201
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Goropevšek A, Holcar M, Avčin T. The Role of STAT Signaling Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 52:164-181. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-016-8550-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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202
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Janus Kinase 1 Is Essential for Inflammatory Cytokine Signaling and Mammary Gland Remodeling. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:1673-90. [PMID: 27044867 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00999-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a wealth of knowledge about the significance of individual signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs), essential functions of their upstream Janus kinases (JAKs) during postnatal development are less well defined. Using a novel mammary gland-specific JAK1 knockout model, we demonstrate here that this tyrosine kinase is essential for the activation of STAT1, STAT3, and STAT6 in the mammary epithelium. The loss of JAK1 uncouples interleukin-6-class ligands from their downstream effector, STAT3, which leads to the decreased expression of STAT3 target genes that are associated with the acute-phase response, inflammation, and wound healing. Consequently, JAK1-deficient mice exhibit impaired apoptosis and a significant delay in mammary gland remodeling. Using RNA sequencing, we identified several new JAK1 target genes that are upregulated during involution. These include Bmf and Bim, which are known regulators of programmed cell death. Using a BMF/BIM-double-knockout epithelial transplant model, we further validated that the synergistic action of these proapoptotic JAK1 targets is obligatory for the remodeling of the mammary epithelium. The collective results of this study suggest that JAK1 has nonredundant roles in the activation of particular STAT proteins and this tyrosine kinase is essential for coupling inflammatory cytokine signals to the cell death machinery in the differentiated mammary epithelium.
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203
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Pulvino M, Chen L, Oleksyn D, Li J, Compitello G, Rossi R, Spence S, Balakrishnan V, Jordan C, Poligone B, Casulo C, Burack R, Shapiro JL, Bernstein S, Friedberg JW, Deshaies RJ, Land H, Zhao J. Inhibition of COP9-signalosome (CSN) deneddylating activity and tumor growth of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas by doxycycline. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14796-813. [PMID: 26142707 PMCID: PMC4558116 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In searching for small-molecule compounds that inhibit proliferation and survival of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells and may, therefore, be exploited as potential therapeutic agents for this disease, we identified the commonly used and well-tolerated antibiotic doxycycline as a strong candidate. Here, we demonstrate that doxycycline inhibits the growth of DLBCL cells both in vitro and in mouse xenograft models. In addition, we show that doxycycline accumulates in DLBCL cells to high concentrations and affects multiple signaling pathways that are crucial for lymphomagenesis. Our data reveal the deneddylating activity of COP-9 signalosome (CSN) as a novel target of doxycycline and suggest that doxycycline may exert its effects in DLBCL cells in part through a CSN5-HSP90 pathway. Consistently, knockdown of CSN5 exhibited similar effects as doxycycline treatment on DLBCL cell survival and HSP90 chaperone function. In addition to DLBCL cells, doxycycline inhibited growth of several other types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells in vitro. Together, our results suggest that doxycycline may represent a promising therapeutic agent for DLBCL and other non-Hodgkin lymphomas subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Pulvino
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Luojing Chen
- Division of Allergy/Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - David Oleksyn
- Division of Allergy/Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - George Compitello
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Randy Rossi
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Stephen Spence
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Vijaya Balakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Craig Jordan
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brian Poligone
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Carla Casulo
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Richard Burack
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Joel L Shapiro
- Department of Pathology, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Steven Bernstein
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan W Friedberg
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Raymond J Deshaies
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Hartmut Land
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jiyong Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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204
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Yang R, Rincon M. Mitochondrial Stat3, the Need for Design Thinking. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:532-44. [PMID: 27019635 PMCID: PMC4807418 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.15153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stat3 has been studied extensively as a transcription factor, however the finding that Stat3 also localizes to mitochondria has opened a new area to discover non-classical functions. Here we review the current knowledge of mitochondrial Stat3 as a regulator of the electron transport chain (ETC) and its impact on mitochondrial production of ATP and ROS. We also describe recent findings identifying Stat3 as a regulator of mitochondrial Ca(2+) homeostasis through its effect on the ETC. It is becoming evident that these non-classical functions of Stat3 can have a major impact on cancer progression, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, mitochondrial Stat3 functions challenge the current design of therapies that solely target Stat3 as a transcription factor and suggest the need for "design thinking," which leads to the development of novel strategies, to intervene the Stat3 pathway.
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205
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Villarino AV, Kanno Y, Ferdinand JR, O'Shea JJ. Mechanisms of Jak/STAT signaling in immunity and disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 194:21-7. [PMID: 25527793 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
More than two decades ago, experiments on the antiviral mechanisms of IFNs led to the discovery of JAKs and their downstream effectors, the STAT proteins. This pathway has since become a paradigm for membrane-to-nucleus signaling and explains how a broad range of soluble factors, including cytokines and hormones, mediate their diverse functions. Jak/STAT research has not only impacted basic science, particularly in the context of intercellular communication and cell-extrinsic control of gene expression, it also has become a prototype for transition from bench to bedside, culminating in the development and clinical implementation of pathway-specific therapeutics. This brief review synthesizes our current understanding of Jak/STAT biology while taking stock of the lessons learned and the challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro V Villarino
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yuka Kanno
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John R Ferdinand
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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206
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Fukumoto T, Iwasaki T, Okada T, Hashimoto T, Moon Y, Sakaguchi M, Fukami Y, Nishigori C, Oka M. High expression of Mcl-1L via the MEK-ERK-phospho-STAT3 (Ser727) pathway protects melanocytes and melanoma from UVB-induced apoptosis. Genes Cells 2016; 21:185-99. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Fukumoto
- Division of Dermatology; Department of Internal Related; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho Chuo-ku Kobe 650-0017 Japan
| | - Tetsushi Iwasaki
- Research Center for Environmental Genomics; Organization of Advanced Science and Technology; Kobe University; 1-1 Rokkodai Nada Kobe 657-8501 Japan
- Department of Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Science; 1-1 Rokkodai Nada Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Taro Okada
- Division of Biochemistry; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho Chuo-ku Kobe 650-0017 Japan
| | - Takanori Hashimoto
- Department of Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Science; 1-1 Rokkodai Nada Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Youbin Moon
- Department of Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Science; 1-1 Rokkodai Nada Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Masanobu Sakaguchi
- Division of Dermatology; Department of Internal Related; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho Chuo-ku Kobe 650-0017 Japan
| | - Yasuo Fukami
- Research Center for Environmental Genomics; Organization of Advanced Science and Technology; Kobe University; 1-1 Rokkodai Nada Kobe 657-8501 Japan
- Department of Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Science; 1-1 Rokkodai Nada Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology; Department of Internal Related; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho Chuo-ku Kobe 650-0017 Japan
| | - Masahiro Oka
- Division of Dermatology; Department of Internal Related; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho Chuo-ku Kobe 650-0017 Japan
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207
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Ralston JC, Metherel AH, Stark KD, Mutch DM. SCD1 mediates the influence of exogenous saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in adipocytes: Effects on cellular stress, inflammatory markers and fatty acid elongation. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 27:241-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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208
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Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription 5 (STAT5a and STAT5b) are highly homologous proteins that are encoded by 2 separate genes and are activated by Janus-activated kinases (JAK) downstream of cytokine receptors. STAT5 proteins are activated by a wide variety of hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cytokines and growth factors, all of which use the JAK-STAT signalling pathway as their main mode of signal transduction. STAT5 proteins critically regulate vital cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The physiological importance of STAT5 proteins is underscored by the plethora of primary human tumors that have aberrant constitutive activation of these proteins, which significantly contributes to tumor cell survival and malignant progression of disease. STAT5 plays an important role in the maintenance of normal immune function and homeostasis, both of which are regulated by specific members of IL-2 family of cytokines, which share a common gamma chain (γ(c)) in their receptor complex. STAT5 critically mediates the biological actions of members of the γ(c) family of cytokines in the immune system. Essentially, STAT5 plays a critical role in the function and development of Tregs, and consistently activated STAT5 is associated with a suppression in antitumor immunity and an increase in proliferation, invasion, and survival of tumor cells. Thus, therapeutic targeting of STAT5 is promising in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Rani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster , London, United Kingdom
| | - John J Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster , London, United Kingdom
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209
