201
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Kleinmann N, Duivenvoorden WCM, Hopmans SN, Beatty LK, Qiao S, Gallino D, Lhotak S, Daya D, Paschos A, Austin RC, Pinthus JH. Underactivation of the adiponectin-adiponectin receptor 1 axis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: implications for progression. Clin Exp Metastasis 2013; 31:169-83. [PMID: 24096711 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-013-9618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Energy-sensing pathways, normally coordinated by 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), are dysregulated in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Obesity can accentuate the pre-existing pro-tumorigenic metabolic machinery in RCC cells through its associated obesogenic hormonal milieu, characterized by lower circulating levels of adiponectin. In RCC patients, low adiponectin levels associate clinically with more aggressive disease. We investigated the adiponectin signaling pathway in RCC, focusing on adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) and associated activation of AMPK. AdipoR1 protein in RCC and normal surrounding renal tissues was determined by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Anti-tumorigenic effects of adiponectin in RCC cells in vitro were investigated via VEGF and MMP ELISA and invasion assays. Using in vivo models of RCC, the effect of AdipoR1-knockdown (shRNA) on tumor latency, growth and dissemination were determined. AdipoR1 protein was significantly reduced in clear cell RCC specimens. Adiponectin treatment inhibited VEGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion and activity and invasive and migratory capacities of RCC cells. AMPKα1-knockdown (shRNA) attenuated adiponectin's effects. In cells stably expressing AdipoR1-specific shRNA, AMPK activation by adiponectin was significantly reduced compared to cells expressing control shRNA. In vivo, AdipoR1 knockdown increased the growth, dissemination and angiogenesis of RCC. These findings suggest that deficiencies in the entire adiponectin hormonal axis (the hormone and its receptor) result in underactivation of AMPK leading to increased angiogenic and invasive capacities of RCC. The established link between obesity and RCC can therefore be further explained by the adiponectin deficiency in obese individuals together with reduced AdipoR1 protein in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Kleinmann
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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202
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Antonelli A, Arrighi N, Corti S, Zanotelli T, Cozzoli A, Cosciani Cunico S, Simeone C. Pre-existing type-2 diabetes is not an adverse prognostic factor in patients with renal cell carcinoma: A single-center retrospective study. Urol Oncol 2013; 31:1310-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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203
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Ko K, Park YH, Lee JW, Ku JH, Kwak C, Kim HH. Influence of nutritional deficiency on prognosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). BJU Int 2013; 112:775-80. [PMID: 24028765 DOI: 10.1111/bju.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyungtae Ko
- Department of Urology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul; Korea
| | - Young H. Park
- Department of Urology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul; Korea
| | - Jeong W. Lee
- Department of Urology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul; Korea
| | - Ja H. Ku
- Department of Urology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul; Korea
| | - Cheol Kwak
- Department of Urology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul; Korea
| | - Hyeon H. Kim
- Department of Urology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul; Korea
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204
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Ferreccio C, Smith AH, Durán V, Barlaro T, Benítez H, Valdés R, Aguirre JJ, Moore LE, Acevedo J, Vásquez MI, Pérez L, Yuan Y, Liaw J, Cantor KP, Steinmaus C. Case-control study of arsenic in drinking water and kidney cancer in uniquely exposed Northern Chile. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178:813-8. [PMID: 23764934 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide are exposed to arsenic in drinking water. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has concluded that ingested arsenic causes lung, bladder, and skin cancer. However, a similar conclusion was not made for kidney cancer because of a lack of research with individual data on exposure and dose-response. With its unusual geology, high exposures, and good information on past arsenic water concentrations, northern Chile is one of the best places in the world to investigate the carcinogenicity of arsenic. We performed a case-control study in 2007-2010 of 122 kidney cancer cases and 640 population-based controls with individual data on exposure and potential confounders. Cases included 76 renal cell, 24 transitional cell renal pelvis and ureter, and 22 other kidney cancers. For renal pelvis and ureter cancers, the adjusted odds ratios by average arsenic intakes of <400, 400-1,000, and >1,000 µg/day (median water concentrations of 60, 300, and 860 µg/L) were 1.00, 5.71 (95% confidence interval: 1.65, 19.82), and 11.09 (95% confidence interval: 3.60, 34.16) (Ptrend < 0.001), respectively. Odds ratios were not elevated for renal cell cancer. With these new findings, including evidence of dose-response, we believe there is now sufficient evidence in humans that drinking-water arsenic causes renal pelvis and ureter cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catterina Ferreccio
- Departamento de Salud Publica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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205
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Rabey JL, Yin J, Kublas TM, Mashtare T, Ceacareanu AC. Management of comorbidities in diabetics with renal cell carcinoma: past utilization and current outcomes. J Pharm Pract 2013; 27:31-9. [PMID: 23966283 DOI: 10.1177/0897190013501698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated whether particular diabetes mellitus (DM), hyperlipidemia, or hypertension pharmacotherapy was associated with improved renal cell carcinoma (RCC) outcomes in diabetics with emergent RCC. METHODS All DM cases newly diagnosed with RCC at Roswell Park Cancer Institute (January 01, 2003-December 31, 2010) were included (n = 95). Baseline demographic information, clinical history, and cancer outcomes were documented after chart review. Fisher's test was used for the analysis of categorical outcomes across different treatment groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses for the comparisons of the overall survival and progression-free survival across treatment groups were assessed using Kaplan-Meier log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS We found that DM pharmacotherapy users, which may represent a more advanced disease as compared to those controlled by diet alone, displayed significantly greater mortality (P = .01). Additionally, we found that cholesterol-lowering pharmacotherapy use was associated with decreased RCC mortality (hazard ratio = 0.54, P = .06). Individuals receiving combined hypertension regimens had a lower chance to present with baseline metastasis; however, hypertension pharmacotherapy use added no survival benefit. CONCLUSION Reinforcing guidelines compliance for hyperlipidemia management in patients with DM may provide a considerable cancer benefit if diagnosed with RCC. Studies evaluating the need for cholesterol-lowering pharmacotherapy in guidelines-noncompliant DM cases upon RCC diagnosis are currently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Rabey
- State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Buffalo, NY, USA
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206
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Shea MW. A proposal for a targeted screening program for renal cancer. Front Oncol 2013; 3:207. [PMID: 23971005 PMCID: PMC3747444 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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207
