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Beier EE, Sheu TJ, Buckley T, Yukata K, O'Keefe R, Zuscik MJ, Puzas JE. Inhibition of beta-catenin signaling by Pb leads to incomplete fracture healing. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:1397-405. [PMID: 25044211 PMCID: PMC4314692 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is strong evidence in the clinical literature to suggest that elevated lead (Pb) exposure impairs fracture healing. Since Pb has been demonstrated to inhibit bone formation, and Wnt signaling is an important anabolic pathway in chondrocyte maturation and endochondral ossification, we investigated the impact of Wnt therapy on Pb-exposed mice undergoing bone repair in a mouse tibial fracture model. We established that tibial fracture calluses from Pb-treated mice were smaller and contained less mineralized tissue than vehicle controls. This resulted in the persistence of immature cartilage in the callus and decreased β-catenin levels. Reduction of β-catenin protein was concurrent with systemic elevation of LRP5/6 antagonists DKK1 and sclerostin in Pb-exposed mice throughout fracture healing. β-catenin stimulation by the GSK3 inhibitor BIO reversed these molecular changes and restored the amount of mineralized callus. Overall, Pb is identified as a potent inhibitor of endochondral ossification in vivo with correlated effects on bone healing with noted deficits in β-catenin signaling, suggesting the Wnt/β-catenin as a pivotal pathway in the influence of Pb on fracture repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Beier
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, 14642; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, 14642
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202
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Xing W, Cheng S, Wergedal J, Mohan S. Epiphyseal chondrocyte secondary ossification centers require thyroid hormone activation of Indian hedgehog and osterix signaling. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:2262-75. [PMID: 24753031 PMCID: PMC4487616 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are known to regulate endochondral ossification during skeletal development via acting directly in chondrocytes and osteoblasts. In this study, we focused on TH effects on the secondary ossification center (SOC) because the time of appearance of SOCs in several species coincides with the time when peak levels of TH are attained. Accordingly, micro-computed tomography (µCT) evaluation of femurs and tibias at day 21 in TH-deficient and control mice revealed that endochondral ossification of SOCs is severely compromised owing to TH deficiency and that TH treatment for 10 days completely rescued this phenotype. Staining of cartilage and bone in the epiphysis revealed that whereas all of the cartilage is converted into bone in the prepubertal control mice, this conversion failed to occur in the TH-deficient mice. Immunohistochemistry studies revealed that TH treatment of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor mutant (Tshr(-/-) ) mice induced expression of Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and Osx in type 2 collagen (Col2)-expressing chondrocytes in the SOC at day 7, which subsequently differentiate into type 10 collagen (Col10)/osteocalcin-expressing chondro/osteoblasts at day 10. Consistent with these data, treatment of tibia cultures from 3-day-old mice with 10 ng/mL TH increased expression of Osx, Col10, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and osteocalcin in the epiphysis by sixfold to 60-fold. Furthermore, knockdown of the TH-induced increase in Osx expression using lentiviral small hairpin RNA (shRNA) significantly blocked TH-induced ALP and osteocalcin expression in chondrocytes. Treatment of chondrogenic cells with an Ihh inhibitor abolished chondro/osteoblast differentiation and SOC formation. Our findings indicate that TH regulates the SOC initiation and progression via differentiating chondrocytes into bone matrix-producing osteoblasts by stimulating Ihh and Osx expression in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weirong Xing
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Shaohong Cheng
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Jon Wergedal
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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203
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Liu Y, Tang Y, Xiao L, Liu SSY, Yu H. Suture cartilage formation pattern varies with different expansive forces. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014; 146:442-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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204
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Jing J, Hinton RJ, Jing Y, Liu Y, Zhou X, Feng JQ. Osterix couples chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in post-natal condylar growth. J Dent Res 2014; 93:1014-21. [PMID: 25192899 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514549379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osterix (Osx) is a transcription factor essential for osteoblast differentiation and bone mineralization. Although there are indications that Osx also plays a regulatory role in cartilage, this has not been well-studied. The goal of this study was to define the function of Osx in the post-natal growth of the secondary cartilage at the mandibular condyle. Conditional Osx knockout (cKO) mice that were missing Osx only in cartilage were generated by crossing Osx-loxP mice to Aggrecan-Cre mice. Cre activity was induced by tamoxifen injection twice a week from day 12 to 1 mo of age, and specimens were collected at 1 and 5 mo of age. At 1 mo of