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Camicia R, Winkler HC, Hassa PO. Novel drug targets for personalized precision medicine in relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a comprehensive review. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:207. [PMID: 26654227 PMCID: PMC4676894 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a clinically heterogeneous lymphoid malignancy and the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in adults, with one of the highest mortality rates in most developed areas of the world. More than half of DLBLC patients can be cured with standard R-CHOP regimens, however approximately 30 to 40 % of patients will develop relapsed/refractory disease that remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality due to the limited therapeutic options.Recent advances in gene expression profiling have led to the identification of at least three distinct molecular subtypes of DLBCL: a germinal center B cell-like subtype, an activated B cell-like subtype, and a primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma subtype. Moreover, recent findings have not only increased our understanding of the molecular basis of chemotherapy resistance but have also helped identify molecular subsets of DLBCL and rational targets for drug interventions that may allow for subtype/subset-specific molecularly targeted precision medicine and personalized combinations to both prevent and treat relapsed/refractory DLBCL. Novel agents such as lenalidomide, ibrutinib, bortezomib, CC-122, epratuzumab or pidilizumab used as single-agent or in combination with (rituximab-based) chemotherapy have already demonstrated promising activity in patients with relapsed/refractory DLBCL. Several novel potential drug targets have been recently identified such as the BET bromodomain protein (BRD)-4, phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate synthetase (PRPS)-2, macrodomain-containing mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase (ARTD)-9 (also known as PARP9), deltex-3-like E3 ubiquitin ligase (DTX3L) (also known as BBAP), NF-kappaB inducing kinase (NIK) and transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGFβR).This review highlights the new insights into the molecular basis of relapsed/refractory DLBCL and summarizes the most promising drug targets and experimental treatments for relapsed/refractory DLBCL, including the use of novel agents such as lenalidomide, ibrutinib, bortezomib, pidilizumab, epratuzumab, brentuximab-vedotin or CAR T cells, dual inhibitors, as well as mechanism-based combinatorial experimental therapies. We also provide a comprehensive and updated list of current drugs, drug targets and preclinical and clinical experimental studies in DLBCL. A special focus is given on STAT1, ARTD9, DTX3L and ARTD8 (also known as PARP14) as novel potential drug targets in distinct molecular subsets of DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Camicia
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Stem Cell Research Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Nuffield Division of Clinical, Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,MRC-UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E6BT, UK
| | - Hans C Winkler
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul O Hassa
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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210
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Chang SF, Hsieh RZ, Huang KC, Chang CA, Chiu FY, Kuo HC, Chen CN, Su YP. Upregulation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Synthesis and Consequent Collagen II Expression in Leptin-stimulated Human Chondrocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144252. [PMID: 26636769 PMCID: PMC4670096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play positive roles in cartilage development, but they can barely be detected in healthy articular cartilage. However, recent evidence has indicated that BMPs could be detected in osteoarthritic and damaged cartilage and their precise roles have not been well defined. Extremely high amounts of leptin have been reported in obese individuals, which can be associated with osteoarthritis (OA) development. The aim of this study was to investigate whether BMPs could be induced in human primary chondrocytes during leptin-stimulated OA development and the underlying mechanism. We found that expression of BMP-2 mRNA, but not BMP-4, BMP-6, or BMP-7 mRNA, could be increased in human primary chondrocytes under leptin stimulation. Moreover, this BMP-2 induction was mediated through transcription factor-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 activation via JAK2-ERK1/2-induced Ser727-phosphorylation. Of note, histone deacetylases (HDACs) 3 and 4 were both involved in modulating leptin-induced BMP-2 mRNA expression through different pathways: HDAC3, but not HDAC4, associated with STAT3 to form a complex. Our results further demonstrated that the role of BMP-2 induction under leptin stimulation is to increase collagen II expression. The findings in this study provide new insights into the regulatory mechanism of BMP-2 induction in leptin-stimulated chondrocytes and suggest that BMP-2 may play a reparative role in regulating leptin-induced OA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Fu Chang
- Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi Branch, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Ze Hsieh
- Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi Branch, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chin Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi Branch, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Allen Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yao Chiu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Chun Kuo
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Nan Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CNC); (YPS)
| | - Yu-Ping Su
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CNC); (YPS)
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211
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Rybak AP, Bristow RG, Kapoor A. Prostate cancer stem cells: deciphering the origins and pathways involved in prostate tumorigenesis and aggression. Oncotarget 2015; 6:1900-19. [PMID: 25595909 PMCID: PMC4385825 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cells of the prostate gland are dependent on cell signaling pathways to regulate their growth, maintenance and function. However, perturbations in key signaling pathways, resulting in neoplastic transformation of cells in the prostate epithelium, are likely to generate subtypes of prostate cancer which may subsequently require different treatment regimes. Accumulating evidence supports multiple sources of stem cells in the prostate epithelium with distinct cellular origins for prostate tumorigenesis documented in animal models, while human prostate cancer stem-like cells (PCSCs) are typically enriched by cell culture, surface marker expression and functional activity assays. As future therapies will require a deeper understanding of its cellular origins as well as the pathways that drive PCSC maintenance and tumorigenesis, we review the molecular and functional evidence supporting dysregulation of PI3K/AKT, RAS/MAPK and STAT3 signaling in PCSCs, the development of castration resistance, and as a novel treatment approach for individual men with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P Rybak
- McMaster Institute of Urology, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, ON, Canada.,St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Robert G Bristow
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (University Health Network), ON, Canada.,Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anil Kapoor
- McMaster Institute of Urology, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, ON, Canada.,St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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212
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Yuan J, Zhang F, Niu R. Multiple regulation pathways and pivotal biological functions of STAT3 in cancer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17663. [PMID: 26631279 PMCID: PMC4668392 DOI: 10.1038/srep17663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
STAT3 is both a transcription activator and an oncogene that is tightly regulated under normal physiological conditions. However, abundant evidence indicates that STAT3 is persistently activated in several cancers, with a crucial position in tumor onset and progression. In addition to its traditional role in cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, STAT3 also promotes cancer through altering gene expression via epigenetic modification, inducing epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotypes in cancer cells, regulating the tumor microenvironment, and promoting cancer stem cells (CSCs) self-renewal and differentiation. STAT3 is regulated not only by the canonical cytokines and growth factors, but also by the G-protein-coupled receptors, cadherin engagement, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and microRNA (miRNA). Despite the presence of diverse regulators and pivotal biological functions in cancer, no effective therapeutic inventions are available for inhibiting STAT3 and acquiring potent antitumor effects in the clinic. An improved understanding of the complex roles of STAT3 in cancer is required to achieve optimal therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yuan
- Public Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Huan-Hu-Xi Road, Ti-Yuan-Bei, He Xi District, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Public Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Huan-Hu-Xi Road, Ti-Yuan-Bei, He Xi District, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifang Niu
- Public Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Huan-Hu-Xi Road, Ti-Yuan-Bei, He Xi District, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China
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213
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Mass spectrometric phosphoproteome analysis of small-sized samples of human neutrophils. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 451:199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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214
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Jeong SK, Kim JS, Lee CG, Park YS, Kim SD, Yoon SO, Han DH, Lee KY, Jeong MH, Jo WS. Tumor associated macrophages provide the survival resistance of tumor cells to hypoxic microenvironmental condition through IL-6 receptor-mediated signals. Immunobiology 2015; 222:55-65. [PMID: 26705936 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia and infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are intrinsic features of the tumor microenvironment. Tumor cells that remain viable in hypoxic conditions often possess an increased survival potential and tend to grow aggressively. TAM also respond to a variety of signals in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and express a more M2-like phenotype. In this study, the established mouse tumor tissues showed a dense infiltration of CD206+ macrophages at the junctions between the normoxic and hypoxic regions and an increased IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) expression of tumor cells in the areas of CD206+ TAM accumulation, which indicates a role of M2 phenotype TAM in survival adaptation of tumor cells preparing for an impending hypoxic injury before changes in oxygen availability. Cocultured mouse FM3A or human MCF-7 tumor cells with tumor infiltrating macrophages isolated from mouse tumor tissues and M2-polarized macrophages generated from human THP-1 cells, respectively, showed significantly decreased rate of cell death in cultures exposed to hypoxia. The acquisition of survival resistance was attributed to increased IL-6 production by M2 TAM and increased expression of IL-6R in tumor cells in the coculture system. MCF-7 cells cocultured with M2 TAM showed activated JAK1/STAT3 and Raf/MEK/JNK pathways contributing to tyrosine and serine phophorylation of STAT3, respectively. However, only tyrosine phosphorylated STAT3 was detected in the nucleus, which induced upregulation of Bcl-2 and downregulation of Bax and Bak. Finally, knockdown of IL-6R by small interfering RNA significantly counteracted coculture-induced signals and completely abolished the survival resistance to hypoxic injury. Thus, we present evidence for the role of M2 phenotype TAM in IL-6 receptor-mediated signals, particularly tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3, responsible for the prosurvival adaptation of tumor cells to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Kyung Jeong
- Department of Research Center, Dong Nam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Jwadong-gil 40, Jangan-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Daeshingongwon-gil 32, Seo-gu, Busan 602-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Sun Kim
- Department of Research Center, Dong Nam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Jwadong-gil 40, Jangan-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Geun Lee
- Department of Research Center, Dong Nam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Jwadong-gil 40, Jangan-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Soo Park
- Department of Research Center, Dong Nam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Jwadong-gil 40, Jangan-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Dae Kim
- Department of Research Center, Dong Nam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Jwadong-gil 40, Jangan-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ok Yoon
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Han
- Department of Microbiology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Daeshingongwon-gil 32, Seo-gu, Busan 602-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Yeol Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Daeshingongwon-gil 32, Seo-gu, Busan 602-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Daeshingongwon-gil 32, Seo-gu, Busan 602-714, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wol Soon Jo
- Department of Research Center, Dong Nam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Jwadong-gil 40, Jangan-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea.