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Huang H, Tang Y, He W, Huang Q, Zhong J, Yang Z. Key pathways and genes controlling the development and progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) based on gene set enrichment analysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2013; 46:539-53. [PMID: 23943374 PMCID: PMC3955485 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-013-0511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is one of the most common types of kidney cancer in adults; however, its causes are not completely understood. The study was designed to filter the key pathways and genes associated with the occurrence or development of ccRCC, acquaint its pathogenesis at gene and pathway level, to provide more theory evidence and targeted therapy for ccRCC. Methods Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and meta-analysis (Meta) were used to screen the critical pathways and genes which may affect the occurrence and progression of ccRCC on the transcription level. Corresponding pathways of significant genes were obtained with the online website DAVID (http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/). Results Thirty seven consistent pathways and key genes in these pathways related to ccRCC were obtained with combined GSEA and meta-analysis. These pathways were mainly involved in metabolism, organismal systems, cellular processes and environmental information processing. Conclusion The gene pathways that we identified could provide insight concerning the development of ccRCC. Further studies are needed to determine the biological function for the positive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Huang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, 6th Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
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208
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Süer E, Oztürk E, Gülpınar O, Kayış A, Baltacı S. Effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on prognosis of nonmetastatic renal cell cancer. Korean J Urol 2013; 54:499-503. [PMID: 23956823 PMCID: PMC3742900 DOI: 10.4111/kju.2013.54.8.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We evaluated the prognostic value of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients treated surgically for localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Materials and Methods Between 1995 and 2011, 588 patients with renal tumor diagnoses were treated surgically and 492 patients with pathologically confirmed nonmetastatic RCC diagnoses were included in the study. The associations of clinical and pathologic parameters with a type 2 DM diagnosis were evaluated. Kaplan-Meier estimations for disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) were generated according to type 2 DM diagnosis, and the log-rank test was used to compare survival according to the variables. Results The mean age of the patients was 56.7±12 years (range, 15 to 84 years; median, 58 years) and the mean length of follow-up was 35.9±28 months (range, 1 to 145 months; median, 34.3 months). Of the 492 patients, 62 (12.6%) had a diagnosis of DM at the time of surgery (group I) and 430 did not have DM (group II). The mean age and the incidence of clear cell RCC histological subtype were significantly higher in group I than in group II (p<0.001 and p=0.036, respectively). Although DSS and OS were lower in group I, this difference was not significant. Type 2 DM was not detected as an independent prognostic factor for DSS and OS. Conclusions This study investigated the role and effect of DM on the prognosis of localized RCC that was treated surgically. The present study did not detect DM as an independent prognostic factor for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evren Süer
- Department of Urology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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209
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Olshan AF, Kuo TM, Meyer AM, Nielsen ME, Purdue MP, Rathmell WK. Racial difference in histologic subtype of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Med 2013; 2:744-9. [PMID: 24403240 PMCID: PMC3892806 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has rapidly increased in incidence for over two decades. The most common histologic subtypes of RCC, clear cell, papillary, and chromophobe have distinct genetic and clinical characteristics; however, epidemiologic features of these subtypes have not been well characterized, particularly regarding any associations between race, disease subtypes, and recent incidence trends. Using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, we examined differences in the age-adjusted incidence rates and trends of RCC subtypes, including analysis focusing on racial differences. Incidence rates increased over time (2001-2009) for all three subtypes. However, the proportion of white cases with clear cell histology was higher than among blacks (50% vs. 31%, respectively), whereas black cases were more likely than white cases to have papillary RCC (23% vs. 9%, respectively). Moreover, papillary RCC incidence increased more rapidly for blacks than whites (P < 0.01) over this period. We also observed that increased incidence of papillary histology among blacks is not limited to the smallest size strata. We observed racial differences in proportionate incidence of RCC subtypes, which appear to be increasing over time; this novel finding motivates further etiologic, clinical, molecular, and genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Olshan
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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210
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Ha YS, Kim WT, Yun SJ, Lee SC, Kim WJ, Park YH, Kang SH, Hong SH, Byun SS, Kim YJ. Multi-Institutional Analysis of Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma that Demonstrates the Impact of Diabetic Status on Prognosis After Nephrectomy. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20:3662-8. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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211
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Liao LM, Schwartz K, Pollak M, Graubard BI, Li Z, Ruterbusch J, Rothman N, Davis F, Wacholder S, Colt J, Chow WH, Purdue MP. Serum leptin and adiponectin levels and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:1478-85. [PMID: 23666639 PMCID: PMC3742622 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has increased rapidly in the U.S., particularly among African Americans. Despite a well-established link between obesity and RCC, the mechanism through which obesity increases cancer risk has yet to be established. Adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, may link obesity and cancer, with different quantitative effects by race. DESIGN AND METHODS We evaluated the association between leptin and adiponectin concentrations and RCC risk among Caucasians (581 cases, 558 controls) and African Americans (187 cases, 359 controls) in a case-control study conducted in Detroit and Chicago. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS Among controls, Caucasians had higher median adiponectin than African Americans (males: 8.2 vs. 7.0 μg/ml, P = 0.001; females: 13.4 vs. 8.4 μg/ml, P < 0.0001), and lower median leptin than African Americans (males: 11.8 vs. 14.1 ng/ml, P = 0.04; females: 28.3 vs. 45.9 ng/ml, P < 0.0001). Among Caucasians, the ORs for RCC comparing the highest (Q4) to the lowest (Q1) sex-specific quartile of leptin were 3.2 (95% CI: 1.9-5.2) for males and 4.7 (95% CI: 2.6-8.6) for females. Serum leptin was not significantly associated with RCC among African American males (OR 1.5, 95% CI: 0.7-3.1) or females (OR 2.1, 95% CI: 0.8-5.5). Higher adiponectin was associated with RCC risk among African American males (Q4 vs. Q1: OR 2.3, 95% CI: 1.1-4.6) and females (OR 2.1, 95% CI: 1.2-6.7), but not significantly among Caucasian males (OR 1.6, 95% CI: 0.99-2.7) and females (OR 1.6, 95% CI: 0.9-3.1). CONCLUSION We observed an association between both leptin and adiponectin concentrations and risk of RCC, which may differ by race. Confirmation in further investigations is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Liao
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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212