age, the condylar hypertrophic chondrocyte zone in the cKO-mice was > three-fold thicker than that in the age-matched control, with little sign of endochondral bone formation. Immunohistochemistry and analysis of histological data revealed a defect in the coupling of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in the cKO mice. In five-month-old mice examined to address whether late-stage removal of the Cre-deletion event would alleviate the phenotype, the hypertrophic chondrocyte zone in the cKO condyles was considerably larger than in wild-type mice. There were large discrete areas of calcified cartilage in the hypertrophic zone, few signs of endochondral bone formation, and large regions of disorganized intramembranous bone. Analysis of these data further strengthens the notion that Osterix is essential for the coupling of terminal cartilage differentiation and endochondral ossification in mandibular condylar cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - R J Hinton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Y Jing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - X Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - J Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
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205
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Hypertrophic chondrocytes can become osteoblasts and osteocytes in endochondral bone formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:12097-102. [PMID: 25092332 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1302703111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
According to current dogma, chondrocytes and osteoblasts are considered independent lineages derived from a common osteochondroprogenitor. In endochondral bone formation, chondrocytes undergo a series of differentiation steps to form the growth plate, and it generally is accepted that death is the ultimate fate of terminally differentiated hypertrophic chondrocytes (HCs). Osteoblasts, accompanying vascular invasion, lay down endochondral bone to replace cartilage. However, whether an HC can become an osteoblast and contribute to the full osteogenic lineage has been the subject of a century-long debate. Here we use a cell-specific tamoxifen-inducible genetic recombination approach to track the fate of murine HCs and show that they can survive the cartilage-to-bone transition and become osteogenic cells in fetal and postnatal endochondral bones and persist into adulthood. This discovery of a chondrocyte-to-osteoblast lineage continuum revises concepts of the ontogeny of osteoblasts, with implications for the control of bone homeostasis and the interpretation of the underlying pathological bases of bone disorders.
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206
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Li N, Xu Y, Zhang H, Gao L, Li J, Wang Y, Gao Z, Pan X, Liu X, Li X, Yu Z. Excessive Retinoic Acid Impaired Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Fetal Palatal Chondrocytes (hFPCs). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 101:276-82. [PMID: 24798219 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Public Health School; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou; China
- Henan Agriculture University; Zhengzhou; China
| | - Yusheng Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou; China
| | - Huanhuan Zhang
- Public Health School; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou; China
| | - Liyun Gao
- Public Health School; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou; China
| | - Jue Li
- Public Health School; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou; China
| | - Yongchao Wang
- Public Health School; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou; China
| | - Zhan Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou; China
| | - Xinjuan Pan
- Public Health School; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou; China
| | - Xiaozhuan Liu
- Public Health School; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou; China
| | - Xing Li
- Public Health School; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou; China
| | - Zengli Yu
- Public Health School; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou; China
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207
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Exome sequencing reveals a nonsense mutation in MMP13 as a new cause of autosomal recessive metaphyseal anadysplasia. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:264-6. [PMID: 24781753 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metaphyseal anadysplasia (MANDP) is an uncommon chondrodysplasia characterized by early-onset metaphyseal dysplasia and short stature that improves with age. MANDP is caused by mutations in the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 and 13 genes. Autosomal dominant (AD) MANDP has been described as more severe, and has been associated with dominant-negative MMP13 mutations that suppress activity of both MMP9 and MMP13; autosomal recessive (AR) MANDP has been described as a milder form associated with AR missense mutations in MMP9 or MMP13. Here we describe the molecular characterization of skeletal dysplasia in two brothers who presented with short stature and mixed epiphyseal and metaphyseal dysplasia. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) identified a homozygous C>T transition mutation in exon 2 of MMP13 (c.325C>T) on chromosome 11q22.2 resulting in a premature stop codon p.(R109*) that is predicted to abolish MMP13 activity. This report extends the MANDP phenotype by illustrating that AR nonsense mutations in MMP13 can lead to short stature that persists beyond childhood.