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215
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Meissl K, Macho-Maschler S, Müller M, Strobl B. The good and the bad faces of STAT1 in solid tumours. Cytokine 2015; 89:12-20. [PMID: 26631912 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 is part of the Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT signalling cascade and is best known for its essential role in mediating responses to all types of interferons (IFN). STAT1 regulates a variety of cellular processes, such as antimicrobial activities, cell proliferation and cell death. It exerts important immune modulatory activities both in the innate and the adaptive arm of the immune system. Based on studies in mice and data from human patients, STAT1 is generally considered a tumour suppressor but there is growing evidence that it can also act as a tumour promoter. This review aims at contrasting the two faces of STAT1 in tumourigenesis and providing an overview on the current knowledge of the underlying mechanisms or pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Meissl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Macho-Maschler
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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216
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Castellana B, Aasen T, Moreno-Bueno G, Dunn SE, Ramón y Cajal S. Interplay between YB-1 and IL-6 promotes the metastatic phenotype in breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:38239-56. [PMID: 26512918 PMCID: PMC4741996 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) induces cell plasticity and promotes metastasis. The multifunctional oncoprotein Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) and the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) have both been implicated in tumor cell metastasis and EMT, but via distinct pathways. Here, we show that direct interplay between YB-1 and IL-6 regulates breast cancer metastasis. Overexpression of YB-1 in breast cancer cell lines induced IL-6 production while stimulation with IL-6 increased YB-1 expression and YB-1 phosphorylation. Either approach was sufficient to induce EMT features, including increased cell migration and invasion. Silencing of YB-1 partially reverted the EMT and blocked the effect of IL-6 while inhibition of IL-6 signaling blocked the phenotype induced by YB-1 overexpression, demonstrating a clear YB-1/IL-6 interdependence. Our findings describe a novel signaling network in which YB-1 regulates IL-6, and vice versa, creating a positive feed-forward loop driving EMT-like metastatic features during breast cancer progression. Identification of signaling partners or pathways underlying this co-dependence may uncover novel therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bàrbara Castellana
- Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universidad Autonoma of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departments of Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Trond Aasen
- Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universidad Autonoma of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gema Moreno-Bueno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra E. Dunn
- Phoenix Molecular Diagnostics Ltd., Richmond, BC, Canada
| | - Santiago Ramón y Cajal
- Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universidad Autonoma of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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217
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Sharma M, Zhou J, Gauchat JF, Sharma R, McCarthy ET, Srivastava T, Savin VJ. Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 inhibitors attenuate the effect of cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 and human focal segmental glomerulosclerosis serum on glomerular filtration barrier. Transl Res 2015; 166:384-98. [PMID: 25843671 PMCID: PMC4569535 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recurrence of idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) after renal transplantation is believed to be caused by a circulating factor(s). We detected cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF1), a member of the interleukin 6 family, in the plasma from patients with recurrent FSGS. We hypothesized that CLCF1 contributes to the effect of FSGS serum on the glomerular filtration barrier in vitro. Presently, we studied the effect of CLCF1 on isolated rat glomeruli using an in vitro assay of albumin permeability (P(alb)). CLCF1 (0.05-100 ng/mL) increased P(alb) and caused maximal effect at 5-10 ng/mL (P < 0.001). The increase in Palb was analogous to the effect of FSGS serum. Anti-CLCF1 monoclonal antibody blocked the CLCF1-induced increase in P(alb) and significantly attenuated the effect of FSGS serum (P < 0.001). The heterodimer composed of CLCF1 and cosecreted molecule cytokine receptor-like factor 1 (CRLF1) attenuated the increase in P(alb) caused by CLCF1 or FSGS serum. Western blot analysis showed that CLCF1 upregulated phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) (Tyr705) in glomeruli. This effect was diminished by the heterodimer CLCF1-CRLF1. Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitor BMS-1119543 or STAT3 inhibitor Stattic significantly blocked the effect of CLCF1 or FSGS serum on P(alb) (P < 0.001). These novel findings suggest that when monomeric CLCF1 increases P(alb), the heterodimer CLCF1-CRLF1 may protect the glomerular filtration barrier. We speculate that albuminuria in FSGS is related to qualitative or quantitative changes in the CLCF1-CRLF1 complex, and that JAK2 or STAT3 inhibitors may be novel therapeutic agents to treat FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukut Sharma
- Renal Research Laboratory, Research and Development, MBRF and Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Mo; Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kan.
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Renal Research Laboratory, Research and Development, MBRF and Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Mo
| | | | - Ram Sharma
- Renal Research Laboratory, Research and Development, MBRF and Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Mo
| | - Ellen T McCarthy
- Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kan
| | - Tarak Srivastava
- Renal Research Laboratory, Research and Development, MBRF and Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Mo; Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo
| | - Virginia J Savin
- Renal Research Laboratory, Research and Development, MBRF and Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Mo; Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kan
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218
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Tassoni A, Gutteridge A, Barber AC, Osborne A, Martin KR. Molecular Mechanisms Mediating Retinal Reactive Gliosis Following Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3006-16. [PMID: 26175331 PMCID: PMC4832383 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A variety of diseases lead to degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons within the optic nerve resulting in loss of visual function. Although current therapies may delay RGC loss, they do not restore visual function or completely halt disease progression. Regenerative medicine has recently focused on stem cell therapy for both neuroprotective and regenerative purposes. However, significant problems remain to be addressed, such as the long-term impact of reactive gliosis occurring in the host retina in response to transplanted stem cells. The aim of this work was to investigate retinal glial responses to intravitreally transplanted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) to help identify factors able to modulate graft-induced reactive gliosis. We found in vivo that intravitreal BM-MSC transplantation is associated with gliosis-mediated retinal folding, upregulation of intermediate filaments, and recruitment of macrophages. These responses were accompanied by significant JAK/STAT3 and MAPK (ERK1/2 and JNK) cascade activation in retinal Muller glia. Lipocalin-2 (Lcn-2) was identified as a potential new indicator of graft-induced reactive gliosis. Pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 in BM-MSC cocultured retinal explants successfully reduced glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in retinal Muller glia and increased BM-MSC retinal engraftment. Inhibition of stem cell-induced reactive gliosis is critical for successful transplantation-based strategies for neuroprotection, replacement, and regeneration of the optic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Tassoni
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amanda C Barber
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Osborne
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Keith R Martin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Eye Department, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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219
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Schaper F, Rose-John S. Interleukin-6: Biology, signaling and strategies of blockade. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:475-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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220
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Xu L, Ji JJ, Le W, Xu YS, Dou D, Pan J, Jiao Y, Zhong T, Wu D, Wang Y, Wen C, Xie GQ, Yao F, Zhao H, Fan YS, Chin YE. The STAT3 HIES mutation is a gain-of-function mutation that activates genes via AGG-element carrying promoters. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:8898-912. [PMID: 26384563 PMCID: PMC4605325 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine or growth factor activated STAT3 undergoes multiple post-translational modifications, dimerization and translocation into nuclei, where it binds to serum-inducible element (SIE, ‘TTC(N3)GAA’)-bearing promoters to activate transcription. The STAT3 DNA binding domain (DBD, 320–494) mutation in hyper immunoglobulin E syndrome (HIES), called the HIES mutation (R382Q, R382W or V463Δ), which elevates IgE synthesis, inhibits SIE binding activity and sensitizes genes such as TNF-α for expression. However, the mechanism by which the HIES mutation sensitizes STAT3 in gene induction remains elusive. Here, we report that STAT3 binds directly to the AGG-element with the consensus sequence ‘AGG(N3)AGG’. Surprisingly, the helical N-terminal region (1–355), rather than the canonical STAT3 DBD, is responsible for AGG-element binding. The HIES mutation markedly enhances STAT3 AGG-element binding and AGG-promoter activation activity. Thus, STAT3 is a dual specificity transcription factor that promotes gene expression not only via SIE- but also AGG-promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Department of Immune Diseases, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Jin-Jun Ji
- Department of Immune Diseases, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Wangping Le
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan S Xu
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine Shandong University, Culture West Street, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Dandan Dou
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine Shandong University, Culture West Street, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jieli Pan
- Department of Immune Diseases, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Yifeng Jiao
- Department of Immune Diseases, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Tianfei Zhong
- Department of Immune Diseases, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Dehong Wu
- Department of Immune Diseases, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Yumei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chengping Wen
- Department of Immune Diseases, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Guan-Qun Xie