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Musuuza JS, Sherman ME, Knudsen KJ, Sweeney HA, Tyler CV, Koroukian SM. Analyzing excess mortality from cancer among individuals with mental illness. Cancer 2013; 119:2469-76. [PMID: 23585241 PMCID: PMC3687006 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective was to compare patterns of site-specific cancer mortality in a population of individuals with and without mental illness. METHODS This was a cross-sectional, population-based study using a linked data set comprised of death certificate data for the state of Ohio for the years 2004-2007 and data from the publicly funded mental health system in Ohio. Decedents with mental illness were those identified concomitantly in both data sets. We used age-adjusted standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) in race- and sex-specific person-year strata to estimate excess deaths for each of the anatomic cancer sites. RESULTS Overall, there was excess mortality from cancer associated with having mental illness in all the race/sex strata: SMR, 2.16 (95% CI, 1.85-2.50) for black men; 2.63 (2.31-2.98) for black women; 3.89 (3.61-4.19) for nonblack men; and 3.34 (3.13-3.57) for nonblack women. In all the race/sex strata except for black women, the highest SMR was observed for laryngeal cancer, 3.94 (1.45-8.75) in black men and 6.51 (3.86-10.35) and 6.87 (3.01-13.60) in nonblack men and women, respectively. The next highest SMRs were noted for hepatobiliary cancer and cancer of the urinary tract in all race/sex strata, except for black men. CONCLUSIONS Compared with the general population in Ohio, individuals with mental illness experienced excess mortality from most cancers, possibly explained by a higher prevalence of smoking, substance abuse, and chronic hepatitis B or C infections in individuals with mental illness. Excess mortality could also reflect late-stage diagnosis and receipt of inadequate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson S. Musuuza
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Marion E. Sherman
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Joint Ambulatory Care Center, Pensacola, Florida
| | | | | | - Carl V Tyler
- Cleveland Clinic & Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Siran M. Koroukian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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213
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Age-period-cohort Analysis of Renal Cell Carcinoma in United States Adults. Urology 2013; 82:43-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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214
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Kim HC, Oh SM. Noncommunicable diseases: current status of major modifiable risk factors in Korea. J Prev Med Public Health 2013; 46:165-72. [PMID: 23946874 PMCID: PMC3740221 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.4.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A noncommunicable disease (NCD) is a medical condition or disease that is by definition non-infectious and non-transmissible among people. Currently, NCDs are the leading causes of death and disease burden worldwide. The four main types of NCDs, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, and diabetes, result in more than 30 million deaths annually. To reduce the burden of NCDs on global health, current public health actions stress the importance of preventing, detecting, and correcting modifiable risk factors; controlling major modifiable risk factors has been shown to effectively reduce NCD mortality. The World Health Organization's World Health Report 2002 identified tobacco use, alcohol consumption, overweight, physical inactivity, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol as the most important risk factors for NCDs. Accordingly, the present report set out to review the prevalence and trends of these modifiable risk factors in the Korean population. Over the past few decades, we observed significant risk factor modifications of improved blood pressure control and decreased smoking rate. However, hypertension and cigarette smoking remained the most contributable factors of NCDs in the Korean population. Moreover, other major modifiable risk factors show no improvement or even worsened. The current status and trends in major modifiable risk factors reinforce the importance of prevention, detection, and treatment of risk factors in reducing the burden of NCDs on individuals and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Chang Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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215
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Liu B, Mao Q, Wang X, Zhou F, Luo J, Wang C, Lin Y, Zheng X, Xie L. Cruciferous Vegetables Consumption and Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis. Nutr Cancer 2013; 65:668-76. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.795980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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216
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Ramos-Nino ME. The role of chronic inflammation in obesity-associated cancers. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:697521. [PMID: 23819063 PMCID: PMC3683483 DOI: 10.1155/2013/697521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong relationship between metabolism and immunity, which can become deleterious under conditions of metabolic stress. Obesity, considered a chronic inflammatory disease, is one example of this link. Chronic inflammation is increasingly being recognized as an etiology in several cancers, particularly those of epithelial origin, and therefore a potential link between obesity and cancer. In this review, the connection between the different factors that can lead to the chronic inflammatory state in the obese individual, as well as their effect in tumorigenesis, is addressed. Furthermore, the association between obesity, inflammation, and esophageal, liver, colon, postmenopausal breast, and endometrial cancers is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Ramos-Nino
- Department of Pathology and Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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217
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Editorial comment. Urology 2013; 82:47; discussion 47. [PMID: 23706590 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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218
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Abstract
PURPOSE The incidence of renal cell carcinoma is increasing worldwide. Cited risk factors include obesity, smoking and hypertension but few others have been confirmed in prospective studies. We used a prospective cohort to validate established renal cell carcinoma risk factors and evaluate more controversial risk factors for incident renal cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 77,260 residents of Washington 50 to 76 years old completed a questionnaire between 2000 and 2002 on demographic, lifestyle and health data. Incident renal cell carcinoma cases were determined by linkage to the regional cancer registry through December 31, 2009. Multivariate methods using covariates and cutoffs selected a priori were applied to analyze the association between renal cell carcinoma and previously studied factors related to lifestyle (body mass index, smoking and alcohol/fruit/vegetable consumption) and health (hypertension, diabetes, kidney disease and viral hepatitis). RESULTS There were 249 incident cases of renal cell carcinoma. Independent renal cell carcinoma risk factors in the fully adjusted model were body mass index (35 or greater vs less than 25 kg/m2 HR 1.71, 95% CI 1.06-2.79), smoking (greater than 37.5 pack-years vs never HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.09-2.29), hypertension (HR 1.70, 95% CI 1.30-2.22), kidney disease (HR 2.58, 95% CI 1.21-5.50) and viral hepatitis (HR 1.80, 95% CI 1.03-3.14). Diabetes was associated with renal cell carcinoma (HR 1.83, 95% CI 1.26-2.65) in a base model adjusting for age and gender but not in the multivariate model. We found no association between alcohol, fruit or vegetable intake and renal cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS We identified a significant association of renal cell carcinoma with obesity, smoking, hypertension, renal disease and viral hepatitis. Identifying risk factors offers an opportunity for targeted education and intervention.
