation, suggesting different roles in rodents vs. other mammals for α2,6-sialylated oligosaccharides present in milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Maksimovic
- Centre for Reproduction and Development, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton 3168, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
215
|
Bovine colostrum is superior to enriched formulas in stimulating intestinal function and necrotising enterocolitis resistance in preterm pigs. Br J Nutr 2010; 105:44-53. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510003168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Milk contains immunomodulatory compounds that may be important to protect the immature intestine in preterm neonates from harmful inflammatory reactions involved in disorders like necrotising enterocolitis (NEC). We hypothesised that bovine colostrum and milk formulas enriched with sialic acids (SL), gangliosides (Gang) or osteopontin (OPN) would improve gastrointestinal function and NEC resistance in preterm neonates. Forty-seven caesarean-delivered preterm pigs were given total parenteral nutrition for 2 d followed by 1·5 d of enteral feeding. In Expt 1, a control formula was compared with an OPN-enriched formula (n 13), while Expt 2 compared a control formula with bovine colostrum or formulas enriched with Gang or SL (n 4–6). OPN enrichment decreased NEC severity relative to control formula (P < 0·01), without any significant effects on NEC incidence, digestive enzyme activities and hexose absorption. Neither SL- nor Gang-enriched formulas improved NEC resistance or digestive functions, while all the intestinal functional parameters were significantly improved in pigs fed bovine colostrum, relative to formula. The effects in vivo were supported in vitro by bacteria- and dose-dependent modulation by colostrum whey of the cytokine response from bacteria-stimulated murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DC). In conclusion, OPN had only moderate NEC-protective effects, while formulas enriched with Gang or SL were ineffective. The observed modulation of DC cytokine response by bovine colostrum whey in vitro may be due to a synergistic action of various milk bioactives, and it may explain its beneficial effects on NEC development and intestinal function in a piglet model of preterm infants.
Collapse
|
216
|
Spichtig V, Michaud J, Austin S. Determination of sialic acids in milks and milk-based products. Anal Biochem 2010; 405:28-40. [PMID: 20553868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids are becoming recognized as important components of milk-based products for infants and young children. As such, many companies now label the sialic acid content of their products. To control the labeling, suitable methods are required for this analysis. The objective of this work was to set up a rapid and sensitive method for the determination of the two most commonly occurring sialic acids, N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The sialic acids were released from their parent oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, or glycolipids by mild acid hydrolysis using formic acid. They were then derivatized using 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene (DMB) and subsequently separated on a Zorbax SB-Aq Rapid Resolution column in less than 2 min. The method developed was validated on various milk-based products and ingredients containing sialic acid at levels from 0.3 to 900 mg/100 g. Spiking experiments indicate that the sialic acid recoveries ranged from 87% to 108%. The expanded measurement uncertainty was typically below 15% for Neu5Gc and typically below 10% for Neu5Ac or the sum of the sialic acids, with a few exceptions. The proposed method is fast, specific, and easy to set up for compliance analysis in a routine laboratory.