- Department of Immune Diseases, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Feng Yao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 241 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200030,China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 241 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200030,China
| | - Yong-Sheng Fan
- Department of Immune Diseases, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Y Eugene Chin
- Department of Immune Diseases, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
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221
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Poser SW, Chenoweth JG, Colantuoni C, Masjkur J, Chrousos G, Bornstein SR, McKay RD, Androutsellis-Theotokis A. Concise Review: Reprogramming, Behind the Scenes: Noncanonical Neural Stem Cell Signaling Pathways Reveal New, Unseen Regulators of Tissue Plasticity With Therapeutic Implications. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1251-7. [PMID: 26371344 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Interest is great in the new molecular concepts that explain, at the level of signal transduction, the process of reprogramming. Usually, transcription factors with developmental importance are used, but these approaches give limited information on the signaling networks involved, which could reveal new therapeutic opportunities. Recent findings involving reprogramming by genetic means and soluble factors with well-studied downstream signaling mechanisms, including signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and hairy and enhancer of split 3 (Hes3), shed new light into the molecular mechanisms that might be involved. We examine the appropriateness of common culture systems and their ability to reveal unusual (noncanonical) signal transduction pathways that actually operate in vivo. We then discuss such novel pathways and their importance in various plastic cell types, culminating in their emerging roles in reprogramming mechanisms. We also discuss a number of reprogramming paradigms (mouse induced pluripotent stem cells, direct conversion to neural stem cells, and in vivo conversion of acinar cells to β-like cells). Specifically for acinar-to-β-cell reprogramming paradigms, we discuss the common view of the underlying mechanism (involving the Janus kinase-STAT pathway that leads to STAT3-tyrosine phosphorylation) and present alternative interpretations that implicate STAT3-serine phosphorylation alone or serine and tyrosine phosphorylation occurring in sequential order. The implications for drug design and therapy are important given that different phosphorylation sites on STAT3 intercept different signaling pathways. We introduce a new molecular perspective in the field of reprogramming with broad implications in basic, biotechnological, and translational research. SIGNIFICANCE Reprogramming is a powerful approach to change cell identity, with implications in both basic and applied biology. Most efforts involve the forced expression of key transcription factors, but recently, success has been reported with manipulating signal transduction pathways that might intercept them. It is important to start connecting the function of the classic reprogramming genes to signaling pathways that also mediate reprogramming, unifying the sciences of signal transduction, stem cell biology, and epigenetics. Neural stem cell studies have revealed the operation of noncanonical signaling pathways that are now appreciated to also operate during reprogramming, offering new mechanistic explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Poser
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Josh G Chenoweth
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlo Colantuoni
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jimmy Masjkur
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - George Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ronald D McKay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andreas Androutsellis-Theotokis
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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222
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Ohtsuka S, Nakai-Futatsugi Y, Niwa H. LIF signal in mouse embryonic stem cells. JAKSTAT 2015; 4:e1086520. [PMID: 27127728 PMCID: PMC4802755 DOI: 10.1080/21623996.2015.1086520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the establishment of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) in the 1980s, a number of important notions on the self-renewal of pluripotent stem cells in vitro have been found. In serum containing conventional culture, an exogenous cytokine, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), is absolutely essential for the maintenance of pluripotency. In contrast, in serum-free culture with simultaneous inhibition of Map-kinase and Gsk3 (so called 2i-culture), LIF is no longer required. However, recent findings also suggest that LIF may have a role not covered by the 2i for the maintenance of naïve pluripotency. These suggest that LIF functions for the maintenance of naïve pluripotency in a context dependent manner. We summarize how LIF-signal pathway is converged to maintain the naïve state of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ohtsuka
- Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies; Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) RIKEN ; Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoko Nakai-Futatsugi
- Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies; Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) RIKEN ; Kobe, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Niwa
- Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies; Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) RIKEN; Kobe, Japan; Department of Pluripotent Stem Cell Biology; Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG); Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan
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223
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Jung SN, Shin DS, Kim HN, Jeon YJ, Yun J, Lee YJ, Kang JS, Han DC, Kwon BM. Sugiol inhibits STAT3 activity via regulation of transketolase and ROS-mediated ERK activation in DU145 prostate carcinoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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224
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Metabolic factors-triggered inflammatory response drives antidepressant effects of exercise in CUMS rats. Psychiatry Res 2015; 228:257-64. [PMID: 26144579 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a potential contributing factor for depression, accompanying with metabolic and inflammatory response. Exercise is considered as a treatment for depression, but mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects still remain unknown. The objectives of present study were to confirm that metabolic factors-triggered inflammatory response mediates the antidepressant actions of exercise in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats. It has been found that CUMS stimulated expression of ghrelin and its receptor Ghsr, but inhibited expression of leptin and its receptor LepRb. Ghrelin, via binding to Ghsr, induced phosphorylation of GSK-3β on Tyr216 and decreased phosphorylation on Ser9, thus increasing GSK-3β activity. Conversely, ghrelin binding to Ghsr decreased STAT3 activity, through decreasing phosphorylation of STAT3 on Tyr705 and increasing Ser727 phosphorylation. Negatively correlated with ghrelin, leptin binding to LepRb had opposite effects on the activity of GSK-3β and STAT3 via phosphorylation. In addition, decreased leptin level initiated NLRP3 activity via LepRb. Furthermore, GSK-3β inhibited STAT3 activation, thus promoting the expression of NLRP3. Meanwhile, swim improved metabolic and inflammatory response both in CUMS and control rats. Our findings suggest that exercise not only ameliorates metabolic disturbance and inflammatory response in depression, but also contributes to metabolic and inflammatory function in normal conditions.
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225
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Vogel TP, Milner JD, Cooper MA. The Ying and Yang of STAT3 in Human Disease. J Clin Immunol 2015; 35:615-23. [PMID: 26280891 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-015-0187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a critical regulator of multiple, diverse cellular processes. Heterozgyous, germline, loss-of-function mutations in STAT3 lead to the primary immune deficiency Hyper-IgE syndrome. Heterozygous, somatic, gain-of-function mutations in STAT3 have been reported in malignancy. Recently, germline, heterozygous mutations in STAT3 that confer a gain-of-function have been discovered and result in early-onset, multi-organ autoimmunity. This review summarizes what is known about the role of STAT3 in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphanie P Vogel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Megan A Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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226
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Yu C, Huo X, Agoston AT, Zhang X, Theiss AL, Cheng E, Zhang Q, Zaika A, Pham TH, Wang DH, Lobie PE, Odze RD, Spechler SJ, Souza RF. Mitochondrial STAT3 contributes to transformation of Barrett's epithelial cells that express oncogenic Ras in a p53-independent fashion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G146-61. [PMID: 26045618 PMCID: PMC4525109 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00462.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Metaplastic epithelial cells of Barrett's esophagus transformed by the combination of p53-knockdown and oncogenic Ras expression are known to activate signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). When phosphorylated at tyrosine 705 (Tyr705), STAT3 functions as a nuclear transcription factor that can contribute to oncogenesis. STAT3 phosphorylated at serine 727 (Ser727) localizes in mitochondria, but little is known about mitochondrial STAT3's contribution to carcinogenesis in Barrett's esophagus, which is the focus of this study. We introduced a constitutively active variant of human STAT3 (STAT3CA) into the following: 1) non-neoplastic Barrett's (BAR-T) cells; 2) BAR-T cells with p53 knockdown; and 3) BAR-T cells that express oncogenic H-Ras(G12V). STAT3CA transformed only the H-Ras(G12V)-expressing BAR-T cells (evidenced by loss of contact inhibition, formation of colonies in soft agar, and generation of tumors in immunodeficient mice), and did so in a p53-independent fashion. The transformed cells had elevated levels of both mitochondrial (Ser727) and nuclear (Tyr705) phospho-STAT3. Introduction of a STAT3CA construct with a mutated tyrosine phosphorylation site into H-Ras(G12V)-expressing Barrett's cells resulted in high levels of mitochondrial phospho-STAT3 (Ser727) with little or no nuclear phospho-STAT3 (Tyr705), and the cells still formed tumors in immunodeficient mice. Thus tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 is not required for tumor formation in Ras-expressing Barrett's cells. We conclude that mitochondrial STAT3 (Ser727) can contribute to oncogenesis in Barrett's cells that express oncogenic Ras. These findings suggest that agents targeting STAT3 might be useful for chemoprevention in patients with Barrett's esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Yu
- 1Esophageal Diseases Center, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; ,2Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas;
| | - Xiaofang Huo
- 1Esophageal Diseases Center, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; ,2Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas;
| | - Agoston T. Agoston
- 4Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massacusetts;
| | - Xi Zhang