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208
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Miura S, Kondo J, Takimoto A, Sano-Takai H, Guo L, Shukunami C, Tanaka H, Hiraki Y. The N-terminal cleavage of chondromodulin-I in growth-plate cartilage at the hypertrophic and calcified zones during bone development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94239. [PMID: 24710035 PMCID: PMC3977995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondromodulin-I (ChM-I) is a 20-25 kDa anti-angiogenic glycoprotein in cartilage matrix. In the present study, we identified a novel 14-kDa species of ChM-I by immunoblotting, and purified it by immunoprecipitation with a newly raised monoclonal antibody against ChM-I. The N-terminal amino acid sequencing indicated that it was an N-terminal truncated form of ChM-I generated by the proteolytic cleavage at Asp37-Asp38. This 14-kDa ChM-I was shown by the modified Boyden chamber assay to have very little inhibitory activity on the VEGF-A-induced migration of vascular endothelial cells in contrast to the intact 20-25 kDa form of ChM-I (ID50 = 8 nM). Immunohistochemistry suggested that 20-25 kDa ChM-I was exclusively localized in the avascular zones, i.e. the resting, proliferating, and prehypertrophic zones, of the cartilaginous molds of developing long bone, whereas the 14-kDa form of ChM-I was found in hypertrophic and calcified zones. Immunoblotting demonstrated that mature growth-plate chondrocytes isolated from rat costal cartilage actively secrete ChM-I almost exclusively as the intact 20-25 kDa form into the medium in primary culture. Taken together, our results suggest that intact 20-25 kDa ChM-I is stored as a component of extracellular matrix in the avascular cartilage zones, but it is inactivated by a single N-terminal proteolytic cleavage in the hypertrophic zone of growth-plate cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenori Miura
- Department of Cellular Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Kondo
- Research and Development Division, Science and Technology Research Center Inc., Mitsubishi Chemical Group, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Aki Takimoto
- Department of Cellular Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroko Sano-Takai
- Department of Cellular Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Long Guo
- Department of Cellular Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chisa Shukunami
- Department of Dental and Medical Biochemistry, Basic Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Tanaka
- Department of Cellular Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Hiraki
- Department of Cellular Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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209
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Takamatsu A, Ohkawara B, Ito M, Masuda A, Sakai T, Ishiguro N, Ohno K. Verapamil protects against cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92699. [PMID: 24658359 PMCID: PMC3962439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In past years, the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has emerged as a critical regulator of cartilage development and homeostasis. FRZB, a soluble antagonist of Wnt signaling, has been studied in osteoarthritis (OA) animal models and OA patients as a modulator of Wnt signaling. We screened for FDA-approved drugs that induce FRZB expression and suppress Wnt/β-catenin signaling. We found that verapamil, a widely prescribed L-type calcium channel blocker, elevated FRZB expression and suppressed Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human OA chondrocytes. Expression and nuclear translocation of β-catenin was attenuated by verapamil in OA chondrocytes. Lack of the verapamil effects in LiCl-treated and FRZB-downregulated OA chondrocytes also suggested that verpamil suppressed Wnt signaling by inducing FRZB. Verapamil enhanced gene expressions of chondrogenic markers of ACAN encoding aggrecan, COL2A1 encoding collagen type II α1, and SOX9, and suppressed Wnt-responsive AXIN2 and MMP3 in human OA chondrocytes. Verapamil ameliorated Wnt3A-induced proteoglycan loss in chondrogenically differentiated ATDC5 cells. Verapamil inhibited hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes in the explant culture of mouse tibiae. Intraarticular injection of verapamil inhibited OA progression as well as nuclear localizations of β-catenin in a rat OA model. We propose that verapamil holds promise as a potent therapeutic agent for OA by upregulating FRZB and subsequently downregulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Takamatsu
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Bisei Ohkawara
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mikako Ito
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akio Masuda