Collapse
|
217
|
Sørensen LK. Determination of sialic acids in infant formula by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:1208-12. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
218
|
Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to sialic acid and learning and memory (ID 1594) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
219
|
Abstract
The rapid growth of infant brains places an exceptionally high demand on the supply of nutrients from the diet, particularly for preterm infants. Sialic acid (Sia) is an essential component of brain gangliosides and the polysialic acid (polySia) chains that modify neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM). Sia levels are high in human breast milk, predominately as N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). In contrast, infant formulas contain a low level of Sia consisting of both Neu5Ac and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Neu5Gc is implicated in some human inflammatory diseases. Brain gangliosides and polysialylated NCAM play crucial roles in cell-to-cell interactions, neuronal outgrowth, modifying synaptic connectivity, and memory formation. In piglets, a diet rich in Sia increases the level of brain Sia and the expression of two learning-related genes and enhances learning and memory. The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence showing the importance of dietary Sia as an essential nutrient for brain development and cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Australia and School of Medicine, Xiamen University, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Barile D, Tao N, Lebrilla CB, Coisson JD, Arlorio M, German JB. Permeate from cheese whey ultrafiltration is a source of milk oligosaccharides. Int Dairy J 2009; 19:524-530. [PMID: 20161544 PMCID: PMC2805004 DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously undescribed oligosaccharides in bovine cheese whey permeate were characterized by a combination of nanoelectrospray Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (nESI-FTICR) mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (MALDI-FTICR) mass spectrometry. Oligosaccharide composition was elucidated by collision-induced dissociation within the ICR cell. In addition to sialyllactose (the most abundant oligosaccharide in bovine colostrum), we identified 14 other oligosaccharides, half of which have the same composition of human milk oligosaccharides. These oligosaccharides could potentially be used as additives in infant formula and products for the pharmaceutical industry. Because whey permeate is a by-product from the production of whey protein concentrate (WPC) and is readily available, it is an attractive source of oligosaccharides for potential application in human nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nannan Tao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (School of Medicine), University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (School of Medicine), University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jean-Daniel Coisson
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Universita’ degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, Novara, 28100, Italy
| | - Marco Arlorio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Universita’ degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, Novara, 28100, Italy
| | - J. Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Du J, Meledeo MA, Wang Z, Khanna HS, Paruchuri VDP, Yarema KJ. Metabolic glycoengineering: sialic acid and beyond. Glycobiology 2009; 19:1382-401. [PMID: 19675091 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This report provides a perspective on metabolic glycoengineering methodology developed over the past two decades that allows natural sialic acids to be replaced with chemical variants in living cells and animals. Examples are given demonstrating how this technology provides the glycoscientist with chemical tools that are beginning to reproduce Mother Nature's control over complex biological systems - such as the human brain - through subtle modifications in sialic acid chemistry. Several metabolic substrates (e.g., ManNAc, Neu5Ac, and CMP-Neu5Ac analogs) can be used to feed flux into the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway resulting in numerous - and sometime quite unexpected - biological repercussions upon nonnatural sialoside display in cellular glycans. Once on the cell surface, ketone-, azide-, thiol-, or alkyne-modified glycans can be transformed with numerous ligands via bioorthogonal chemoselective ligation reactions, greatly increasing the versatility and potential application of this technology. Recently, sialic acid glycoengineering methodology has been extended to other pathways with analog incorporation now possible in surface-displayed GalNAc and fucose residues as well as nucleocytoplasmic O-GlcNAc-modified proteins. Finally, recent efforts to increase the "druggability" of sugar analogs used in metabolic glycoengineering, which have resulted in unanticipated "scaffold-dependent" activities, are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
222
|
McJarrow P, Schnell N, Jumpsen J, Clandinin T. Influence of dietary gangliosides on neonatal brain development. Nutr Rev 2009; 67:451-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
223
|
Tao N, DePeters E, German J, Grimm R, Lebrilla C. Variations in bovine milk oligosaccharides during early and middle lactation stages analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-chip/mass spectrometry. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:2991-3001. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
224
|