- 1Esophageal Diseases Center, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; ,2Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas;
| | - Arianne L. Theiss
- 6Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas;
| | - Edaire Cheng
- 1Esophageal Diseases Center, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; ,7Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas;
| | - Qiuyang Zhang
- 1Esophageal Diseases Center, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; ,2Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas;
| | - Alexander Zaika
- 8Departments of Surgery and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Thai H. Pham
- 1Esophageal Diseases Center, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; ,3Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas;
| | - David H. Wang
- 1Esophageal Diseases Center, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; ,2Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; ,5Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas;
| | - Peter E. Lobie
- 9Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Robert D. Odze
- 4Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massacusetts;
| | - Stuart J. Spechler
- 1Esophageal Diseases Center, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; ,2Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; ,5Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas;
| | - Rhonda F. Souza
- 1Esophageal Diseases Center, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; ,2Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; ,5Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas;
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227
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Zhang W, Meng Y, Liu N, Wen XF, Yang T. Insights into Chemoresistance of Prostate Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:1160-70. [PMID: 26327810 PMCID: PMC4551752 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.11439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the most prevalent malignancy among males in the western world. Though hormonal therapies through chemical or surgical castration have been proposed many years ago, heretofore, such mainstay for the treatment on advanced PCa has not fundamentally changed. These therapeutic responses are temporary and most cases will eventually undergo PCa recurrence and metastasis, or even progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) due to persistent development of drug resistance. Prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) are a small population of cells, which possess unlimited self-renewal capacities, and can regenerate tumorigenic progenies, and play an essential role in PCa therapy resistance, metastasis and recurrence. Nowadays advanced progresses have been made in understanding of PCSC properties, roles of androgen receptor signaling and ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2), as well as roles of genomic non-coding microRNAs and key signaling pathways, which have led to the development of novel therapies which are active against chemoresistant PCa and CRPC. Based on these progresses, this review is dedicated to address mechanisms underlying PCa chemoresistance, unveil crosstalks among pivotal signaling pathways, explore novel biotherapeutic agents, and elaborate functional properties and specific roles of chemoresistant PCSCs, which may act as a promising target for novel therapies against chemoresistant PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- 1. Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China
| | - Yan Meng
- 2. Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Na Liu
- 3. Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Wen
- 4. Department of Urology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Tao Yang
- 2. Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
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228
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Wei J, Lian H, Zhong B, Shu HB. Parafibromin Is a Component of IFN-γ–Triggered Signaling Pathways That Facilitates JAK1/2-Mediated Tyrosine Phosphorylation of STAT1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2870-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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229
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Zhang P, Qi YX, Yao QP, Chen XH, Wang GL, Shen BR, Han Y, Gao LZ, Jiang ZL. Neuropeptide Y Stimulates Proliferation and Migration of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells from Pregnancy Hypertensive Rats via Y1 and Y5 Receptors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131124. [PMID: 26131716 PMCID: PMC4488588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play important roles in pathophysiological remodeling of arteries during hypertension in pregnancy. However, the mechanisms involved in this process remain unclear. We hypothesized that Neuropeptide Y (NPY), which is a potent mitogenic peptide, participates in modulating proliferation and migration of VSMCs during hypertension in pregnancy. Using pregnant hypertensive rats, induced by intraperitoneal injection of L-nitro-arginine methylester (L-NAME), the plasma concentration of NPY was detected. Open angle, which reflects the non-uniform remodeling with high sensitivity, was used to detect the pathophysiological vascular remodeling in vivo. The results revealed that NPY concentration and artery open angle were both significantly increased in rats with hypertension in pregnant. The underlying mechanism of elevated NPY on vascular remodeling were further analyzed by using cultured VSMCs in vitro. In cultured VSMCs, NPY most effectively stimulated the migration and proliferation of VSMCs at 10-6 mol/L, similar to the plasma concentration in L-NAME hypertension in pregnant rats. NPY up-regulated the expressions of both Y1 and Y5 receptors, increased the phosphorylations of STAT3 on Tyr705 and Ser727 residues, and induced the expression of c-Fos. The NPY-induced VSMCs proliferation was reduced by Y5 receptor antagonist, and fully blocked by combinations with other antagonist, such as Y2+Y5, Y1+Y5, and Y1+Y2+Y5. In contrast, the NPY-induced VSMC migration was blocked by either Y receptor antagonist or any combination of Y receptor antagonists. These results suggest that the elevated plasma concentration of NPY during hypertension in pregnancy may induce VSMC proliferation mainly via Y5 receptor, which subsequently modulate STAT3 and c-Fos signaling pathways to result in the vascular remodeling. These results also suggest that NPY mainly acts on VSMCs in vitro via Y1, Y5 receptors and in vascular tissues in vivo via Y5 receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Neuropeptide Y/pharmacology
- Pregnancy
- Purinergic P2Y Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/genetics
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1/metabolism
- Vascular Remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Institute of Mechanobiology and Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Xin Qi
- Institute of Mechanobiology and Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Ping Yao
- Institute of Mechanobiology and Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Hu Chen
- Institute of Mechanobiology and Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Institute of Mechanobiology and Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bao-Rong Shen
- Institute of Mechanobiology and Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Han
- Institute of Mechanobiology and Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Zhi Gao
- Institute of Mechanobiology and Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zong-Lai Jiang
- Institute of Mechanobiology and Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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230
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Harvey R, McCaughan C, Wise LM, Mercer AA, Fleming SB. Orf virus inhibits interferon stimulated gene expression and modulates the JAK/STAT signalling pathway. Virus Res 2015; 208:180-8. [PMID: 26113305 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) play a critical role as a first line of defence against viral infection. Activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activation of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway by IFNs leads to the production of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) that block viral replication. The Parapoxvirus, Orf virus (ORFV) induces acute pustular skin lesions of sheep and goats and is transmissible to man. The virus replicates in keratinocytes that are the immune sentinels of skin. We investigated whether or not ORFV could block the expression of ISGs. The human gene GBP1 is stimulated exclusively by type II IFN while MxA is stimulated exclusively in response to type I IFNs. We found that GBP1 and MxA were strongly inhibited in ORFV infected HeLa cells stimulated with IFN-γ or IFN-α respectively. Furthermore we showed that ORFV inhibition of ISG expression was not affected by cells pretreated with adenosine N1-oxide (ANO), a molecule that inhibits poxvirus mRNA translation. This suggested that new viral gene synthesis was not required and that a virion structural protein was involved. We next investigated whether ORFV infection affected STAT1 phosphorylation in IFN-γ or IFN-α treated HeLa cells. We found that ORFV reduced the levels of phosphorylated STAT1 in a dose-dependent manner and was specific for Tyr701 but not Ser727. Treatment of cells with sodium vanadate suggested that a tyrosine phosphatase was responsible for dephosphorylating STAT1-p. ORFV encodes a factor, ORFV057, with homology to the vaccinia virus structural protein VH1 that impairs the JAK/STAT pathway by dephosphorylating STAT1. Our findings show that ORFV has the capability to block ISG expression and modulate the JAK/STAT signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Harvey
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, New Zealand.
| | - Catherine McCaughan
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, New Zealand.
| | - Lyn M Wise
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, New Zealand.
| | - Stephen B Fleming
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, New Zealand.
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231
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Renal and Hematological Effects of CLCF-1, a B-Cell-Stimulating Cytokine of the IL-6 Family. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:714964. [PMID: 26146641 PMCID: PMC4471311 DOI: 10.1155/2015/714964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CLCF-1 is a cytokine known for B-cell stimulation and for neurotrophic properties. We have identified CLCF-1 as a potential injurious factor in the human renal disease focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). We investigated its effects on renal cells and renal function in in vitro and in vivo studies. Methods include measurement of the effect of CLCF-1 on phosphorylation of target molecules of the JAK/STAT pathway, on cytoskeleton and cell morphology in cultured podocytes, on albumin permeability of isolated rat glomeruli, and on tissue phosphorylation and urine albumin after acute or chronic CLCF-1 injection. In addition, cell sorting was performed to determine the presence of cells expressing CLCF-1 in spleen and bone marrow of normal mice and the effect of CLCF-1 infusion on splenic B-cell populations. CLCF-1 increased phosphorylation of STAT3 in multiple cell types, activated podocytes leading to formation of lamellipodia and decrease in basal stress fibers, increased glomerular albumin permeability, and increased STAT3 phosphorylation of peripheral blood cells and renal cortex. CLCF-1 increased urine albumin/creatinine ratio in mice and increased B-cell expression of IgG in mouse spleen. We conclude that CLCF-1 has potentially important systemic effects, alters podocyte function, and may contribute to renal dysfunction and albuminuria.