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kinji Ohno
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
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210
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Li Z, Wu G, Sher RB, Khavandgar Z, Hermansson M, Cox GA, Doschak MR, Murshed M, Beier F, Vance DE. Choline kinase beta is required for normal endochondral bone formation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2112-22. [PMID: 24637075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choline kinase has three isoforms encoded by the genes Chka and Chkb. Inactivation of Chka in mice results in embryonic lethality, whereas Chkb(-/-) mice display neonatal forelimb bone deformations. METHODS To understand the mechanisms underlying the bone deformations, we compared the biology and biochemistry of bone formation from embryonic to young adult wild-type (WT) and Chkb(-/-) mice. RESULTS The deformations are specific to the radius and ulna during the late embryonic stage. The radius and ulna of Chkb(-/-) mice display expanded hypertrophic zones, unorganized proliferative columns in their growth plates, and delayed formation of primary ossification centers. The differentiation of chondrocytes of Chkb(-/-) mice was impaired, as was chondrocyte proliferation and expression of matrix metalloproteinases 9 and 13. In chondrocytes from Chkb(-/-) mice, phosphatidylcholine was slightly lower than in WT mice whereas the amount of phosphocholine was decreased by approximately 75%. In addition, the radius and ulna from Chkb(-/-) mice contained fewer osteoclasts along the cartilage/bone interface. CONCLUSIONS Chkb has a critical role in the normal embryogenic formation of the radius and ulna in mice. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our data indicate that choline kinase beta plays an important role in endochondral bone formation by modulating growth plate physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids and Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2 Canada
| | - Gengshu Wu
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids and Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2 Canada
| | | | | | - Martin Hermansson
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids and Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2 Canada
| | | | - Michael R Doschak
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Monzur Murshed
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frank Beier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dennis E Vance
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids and Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2 Canada.
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211
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Kessels MY, Huitema LFA, Boeren S, Kranenbarg S, Schulte-Merker S, van Leeuwen JL, de Vries SC. Proteomics analysis of the zebrafish skeletal extracellular matrix. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90568. [PMID: 24608635 PMCID: PMC3946537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix of the immature and mature skeleton is key to the development and function of the skeletal system. Notwithstanding its importance, it has been technically challenging to obtain a comprehensive picture of the changes in skeletal composition throughout the development of bone and cartilage. In this study, we analyzed the extracellular protein composition of the zebrafish skeleton using a mass spectrometry-based approach, resulting in the identification of 262 extracellular proteins, including most of the bone and cartilage specific proteins previously reported in mammalian species. By comparing these extracellular proteins at larval, juvenile, and adult developmental stages, 123 proteins were found that differed significantly in abundance during development. Proteins with a reported function in bone formation increased in abundance during zebrafish development, while analysis of the cartilage matrix revealed major compositional changes during development. The protein list includes ligands and inhibitors of various signaling pathways implicated in skeletogenesis such as the Int/Wingless as well as the insulin-like growth factor signaling pathways. This first proteomic analysis of zebrafish skeletal development reveals that the zebrafish skeleton is comparable with the skeleton of other vertebrate species including mammals. In addition, our study reveals 6 novel proteins that have never been related to vertebrate skeletogenesis and shows a surprisingly large number of differences in the cartilage and bone proteome between the head, axis and caudal fin regions. Our study provides the first systematic assessment of bone and cartilage protein composition in an entire vertebrate at different stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurijn Y. Kessels
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie F. A. Huitema
