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Abstract
Xanthium strumarium L. (Asteraceae) is traditionally used in Korea to treat skin diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of a X. strumarium stem extract on melanin synthesis. It inhibited melanin synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner, but it did not directly inhibit tyrosinase, the rate-limiting melanogenic enzyme, and instead downregulated microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase expression. MITF, the master regulator of pigmentation, is a target of the Wnt signaling pathway, which includes glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and β-catenin. Hence, the influence of X. strumarium stem extract on GSK3β and β-catenin was further investigated. X. strumarium induced GSK3β phosphorylation (inactivation), but the level of β-catenin did not change. Moreover, a specific GSK3β inhibitor restored X. strumarium-induced melanin reduction. Hence, we suggest that X. strumarium inhibits melanin synthesis through downregulation of tyrosinase via GSK3β phosphorylation.
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202
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Yamashita Y, Ikeda T, Matsuda M, Maji D, Hoshino T, Mizushima T. Purification and characterization of HSP-inducers from Eupatorium lindleyanum. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:909-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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203
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Ohbayashi N, Fukuda M. Role of Rab family GTPases and their effectors in melanosomal logistics. J Biochem 2012; 151:343-51. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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204
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Inhibitory effect of homochlorcyclizine on melanogenesis in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone-stimulated mouse B16 melanoma cells. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:119-27. [PMID: 22297750 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The histamine receptor H1 antagonist homochlorcyclizine (HC) has been widely used as an antihistamine agent for the treatment of allergies. However, the effect of HC on skin pigmentation is not known. In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of HC on melanogenesis in mouse B16 melanoma cells. Our results showed that HC inhibited melanogenesis in either α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)- or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthin (IBMX)-stimulated B16 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Despite the strong inhibition of melanogenesis by HC, it was surprisingly found that HC did not reduce either cellular or melanosomal tyrosinase activity in α-MSH-stimulated B16 cells. In addition, HC also did not directly inhibit either murine or mushroom tyrosinase activity in the cell-free system. Moreover, western blotting and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses respectively confirmed that HC did not downregulate levels of tyrosinase protein and its mRNA in α-MSH-stimulated B16 cells. These results clearly demonstrated that HC inhibits melanogenesis of B16 cells by a mechanism other than reduction of the cellular tyrosinase activity. From the present study, HC was proven to be a good candidate as a skin-whitening agent for treatment of skin hyperpigmentation, and this generic drug might be suitable for use in combination with other depigmenting agents due to its unique inhibition mechanism.
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205
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Si YX, Wang ZJ, Park D, Chung HY, Wang SF, Yan L, Yang JM, Qian GY, Yin SJ, Park YD. Effect of hesperetin on tyrosinase: Inhibition kinetics integrated computational simulation study. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:257-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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206
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Konta L, Száraz P, Magyar JÉ, Révész K, Bánhegyi G, Mandl J, Csala M. Inhibition of glycoprotein synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum as a novel anticancer mechanism of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Biofactors 2011; 37:468-76. [PMID: 22162335 DOI: 10.1002/biof.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been found to trigger the unfolded protein response (UPR) likely due to the inhibition of glucosidase II, a key enzyme of glycoprotein processing and quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These findings strongly suggest that EGCG interferes with glycoprotein maturation and sorting in the ER. This hypothesis was tested in SK-Mel28 human melanoma cells by assessing the effect of EGCG and deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) on the synthesis of two endogenous glycoproteins. Both tyrosinase and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein levels were remarkably reduced despite unaltered mRNA expression in EGCG- or DNJ-treated cells compared to control. The hindrance of tyrosinase and VEGF protein synthesis could be prevented by proteasome inhibitor, lactacystine. Collectively, our results support that glucosidase II inhibitor EGCG interferes with protein processing and quality control in the ER, which diverts tyrosinase, VEGF, and likely other glycoproteins towards proteasomal degradation. This mechanism provides a novel therapeutic approach in dermatology and might play an important role in the antitumor effect or hepatotoxicity of EGCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Konta
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University & MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
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207
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Gold MH, Biron J. Efficacy of a novel hydroquinone-free skin-brightening cream in patients with melasma. J Cosmet Dermatol 2011; 10:189-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1473-2165.2011.00573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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208