Zulet MA, Puchau B, Hermsdorff HHM, Navarro C, Martínez JA. Dietary selenium intake is negatively associated with serum sialic acid and metabolic syndrome features in healthy young adults. Nutr Res 2009; 29:41-8. [PMID: 19185776 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Low-grade and chronic inflammation related to excessive body weight can increase the risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, whereas the intake of antioxidant nutrients appears to produce anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose of this observational study was to assess the potential relationships between serum SA levels, metabolic syndrome features, and dietary selenium intake to test the hypothesis that this antioxidant micronutrient may also have anti-inflammatory properties in healthy young adults. Forty-three healthy participants with a mean age of 18.0 +/- 0.93 years and a mean body mass index of 22.2 +/- 2.7 kg/m(2) were enrolled. Anthropometric, body composition, and blood pressure determinations were measured as well as serum lipid profile, glucose, insulin, and SA concentrations. Nutritional intake was estimated by a computerized, validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. The findings included a positive correlation between SA and triacylglycerol levels (r = 0.317, P = .038) and a trend to significance with the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index (r = 0.297, P = .053). Moreover, subjects with higher dietary selenium intake showed statistically lower SA levels compared with subjects with lower dietary selenium intake (1.8 +/- 0.4 vs 2.1 +/- 0.4 mmol/L, P = .037), while dietary selenium negatively correlated with SA (r = -0.331, P = .030) and triacylglycerol levels (r = -0.312, P = .041). It can be concluded that a relationship of SA, an inflammatory marker, with metabolic syndrome features such as lipid profile impairment and insulin resistance has been envisaged. In addition, we report (apparently for the first time) a negative association between SA and selenium intake, a recognized antioxidant trace element, in healthy young subjects, reinforcing the view of selenium as a potential anti-inflammatory nutrient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Angeles Zulet
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Physiology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
225
|
Ward RE, Niñonuevo M, Mills DA, Lebrilla CB, German JB. In vitro fermentability of human milk oligosaccharides by several strains of bifidobacteria. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 51:1398-405. [PMID: 17966141 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the catabolism and fermentation of human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) by individual strains of bifidobacteria. Oligosaccharides were isolated from a pooled sample of human milk using solid-phase extraction, and then added to a growth medium as the sole source of fermentable carbohydrate. Of five strains of bifidobacteria tested (Bifidobacterium longum biovar infantis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum biovar longum, Bifidobacterium breve, and Bifidobacterium adolescentis), B. longum bv. infantis grew better, achieving triple the cell density then the other strains. B. bifidum did not reach a high cell density, yet generated free sialic acid, fucose and N-acetylglucosamine in the media, suggesting some capacity for HMO degradation. Thin layer chromatography profiles of spent fermentation broth suggests substantial degradation of oligosaccharides by B. longum bv. infantis, moderate degradation by B. bifidum and little degradation by other strains. While all strains were able to individually ferment two monosaccharide constituents of HMO, glucose and galactose, only B. longum bv. infantis and B. breve were able to ferment glucosamine, fucose and sialic acid. These results suggest that as a potential prebiotic, HMO may selectively promote the growth of certain bifidobacteria strains, and their catabolism may result in free monosaccharides in the colonic lumen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Ward
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
226
|
Yapar K, Kart A, Karapehlivan M, Atakisi O, Tunca R, Erginsoy S, Citil M. Hepatoprotective effect of L-carnitine against acute acetaminophen toxicity in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 59:121-8. [PMID: 17716880 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
L-carnitine is a cofactor in the transfer of long-chain fatty acid allowing the beta-oxidation of fatty acid in the mitochondria. It is also a known antioxidant with protective effects against lipid peroxidation. In this study, hepatoprotective effect of L-carnitine was investigated against acetaminophen (AA)-induced liver toxicity where mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are thought to be involved in AA hepatotoxicity. Sixty-four Balb/C mice were divided into eight groups. Mice were dosed with single-AA injection (500 mg/kg via the intra peritoneal route) with or without L-carnitine (500 mg/kg for 5 days starting 5 days before AA injection via intra peritoneal route) and sampled at 4, 8 and 24 h following AA injection. AA increased serum AST, ALT, total sialic acid (TSA) and MDA as well as tissue TSA and MDA levels significantly with the highest increase observed at 4 h, but there was a decrease in blood and tissue GSH level. Administration of L-carnitine significantly reduced AA-induced elevations in AST, ALT, TSA and MDA concentrations and increased GSH levels at all sampling points. AA also induced necrosis, hyperemia, sinusoidal congestion and hemorrhage with time-dependent increase in severity, but the degree of necrosis and histopathologic alterations were most severe at 24 h following AA administration. However, the degree of pathologic alterations was less severe with simultaneous L-carnitine application. These results suggest that AA results in oxidative damage in the liver with an acute effect. L-carnitine also has a prominent protective effect against AA toxicity and may be of therapeutic value in the treatment of AA-induced hepatotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kursad Yapar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, 36040 Kars, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