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Kranenbarg
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Schulte-Merker
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Sacco C. de Vries
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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212
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Dela Cruz A, Mattocks M, Sugamori KS, Grynpas MD, Mitchell J. Reduced trabecular bone mass and strength in mice overexpressing Gα11 protein in cells of the osteoblast lineage. Bone 2014; 59:211-22. [PMID: 24308950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) require G proteins for intracellular signaling to regulate a variety of growth and maintenance processes, including osteogenesis and bone turnover. Bone maintenance events may be altered by changes in the activity or level of G proteins, which then modify signaling in bone cells such as osteoblasts. We have previously reported increased levels of Gα11 protein and signaling to phospholipase C/protein kinase C pathways in response to dexamethasone in osteoblastic UMR 106-01 cells. Here we generated pOBCol3.6-GNA11 transgenic mice that overexpress Gα11 protein in cells of the osteoblast lineage (G11-Tg mice). G11-Tg mice exhibit an osteopenic phenotype characterized by significant reductions in trabecular bone mineral density, thickness, number and strength. The numbers of osteoblasts and osteocytes were unchanged in G11-Tg bone, but early markers of osteoblast differentiation, Alp and Bsp, were increased while the late stage differentiation marker Ocn was not changed suggesting reduced osteoblast maturation in G11-Tg trabecular bone which was accompanied by a decreased bone formation rate. Furthermore, in vitro cultures of G11-Tg primary osteoblasts show delayed osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Histological analyses also revealed increased osteoclast parameters, accompanied by elevated mRNA expression of Trap and Ctsk. mRNA levels of Rankl and M-csf were elevated in vitro in bone marrow stromal cells undergoing osteogenesis and in trabecular bone in vivo. Together, these findings demonstrate that increasing Gα11 protein expression in osteoblasts can alter gene expression and result in a dual mechanism of trabecular bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Dela Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michael Mattocks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kim S Sugamori
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Marc D Grynpas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jane Mitchell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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213
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Zhou J, Chen Q, Lanske B, Fleming BC, Terek R, Wei X, Zhang G, Wang S, Li K, Wei L. Disrupting the Indian hedgehog signaling pathway in vivo attenuates surgically induced osteoarthritis progression in Col2a1-CreERT2; Ihhfl/fl mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:R11. [PMID: 24428864 PMCID: PMC3978435 DOI: 10.1186/ar4437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous observations implicate Indian hedgehog (Ihh) signaling in osteoarthritis (OA) development because it regulates chondrocyte hypertrophy and matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP-13) expression. However, there is no direct genetic evidence for the role of Ihh in OA, because mice with cartilage or other tissue-specific deletion of the Ihh gene die shortly after birth. We evaluated the role of Ihh in vivo via a Cre-loxP-mediated approach to circumvent the early death caused by Ihh deficiency. METHODS To evaluate the role of Ihh in OA development, Ihh was specifically deleted in murine cartilage using an Ihh conditional deletion construct (Col2a1-CreER(T2); Ihh(fl/fl)). The extent of cartilage degradation and OA progression after Ihh deletion was assessed by histological analysis, immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR and in vivo fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) 2 months after OA was induced by partial medial meniscectomy. The effect of Ihh signaling on cartilage was compared between Ihh-deleted mice and their control littermates. RESULTS Only mild OA changes were observed in Ihh-deleted mice, while control mice displayed significantly more cartilage damage. Typical OA markers such as type X collagen and MMP-13 were decreased in Ihh-deleted mice. In vivo FMT demonstrated decreased cathepsins and MMP activity in knee joints of animals with deletion of Ihh. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the protective role of Ihh deletion in surgically induced OA. Thus, our findings suggest the potential to develop new therapeutic strategies that can prevent and treat OA by inhibiting Ihh signaling in chondrocytes.