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232
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Li W, Zhu S, Li J, D'Amore J, D'Angelo J, Yang H, Wang P, Tracey KJ, Wang H. Serum Amyloid A Stimulates PKR Expression and HMGB1 Release Possibly through TLR4/RAGE Receptors. Mol Med 2015; 21:515-25. [PMID: 26052716 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins are known to be surrogate markers of sepsis, but their pathogenic roles remain poorly elucidated. Here we provide evidence to support a possible role of SAA as a pathogenic mediator of lethal sepsis. In a subset of septic patients for which serum high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) levels paralleled the clinical scores, some anti-HMGB1 antibodies detected a 12-kDa protein belonging to the SAA family. In contrast to the most abundant SAA1, human SAA induced double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase R (PKR) expression and HMGB1 release in the wild-type, but not toll-like receptor 4/receptor for advanced glycation end products (TLR4/RAGE)-deficient, macrophages. Pharmacological inhibition of PKR phosphorylation blocked SAA-induced HMGB1 release, suggesting an important role of PKR in SAA-induced HMGB1 release. In animal models of lethal endotoxemia and sepsis, recombinant SAA exacerbated endotoxemic lethality, whereas SAA-neutralizing immunoglobulins G (IgGs) significantly improved animal survival. Collectively, these findings have suggested SAA as an important mediator of inflammatory diseases. Highlights of this study include: human SAA is possibly only expressed in a subset of septic patients; SAA induces HMGB1 release via TLR4 and RAGE receptors; SAA supplementation worsens the outcome of lethal endotoxemia; whereas SAA-neutralizing antibodies confer protection against lethal endotoxemia and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York, United States of America.,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Shu Zhu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York, United States of America.,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Jianhua Li
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Jason D'Amore
- Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - John D'Angelo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Huan Yang
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Ping Wang
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Haichao Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York, United States of America.,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
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233
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Kang NJ, Koo DH, Kang GJ, Han SC, Lee BW, Koh YS, Hyun JW, Lee NH, Ko MH, Kang HK, Yoo ES. Dieckol, a Component of Ecklonia cava, Suppresses the Production of MDC/CCL22 via Down-Regulating STAT1 Pathway in Interferon-γ Stimulated HaCaT Human Keratinocytes. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:238-44. [PMID: 25995822 PMCID: PMC4428716 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-derived chemokine, C-C motif chemokine 22 (MDC/CCL22), is one of the inflammatory chemokines that controls the movement of monocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Serum and skin MDC/CCL22 levels are elevated in atopic dermatitis, which suggests that the chemokines produced from keratinocytes are responsible for attracting inflammatory lymphocytes to the skin. A major signaling pathway in the interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-stimulated inflammation response involves the signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1). In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of dieckol and its possible action mechanisms in the category of skin inflammation including atopic dermatitis. Dieckol inhibited MDC/CCL22 production induced by IFN-γ (10 ng/mL) in a dose dependent manner. Dieckol (5 and 10 μM) suppressed the phosphorylation and the nuclear translocation of STAT1. These results suggest that dieckol exhibits anti-inflammatory effect via the down-regulation of STAT1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Jin Kang
- Departments of Biomedicine & Drug Development
| | | | | | | | | | - Young-Sang Koh
- Departments of Biomedicine & Drug Development ; Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Jin-Won Hyun
- Departments of Biomedicine & Drug Development ; Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Nam-Ho Lee
- Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756
| | - Mi-Hee Ko
- Jeju Biodiversity Research Institute, JejuTechnopark, Jeju 699-943, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kang
- Departments of Biomedicine & Drug Development ; Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Eun-Sook Yoo
- Departments of Biomedicine & Drug Development ; Medicine, School of Medicine
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234
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Moraga I, Wernig G, Wilmes S, Gryshkova V, Richter CP, Hong WJ, Sinha R, Guo F, Fabionar H, Wehrman TS, Krutzik P, Demharter S, Plo I, Weissman IL, Minary P, Majeti R, Constantinescu SN, Piehler J, Garcia KC. Tuning cytokine receptor signaling by re-orienting dimer geometry with surrogate ligands. Cell 2015; 160:1196-208. [PMID: 25728669 PMCID: PMC4766813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Most cell-surface receptors for cytokines and growth factors signal as dimers, but it is unclear whether remodeling receptor dimer topology is a viable strategy to "tune" signaling output. We utilized diabodies (DA) as surrogate ligands in a prototypical dimeric receptor-ligand system, the cytokine Erythropoietin (EPO) and its receptor (EpoR), to dimerize EpoR ectodomains in non-native architectures. Diabody-induced signaling amplitudes varied from full to minimal agonism, and structures of these DA/EpoR complexes differed in EpoR dimer orientation and proximity. Diabodies also elicited biased or differential activation of signaling pathways and gene expression profiles compared to EPO. Non-signaling diabodies inhibited proliferation of erythroid precursors from patients with a myeloproliferative neoplasm due to a constitutively active JAK2V617F mutation. Thus, intracellular oncogenic mutations causing ligand-independent receptor activation can be counteracted by extracellular ligands that re-orient receptors into inactive dimer topologies. This approach has broad applications for tuning signaling output for many dimeric receptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Moraga
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA
| | - Gerlinde Wernig
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA,Department of Pathology, Division of Hematopathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA
| | - Stephan Wilmes
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Germany
| | - Vitalina Gryshkova
- Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research and de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Wan-Jen Hong
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA
| | - Rahul Sinha
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA
| | - Hyna Fabionar
- DiscoveRx, 42501 Albrae St, Fremont, California, 94538, USA
| | - Tom S. Wehrman
- Primity Bio, 3350 Scott blvd ste 6101, Santa Clara, CA 95054
| | - Peter Krutzik
- Primity Bio, 3350 Scott blvd ste 6101, Santa Clara, CA 95054
| | - Samuel Demharter
- Department of Computer Science Wolfson Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QD, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Plo
- Institut Gustave Roussy, INSERM U1009, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Irving L. Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA
| | - Peter Minary
- Department of Computer Science Wolfson Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QD, United Kingdom
| | - Ravindra Majeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA
| | - Stefan N. Constantinescu
- Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research and de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Germany
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA,Correspondence to:
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235
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Park S, Kim JK, Oh CJ, Choi SH, Jeon JH, Lee IK. Scoparone interferes with STAT3-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e145. [PMID: 25744297 PMCID: PMC4351406 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2014.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Scoparone, which is a major constituent of Artemisia capillaries, has been identified as an anticoagulant, hypolipidemic, vasorelaxant, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory drug, and it is used for the traditional treatment of neonatal jaundice. Therefore, we hypothesized that scoparone could suppress the proliferation of VSMCs by interfering with STAT3 signaling. We found that the proliferation of these cells was significantly attenuated by scoparone in a dose-dependent manner. Scoparone markedly reduced the serum-stimulated accumulation of cells in the S phase and concomitantly increased the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase, which was consistent with the reduced expression of cyclin D1, phosphorylated Rb and survivin in the VSMCs. Cell adhesion markers, such as MCP-1 and ICAM-1, were significantly reduced by scoparone. Interestingly, this compound attenuated the increase in cyclin D promoter activity by inhibiting the activities of both the WT and active forms of STAT3. Similarly, the expression of a cell proliferation marker induced by PDGF was decreased by scoparone with no change in the phosphorylation of JAK2 or Src. On the basis of the immunofluorescence staining results, STAT3 proteins phosphorylated by PDGF were predominantly localized to the nucleus and were markedly reduced in the scoparone-treated cells. In summary, scoparone blocks the accumulation of STAT3 transported from the cytosol to the nucleus, leading to the suppression of VSMC proliferation through G1 phase arrest and the inhibition of Rb phosphorylation. This activity occurs independent of the form of STAT3 and upstream of kinases, such as Jak and Src, which are correlated with abnormal vascular remodeling due to the presence of an excess of growth factors following vascular injury. These data provide convincing evidence that scoparone may be a new preventative agent for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmi Park
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Kook Kim
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Joo Oh
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- 1] Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea [2] BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea [3] Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea [4] Departments of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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236
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Antosz H, Wojciechowska K, Sajewicz J, Choroszyńska D, Marzec-Kotarska B, Osiak M, Pająk N, Tomczak W, Jargiełło-Baszak M, Baszak J. IL-6, IL-10, c-Jun and STAT3 expression in B-CLL. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2015; 54:258-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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237
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Askvig JM, Watt JA. The MAPK and PI3K pathways mediate CNTF-induced neuronal survival and process outgrowth in hypothalamic organotypic cultures. J Cell Commun Signal 2015; 9:217-31. [PMID: 25698661 PMCID: PMC4580676 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-015-0268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
While collateral sprouting has been shown to occur in a variety of neuronal populations, the factor or factors responsible for mediating the sprouting response remain largely un-defined. There is evidence indicating that ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) may play an important role in promoting neuronal survival and process outgrowth in neuronal phenotypes tested to date. We previously demonstrated that the astrocytic Jak-STAT pathway is necessary to mediate CNTF-induced oxytocinergic (OT) neuronal survival; however, the mechanism (s) of CNTF-mediated process outgrowth remain unknown. Our working hypothesis is that CNTF mediates differential neuroprotective responses via different intracellular signal transduction pathways. In order to test this hypothesis, we utilized stationary hypothalamic organotypic cultures to assess the contribution of the MAPK-ERK and PI3-AKT pathways to OT neuron survival and process outgrowth. Our results demonstrate that the MAPK-ERK½ pathway mediates CNTF-induced neuronal survival. Moreover, we show that inhibition of the p38-, JNK-MAPK, and mTOR pathways prevents loss OT neurons following axotomy. We also provide quantitative evidence indicating that CNTF promotes process outgrowth of OT neurons via the PI3K-AKT pathway. Together, these data indicate that distinct intracellular signaling pathways mediate diverse neuroprotective processes in response to CNTF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Askvig
- Department of Biology, Concordia College, Moorhead, MN, 56562, USA.
| | - John A Watt
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Room 1701 Stop 9037, 501 N Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA.