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Jeong HS, Lee SH, Yun HY, Baek KJ, Kwon NS, Park KC, Kim DS. Involvement of mTOR signaling in sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced hypopigmentation effects. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:55. [PMID: 21838918 PMCID: PMC3166904 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) acts as a potent lipid mediator and signaling molecule in various cell types. In the present study, we investigated the effects of SPC on melanogenesis and SPC-modulated signaling pathways related to melanin synthesis. METHODS Melanin production was measured in Mel-Ab cells. A luciferase assay was used to detect transcriptional activity of the MITF promoter. Western blot analysis was performed to examine SPC-induced signaling pathways. RESULTS SPC produced significant hypopigmentation effects in a dose-dependent manner. It was found that SPC induced not only activation of Akt but also stimulation of mTOR, a downstream mediator of the Akt signaling pathway. Moreover, SPC decreased the levels of LC3 II, which is known to be regulated by mTOR. Treatment with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin eliminated decreases in melanin and LC3 II levels by SPC. Furthermore, we found that the Akt inhibitor LY294002 restored SPC-mediated downregulation of LC3 II and inhibited the activation of mTOR by SPC. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the mTOR signaling pathway is involved in SPC-modulated melanin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Soon Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 221 Heukseok-dong Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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209
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1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(2,4-dimethoxy-3-methylpheny)propane inhibits melanin synthesis by dual mechanisms. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 63:115-21. [PMID: 21680155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(2,4-dimethoxy-3-methylpheny)propane (DP) was reported as a novel tyrosinase inhibitor by Nesterov et al. In previous study, we showed that DP is an antioxidant and accelerates the fading of UVB-induced tan in human skin but details of inhibiting mechanism of DP in melanogenesis remain incomplete. OBJECTIVE To clarify additional mechanisms of DP inhibition of melanogenesis, we studied the effect of DP on tyrosinase processing and degradation. METHODS Tyrosinase inhibition was assessed using mushroom and human tyrosinase. The effect of DP on mRNA and protein levels as well as glycosylation and degradation of tyrosinase was examined using normal human epidermal melanocytes (NHEM). RESULTS DP was 200 times more potent than that of kojic acid in inhibiting mushroom tyrosinase activity. In contrast, DP (IC(50)=200μM) was significantly less effective at inhibiting tyrosinase from NHEM. DP decreased melanin content in cultured NHEM after 7th day (IC(50)=10μM). The IC(50) for DP against human tyrosinase activity was found to be at least 20 times higher than that of melanin synthesis. At a non-cytotoxic concentration DP did not decrease tyrosinase mRNA however protein level decreased by 46% after 48h treatment. DP did not alter the ratio of mature and immature tyrosinase assayed by endo H cleavage. Tyrosinase degradation assays revealed that DP accelerated tyrosinase degradation in NHEM. CONCLUSIONS We found that DP acts through dual mechanisms to reduce melanin synthesis; by inhibition of tyrosinase activity via an anti-oxidant effect, and, more importantly, by the acceleration of tyrosinase degradation.
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210
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Liang CH. Ov-16 [4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyloxymethyl)phenyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside] inhibits melanin synthesis by regulating expressions of melanogenesis-regulated gene and protein. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:743-8. [PMID: 21672031 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ov-16 (4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyloxymethyl)phenyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside), a polyphenolic glycoside that is isolated from oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), can scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals. This investigation is the first to study in detail the hypopigmentary properties of Ov-16. It demonstrates that 0-1000 μg/ml Ov-16 inhibits the activity of mushroom tyrosinase (Tyr) in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitionary Tyr kinetics of Ov-16 towards the oxidation of L-DOPA was found to be uncompetitive. Following the treatment of human skin premalignant kerationcyte HaCaT cells, human skin fibroblast Hs68 cells and mice melanoma B16 cells with Ov-16 (0-100 μg/ml), cell viability was >98%, suggesting that Ov-16 is non-toxic. Ov-16 can reduce cellular Tyr activity, DOPA oxidase activity and melanin synthesis in B16 cells that are stimulated by the α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Moreover, Ov-16 inhibited the production of melanin in Streptomyces bikiniensis without affecting the growth of the microorganism. The treatment of B16 cells with Ov-16 considerably reduced the gene expressions of melanocortin-1 receptor (Mc1r), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf), Tyr, tyrosinase-related proteins-2 (Trp-2) and Trp-1, as determined by RT-PCR. The expressions of Mc1r, Mift, Tyr, Trp-2 and TrpP-1 protein in Ov-16-treated B16 cells were also significantly reduced, as determined by western blotting and fluorescent staining analysis. These results suggest that Ov-16 exhibits hypopigmentary performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hua Liang
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60 Erh-Jen Road Sec. 1, Pao-An, Jen-Te Hsiang, Tainan, Taiwan.