227
|
Martín MJ, Vázquez E, Rueda R. Application of a sensitive fluorometric HPLC assay to determine the sialic acid content of infant formulas. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 387:2943-9. [PMID: 17333152 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The developing human brain requires high amounts of sialic acids. While human milk is very rich in sialic acids, cow's milk based infant formulas provide lower amounts of sialic acids, and sialic acids are absent in soy milk based formulas. This has prompted interest in the supplementation of formulas with sialic acids, either free or bound to glycoconjugates. In order for fortification of infant formulas with sialic acids to be appropriate for the developmental needs of the infant, an accurate quantitation of sialic acid content of infant formulas through a reliable and easy-to-use method is, therefore, of great interest to industry. In the present method, we describe the application of one of the most widely used analytical techniques to the quantitation of sialic acids in infant formulas. Briefly, sialic acids are hydrolyzed from glycoconjugates, derivatized using 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene dihydrochloride (DMB), and separated using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The method fulfilled the established criteria for validation, with an interassay standard deviation of less than 5%, accuracy greater than 97%, and surrogate recovery between 98 and 104%. An investigation of the ruggedness of the method identified two key criteria: both standards and samples must be subjected to the same temperature and pH conditions for an accurate quantitation; and prolonged storage (more than 2 days) of the DMB reagent and derivatives must be avoided. In conclusion, this method is specific, straightforward, and accurate and can be easily performed in a quality-assurance laboratory to track the level of sialic acid in formulas that contain both inherent and fortified amounts of sialic acids. Figure Infant formula and HPLC vials used for the sialic acid quantitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María J Martín
- Science and Technology Department, Abbott Laboratories, Camino de Purchil 68, 18004 Granada, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
228
|
Koike C, Uddin M, Wildman DE, Gray EA, Trucco M, Starzl TE, Goodman M. Functionally important glycosyltransferase gain and loss during catarrhine primate emergence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:559-64. [PMID: 17194757 PMCID: PMC1766424 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610012104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A glycosyltransferase, alpha1,3galactosyltransferase, catalyzes the terminal step in biosynthesis of Galalpha1,3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-R (alphaGal), an oligosaccharide cell surface epitope. This epitope or antigenically similar epitopes are widely distributed among the different forms of life. Although abundant in most mammals, alphaGal is not normally found in catarrhine primates (Old World monkeys and apes, including humans), all of which produce anti-alphaGal antibodies from infancy onward. Natural selection favoring enhanced resistance to alphaGal-positive pathogens has been the primary reason offered to account for the loss of alphaGal in catarrhines. Here, we question the primacy of this immune defense hypothesis with results that elucidate the evolutionary history of GGTA1 gene and pseudogene loci. One such locus, GGTA1P, a processed (intronless) pseudogene (PPG), is present in platyrrhines, i.e., New World monkeys, and catarrhines but not in prosimians. PPG arose in an early ancestor of anthropoids (catarrhines and platyrrhines), and GGTA1 itself became an unprocessed pseudogene in the late catarrhine stem lineage. Strong purifying selection, denoted by low nonsynonymous substitutions per nonsynonymous site/synonymous substitutions per synonymous site values, preserved GGTA1 in noncatarrhine mammals, indicating that the functional gene product is subjected to considerable physiological constraint. Thus, we propose that a pattern of alternative and/or more beneficial glycosyltransferase activity had to first evolve in the stem catarrhines before GGTA1 inactivation could occur. Enhanced defense against alphaGal-positive pathogens could then have accelerated the replacement of alphaGal-positive catarrhines by alphaGal-negative catarrhines. However, we emphasize that positively selected regulatory changes in sugar chain metabolism might well have contributed in a major way to catarrhine origins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Koike
- Department of Surgery and
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Monica Uddin
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Derek E. Wildman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201; and
- Perinatology Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Edward A. Gray
- Department of Surgery and
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Thomas E. Starzl
- Department of Surgery and
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Morris Goodman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Dose-dependent effects of L-carnitine on blood sialic acid, mda and gsh concentrations in BALB/c mice. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2007. [DOI: 10.2298/avb0704321y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
230
|