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219
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Yu M, Wang H, Zhao J, Yuan Y, Wang C, Li J, Zhang L, Zhang L, Li Q, Ye J. Expression of CIDE proteins in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and their prognostic significance. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 378:145-51. [PMID: 23475172 PMCID: PMC3634988 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the major and aggressive subtype of renal cell carcinoma. It is known to derive its histologic appearance from accumulation of abundant lipids and glycogens. The cell death-inducing DFF45-like effector (CIDE) family has been characterized as the lipid droplet proteins involved in the metabolism of lipid storage droplets. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of CIDE proteins in ccRCC cells and to investigate their prognostic significance. We examined consecutive patients with sporadic ccRCC, who underwent nephrectomy, to measure their mRNA and protein expression of CIDE proteins. We found that Cidec and ADRP expression were significantly up-regulated in ccRCC, compared with normal kidney tissues. Cideb was down-regulated. We also found that Cideb was expressed more in low-grade ccRCC than in high-grade tumors. To further clarify the relationship between Cideb expression and patient prognosis, we evaluated 57 ccRCC patients followed up for 120 months. Reduced ccRCC Cideb expression was associated with a higher Fuhrman nuclear grade. Patients with high Cideb expression had better overall survival rate than those with low expression (p < 0.05). Cideb expression was an independent predictor of survival (p = 0.001). Although the biologic function of Cideb in ccRCC remains unknown, the expression level of Cideb might be a novel predictor of prognosis in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yu
- The Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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220
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Masters RK, Powers DA, Link BG. Obesity and US mortality risk over the adult life course. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 177:431-42. [PMID: 23380043 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed age variation in the association between obesity status and US adult mortality risk. Previous studies have found that the association between obesity and mortality risk weakens with age. We argue that existing results were derived from biased estimates of the obesity-mortality relationship because models failed to account for confounding influences from respondents' ages at survey and/or cohort membership. We employed a series of Cox regression models in data from 19 cross-sectional, nationally representative waves of the US National Health Interview Survey (1986-2004), linked to the National Death Index through 2006, to examine age patterns in the obesity-mortality association between ages 25 and 100 years. Findings suggest that survey-based estimates of age patterns in the obesity-mortality relationship are significantly confounded by disparate cohort mortality and age-related survey selection bias. When these factors are accounted for in Cox survival models, the obesity-mortality relationship is estimated to grow stronger with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Masters
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health and Society Scholars Program, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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221
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Häggström C, Rapp K, Stocks T, Manjer J, Bjørge T, Ulmer H, Engeland A, Almqvist M, Concin H, Selmer R, Ljungberg B, Tretli S, Nagel G, Hallmans G, Jonsson H, Stattin P. Metabolic factors associated with risk of renal cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57475. [PMID: 23468995 PMCID: PMC3585341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that obesity and hypertension are associated with increased risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but less is known about the association to other metabolic factors. In the Metabolic Syndrome and Cancer project (Me-Can) data on body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), blood pressure, and circulating levels of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides were collected from 560,388 men and women in cohorts from Norway, Austria, and Sweden. By use of Cox proportional hazard models, hazard ratios (HR) were calculated for separate and composite metabolic exposures. During a median follow-up of 10 years, 592 men and 263 women were diagnosed with RCC. Among men, we found an increased risk of RCC for BMI, highest vs. lowest quintile, (HR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.13–2.03), systolic blood pressure, (HR = 3.40, 95% CI 1.91–6.06), diastolic blood pressure, (HR = 3.33, 95% CI 1.85–5.99), glucose, (HR = 3.75, 95% CI 1.46–9.68), triglycerides, (HR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.00–3.21) and a composite score of these metabolic factors, (HR = 2.68, 95% CI 1.75–4.11). Among women we found an increased risk of RCC for BMI, highest vs. lowest quintile, (HR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.32–3.70) and the composite score, (HR = 2.29, 95% CI 1.12–4.68). High levels of the composite score were also associated with risk of death from RCC among both men and women. No multiplicative statistical or biological interactions between metabolic factors on risk of RCC were found. High levels of BMI, blood pressure, glucose and triglycerides among men and high BMI among women were associated with increased risk of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Häggström
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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222
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Behrens G, Leitzmann MF. The association between physical activity and renal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:798-811. [PMID: 23412105 PMCID: PMC3590672 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Physical activity may decrease renal cancer risk by reducing obesity, blood pressure, insulin resistance, and lipid peroxidation. Despite plausible biologic mechanisms linking increased physical activity to decreased risk for renal cancer, few epidemiologic studies have been able to report a clear inverse association between physical activity and renal cancer, and no meta-analysis is available on the topic. Methods: We searched the literature using PubMed and Web of Knowledge to identify published non-ecologic epidemiologic studies quantifying the relationship between physical activity and renal cancer risk in individuals without a cancer history. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, including information from 19 studies based on a total of 2 327 322 subjects and 10 756 cases. The methodologic quality of the studies was examined using a comprehensive scoring system. Results: Comparing high vs low levels of physical activity, we observed an inverse association between physical activity and renal cancer risk (summary relative risk (RR) from random-effects meta-analysis=0.88; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.79–0.97). Summarising risk estimates from high-quality studies strengthened the inverse association between physical activity and renal cancer risk (RR=0.78; 95% CI=0.66–0.92). Effect modification by adiposity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, smoking, gender, or geographic region was not observed. Conclusion: Our comprehensive meta-analysis provides strong support for an inverse relation of physical activity to renal cancer risk. Future high-quality studies are required to discern which specific types, intensities, frequencies, and durations of physical activity are needed for renal cancer risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Behrens
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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223
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Qayyum T, Oades G, Horgan P, Aitchison M, Edwards J. The epidemiology and risk factors for renal cancer. Curr Urol 2013; 6:169-74. [PMID: 24917738 DOI: 10.1159/000343534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal cancer is a frequently occurring malignancy with over 270,000 new cases diagnosed and it being responsible for 110,000 deaths annually on a global basis. Incidence rates have gradually increased whilst mortality rates are starting to plateau. OBJECTIVE To review epidemiology and risk factors for renal cancer. METHODS The current data is based on a thorough review of available original and review articles on epidemiology and risk factors for renal cancer with a systemic literature search utilising Medline. RESULTS The prevalence of associated risk factors such as genetic susceptibility, smoking, hypertension and obesity are changing and could account for the changes in incidence whilst the role of diet and occupational exposure to carcinogens requires further investigation. CONCLUSION Despite the evidence of various associated risk factors, further work is required from well designed studies to gain a greater understanding of the etiology of renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Qayyum
- Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Western Infirmary, UK ; School of Medicine, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, UK
| | - Grenville Oades
- Department of Urology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Horgan
- School of Medicine, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, UK
| | | | - Joanne Edwards
- Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Western Infirmary, UK