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211
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Hwang JS, Lee HY, Lim TY, Kim MY, Yoon TJ. Disruption of tyrosinase glycosylation by N-acetylglucosamine and its depigmenting effects in guinea pig skin and in human skin. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 63:199-201. [PMID: 21723097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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212
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Fujita H, Hongo M, Mochizuki M, Yokoyama K, Tanaka Y. Inhibitory effects of 16-hydroxy-9-oxo-10E,12E,14E-octadecatrienoic acid (Corchorifatty acid B) isolated from Melissa officinalis Linné on melanogenesis. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:420-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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213
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Pan T, Li X, Jankovic J. The association between Parkinson's disease and melanoma. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:2251-60. [PMID: 21207412 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a loss of melanin-positive, dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Although there is convincing epidemiologic evidence of a negative association between PD and most cancers, a notable exception to this is that melanoma, a malignant tumor of melanin-producing cells in skin, occurs with higher-than-expected frequency among subjects with PD and that melanoma patients are more likely to have PD. A clear biological explanation for this epidemiological observation is lacking. Here, we present a comprehensive review of published literature exploring the association between PD and melanoma. On the basis of published findings, we conclude that (i) changes in pigmentation including melanin synthesis and/or melanin synthesis enzymes, such as tyrosinase and tyrosine hydroxylase, play important roles in altered vulnerability for both PD and melanoma; (ii) changes of PD-related genes such as Parkin, LRRK2 and α-synuclein may increase the risk of melanoma; (iii) changes in some low-penetrance genes such as cytochrome p450 debrisoquine hydroxylase locus, glutathione S-transferase M1 and vitamin D receptor could increase the risk for both PD and melanoma and (iv) impaired autophagy in both PD and melanoma could also explain the association between PD and melanoma. Future studies are required to address whether altered pigmentation, PD- or melanoma-related gene changes and/or changes in autophagy function induce oncogenesis or apoptosis. From a clinical point of view, early diagnosis of melanoma in PD patients is critical and can be enhanced by periodic dermatological surveillance, including skin biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Pan
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
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214
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Chang TS, Lin JJ. Inhibitory effect of danazol on melanogenesis in mouse B16 melanoma cells. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1959-65. [PMID: 21191761 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-1211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, more than 200 generic drugs were screened to verify their applicability as a skin-lightening agent using mouse B16 melanoma cells. Of the numerous agents, danazol was found to inhibit melanogenesis in B16 cells in a dose-dependent manner with an IC(50) value of 9.3 μM. In addition, danazol reduced cellular tyrosinase activity in B16 cells but did not directly inhibit the murine tyrosinase activity in the cell-free system. Western blotting analysis confirmed that danazol downregulated the levels of tyrosinase protein in B16 cells, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that danazol did not downregulate the levels of tyrosinase mRNA in the cells. These results indicate that danazol inhibits melanogenesis in B16 cells via reducing the tyrosinase activity by post-transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Sheng Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 700, Taiwan.
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215
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Lee JE, Kim SY, Jeong YM, Yun HY, Baek KJ, Kwon NS, Park KC, Kim DS. The regulatory mechanism of melanogenesis by FTY720, a sphingolipid analogue. Exp Dermatol 2010; 20:237-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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216
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Wang HM, Chen CY, Wen ZH. Identifying melanogenesis inhibitors from Cinnamomum subavenium with in vitro and in vivo screening systems by targeting the human tyrosinase. Exp Dermatol 2010; 20:242-8. [PMID: 21054558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is known to be the first two and rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of melanin pigments responsible for colouring skin, hair and eyes. Tyrosinase inhibition is one major strategy used to treat hyperpigmentation. In human skin melanocytes, the cellular tyrosinase inhibition was examined by the conversion of l-tyrosine and oxidation of l-DOPA to dopaquinone. We evaluated the skin pigmentation inhibitor effects with both in vitro and in vivo systems to find skin-whitening agents without cytotoxic concerns. First, linderanolide B and subamolide A were isolated from the stems of Cinnamomum subavenium and exhibited mushroom tyrosinase inhibition. Then, these two herbal compounds were proved to have good pigmentation inhibitory abilities at low doses and demonstrated free cytotoxicities to normal human skin cells and zebrafish system. With molecular docking, in a virtual model of human tyrosinase, linderanolide B and subamolide A displayed meta(l) -coordinating interactions with Cu(2+) ions. The results obtained from biological assays showed that linderanolide B and subamolide A possessed anti-tyrosinase properties, which exhibited potential for application in medical cosmetology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Wang
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
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217
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Oh EY, Jang JY, Choi YH, Choi YW, Choi BT. Inhibitory effects of 1-O-methyl-fructofuranose from Schisandra chinensis fruit on melanogenesis in B16F0 melanoma cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 132:219-224. [PMID: 20723590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY 1-O-methyl-fructofuranose (1-O-MFF) from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis is a traditional Korean medicinal herb that has a variety of beneficial properties. The effect of purified 1-O-MFF on melanogenesis including the activation of related signaling pathways was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The inhibitory activities of 1-O-MFF were examined by melanin synthesis, tyrosinase activity assay, Western blot and flow cytometric analyses in B16F0 mouse melanoma cells. RESULTS 1-O-MFF significantly inhibited both melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity in a concentration-dependent manner, and reduced the expression of melanogenic proteins including microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1. 1-O-MFF phosphorylated and activated melanogenesis inhibitory proteins such as mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt. Flow cytometry confirmed that 1-O-MFF phosphorylated ERK and Akt proteins and recovered partially phosphorylated forms in cells treated with the MEK/ERK inhibitor compound PD98059 and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt inhibitor compound LY294002. CONCLUSIONS The suppressive effects of 1-O-MFF on melanogenesis may involve down-regulation of MITF and its downstream signal pathway via the activation of MEK/ERK or PI3K/Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Oh