Marzouk SAM, Ashraf SS, Tayyari KAA. Prototype Amperometric Biosensor for Sialic Acid Determination. Anal Chem 2006; 79:1668-74. [PMID: 17297971 DOI: 10.1021/ac061886d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the first report on the development, characterization, and applications of a prototype amperometric biosensor for free sialic acid (SA). The sensor was constructed by the coimmobilization of two enzymes, i.e., N-acetylneuraminic acid aldolase and pyruvate oxidase, on a polyester microporous membrane, which was then mounted on top of a platinum disk electrode. The SA biosensor operation was based on the sequential action of the two enzymes to ultimately produce hydrogen peroxide, which was then detected by anodic amperometry at the platinum electrode. The surface of the platinum electrode was coated with an electropolymeric layer to enhance the biosensor selectivity in the presence of interfering oxidizable species. Optimization of the enzyme layer composition resulted in a fast and steady current response in phosphate buffer pH 7.2 at 37 degrees C. The limit of detection was 10 microM, and the response was linear to 3.5 mM (r = 0.9987). The prepared SA biosensors retained approximately 85% of their initial sensitivity after 8 days and showed excellent response reproducibility (CV = 2.3%). Utilization of a third enzyme, sialidase, expanded the scope of the present SA biosensor to determine bound sialic acid as well. The merits of the described biosensor allowed its successful application in determining SA in biological and pharmaceutical samples. The obtained results indicated that the presented SA biosensor should be a useful bioanalytical tool in several biological and clinical applications such as screening of SA as a nonspecific tumor marker as well as monitoring of tumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayed A M Marzouk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, PO Box 17551, United Arab Emirates.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
231
|
Englyst NA, Crook MA, Lumb P, Stears AJ, Masding MG, Wootton SA, Sandeman DD, Byrne CD. Percentage of body fat and plasma glucose predict plasma sialic acid concentration in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2006; 55:1165-70. [PMID: 16919534 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Circulating sialic acid is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is higher in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sialic acid is associated with body mass index, but it is uncertain whether body fat contributes to the higher levels of sialic acid in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, we have investigated whether the higher levels of sialic acid observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus persist when controlling for fatness. Fasting plasma samples were collected from 24 individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 24 controls. Percentage of body fat was measured by bioelectrical impedance. Plasma sialic acid was quantified by an enzymatic method. Plasma sialic acid was higher in the group with type 2 diabetes mellitus than controls (602 +/- 14 vs 545 +/- 14 mg/L, P = .007). Percentage of body fat was associated with plasma sialic acid concentration in both the control group (r = 0.481, P = .020) and the group with type 2 diabetes mellitus (r = 0.527, P = .007). Fasting glucose was also associated with plasma sialic acid in the group with type 2 diabetes mellitus (r = 0.700, P < .001). Adjustment for percentage of body fat accounted for the higher levels of sialic acid in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Using linear regression, 54.3% of the variation of plasma sialic acid was explained by percentage of body fat and glucose concentrations in the whole group. Seventy-four percent of sialic acid variation was explained by the same model in type 2 diabetes mellitus. In conclusion, this is the first study to show that percentage of body fat predicts plasma sialic acid concentration and contributes toward higher levels of sialic acid in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola A Englyst
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
232
|
Schauer R. Sialic acids: fascinating sugars in higher animals and man. ZOOLOGY 2006; 107:49-64. [PMID: 16351927 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2003.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2003] [Accepted: 10/13/2003] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sialic acids are acidic monosaccharides, which are among the most important molecules of higher animals, and occur in some microorganisms. They are bound to complex carbohydrates and occupy prominent positions, especially in cell membranes. Their structural diversity is high and, correspondingly, the mechanisms for their biosynthesis are complex. Sialic acid substituents strongly influence the activity of catabolic enzymes, in particular the sialidases, and thus the turnover rate of glycoconjugates. These sugars are involved in manifold cell functions. Due to the surface location of the acidic molecules they shield macromolecules and cells from enzymatic and immunological attacks. But they also represent recognition sites for various physiological receptors as well as for toxins and microorganisms, and thus allow their colonization. Many viruses use sialic acids for the infection of cells. As sialic acids also play a decisive role in tumor biology they prove to be rather versatile molecules that modulate cell biological events in a sensitive way. It is discussed that their evolvement may have stimulated evolution and rendered organisms less vulnerable to environmental attacks. However, disturbance of their metabolism may cause diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schauer
- Biochemical Institute, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