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Sundaram K, Sambandam Y, Balasubramanian S, Pillai B, Voelkel-Johnson C, Ries WL, Reddy SV. STAT-6 mediates TRAIL induced RANK ligand expression in stromal/preosteoblast cells. Bone 2015; 71:137-44. [PMID: 25445452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) is a critical osteoclastogenic factor expressed in bone marrow stromal/osteoblast lineage cells. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) levels are elevated in pathologic conditions such as multiple myeloma and inflammatory arthritis, and have been positively correlated with osteolytic markers. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) which inhibits osteoclastogenesis is a decoy receptor for RANKL and also known to interact with TRAIL. Herein, we show that TRAIL increases DR5 and DcR1 receptors but no change in the levels of DR4 and DcR2 expression in human bone marrow derived stromal/preosteoblast (SAKA-T) cell line. We further demonstrated that TRAIL treatment significantly decreased OPG mRNA expression. Interestingly, TRAIL treatment induced RANKL mRNA expression in these cells. In addition, TRAIL significantly increased NF-kB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity. Human transcription factor array screening by real-time RT-PCR identified TRAIL up-regulation of the signal transducers and activators of the transcription (STAT)-6 expression in SAKA-T cells. TRAIL stimulation induced p-STAT-6 expression in human bone marrow derived primary stromal/preosteoblast cells. Confocal microscopy analysis further revealed p-STAT-6 nuclear localization in SAKA-T cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay confirmed p-STAT-6 binding to the hRANKL gene distal promoter region. In addition, siRNA suppression of STAT-6 expression inhibits TRAIL increased hRANKL gene promoter activity. Thus, our results suggest that TRAIL induces RANKL expression through a STAT-6 dependent transcriptional regulatory mechanism in bone marrow stromal/preosteoblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumaran Sundaram
- Charles P. Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Yuvaraj Sambandam
- Charles P. Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Balakrishnan Pillai
- Charles P. Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - William L Ries
- College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sakamuri V Reddy
- Charles P. Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Ying J, Tsujii M, Kondo J, Hayashi Y, Kato M, Akasaka T, Inoue T, Shiraishi E, Inoue T, Hiyama S, Tsujii Y, Maekawa A, Kawai S, Fujinaga T, Araki M, Shinzaki S, Watabe K, Nishida T, Iijima H, Takehara T. The effectiveness of an anti-human IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody combined with chemotherapy to target colon cancer stem-like cells. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1551-9. [PMID: 25625841 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that cancer stem cells (CSCs) can initiate and sustain tumor growth and exhibit resistance to clinical cytotoxic therapies. Therefore, CSCs represent the main target of anticancer therapy. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) promotes cellular proliferation and drug resistance in colorectal cancer, and its serum levels correlate with patient survival. Therefore, IL-6 and its downstream signaling molecule the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) represent potential molecular targets. In the present study, we investigated the effects of IL-6 and its downstream signaling components on stem cell biology, particularly the chemoresistance of CSCs, to explore potential molecular targets for cancer therapy. The colon cancer cell line WiDr was cultured in serum-free, non-adherent, and three-dimensional spheroid-forming conditions to enrich the stem cell-like population. Spheroid-forming cells slowly proliferated and expressed high levels of Oct-4, Klf4, Bmi-1, Lgr5, IL-6, and Notch 3 compared with adherent cells. Treatment with an anti-human IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody reduced spheroid formation, stem cell-related gene expression, and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance. In addition, IL-6 treatment enhanced the levels of p-STAT3 (Tyr705), the expression of Oct-4, Klf4, Lgr5, and Notch 3, and chemoresistance to 5-FU. siRNA targeting Notch 3 suppressed spheroid formation, Oct-4 and Lgr5 expression, and 5-FU chemoresistance, whereas STAT3 inhibition enhanced Oct-4, Klf4, Lgr5, and Notch 3 expression and 5-FU chemoresistance along with reduced spheroid growth. Taken together, these results indicate that IL-6 functions in dichotomous pathways involving Notch 3 induction and STAT3 activation. The former pathway is involved in cancer stem-like cell biology and enhanced chemoresistance, and the latter pathway leads to accelerated proliferation and reduced chemoresistance. Thus, an anti-human IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody or Notch 3 inhibition may be superior to STAT3 inhibition for CSC-targeting therapies concomitant with anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ying
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tsujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jumpei Kondo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshito Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Motohiko Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Akasaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takuta Inoue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eri Shiraishi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tahahiro Inoue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tsujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Maekawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kawai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Fujinaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Maekawa Araki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Shinzaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Watabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nishida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Iijima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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240
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Dutta P, Sabri N, Li J, Li WX. Role of STAT3 in lung cancer. JAKSTAT 2015; 3:e999503. [PMID: 26413424 DOI: 10.1080/21623996.2014.999503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains a challenging disease. It is responsible for the high cancer mortality rates in the US and worldwide. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms operative in lung cancer is an important first step in developing effective therapies. Accumulating evidence over the last 2 decades suggests a critical role for Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) as a point of convergence for various signaling pathways that are dysregulated in the disease. In this review, we discuss possible molecular mechanisms involving STAT3 in lung tumorigenesis based on recent literature. We consider possible roles of STAT3 in cancer cell proliferation and survival, in the tumor immune environment, and in epigenetic regulation and interaction of STAT3 with other transcription factors. We also discuss the potential role of STAT3 in tumor suppression, which complicates strategies of targeting STAT3 in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranabananda Dutta
- Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego ; La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Nafiseh Sabri
- Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego ; La Jolla, CA USA ; Department of Chemistry & Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg ; Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego ; La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Willis X Li
- Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego ; La Jolla, CA USA
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241
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Breit A, Besik V, Solinski HJ, Muehlich S, Glas E, Yarwood SJ, Gudermann T. Serine-727 phosphorylation activates hypothalamic STAT-3 independently from tyrosine-705 phosphorylation. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:445-59. [PMID: 25584415 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional activity of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) is a key element in the central regulation of appetite and energy homeostasis. Activation of hypothalamic STAT-3 has been attributed to cytokine-promoted phosphorylation at tyrosine-705 (Tyr-705). In nonhypothalamic cells, STAT-3 is also phosphorylated at serine-727 (Ser-727), but the functional significance of Ser-727 in the regulation of hypothalamic STAT-3 is not known. We used 2 hypothalamic cell lines and analyzed the effects of various hormones on STAT-3-dependent reporter gene activity and observed that IFN-γ, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and bradykinin (BK) induce similar STAT-3 reporter activation. EGF and BK solely increased Ser-727 and IFN-γ increased Tyr-705 phosphorylation of STAT-3. Specific inhibition of ERK-1/2 activity blocked EGF- and BK-induced STAT-3 activation and Ser-727 phosphorylation. BK-induced ERK-1/2 activation occurred via EGF receptor transactivation. Consequently, the BK-mediated effects on STAT-3 were blocked by a specific EGF receptor antagonist. Next, we analyzed the effects of IFN-γ and EGF on the expression of the STAT-3-dependent genes thyroliberin-releasing hormone and suppressors of cytokine signaling-3. EGF but not IFN-γ enhanced thyroliberin-releasing hormone expression via STAT-3. With regard to suppressors of cytokine signaling-3, we observed prolonged expression induced by IFN-γ and a transient effect of EGF that required coactivation of the activator protein-1. Thus, EGF-promoted Ser-727 phosphorylation by ERK-1/2 is not only sufficient to fully activate hypothalamic STAT-3, but, in terms of targeted genes and required cofactors, entails distinct modes of STAT-3 actions compared with IFN-γ-induced Tyr-705 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Breit
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (A.B., V.B., H.J.S., S.M., E.G., T.G.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany 80336; and The Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology (S.J.Y.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow GC12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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242
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Myeloid-derived growth factor (C19orf10) mediates cardiac repair following myocardial infarction. Nat Med 2015; 21:140-9. [PMID: 25581518 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Paracrine-acting proteins are emerging as a central mechanism by which bone marrow cell-based therapies improve tissue repair and heart function after myocardial infarction (MI). We carried out a bioinformatic secretome analysis in bone marrow cells from patients with acute MI to identify novel secreted proteins with therapeutic potential. Functional screens revealed a secreted protein encoded by an open reading frame on chromosome 19 (C19orf10) that promotes cardiac myocyte survival and angiogenesis. We show that bone marrow-derived monocytes and macrophages produce this protein endogenously to protect and repair the heart after MI, and we named it myeloid-derived growth factor (MYDGF). Whereas Mydgf-deficient mice develop larger infarct scars and more severe contractile dysfunction compared to wild-type mice, treatment with recombinant Mydgf reduces scar size and contractile dysfunction after MI. This study is the first to assign a biological function to MYDGF, and it may serve as a prototypical example for the development of protein-based therapies for ischemic tissue repair.
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243
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STAT activation status differentiates leukemogenic from non-leukemogenic stem cells in AML and is suppressed by arsenic in t(6;9)-positive AML. Genes Cancer 2015; 5:378-92. [PMID: 25568664 PMCID: PMC4279436 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by an aberrant self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and a block in differentiation. The major therapeutic challenge is the characterization of the leukemic stem cell as a target for the eradication of the disease. Until now the biology of AML-associated fusion proteins (AAFPs), such as the t(15;17)-PML/RARα, t(8;21)-RUNX1/RUNX1T1 and t(6;9)-DEK/NUP214, all able to induce AML in mice, was investigated in different models and genetic backgrounds, not directly comparable to each other. To avoid the bias of different techniques and models we expressed these three AML-inducing oncogenes in an identical genetic background and compared their influence on the HSC compartment in vitro and in vivo. These AAFPs exerted differential effects on HSCs and PML/RARα, similar to DEK/NUP214, induced a leukemic phenotype from a small subpopulation of HSCs with a surface marker pattern of long-term HSC and characterized by activated STAT3 and 5. In contrast the established AML occurred from mature populations in the bone marrow. The activation of STAT5 by PML/RARα and DEK/NUP214 was confirmed in t(15;17)(PML/RARα) and t(6;9)(DEK/NUP214)-positive patients as compared to normal CD34+ cells. The activation of STAT5 was reduced upon the exposure to Arsenic which was accompanied by apoptosis in both PML/RARα- and DEK/NUP214-positive leukemic cells. These findings indicate that in AML the activation of STATs plays a decisive role in the biology of the leukemic stem cell. Furthermore we establish exposure to arsenic as a novel concept for the treatment of this high risk t(6;9)-positive AML.