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
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218
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Mun JY, Jeong SY, Kim JH, Han SS, Kim IH. A low fluence Q-switched Nd:YAG laser modifies the 3D structure of melanocyte and ultrastructure of melanosome by subcellular-selective photothermolysis. JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 2010; 60:11-18. [PMID: 20937709 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfq068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Laser treatment using low fluence for melasma was previously introduced to overcome postinflammatory hypermelanosis after Q-switched laser therapy. However, research on the mechanism of this treatment is very limited. In this study, a collimated low fluence 1064 nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with a pulse width of <7 ns was applied using top-hat beam mode. The aim of this study was to investigate the mode of action of this laser treatment through electron microscopy. The effectiveness of this treatment was confirmed by clinical photos, melasma area and severity index and spectrophotometer. To understand the mode of action, the three-dimensional structure of melanocytes in the epidermis was analyzed using serial images acquired by a 3VIEW surface block face scanning electron microscope. In the epidermis, after laser treatment, fewer dendrites in the melanocytes were observed compared with pretreatment. In addition, ultrastructural changes in the melanosome were studied using transmission electron microscopy, which showed that laser treatment caused selective photothermolysis on Stage IV melanosome. Therefore, this treatment should be regarded as an effective method for treating melasma through subcellular-selective photothermolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Mun
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anamdong, Seongbukgu, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
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219
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Hwang S, Choi SY, Lee JH, Kim S, In J, Ha SK, Lee E, Kim TY, Kim SY, Choi S, Kim S. Identification of a potent and noncytotoxic inhibitor of melanin production. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5602-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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220
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Quasi-drugs developed in Japan for the prevention or treatment of hyperpigmentary disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:2566-75. [PMID: 20640168 PMCID: PMC2904932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11062566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess production of melanin or its abnormal distribution, or both, can cause irregular hyperpigmentation of the skin, leading to melasma and age spots. To date, various quasi-drugs that prevent or improve hyperpigmentary disorders have been developed and officially approved by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan. Many of these inhibit the activity of tyrosinase, an enzyme required for melanin synthesis, for example, by competitive or non-competitive inhibition of its catalytic activity, by inhibiting its maturation, or by accelerating its degradation. In this review, we categorize the quasi-drugs developed in Japan to prevent or treat hyperpigmentary disorders, or both, and discuss perspectives for future development.
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221
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Kim DS, Park SH, Lee HK, Choo SJ, Lee JH, Song GY, Yoo ID, Kwon SB, Na JI, Park KC. Hypopigmentary action of dihydropyranocoumarin D2, a decursin derivative, as a MITF-degrading agent. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:797-800. [PMID: 20392068 DOI: 10.1021/np900455j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the decursin derivative dihydropyranocoumarin D2 (1) was selected for its effects on melanogenesis using a spontaneously immortalized mouse melanocyte cell line (Mel-Ab). The results showed that 1 effectively inhibited melanin synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner, but that it did not inhibit tyrosinase in a cell-free system. In addition, the changes in ERK, Akt, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) in response to treatment with 1 were assessed. The results revealed that ERK was dramatically up-regulated and MITF was down-regulated in response to treatment with 1, but that Akt was unchanged. Therefore, the effects of 1 on melanogenesis were examined in the absence or presence of PD98059 (a specific inhibitor of the ERK pathway). PD98059 restored hypopigmentation and the down-regulation of MITF induced by 1. Finally, MITF down-regulation by 1 was clearly restored by both chloroquine, a lysosomal proteolysis inhibitor, and MG132, a proteasome inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Seok Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 221 Heukseok-Dong Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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222
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Thanigaimalai P, Le Hoang TA, Lee KC, Bang SC, Sharma VK, Yun CY, Roh E, Hwang BY, Kim Y, Jung SH. Structural requirement(s) of N-phenylthioureas and benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazones as inhibitors of melanogenesis in melanoma B 16 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2991-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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223
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Mahmoud ME, Hesham AEL, Ahmed YAG, Sayed M. Inhibition of melanogenesis by the extract from Agaricus blazei without affecting iNOS gene expression. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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224
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Jeong SY, Shin JB, Yeo UC, Kim WS, Kim IH. Low-fluence Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser for melasma with pre- or post-treatment triple combination cream. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36:909-18. [PMID: 20384749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2010.01523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical triple combination (TC) treatment is considered the primary approach to melasma. Recently, collimated low-fluence 1,064-nm Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser treatment has attracted attention as an alternative approach. OBJECTIVES To compare the clinical efficacy and adverse effects of low-fluence Q-switched Nd:YAG laser when performed before and after treatment with topical TC using a split-face crossover design. METHODS Thirteen patients with melasma received topical treatment with TC cream or 1,064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser treatment on opposite sides of the face for 8 weeks, and then treatments were reversed for 8 weeks. Responses were evaluated using the Melasma Area and Severity Index scoring system, spectrophotometry measurements, and a subjective self-assessment method. RESULTS After 16 weeks, better results were seen in subjective assessments when laser treatment was used after 8 weeks of topical TC treatment than before usage of TC. There were no significant adverse effects with the laser treatments. CONCLUSIONS Laser treatment after topical TC cream was found to be safer and more effective than the post-treatment use of topical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Yeong Jeong