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Shu X, Lin J, Wood CG, Tannir NM, Wu X. Energy balance, polymorphisms in the mTOR pathway, and renal cell carcinoma risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013; 105:424-32. [PMID: 23378641 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interplay between obesity, physical activity, weight gain, and genetic variants in the mTOR pathway has not been studied in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We examined the associations between obesity, weight gain, physical activity, and RCC risk. We also analyzed whether genetic variants in the mTOR pathway could modify the association. METHODS Incident RCC case subjects and healthy control subjects were recruited from the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas. Case subjects and control subjects were frequency matched. Epidemiologic data were collected by in-person interview. One hundred ninety single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 22 genes in the mTOR pathway were extracted from previous genome-wide association studies. Logistic regression and regression spline were performed to obtain odds ratios (ORs). All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS A total of 577 non-Hispanic white case subjects and 593 healthy control subjects were included. Obesity at age 20 years (OR = 1.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05 to 3.50; P = .03) and age 40 years (OR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.38 to 2.98; P < .001) and moderate (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.02 to 2.09; P = .04) and massive weight gain (OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.10 to 2.39; P = .01) from age 20 to 40 years were each statistically significantly associated with increased RCC risk. Low physical activity was associated with a 4.08-fold increased risk. Among 190 SNPs in the mTOR pathway, six SNPs located in the AKT3 gene were statistically significantly associated with increased risk, and those with three or more unfavorable genotypes had a 1.72-fold increased risk of RCC. CONCLUSION Obesity, weight gain, physical activity, and genetic variants in the mTOR pathway may individually and jointly influence susceptibility to RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Shu
- Department of Epidemiology, Unit 1340, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Pressler Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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225
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Park B, Jeong BC, Seo SI, Jeon SS, Choi HY, Lee HM. Influence of body mass index, smoking, and blood pressure on survival of patients with surgically-treated, low stage renal cell carcinoma: a 14-year retrospective cohort study. J Korean Med Sci 2013; 28:227-36. [PMID: 23400428 PMCID: PMC3565134 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2013.28.2.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of body mass index, smoking, and blood pressure, which are related to the three well-established risk factors of renal cell carcinoma, and survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma is not much studied. Our objective was to evaluate this association. A cohort of 1,036 patients with low stage (pT1 and pT2) renal cell carcinoma who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy were enrolled. We retrospectively reviewed medical records and collected survival data. The body mass index, smoking status, and blood pressure at the time of surgery were recorded. Patients were grouped according to their obesity grade, smoking status, and hypertension stage. Survival analysis showed a significant decrease in overall (P = 0.001) and cancer-specific survival (P < 0.001) with being underweight, with no differences of smoking status or perioperative blood pressure. On multivariate analysis, perioperative blood pressure ≥ 160/100 mmHg (HR, 2.642; 95% CI, 1.221-5.720) and being underweight (HR, 4.320; 95% CI, 1.557-11.984) were independent predictors of overall and cancer-specific mortality, respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that being underweight and perioperative blood pressure ≥ 160/100 mmHg negatively affect cancer-specific and overall survival, respectively, while smoking status does not influence survivals in patients with renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumsoo Park
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Urology, Kangnam General Hospital, Yongin, Korea
| | - Byong Chang Jeong
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Il Seo
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Soo Jeon
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Yong Choi
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Moo Lee
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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226
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Géresi K, Benkő K, Szabó B, Megyeri A, Peitl B, Szilvássy Z, Benkő I. Toxicity of cytotoxic agents to granulocyte–macrophage progenitors is increased in obese Zucker and non-obese but insulin resistant Goto-Kakizaki rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 696:172-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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228
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Steffens S, Ringe KI, Schroeer K, Lehmann R, Rustemeier J, Wegener G, Schrader M, Hofmann R, Kuczyk MA, Schrader AJ. Does overweight influence the prognosis of renal cell carcinoma? Results of a multicenter study. Int J Urol 2012; 20:585-92. [DOI: 10.1111/iju.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Steffens
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover
| | - Kristina I Ringe
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover
| | | | - Rieke Lehmann
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover
| | - Julia Rustemeier
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology; Philipps University of Marburg; Marburg
| | - Gerd Wegener
- Cancer Center; Hannover Medical School; Hannover; Germany
| | - Mark Schrader
- Department of Urology; Ulm University Medical Center; Ulm
| | - Rainer Hofmann
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology; Philipps University of Marburg; Marburg
| | - Markus A Kuczyk
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover
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229
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Beebe-Dimmer JL, Colt JS, Ruterbusch JJ, Keele GR, Purdue MP, Wacholder S, Graubard BI, Davis F, Chow WH, Schwartz KL. Body mass index and renal cell cancer: the influence of race and sex. Epidemiology 2012; 23:821-8. [PMID: 23007040 PMCID: PMC3466395 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0b013e31826b7fe9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a risk factor for renal cell (or renal) cancer. The increasing prevalence of obesity may be contributing to the rising incidence of this cancer over the past several decades. The effects of early-age obesity and change in body mass index (BMI) on renal cancer have been studied less thoroughly, and the influence of race has never been formally investigated. METHODS Using data gathered as part of a large case-control study of renal cancer (1214 cases and 1234 controls), we investigated associations with BMI at several time points, as well as with height. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using logistic regression modeling. Race- and sex-stratified analyses were conducted to evaluate subgroup differences. RESULTS Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m) early in adulthood (OR = 1.6 [95% CI = 1.1 to 2.4]) and 5 years before diagnosis (1.6 [1.1 to 2.2]) was associated with renal cancer. The association with early-adult obesity was stronger among whites than blacks (test for interaction, P = 0.006), whereas the association with obesity near diagnosis was marginally stronger in women than men (test for interaction, P = 0.08). The strongest association with renal cancer was observed for obese whites both in early adulthood and before interview (2.6 [1.5 to 4.4]); this association was not present among blacks. Estimates of the annual excess rate of renal cancer (per 100,000 persons) attributed to both overweight and obesity (BMI > 25 kg/m) ranged from 9.9 among black men to 5.6 among white women. CONCLUSION Obesity, both early and later in life, is associated with an increased risk of renal cancer. The association with early obesity seems to be stronger among whites than blacks.
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230
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Rodríguez-Antona C, García-Donas J. Constitutional genetic variants as predictors of antiangiogenic therapy outcome in renal cell carcinoma. Pharmacogenomics 2012; 13:1621-33. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.12.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of specific angiogenesis inhibitors has drastically improved renal cancer treatment in recent years. Currently, four VEGF receptor inhibitors (sorafenib, sunitinib, pazopanib and axitinib), one anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody (bevacizumab) and two inhibitors of the mTOR pathway (temsirolimus and everolimus) have been approved to treat renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and several other molecules are under investigation. However, lack of response to antiangiogenic drugs and adverse drug reactions leading to treatment suspension are critical clinical problems that need to be solved. Because antiangiogenic drugs act on nonmalignant endothelial cells, the genetic background of the patient may play a crucial role determining the efficacy of these drugs. This article focuses on the identification of polymorphisms associated with antiangiogenic drugs outcome in RCC patients. It reviews and summarizes our current knowledge on this area and discusses future strategies to identify new biomarkers that could be used to personalize RCC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez-Antona