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Dancevic CM, McCulloch DR. Current and emerging therapeutic strategies for preventing inflammation and aggrecanase-mediated cartilage destruction in arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:429. [PMID: 25606593 PMCID: PMC4289229 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-014-0429-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthritis is a multifactorial disease for which current therapeutic intervention with high efficacy remains challenging. Arthritis predominately affects articular joints, and cartilage deterioration and inflammation are key characteristics. Current therapeutics targeting inflammatory responses often cause severe side effects in patients because of the systemic inhibition of cytokines or other global immunosuppressive activities. Furthermore, a lack of primary response or failure to sustain a response to treatment through acquired drug resistance is an ongoing concern. Nevertheless, treatments such as disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, biological agents, and corticosteroids have revealed promising outcomes by decreasing pain and inflammation in patients and in some cases reducing radiographic progression of the disease. Emerging and anecdotal therapeutics with anti-inflammatory activity, alongside specific inhibitors of the A Disintegrin-like And Metalloproteinase domain with Thrombospondin-1 repeats (ADAMTS) cartilage-degrading aggrecanases, provide promising additions to current arthritis treatment strategies. Thus, it is paramount that treatment strategies be optimized to increase efficacy, reduce debilitating side effects, and improve the quality of life of patients with arthritis. Here, we review the current strategies that attempt to slow or halt the progression of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, providing an up-to-date summary of pharmaceutical treatment strategies and side effects. Importantly, we highlight their potential to indirectly regulate ADAMTS aggrecanase activity through their targeting of inflammatory mediators, thus providing insight into a mechanism by which they might inhibit cartilage destruction to slow or halt radiographic progression of the disease. We also contrast these with anecdotal or experimental administration of statins that could equally regulate ADAMTS aggrecanase activity and are available to arthritis sufferers worldwide. Finally, we review the current literature regarding the development of synthetic inhibitors directed toward the aggrecanases ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5, a strategy that might directly inhibit cartilage destruction and restore joint function in both rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Dancevic
- School of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Research SRC, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216 Australia
| | - Daniel R McCulloch
- School of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Research SRC, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216 Australia
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215
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Power J, Hernandez P, Wardale J, Henson FMD. Alterations in sclerostin protein in lesions of equine osteochondrosis. Vet Rec Open 2014; 1:e000005. [PMID: 26392871 PMCID: PMC4562441 DOI: 10.1136/vropen-2013-000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteochondrosis (OC) is a common and clinically important joint disease that occurs in many species, including humans, pigs, chickens and horses. It has been described as a focal failure of endochondral ossification (EO), but no cellular/molecular mechanisms are fully described that explain the cause of this condition. Recently a Wnt signalling inhibitor, sclerostin, has been described in osteoarthritic cartilage, where it has been proposed to protect damaged cartilage from degradation. Cartilage degradation is a key event in EO, thus, abnormalities of sclerostin in growth cartilage could, potentially, lead to a failure of EO and, thus, OC. The aim of this study was to describe the distribution of sclerostin protein in normal and OC growth cartilage. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to localise sclerostin protein in normal and OC growth cartilage. Growth cartilage was harvested from the distal femur of horses aged between 6 and 18 months. Cartilage was classified as normal or having lesions consistent with a diagnosis of early OC. IHC was used to identify sclerostin protein in cartilage sections. Sclerostin protein distribution was semiquantified using a grading system and shown to be upregulated throughout all three zones of cartilage in lesions of OC (IHC score 8.1 compared to IHC score of 0.88). These results indicate that sclerostin may be contributing to the development of OC lesions by inhibiting extracellular matrix remodelling or may reflect the response of damaged cartilage. Clearly, further work is required to fully characterise this observation but, with antisclerostin antibodies used to treat human osteoporosis, the possibility of development of a systemic treatment of OC remains a potential goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Power
- Orthopaedic Research Unit , University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Box 180, Hill's Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ , UK
| | - Paula Hernandez
- Orthopaedic Research Unit , University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Box 180, Hill's Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ , UK
| | - John Wardale
- Orthopaedic Research Unit , University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Box 180, Hill's Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ , UK
| | - Frances M D Henson
- Orthopaedic Research Unit , University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Box 180, Hill's Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ , UK
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216