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245
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Meszaros EC, Malemud CJ. STAT1 is Constitutively Activated in the T/C28a2 Immortalized Juvenile Human Chondrocyte Line and Stimulated by IL-6 Plus Soluble IL-6R. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [PMID: 26213636 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
T/C28a2 immortalized juvenile human chondrocytes were employed to determine the extent to which activation of Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription-1 (STAT1) occurred in response to recombinant human interleukin-6 (rhIL-6) or rhIL-6 in combination with the soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R). Two forms of STAT1, STAT1A and STAT1B, were identified on SDS-PAGE and western blotting with anti-STAT1 antibody. Western blotting revealed that STAT1 was constitutively phosphorylated (p-STAT1). Although incubation of T/C28a2 chondrocytes with rhIL-6 (50 ng/ml) increased p-STAT1A by Δ=22.3% after 30 min, this percent difference failed to reach significance by Chi-square analysis. Similarly, no effect of rhIL-6 (Δ=+10.7%) on p-STAT1B was seen at 30 min. In contrast, although the combination of rhIL-6 plus sIL-6R had no effect on p-STAT1A, rhIL-6 plus sIL-6R increased p-STAT1B by Δ=73.3% (p<0.0001) after 30 min compared to the control group and by Δ=56.7% (p<0.0001) compared to rhIL-6 alone. Janex-1, a Janus kinase-3-specific inhibitor (100 μM) partially reduced the effect of rhIL-6 on p-STAT1B by Δ=27.7% (p<0.05). The results of this study showed that STAT1A/STAT1B was constitutively activated in T/C28a2 chondrocytes. Although rhIL-6 increased p-STAT1B to a small extent, the combination of rhIL-6 plus sIL-6R was far more effective in stimulating STAT1B phosphorylation compared to controls or rhIL-6 alone. These data support the likelihood that although JAK3-mediated activation of STAT1 in T/C28a2 chondrocytes may involve the IL-6/IL-6R/gp130 pathway, these results indicated that STAT1 activation in response to IL-6 preferentially involved IL-6 trans-signaling via sIL-6R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan C Meszaros
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Arthritis Research Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Charles J Malemud
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Arthritis Research Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA ; Department of Anatomy, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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246
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Baker JE, Su J, Koprowski S, Dhanasekaran A, Aufderheide TP, Gross GJ. Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonists Protect Human Cardiac Myocytes from Injury by Activation of Cell Survival Pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 352:429-37. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.221747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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247
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Zhu YP, Brown JR, Sag D, Zhang L, Suttles J. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase regulates IL-10-mediated anti-inflammatory signaling pathways in macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:584-94. [PMID: 25512602 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a conserved serine/threonine kinase with a critical function in the regulation of metabolic pathways in eukaryotic cells. Recently, AMPK has been shown to play an additional role as a regulator of inflammatory activity in leukocytes. Treatment of macrophages with chemical AMPK activators, or forced expression of a constitutively active form of AMPK, results in polarization to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. In addition, we reported previously that stimulation of macrophages with anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, IL-4, and TGF-β results in rapid activation of AMPK, suggesting that AMPK contributes to the suppressive function of these cytokines. In this study, we investigated the role of AMPK in IL-10-induced gene expression and anti-inflammatory function. IL-10-stimulated wild-type macrophages displayed rapid activation of PI3K and its downstream targets Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC1), an effect that was not seen in macrophages generated from AMPKα1-deficient mice. AMPK activation was not impacted by treatment with either the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or the JAK inhibitor CP-690550, suggesting that IL-10-mediated activation of AMPK is independent of PI3K and JAK activity. IL-10 induced phosphorylation of both Tyr(705) and Ser(727) residues of STAT3 in an AMPKα1-dependent manner, and these phosphorylation events were blocked by inhibition of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β, an upstream activator of AMPK, and by the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin, respectively. The impaired STAT3 phosphorylation in response to IL-10 observed in AMPKα1-deficient macrophages was accompanied by reduced suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 expression and an inadequacy of IL-10 to suppress LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine production. Overall, our data demonstrate that AMPKα1 is required for IL-10 activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 and STAT3-mediated anti-inflammatory pathways regulating macrophage functional polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Peipei Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Jonathan R Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Duygu Sag
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Jill Suttles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292
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248
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Huang G, Yan H, Ye S, Tong C, Ying QL. STAT3 phosphorylation at tyrosine 705 and serine 727 differentially regulates mouse ESC fates. Stem Cells 2014; 32:1149-60. [PMID: 24302476 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
STAT3 can be transcriptionally activated by phosphorylation of its tyrosine 705 or serine 727 residue. In mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signaling maintains pluripotency by inducing JAK-mediated phosphorylation of STAT3 Y705 (pY705). However, the function of phosphorylated S727 (pS727) in mESCs remains unclear. In this study, we examined the roles of STAT3 pY705 and pS727 in regulating mESC identities, using a small molecule-based system to post-translationally modulate the quantity of transgenic STAT3 in STAT3(-/-) mESCs. We demonstrated that pY705 is absolutely required for STAT3-mediated mESC self-renewal, while pS727 is dispensable, serving only to promote proliferation and optimal pluripotency. S727 phosphorylation is regulated directly by fibroblast growth factor/Erk signaling and crucial in the transition of mESCs from pluripotency to neuronal commitment. Loss of S727 phosphorylation resulted in significantly reduced neuronal differentiation potential, which could be recovered by a S727 phosphorylation mimic. Moreover, loss of pS727 sufficed LIF to reprogram epiblast stem cells to naïve pluripotency, suggesting a dynamic equilibrium of STAT3 pY705 and pS727 in the control of mESC fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyi Huang
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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249
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A systems model of phosphorylation for inflammatory signaling events. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110913. [PMID: 25333362 PMCID: PMC4205014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is a fundamental biochemical reaction that modulates protein activity in cells. While a single phosphorylation event is relatively easy to understand, multisite phosphorylation requires systems approaches for deeper elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this paper we develop a mechanistic model for single- and multi-site phosphorylation. The proposed model is compared with previously reported studies. We compare the predictions of our model with experiments published in the literature in the context of inflammatory signaling events in order to provide a mechanistic description of the multisite phosphorylation-mediated regulation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) and Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 (IRF-5) proteins. The presented model makes crucial predictions for transcription factor phosphorylation events in the immune system. The model proposes potential mechanisms for T cell phenotype switching and production of cytokines. This study also provides a generic framework for the better understanding of a large number of multisite phosphorylation-regulated biochemical circuits.
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250
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Mohan CD, Bharathkumar H, Bulusu KC, Pandey V, Rangappa S, Fuchs JE, Shanmugam MK, Dai X, Li F, Deivasigamani A, Hui KM, Kumar AP, Lobie PE, Bender A, Basappa, Sethi G, Rangappa KS. Development of a novel azaspirane that targets the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34296-307. [PMID: 25320076 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.601104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that regulates genes involved in cell growth, proliferation, and survival, and given its association with many types of cancers, it has recently emerged as a promising target for therapy. In this work, we present the synthesis of N-substituted azaspirane derivatives and their biological evaluation against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells (IC50 = 7.3 μm), thereby identifying 2-(1-(4-(2-cyanophenyl)1-benzyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-oxa-3-azaspiro(5,5) undecane (CIMO) as a potent inhibitor of the JAK-STAT pathway with selectivity over normal LO2 cells (IC50 > 100 μm). The lead compound, CIMO, suppresses proliferation of HCC cells and achieves this effect by reducing both constitutive and inducible phosphorylation of JAK1, JAK2, and STAT3. Interestingly, CIMO displayed inhibition of Tyr-705 phosphorylation, which is required for nuclear translocation of STAT3, but it has no effect on Ser-727 phosphorylation. CIMO accumulates cancer cells in the sub-G1 phase and decreases STAT3 in the nucleus and thereby causes down-regulation of genes regulated via STAT3. Suppression of STAT3 phosphorylation by CIMO and knockdown of STAT3 mRNA using siRNA transfection displayed a similar effect on the viability of HCC cells. Furthermore, CIMO significantly decreased the tumor development in an orthotopic HCC mouse model through the modulation of phospho-STAT3, Ki-67, and cleaved caspase-3 in tumor tissues. Thus, CIMO represents a chemically novel and biologically in vitro and in vivo validated compound, which targets the JAK-STAT pathway as a potential cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanumantharayappa Bharathkumar
- the Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Bangalore University, Central College Campus, Palace Road, Bangalore 560001, India
| | - Krishna C Bulusu
- the Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Vijay Pandey
- the Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599
| | - Shobith Rangappa
- the Frontier Research Center for Post-genome Science and Technology Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Julian E Fuchs
- the Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Muthu K Shanmugam
- the Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore, and
| | - Xiaoyun Dai
- the Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore, and
| | - Feng Li
- the Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore, and
| | - Amudha Deivasigamani
- the Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Kam M Hui
- the Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- the Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, the Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore, and
| | - Peter E Lobie
- the Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, the Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore, and
| | - Andreas Bender
- the Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Basappa
- the Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Bangalore University, Central College Campus, Palace Road, Bangalore 560001, India,
| | - Gautam Sethi
- the Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore, and
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