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús García-Donas
- Genitourinary, Neuroendocrine & Rare Tumors Programme, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid, Spain
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231
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Buti S, Bersanelli M, Donini M, Ardizzoni A. Systemic adjuvant therapies in renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Rev 2012; 6:e18. [PMID: 25992216 PMCID: PMC4419621 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2012.e18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the ten most frequent solid tumors worldwide. Recent innovations in the treatment of metastatic disease have led to new therapeutic approaches being investigated in the adjuvant setting. Observation is the only current standard of care after radical nephrectomy, although there is evidence of efficacy of adjuvant use of vaccine among all the strategies used. This article aims to collect published experiences with systemic adjuvant approaches in RCC and to describe the results of past and ongoing phase III clinical trials in this field. We explored all the systemic treatments, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted drugs while alternative approaches have also been described. Appropriate selection of patients who would benefit from adjuvant therapies remains a crucial dilemma. Although the international guidelines do not actually recommend any adjuvant treatment after radical surgery for RCC, no conclusions have yet been drawn pending the results of the promising ongoing clinical trials with the target therapies. The significant changes that these new drugs have made on advanced disease outcome could represent the key to innovation in terms of preventing recurrence, delaying relapse and prolonging survival after radical surgery for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Buti
- Operative Unit of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Parma
| | | | | | - Andrea Ardizzoni
- Operative Unit of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Parma
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232
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Liao LM, Weinstein SJ, Pollak M, Li Z, Virtamo J, Albanes D, Chow WH, Purdue MP. Prediagnostic circulating adipokine concentrations and risk of renal cell carcinoma in male smokers. Carcinogenesis 2012; 34:109-12. [PMID: 23042303 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a well-established link between obesity and renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the mechanism through which obesity acts to increase cancer risk is unclear. Adiponectin, leptin and resistin are adipocyte-secreted peptide hormones that may influence RCC development through their demonstrated effects on inflammation, insulin resistance and cell growth and proliferation. We conducted a nested case-control study to evaluate whether prediagnostic serum adiponectin, leptin and resistin levels are associated with RCC risk. This case-control study (273 cases and 273 controls) was nested within the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study cohort of Finnish male smokers. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression models, with analyte levels modeled continuously and categorically (defined using quartiles among controls). High adiponectin levels were significantly associated with reduced RCC risk (Quartile 4 versus Quartile 1: OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.30-0.88; P trend = 0.01). This association remained upon additional adjustment for body mass index at blood collection and exclusion of cases diagnosed within the first 2 years of follow-up. In addition, model adjustment for adiponectin resulted in a substantial attenuation of the association between BMI and RCC (OR per 5 kg/m(2) changed from 1.19 to 1.05). No clear associations with RCC were observed for leptin or resistin. Our results suggest that elevated levels of circulating adiponectin are associated with decreased subsequent risk of RCC. These findings provide the strongest evidence to date, suggesting that the association between obesity and RCC is mediated at least in part through the effects of low adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Liao
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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233
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Noble
- Health Services Research School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queens University Belfast
| | - Karen Page
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queens University Belfast
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234
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Bellocco R, Pasquali E, Rota M, Bagnardi V, Tramacere I, Scotti L, Pelucchi C, Boffetta P, Corrao G, La Vecchia C. Alcohol drinking and risk of renal cell carcinoma: results of a meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:2235-2244. [PMID: 22398178 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of alcohol consumption in relation with renal cell carcinoma is still unclear; a few studies have reported a beneficial effect of moderate levels of alcohol consumption, whereas it remains still under debate whether there is a dose-response association. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty observational studies (4 cohort, 1 pooled and 15 case-control) reporting results on at least three levels of alcohol consumption were selected through a combined search with PubMed and EMBASE of articles published before November 2010. Overall relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using random-effects models, and both second-order fractional polynomials and random effect meta-regression models were implemented for the study of dose-risk relation. RESULTS The estimated RRs were 0.85 (95% CI: 0.80-0.92) for any alcohol drinking, 0.90 (95% CI: 0.83-0.97) for light drinking (0.01-12.49 g/day), 0.79 (95% CI: 0.71-0.88) for moderate drinking (12.5-49.9 g/day) and 0.89 (95% CI: 0.58-1.39) for heavy drinking (≥50 g/day), respectively. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis supports the hypothesis of a negative effect of moderate alcohol consumption on the risk of renal cell cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bellocco
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Statistics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan.
| | - E Pasquali
- Department of Statistics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan
| | - M Rota
- Department of Statistics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan; Department of Clinical Medicine and Prevention, Centre of Biostatistics for Clinical Epidemiology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza
| | - V Bagnardi
- Department of Statistics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan
| | - I Tramacere
- Department of Epidemiology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - L Scotti
- Department of Statistics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan
| | - C Pelucchi
- Department of Epidemiology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - P Boffetta
- International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - G Corrao
- Department of Statistics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan
| | - C La Vecchia
- Department of Epidemiology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Department of Occupational Health, Section of Medical Statistics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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[The current clinical status of kidney cancers in patients with the VHL disease in Japan: a nationwide epidemiological survey]. Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 2012; 103:552-6. [PMID: 22876660 DOI: 10.5980/jpnjurol.103.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand the current clinical features of kidney cancers in patients with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease in Japan. SUBJECT AND RESULT We performed a nationwide epidemiological survey of patients with VHL disease using the epidemiology program for incurable disease by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. The content of the survey included age of onset of VHL disease, sex, residential area, treatment modalities, kidney function, ECOG performance status, and prognosis. Here, we report the results of kidney cancer. The incidence rate of kidney cancer in VHL disease in Japan is 50.3% (206/409). Males and females are equally affected. The mean age of onset is 37.8 + 0.92 years. The median age of onset is 35 years. The ages of onset are distributed between 15 and 75 years. The mostly affected age of onset is between 20 and 50 years. The incidence rate of patients with metastasis is 11.1% (23/206). The most common site for metastasis is the lung (60%, 14/23). Due to multiple numbers of tumors at initial diagnosis and the metachronous development of tumors, patients received treatment on multiple occasions (mean 1.6 times), including partial nephrectomy (46%), total nephrectomy (31%) or radiofrequency ablation (14%) up to 6 times. The multiple treatments resulted in deterioration of the kidney function, causing chronic dialyses in 7 cases (3%). The ECOG performance status was scored as more than 1 in 42% of patients. The ten-year survival rate in VHL patients with kidney cancer was 94%, which is relatively high compared with that survival rates in sporadic kidney cancers. CONCLUSION The current study indicates that the age of onset of kidney cancers in VHL disease is relatively young, and kidney cancers have features of metachronous development. The clinical features of kidney cancer developed in VHL disease among Japanese population are very similar with those in European countries. Multiple treatments result in deterioration of the kidney function.