- Department of Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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225
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Effects of the isoflavone puerarin and its glycosides on melanogenesis in B16 melanocytes. Eur Food Res Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-010-1251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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226
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Hoshino T, Matsuda M, Yamashita Y, Takehara M, Fukuya M, Mineda K, Maji D, Ihn H, Adachi H, Sobue G, Funasaka Y, Mizushima T. Suppression of melanin production by expression of HSP70. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:13254-63. [PMID: 20177067 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.103051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin hyperpigmentation disorders due to abnormal melanin production induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation are both a clinical and cosmetic problem. UV irradiation stimulates melanin production in melanocytes by increasing intracellular cAMP. Expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs), especially HSP70, is induced by various stressors, including UV irradiation, to provide cellular resistance to such stressors. In this study we examined the effect of expression of HSP70 on melanin production both in vitro and in vivo. 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), a cAMP-elevating agent, stimulated melanin production in cultured mouse melanoma cells, and this stimulation was suppressed in cells overexpressing HSP70. IBMX-dependent transcriptional activation of the tyrosinase gene was also suppressed in HSP70-overexpressing cells. Expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), which positively regulates transcription of the tyrosinase gene, was up-regulated by IBMX; however, this up-regulation was not suppressed in HSP70-overexpressing cells. On the other hand, immunoprecipitation and immunostaining analyses revealed a physical interaction between and co-localization of MITF and HSP70, respectively. Furthermore, the transcription of tyrosinase gene in nuclear extract was inhibited by HSP70. In vivo, UV irradiation of wild-type mice increased the amount of melanin in the basal layer of the epidermis, and this increase was suppressed in transgenic mice expressing HSP70. This study provides the first evidence of an inhibitory effect of HSP70 on melanin production both in vitro and in vivo. This effect seems to be mediated by modulation of MITF activity through a direct interaction between HSP70 and MITF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Hoshino
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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227
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Kim DS, Lee S, Lee HK, Park SH, Ryoo IJ, Yoo ID, Kwon SB, Baek KJ, Na JI, Park KC. The hypopigmentary action of KI-063 (a new tyrosinase inhibitor) combined with terrein. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:343-8. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.3.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Resorcinol derivatives are known to inhibit melanin synthesis. In this study, resorcinol derivatives were synthesized and screened for their activity on melanogenesis. KI-063 (a tyrosinase inhibitor) was examined for its effects on melanogenesis using a spontaneously immortalized mouse melanocyte cell line (Mel-Ab). In a cell-free system, KI-063 directly inhibited tyrosinase, the rate-limiting melanogenic enzyme. Moreover, in a cell system, it inhibited melanin synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, KI-063 inhibited the activity of cellular tyrosinase. Thus, this study examined the effects of a combination of KI-063 with terrein, an agent that down-regulates microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. The data suggest that KI-063 has an additive effect in combination with terrein. Thus, the suppression of tyrosinase activity by KI-063 and the inhibition of tyrosinase production by terrein appear to be an optimal combination for skin whitening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Seok Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangku Lee
- National Cosmeceutical Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Oeun-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-333, Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Hyoung Park
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
- Welskin Co. Ltd, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - In-Ja Ryoo
- National Cosmeceutical Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Oeun-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-333, Korea
| | - Ick-Dong Yoo
- National Cosmeceutical Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Oeun-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-333, Korea
| | - Sun-Bang Kwon
- Welskin Co. Ltd, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Kwang Jin Baek
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Im Na
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Chan Park
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
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228
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Seo WD, Ryu YB, Curtis-Long MJ, Lee CW, Ryu HW, Jang KC, Park KH. Evaluation of anti-pigmentary effect of synthetic sulfonylamino chalcone. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2010-7. [PMID: 20149498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The 4'-(p-toluenesulfonylamino)-4-hydroxychalcone (TSAHC), which bears inhibitory chemotypes for both alpha-glucosidase and tyrosinase, was evaluated for tyrosinase activity and depigmenting ability relative to compounds designed to only target tyrosianse activity. TSAHC emerged to be a competitive reversible inhibitor of mushroom tyrosinase. More importantly, it was also able to return the melanin content of alpha-melanocyte stimulated by alpha-MSH to base levels unlike other inhibitors that only targeted tyrosinase. The Western blot for expression levels of proteins involved in melanogenesis showed that TSAHC significantly decreased three main tyrosinase related protein in melanin biosynthesis, tyrosinase, TRP-1 and TRP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Duck Seo
- Department of Functional Crop, NICS, RDA, Miryang 627-803, Republic of Korea
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229
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An SM, Koh JS, Boo YC. p
-coumaric acid not only inhibits human tyrosinase activity in vitro
but also melanogenesis in cells exposed to UVB. Phytother Res 2010; 24:1175-80. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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230
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Morpurgo G, Fioretti B, Catacuzzeno L. The main product of specialized tissues regulates cell life and may cause neoplastic transformation. Med Hypotheses 2009; 74:847-54. [PMID: 20036074 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Many tissues and cells in vertebrates are highly specialized and devoted to a single function through the action of a single molecule, that we call the "main product" (MP) of the cell. The hypothesis here proposed is that these MPs control all aspects of the cell life, namely activity, division, differentiation and apoptosis. Evidences supporting this hypothesis are reported for the immune system, pancreatic beta-cells, melanocytes, connective tissues, thyroid cells, skin and erythroid cells. In all cases cell division and differentiation is promoted by a normal activity of the MP, while hyperactivity leads to cell apoptosis. Evidences are also provided that alterations of the activity of the MP may elicit pathological disorders; in particular mutations altering the structure of the MP may elicit tumoural transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Morpurgo