Sakai F, Ikeuchi Y, Urashima T, Fujihara M, Ohtsuki K, Yanahira S. Effects of Feeding Sialyllactose and Galactosylated N-Acetylneuraminic Acid on Swimming Learning Ability and Brain Lipid Composition in Adult Rats. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2006. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.53.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
234
|
Mikkelsen TL, Bakman S, Sørensen ES, Barkholt V, Frøkiaer H. Sialic acid-containing milk proteins show differential immunomodulatory activities independent of sialic acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:7673-80. [PMID: 16190615 DOI: 10.1021/jf050398o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory activities of four sialic acid-containing milk proteins (kappa-casein, glycomacropeptide, lactoferrin, and proteose peptone-3 component) were determined, and the role of sialic acid was evaluated. Two in vitro models were used: murine splenocyte proliferation, where the effect on LPS-, Con A-, and PHA-stimulated proliferation was studied, and cytokine production in LPS-stimulated murine dendritic cells (DC). All four proteins inhibited LPS-induced splenocyte proliferation, though to different degrees, and independently of sialic acid. kappa-Casein strongly inhibited PHA-induced proliferation and had a weak inhibitory effect on Con A-induced proliferation, whereas lactoferrin stimulated Con A-induced proliferation. kappa-Casein, glycomacropeptide, and lactoferrin differentially affected cytokine production by DC: kappa-casein significantly inhibited production of TNF-alpha, IL-10, -12, -6, and -1beta, independent of sialic acid, whereas less-marked effects of glycomacropeptide and lactoferrin were seen. These findings thus point to important immunosuppressive effects of some milk proteins and indicate that they may function via different mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trine L Mikkelsen
- BioCentrum-DTU, Biochemistry and Nutrition, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
235
|
Yarovaya N, Schot R, Fodero L, McMahon M, Mahoney A, Williams R, Verbeek E, de Bondt A, Hampson M, van der Spek P, Stubbs A, Masters CL, Verheijen FW, Mancini GMS, Venter DJ. Sialin, an anion transporter defective in sialic acid storage diseases, shows highly variable expression in adult mouse brain, and is developmentally regulated. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 19:351-65. [PMID: 16023578 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Revised: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialin is a lysosomal membrane protein encoded by the SLC17A5 gene, which is mutated in patients with sialic acid storage diseases (SASD). To further understand the role of sialin in normal CNS development and in the progressive neuronal atrophy and dysmyelination seen in SASD, we investigated its normal cellular distribution in adult and developing mice. Overall, sialin showed granular immunoreactivity, consistent with a vesicular protein. Adult mice showed widespread sialin expression, including in the brain, heart, lung, and liver. High-level immunoreactivity was seen in the neuropil of the hippocampus, striatum, and cerebral cortex, as well as in the perikarya of cerebellar Purkinje cells, globus pallidus, and certain thalamic and brainstem nuclei. In mouse embryos, the highest levels of expression were observed in the nervous system. We discuss the possible role of sialin in normal development and in SASD pathogenesis, as a framework for further investigation of its function in these contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Yarovaya
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
236
|
Urashima T, Saito T. Why is Lactose a Dominant Saccharide in Milk? J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2005. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.52.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
237
|
Uauy R, Araya M. Novel oligosaccharides in human milk: understanding mechanisms may lead to better prevention of enteric and other infections. J Pediatr 2004; 145:283-5. [PMID: 15343172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
238
|
Schauer R. Victor Ginsburg's influence on my research of the role of sialic acids in biological recognition. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 426:132-41. [PMID: 15158663 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2004] [Revised: 02/27/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids are monosaccharides with relatively strong acidity which belong to the most important molecules of higher animals and also occur in some microorganisms. They are bound to complex carbohydrates and occupy prominent positions, especially in cell membranes. Their structural diversity is high and, correspondingly, the mechanisms for their biosynthesis complex. Sialic acids are involved in a great number of cell functions. Due to their cell surface location these acidic molecules shield macromolecules and cells from enzymatic and immunological attacks and thus contribute to innate immunity. In contrast to this masking role, enabling, for example, blood cells and serum glycoproteins a longer life-time, sialic acids also represent recognition sites for various physiological receptors, such as the selectins and siglecs, as well as for toxins and microorganisms and thus allow their colonization. The recognition function of sialic acids can again be masked by O-acetylation, which modifies the interaction with receptors. Many viruses use sialic acids for the infection of cells. As sialic acids play also a decisive role in tumor biology, they prove to be rather versatile molecules that modulate biological and pathological cellular events in a sensitive way. Thus, they are most prominent representatives of mediators of molecular and cellular recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schauer
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel D-24098, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|