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236
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Wu QJ, Vogtmann E, Zhang W, Xie L, Yang WS, Tan YT, Gao J, Xiang YB. Cancer incidence among adolescents and young adults in urban Shanghai, 1973-2005. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42607. [PMID: 22880052 PMCID: PMC3411830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of cancer incidence information for adolescents and young adults led us to describe incidence trends within the young population of 15 to 49 year-olds in urban Shanghai between 1973 and 2005. METHODS During 1973 to 2005, data on 43,009 (45.8%) male and 50,828 (54.2%) female cancer cases aged 15-49 years from the Shanghai Cancer Registry were analyzed. Five-year age-specific rates, world age-standardized rates, percent change (PC), and annual percent change (APC) were calculated using annual data on population size and its estimated age structure. RESULTS During the 33-year study period, overall cancer incidence of adolescents and young adults among males marginally decreased by 0.5% per year (P<0.05). However, overall cancer incidence for females slightly increased by 0.8% per year (P<0.05). The leading cancer for males in rank were liver, stomach, lung, colorectal, and nasopharyngeal cancers and for females were breast, stomach, colorectal, thyroid, and ovarian cancers. Among specific sites, incidence rates significantly decreased for cancers of the esophagus, stomach, and liver in both sexes. In contrast, incidence rates significantly increased for kidney cancers, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and brain and nervous system tumors in both sexes and increased for breast and ovarian cancers among females. CONCLUSIONS Overall cancer incidence rates of adolescents and young adults decreased in males whereas they increased in females. Our findings suggest the importance of further epidemiology and etiologic studies to further elucidate factors contributing to the cancer incidence trends of adolescents and young adults in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Jun Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Emily Vogtmann
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wan-Shui Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Ting Tan
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Bing Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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237
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Okhunov Z, Mues AC, Kline M, Haramis G, Xu B, Mirabile G, Vira M, Landman J. Evaluation of Perirenal Fat as a Predictor of cT1a Renal Cortical Neoplasm Histopathology and Surgical Outcomes. J Endourol 2012; 26:911-6. [DOI: 10.1089/end.2011.0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhamshid Okhunov
- The Smith Institute for Urology, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Adam C. Mues
- New York University, Department of Urology, New York, New York
| | - Myriam Kline
- Biostatistics Unit, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York
| | - Georgios Haramis
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Bin Xu
- The Smith Institute for Urology, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Gabriella Mirabile
- The Smith Institute for Urology, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Manish Vira
- The Smith Institute for Urology, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Jaime Landman
- Department of Urology, University of California Irvine, Orange, California
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238
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Navai N, Wood CG. Environmental and modifiable risk factors in renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2012; 30:220-4. [PMID: 22385993 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prevention of disease requires a firm understanding of the relevant environmental and modifiable risk factors. We present a comprehensive review of these factors in renal cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search of the PubMed database was performed to identify clinical studies examining the relationship between environmental and modifiable factors in the development of renal cell carcinoma (terms utilized: kidney cancer; renal cell carcinoma; risk factors; environment; obesity; hypertension; trichloroethylene). An emphasis was placed on more recent studies. RESULTS Case control and large cohort studies have examined the relationship of numerous environmental and modifiable factors and the risk of renal cell carcinoma. Of particular note are dose-dependent increases in smokers, the obese, and hypertensive patients. CONCLUSIONS Environmental and modifiable risk factors contribute significantly to the risk of sporadic renal cell carcinoma. Emphasis should be placed on smoking cessation and hypertension control. Emerging evidence would suggest that dietary intake and quality impact renal cell carcinoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neema Navai
- Department of Urology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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239
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240
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The Association of the Human Development Index With Global Kidney Cancer Incidence and Mortality. J Urol 2012; 187:1978-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.01.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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241
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Song DY, Song S, Song Y, Lee JE. Alcohol intake and renal cell cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2012; 106:1881-90. [PMID: 22516951 PMCID: PMC3364130 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An inverse association between alcoholic beverage intake and risk of renal cell cancer has been suggested in recent studies. METHODS We examined the association between alcoholic beverages and renal cell cancer risk in a meta-analysis. We identified relevant studies by searching the database of PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE published through August 2011. We combined the study-specific relative risks (RRs) using a random-effects model. RESULTS A total of 20 case-control studies, 3 cohort studies, and 1 pooled analysis of cohort studies were included in the meta-analysis. We observed that alcoholic beverage intake was associated with a lower risk of renal cell cancer in combined analysis of case-control and cohort studies; for total alcoholic beverage intake, combined RRs (95% confidence intervals) comparing top with bottom categories were 0.76 (0.68-0.85) in case-control studies, and 0.71 (0.63-0.78) in cohort studies (P for difference by study design=0.02). The inverse associations were observed for both men and women and for each specific type alcoholic beverage (beer, wine, and liquor). Also, we found that one drink per day of alcoholic beverage conferred the reduction in renal cell cancer risk, but further drinking above that level did not add benefit. CONCLUSION The findings from our meta-analysis support the hypothesis that alcoholic beverage intake is inversely associated with a lower risk of renal cell cancer, with moderate consumption conferring the protection and higher consumption conferring no additional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University, 52 Hyochangwon-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - S Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Y Song
- School of Human Ecology, Catholic University, Gyeongi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - J E Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University, 52 Hyochangwon-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
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242
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Kaneko G, Miyajima A, Kikuchi E, Nakagawa K, Oya M. The Benefit of Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy in High Body Mass Index Patients. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2012; 42:619-24. [DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hys061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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243
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Chiu HF, Kuo CC, Kuo HW, Lee IM, Lee CT, Yang CY. Statin use and the risk of kidney cancer: a population-based case–control study. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2012; 11:543-9. [DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2012.678831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fen Chiu
- Kaohsiung Medical University, Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chun Kuo
- Kaohsiung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Wei Kuo
- Yuan's General Hospital, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Ming Lee
- Kaohsiung Medical University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health,
100 Shih-Chuan 1st RD, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Te Lee
- Kaohsiung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- Kaohsiung Medical University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health,
100 Shih-Chuan 1st RD, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- National Health Research Institute, Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine,
Miaoli, Taiwan
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244
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Han SS, Yeager M, Moore LE, Wei MH, Pfeiffer R, Toure O, Purdue MP, Johansson M, Scelo G, Chung CC, Gaborieau V, Zaridze D, Schwartz K, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Davis F, Bencko V, Colt JS, Janout V, Matveev V, Foretova L, Mates D, Navratilova M, Boffetta P, Berg CD, Grubb RL, Stevens VL, Thun MJ, Diver WR, Gapstur SM, Albanes D, Weinstein SJ, Virtamo J, Burdett L, Brisuda A, McKay JD, Fraumeni JF, Chatterjee N, Rosenberg PS, Rothman N, Brennan P, Chow WH, Tucker MA, Chanock SJ, Toro JR. The chromosome 2p21 region harbors a complex genetic architecture for association with risk for renal cell carcinoma. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:1190-200. [PMID: 22113997 PMCID: PMC3277315 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In follow-up of a recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) that identified a locus in chromosome 2p21 associated with risk for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we conducted a fine mapping analysis of a 120 kb region that includes EPAS1. We genotyped 59 tagged common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 2278 RCC and 3719 controls of European background and observed a novel signal for rs9679290 [P = 5.75 × 10(-8), per-allele odds ratio (OR) = 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17-1.39]. Imputation of common SNPs surrounding rs9679290 using HapMap 3 and 1000 Genomes data yielded two additional signals, rs4953346 (P = 4.09 × 10(-14)) and rs12617313 (P = 7.48 × 10(-12)), both highly correlated with rs9679290 (r(2) > 0.95), but interestingly not correlated with the two SNPs reported in the GWAS: rs11894252 and rs7579899 (r(2) < 0.1 with rs9679290). Genotype analysis of rs12617313 confirmed an association with RCC risk (P = 1.72 × 10(-9), per-allele OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.18-1.39) In conclusion, we report that chromosome 2p21 harbors a complex genetic architecture for common RCC risk variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer S. Han