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Ambientale, Universita' di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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231
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Matsuda M, Hoshino T, Yamashita Y, Tanaka KI, Maji D, Sato K, Adachi H, Sobue G, Ihn H, Funasaka Y, Mizushima T. Prevention of UVB radiation-induced epidermal damage by expression of heat shock protein 70. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:5848-58. [PMID: 20018843 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.063453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Irradiation with UV light, especially UVB, causes epidermal damage via the induction of apoptosis, inflammatory responses, and DNA damage. Various stressors, including UV light, induce heat shock proteins (HSPs) and the induction, particularly that of HSP70, provides cellular resistance to such stressors. The anti-inflammatory activity of HSP70, such as its inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), was recently revealed. These in vitro results suggest that HSP70 protects against UVB-induced epidermal damage. Here we tested this idea by using transgenic mice expressing HSP70 and cultured keratinocytes. Irradiation of wild-type mice with UVB caused epidermal damage such as induction of apoptosis, which was suppressed in transgenic mice expressing HSP70. UVB-induced apoptosis in cultured keratinocytes was suppressed by overexpression of HSP70. Irradiation of wild-type mice with UVB decreased the cutaneous level of IkappaB-alpha (an inhibitor of NF-kappaB) and increased the infiltration of leukocytes and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the epidermis. These inflammatory responses were suppressed in transgenic mice expressing HSP70. In vitro, the overexpression of HSP70 suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and increased the level of IkappaB-alpha in keratinocytes irradiated with UVB. UVB induced an increase in cutaneous levels of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, both of which were suppressed in transgenic mice expressing HSP70. This study provides genetic evidence that HSP70 protects the epidermis from UVB-induced radiation damage. The findings here also suggest that the protective action of HSP70 is mediated by anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-DNA damage effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Matsuda
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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232
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Role of the ubiquitin proteasome system in regulating skin pigmentation. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:4428-4434. [PMID: 20057953 PMCID: PMC2790116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10104428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigmentation of the skin, hair and eyes is regulated by tyrosinase, the critical rate-limiting enzyme in melanin synthesis by melanocytes. Tyrosinase is degraded endogenously, at least in part, by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). Several types of inherited hypopigmentary diseases, such as oculocutaneous albinism and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, involve the aberrant processing and/or trafficking of tyrosinase and its subsequent degradation which can occur due to the quality-control machinery. Studies on carbohydrate modifications have revealed that tyrosinase in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is proteolyzed via ER-associated protein degradation and that tyrosinase degradation can also occur following its complete maturation in the Golgi. Among intrinsic factors that regulate the UPS, fatty acids have been shown to modulate tyrosinase degradation in contrasting manners through increased or decreased amounts of ubiquitinated tyrosinase that leads to its accelerated or decelerated degradation by proteasomes.
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233
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Highly selective biotransformation of arbutin to arbutin-α-glucoside using amylosucrase from Deinococcus geothermalis DSM 11300. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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234
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Botelho MG, Wang X, Arndt-Jovin DJ, Becker D, Jovin TM. Induction of terminal differentiation in melanoma cells on downregulation of beta-amyloid precursor protein. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 130:1400-10. [PMID: 19759550 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of melanoma, the most aggressive type of skin cancer, is increasing dramatically, and an effective treatment for patients with advanced disease is as yet unavailable. Greater insight into the molecular features of primary and metastatic melanoma is required, particularly the identification of key regulatory genes that shield the tumor cells from terminal differentiation and apoptosis. The beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a cell surface receptor and the transmembrane precursor of the Abeta-peptide, which has an important role in Alzheimer's disease. The study presented here provides evidence that APP is expressed at high levels in advanced-stage melanomas, and that the cells cleave APP and secrete sAPP. We show that blocking the expression of APP by RNA interference impairs the proliferation of metastatic melanoma cells and leads to their terminal and irreversible differentiation. In addition, suppressing APP expression in a metastatic melanoma cell line renders the cells susceptible to several chemotherapeutic agents. Targeting APP may thus constitute a new approach to the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Botelho
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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235
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Mechanisms regulating skin pigmentation: the rise and fall of complexion coloration. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:4066-4087. [PMID: 19865532 PMCID: PMC2769151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10094066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin pigmentary abnormalities are seen as aesthetically unfavorable and have led to the development of cosmetic and therapeutic treatment modalities of varying efficacy. Hence, several putative depigmenting agents aimed at modulating skin pigmentation are currently being researched or sold in commercially available products. In this review we will discuss the regulation of processes that control skin complexion coloration. This includes direct inhibition of tyrosinase and related melanogenic enzymes, regulation of melanocyte homeostasis, alteration of constitutive and facultative pigmentation and down-regulation of melanosome transfer to the keratinocytes. These various processes, in the complex mechanism of skin pigmentation, can be regulated individually or concomitantly to alter complexion coloration and thus ameliorate skin complexion diseases.