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services and
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services and
- Core Genotyping Facility at the Advanced Technology Center of the National Cancer Institute, NIH, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lee E. Moore
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services and
| | - Ming-Hui Wei
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services and
| | - Ruth Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services and
| | - Ousmane Toure
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services and
| | - Mark P. Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services and
| | | | - Ghislaine Scelo
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Charles C. Chung
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services and
| | | | | | - Kendra Schwartz
- Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Family Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Faith Davis
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Joanne S. Colt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services and
| | | | | | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Mates
- Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - M. Navratilova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- TheTisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine D. Berg
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert L. Grubb
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Michael J. Thun
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - W. Ryan Diver
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susan M. Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services and
| | - Stephanie J. Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services and
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laurie Burdett
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services and
- Core Genotyping Facility at the Advanced Technology Center of the National Cancer Institute, NIH, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Antonin Brisuda
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - James D. McKay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Joseph F. Fraumeni
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services and
| | - Nilanjan Chatterjee
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services and
| | - Philip S. Rosenberg
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services and
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services and
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Wong-Ho Chow
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services and
| | - Margaret A. Tucker
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services and
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services and
| | - Jorge R. Toro
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services and
- DC-VAMC, Washington, DC, USA
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245
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Sun B, Karin M. Obesity, inflammation, and liver cancer. J Hepatol 2012; 56:704-13. [PMID: 22120206 PMCID: PMC3889660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has become a universal and major public health problem with increasing prevalence in both adults and children in the 21st century, even in developing countries. Extensive epidemiological studies reveal a strong link between obesity and development and progression of various types of cancers. The connection between obesity and liver cancer is particularly strong and obesity often results in liver diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the more severe non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH is characterized by fatty liver inflammation and is believed to cause fibrosis and cirrhosis. The latter is a known liver cancer risk factor. In fact due to its much higher prevalence obesity may be a more substantial contributor to overall hepatocellular carcinoma burden than infection with hepatitis viruses. Here we review and discuss recent advances in elucidation of cellular and molecular alterations and signaling pathways associated with obesity and liver inflammation and their contribution to hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beicheng Sun
- Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital and Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Pathology, Cancer Center, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093-0723, USA
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246
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Patel PH, Srinivas S. Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma. KIDNEY CANCER 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21858-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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247
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Abstract
The association between renal cell cancer (RCC) and intake of fruit, vegetables and nutrients was examined in a population-based case-control study of 323 cases and 1827 controls; dietary intake was obtained using a mailed questionnaire. Cancer risks were estimated by OR and 95 % CI, adjusting for age, sex, smoking, obesity, hypertension, proxy status, alcohol consumption and dietary fat intake and energy. Intake of vegetables was associated with a decreased risk of RCC (OR 0·5; 95 % CI 0·3, 0·7; P trend = 0·002), (top compared to the bottom quartile of intake). When intake of individual nutrients was investigated, vegetable fibre intake was associated with decreased risks (OR 0·4; 95 % CI 0·2, 0·6; P < 0·001), but this was not the case with fruit fibre (OR 0·7; 95 % CI 0·4, 1·1) or grain fibre (OR 1·0; 95 % CI 0·6, 1·5). β-Cryptoxanthin and lycopene were also associated with decreased risks, but when both were included in a mutually adjusted backwards stepwise regression model, only β-cryptoxanthin remained significant (OR 0·5; 95 % CI 0·3, 0·8). When other micronutrients and types of fibre were investigated together, only vegetable fibre and β-cryptoxanthin had significant trends (P < 0·01) (OR 0·6; 95 % CI 0·3, 0·9) (OR 0·5; 95 % CI 0·3, 0·9), respectively. These findings were stronger in those aged over 65 years (P interaction = 0·001). Among non-smokers, low intake of cruciferous vegetables and fruit fibre was also associated with increased risk of RCC (P interaction = 0·03); similar inverse associations were found for β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene and vitamin C. When nutrients were mutually adjusted by backwards regression in these subgroups, only β-cryptoxanthin remained associated with lower RCC risk. These findings deserve further investigation in ongoing prospective studies when sample size becomes sufficient.
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248
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Abstract
Renal cell cancer (RCC) is increasingly diagnosed at an early stage in many countries, which likely contributes to the recent leveling of RCC mortality in the United States and many European countries. However, over all stages nearly 50% of the patients die within 5 years after diagnosis. Smoking and obesity may account for approximately 40% of all incidental cases in high-risk countries. Besides obesity, rising prevalence of hypertension may play a growing role. Several other occupational and lifestyle factors may also affect the risk of RCC. Genetic variations may be an important factor in the differing incidence among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Cho
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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249
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Wuerzner G, Burnier M, Waeber B. Critical review of cancer risk associated with angiotensin receptor blocker therapy. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2011; 7:741-7. [PMID: 22241948 PMCID: PMC3253767 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of drugs in new cancer occurrence and cancer-related death is a major concern. Recently, a meta-analysis raised the possibility that angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) might have an adverse effect on patients. This generated a significant debate until the publication of two further meta-analyses, neither of which demonstrated an increased risk of new cancer occurrence or cancer-related death with the use of ARBs in patients with hypertension, heart failure, and/or nephropathy. This illustrates that the results of meta-analyses should be interpreted cautiously and critically as bias, such as selection bias, might lead to erroneous conclusions. Overall, the bulk of evidence today indicates that ARBs are not associated with increased cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Wuerzner
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension Consultation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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250
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Population based analysis of the increasing incidence of kidney cancer in the United States: evaluation of age specific trends from 1975 to 2006. J Urol 2011; 187:32-8. [PMID: 22088338 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An increase in kidney cancer was reported in the United States but overall rates may obscure trends in age specific groups. We explored whether the increase in kidney cancer incidence differs across age groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS We ascertained the 63,843 incident renal cancer cases in SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results) cancer registries for 1975 to 2006. Yearly incidence rates of renal cancer were calculated and stratified by age group. Age specific trends in cancer diagnosis were evaluated by Poisson regression. RESULTS From 1975 to 2006 the overall age adjusted renal cancer incidence increased 238% from 7.4/100,000 to 17.6/100,000 adults. From 1991 to 2006 the mean age at diagnosis decreased from 64.7 to 62.7 years and the proportion of patients diagnosed before age 65 years increased from 45.9% to 55.3%. Age specific incidence rates of renal cancer increased in all age groups from 1975 to 2006 (p <0.0001). However, the rates changed at different rates. Overall renal cancer diagnosis in the youngest age group (20 to 39 years) increased more quickly than all other age groups (p <0.0001). The renal cancer incidence in patients 60 to 69 and 70 to 79 years old increased more rapidly than in those 40 to 49 and 50 to 59 years old (p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS In the last 15 years mean age at diagnosis of renal cancer has decreased. During our study period the most rapidly increasing kidney cancer incidence was seen in those younger than 40 and 60 to 79 years old. The renal cancer increase in younger patients should direct attention toward further evaluation of renal cancer risk factors.
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