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236
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Li SB, Nie HL, Zhang HT, Xue Y, Zhu LM. Kinetic Evaluation of Aminoethylisothiourea on Mushroom Tyrosinase Activity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 162:641-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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237
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Variations in IC(50) values with purity of mushroom tyrosinase. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:3811-3823. [PMID: 19865520 PMCID: PMC2769143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10093811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of various inhibitors on crude, commercial and partially purified commercial mushroom tyrosinase were examined by comparing IC(50) values. Kojic acid, salicylhydroxamic acid, tropolone, methimazole, and ammonium tetrathiomolybdate had relatively similar IC(50) values for the crude, commercial and partially purified enzyme. 4-Hexylresorcinol seemed to have a somewhat higher IC(50) value using crude extracts, compared to commercial or purified tyrosinase. Some inhibitors (NaCl, esculetin, biphenol, phloridzin) showed variations in IC(50) values between the enzyme samples. In contrast, hydroquinone, lysozyme, Zn(2+), and anisaldehyde showed little or no inhibition in concentration ranges reported to be effective inhibitors. Organic solvents (DMSO and ethanol) had IC(50) values that were similar for some of the tyrosinase samples. Depending of the source of tyrosinase and choice of inhibitor, variations in IC(50) values were observed.
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238
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239
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Chang TS. An updated review of tyrosinase inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:2440-2475. [PMID: 19582213 PMCID: PMC2705500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10062440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 879] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a multifunctional, glycosylated, and copper-containing oxidase, which catalyzes the first two steps in mammalian melanogenesis and is responsible for enzymatic browning reactions in damaged fruits during post-harvest handling and processing. Neither hyperpigmentation in human skin nor enzymatic browning in fruits are desirable. These phenomena have encouraged researchers to seek new potent tyrosinase inhibitors for use in foods and cosmetics. This article surveys tyrosinase inhibitors newly discovered from natural and synthetic sources. The inhibitory strength is compared with that of a standard inhibitor, kojic acid, and their inhibitory mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Sheng Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National University of Tainan, 33 sec. 2 Shu-Lin St., Tainan, Taiwan; E-Mail:
; Tel. +886 6 2606283; Fax: +886 6 2909502
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240
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Tamura K, Ohbayashi N, Maruta Y, Kanno E, Itoh T, Fukuda M. Varp is a novel Rab32/38-binding protein that regulates Tyrp1 trafficking in melanocytes. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:2900-8. [PMID: 19403694 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-12-1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two small GTPase Rabs, Rab32 and Rab38, have recently been proposed to regulate trafficking of melanogenic enzymes to melanosomes in mammalian epidermal melanocytes; however, the exact molecular mechanism of Rab32/38-mediated transport of melanogenic enzymes has never been clarified, because no Rab32/38-specific effector has ever been identified. In this study, we screened for a Rab32/38-specific effector by a yeast two-hybrid assay using a guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-locked Rab32/38 as bait and found that VPS9-ankyrin-repeat protein (Varp)/Ankrd27, characterized previously as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rab21, functions as a specific Rab32/38-binding protein in mouse melanocyte cell line melan-a. Deletion analysis showed that the first ankyrin-repeat (ANKR1) domain functions as a GTP-dependent Rab32/38-binding domain, but that the N-terminal VPS9 domain (i.e., Rab21-GEF domain) does not. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous Varp in melan-a cells caused a dramatic reduction in Tyrp1 (tyrosinase-related protein 1) signals from melanosomes but did not cause any reduction in Pmel17 signals. Furthermore, expression of the ANKR1 domain in melan-a cells also caused a dramatic reduction of Tyrp1 signals, whereas the VPS9 domain had no effect. Based on these findings, we propose that Varp functions as the Rab32/38 effector that controls trafficking of Tyrp1 in melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Tamura
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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241
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Ganesan AK, Ho H, Bodemann B, Petersen S, Aruri J, Koshy S, Richardson Z, Le LQ, Krasieva T, Roth MG, Farmer P, White MA. Genome-wide siRNA-based functional genomics of pigmentation identifies novel genes and pathways that impact melanogenesis in human cells. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000298. [PMID: 19057677 PMCID: PMC2585813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin protects the skin and eyes from the harmful effects of UV irradiation, protects neural cells from toxic insults, and is required for sound conduction in the inner ear. Aberrant regulation of melanogenesis underlies skin disorders (melasma and vitiligo), neurologic disorders (Parkinson's disease), auditory disorders (Waardenburg's syndrome), and opthalmologic disorders (age related macular degeneration). Much of the core synthetic machinery driving melanin production has been identified; however, the spectrum of gene products participating in melanogenesis in different physiological niches is poorly understood. Functional genomics based on RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) provides the opportunity to derive unbiased comprehensive collections of pharmaceutically tractable single gene targets supporting melanin production. In this study, we have combined a high-throughput, cell-based, one-well/one-gene screening platform with a genome-wide arrayed synthetic library of chemically synthesized, small interfering RNAs to identify novel biological pathways that govern melanin biogenesis in human melanocytes. Ninety-two novel genes that support pigment production were identified with a low false discovery rate. Secondary validation and preliminary mechanistic studies identified a large panel of targets that converge on tyrosinase expression and stability. Small molecule inhibition of a family of gene products in this class was sufficient to impair chronic tyrosinase expression in pigmented melanoma cells and UV-induced tyrosinase expression in primary melanocytes. Isolation of molecular machinery known to support autophagosome biosynthesis from this screen, together with in vitro and in vivo validation, exposed a close functional relationship between melanogenesis and autophagy. In summary, these studies illustrate the power of RNAi-based functional genomics to identify novel genes, pathways, and pharmacologic agents that impact a biological phenotype and operate outside of preconceived mechanistic relationships. Aberrant pigment regulation correlates with skin disorders, opthalmologic disorders, and neurologic disorders. While extensive studies have identified regulators of mouse coat color, the regulation of human skin phenotypic variation is less well understood. To give a broader picture of the molecular regulators of melanogenesis in human cells, we used a genome-wide siRNA functional genomics approach to identify 92 novel regulators of melanin production in heavily pigmented MNT-1 melanoma cells. Our screen identified several genes that converge to regulate tyrosinase, the rate-limiting step in pigment production, in both MNT-1 cells and primary melanocytes. Some of the identified genes were selectively active in different genetic backgrounds, suggesting that they may regulate human phenotypic variation. Small molecule inhibition of a family of novel pigment regulators was sufficient to impair pigment production in melanocytes. Additionally, our screen identified molecular machinery known to support autophagosome biosynthesis as putative regulators of melanogenesis. In vitro co-localization studies and autophagy-deficient mice provided evidence that normal melanogenesis requires the same molecular machinery used by the autophagy pathway. Taken together, these results illustrate the utility of genome wide siRNA screening approaches for identifying genes, novel pharmacologic agents, and pathways that regulate differentiated cellular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand K. Ganesan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AKG); (MAW)
| | - Hsiang Ho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Brian Bodemann
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sean Petersen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jayavani Aruri
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Shiney Koshy
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Zachary Richardson
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Lu Q. Le
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Krasieva
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Roth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Pat Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Michael A. White
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AKG); (MAW)
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242
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Choi HJ, Kwon YB, Kong KH. An efficient method for the over-expression and purification of active human tyrosinase. J Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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243
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Ishiguro K, Shyam K, Penketh PG, Sartorelli AC. Development of an O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase assay based on covalent transfer of the benzyl moiety from [benzene-3H]O(6)-benzylguanine to the protein. Anal Biochem 2008; 383:44-51. [PMID: 18783719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although it is known that (i) O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) confers tumor cell resistance to guanine O(6)-targeting drugs such as cloretazine, carmustine, and temozolomide and that (ii) AGT levels in tumors are highly variable, measurement of AGT activity in tumors before treatment is not a routine clinical practice. This derives in part from the lack of a reliable clinical AGT assay; therefore, a simple AGT assay was devised based on transfer of radioactive benzyl residues from [benzene-3H]O(6)-benzylguanine ([3H]BG) to AGT. The assay involves incubation of intact cells or cell homogenates with [3H]BG and measurement of radioactivity in a 70% methanol precipitable fraction. Approximately 85% of AGT in intact cells was recovered in cell homogenates. Accuracy of the AGT assay was confirmed by examination of AGT levels by Western blot analysis with the exception of false-positive results in melanin-containing cells due to [3H]BG binding to melanin. Second-order kinetic constants for human and murine AGT were 1100 and 380 M(-1)s(-1), respectively. AGT levels in various human cell lines ranged from less than 500 molecules/cell (detection limit) to 45,000 molecules/cell. Rodent cell lines frequently lacked AGT expression, and AGT levels in rodent cells were much lower than in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Ishiguro
- Department of Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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244
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Brenner M, Hearing VJ. Modifying skin pigmentation - approaches through intrinsic biochemistry and exogenous agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:e189-e199. [PMID: 19578486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rates of skin cancer continue to increase despite the improved use of traditional sunscreens to minimize damage from ultraviolet radiation. The public perception of tanned skin as being healthy and desirable, combined with the rising demand for treatments to repair irregular skin pigmentation and the desire to increase or decrease constitutive skin pigmentation, arouses great interest pharmaceutically as well as cosmeceutically. This review discusses the intrinsic biochemistry of pigmentation, details mechanisms that lead to increased or decreased skin pigmentation, and summarizes established and potential hyper- and hypo-pigmenting agents and their modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Brenner
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
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245
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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246
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Newton RA, Cook AL, Roberts DW, Leonard JH, Sturm RA. Post-transcriptional regulation of melanin biosynthetic enzymes by cAMP and resveratrol in human melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:2216-27. [PMID: 17460731 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Upregulation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression has been proposed to mediate melanogenesis stimulated by cAMP, whereas downregulation of MITF has been suggested to underlie the depigmentary effects of resveratrol, a promising chemotherapeutic found in red wine. We have assessed the contribution of MITF to pigmentation regulation by treating primary cultures of normal human melanocytes with the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin and/or resveratrol, then quantifying mRNA and protein levels for MITF, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1, and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT). The inhibition of tyrosinase activity by resveratrol was not due to alterations in MITF, but instead was explained by both direct tyrosinase inhibition and a post-transcriptional effect that reduced the amount of fully processed tyrosinase. Glycosidase digestion revealed that the basis for the tyrosinase decrease was the retention of an immature form in the ER and subsequent loss of the mature, Golgi-processed enzyme. Elevation of intracellular cAMP by forskolin markedly increased protein levels for MITF, tyrosinase and DCT, however there was no concomitant increase in tyrosinase or DCT mRNA. This indicated that elevated levels of MITF were not sufficient to promote transcription of these melanogenic genes and that the increase in their protein abundance appeared to be predominantly mediated through post-transcriptional processing events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Newton
- Melanogenix Group, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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