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Xing L, Chen D, Boyce BF. Mice Deficient in NF-κB p50 and p52 or RANK Have Defective Growth Plate Formation and Post-natal Dwarfism. Bone Res 2013; 1:336-45. [PMID: 26273511 DOI: 10.4248/br201304004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κBp50/p52 double knockout (dKO) and RANK KO mice have no osteoclasts and develop severe osteopetrosis associated with dwarfism. In contrast, Op/Op mice, which form few osteoclasts, and Src KO mice, which have osteoclasts with defective resorptive function, are osteopetrotic, but they are not dwarfed. Here, we compared the morphologic features of long bones from p50/p52 dKO, RANK KO, Op/Op and Src KO mice to attempt to explain the differences in their long bone lengths. We found that growth plates in p50/p52 dKO and RANK KO mice are significantly thicker than those in WT mice due to a 2-3-fold increase in the hypertrophic chondrocyte zone associated with normal a proliferative chondrocyte zone. This growth plate abnormality disappears when animals become older, but their dwarfism persists. Op/Op or Src KO mice have relatively normal growth plate morphology. In-situ hybridization study of long bones from p50/p52 dKO mice showed marked thickening of the growth plate region containing type 10 collagen-expressing chondrocytes. Treatment of micro-mass chondrocyte cultures with RANKL did not affect expression levels of type 2 collagen and Sox9, markers for proliferative chondrocytes, but RANKL reduced the number of type 10 collagen-expressing hypertrophic chondrocytes. Thus, RANK/NF-κB signaling plays a regulatory role in post-natal endochondral ossification that maintains hypertrophic conversion and prevents dwarfism in normal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Brendan F Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Zhang JP, Deng YF, Zhou ZL, Hou JF. Expression and identification of recombinant chicken vascular endothelial growth factor in Pichia pastoris and its role in the pathogenesis of tibial dyschondroplasia. Poult Sci 2013; 92:3214-27. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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218
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Lawson KA, Teteak CJ, Zou J, Hacquebord J, Ghatan A, Zielinska-Kwiatkowska A, Fernandes RJ, Chansky HA, Yang L. Mesenchyme-specific knockout of ESET histone methyltransferase causes ectopic hypertrophy and terminal differentiation of articular chondrocytes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32119-32125. [PMID: 24056368 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.473827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact molecular mechanisms governing articular chondrocytes remain unknown in skeletal biology. In this study, we have found that ESET (an ERG-associated protein with a SET domain, also called SETDB1) histone methyltransferase is expressed in articular cartilage. To test whether ESET regulates articular chondrocytes, we carried out mesenchyme-specific deletion of the ESET gene in mice. ESET knock-out did not affect generation of articular chondrocytes during embryonic development. Two weeks after birth, there was minimal qualitative difference at the knee joints between wild-type and ESET knock-out animals. At 1 month, ectopic hypertrophy, proliferation, and apoptosis of articular chondrocytes were seen in the articular cartilage of ESET-null animals. At 3 months, additional signs of terminal differentiation such as increased alkaline phosphatase activity and an elevated level of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 were found in ESET-null cartilage. Staining for type II collagen and proteoglycan revealed that cartilage degeneration became progressively worse from 2 weeks to 12 months at the knee joints of ESET knock-out mutants. Analysis of over 14 pairs of age- and sex-matched wild-type and knock-out mice indicated that the articular chondrocyte phenotype in ESET-null mutants is 100% penetrant. Our results demonstrate that expression of ESET plays an essential role in the maintenance of articular cartilage by preventing articular chondrocytes from terminal differentiation and may have implications in joint diseases such as osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Lawson
- From the Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98108
| | - Colin J Teteak
- From the Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98108
| | - Junhui Zou
- From the Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98108
| | - Jacques Hacquebord
- From the Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98108
| | - Andrew Ghatan
- From the Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98108
| | - Anna Zielinska-Kwiatkowska
- From the Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98108
| | - Russell J Fernandes
- From the Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98108
| | - Howard A Chansky
- From the Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98108; the Research and Development Program, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98108
| | - Liu Yang
- From the Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98108; the Research and Development Program, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98108.
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Zhang X, Zhu J, Li Y, Lin T, Siclari VA, Chandra A, Candela EM, Koyama E, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Qin L. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling regulates epiphyseal cartilage development through β-catenin-dependent and -independent pathways. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32229-32240. [PMID: 24047892 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.463554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an essential player in the development of multiple organs during embryonic and postnatal stages. To understand its role in epiphyseal cartilage development, we generated transgenic mice with conditionally inactivated EGFR in chondrocytes. Postnatally, these mice exhibited a normal initiation of cartilage canals at the perichondrium, but the excavation of these canals into the cartilage was strongly suppressed, resulting in a delay in the formation of the secondary ossification center (SOC). This delay was accompanied by normal chondrocyte hypertrophy but decreased mineralization and apoptosis of hypertrophic chondrocytes and reduced osteoclast number at the border of marrow space. Immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that inactivation of chondrocyte-specific EGFR signaling reduced the amounts of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP9, -13, and -14) and RANKL (receptor activator of NF-κB ligand) in the hypertrophic chondrocytes close to the marrow space and decreased the cartilage matrix degradation in the SOC. Analyses of EGFR downstream signaling pathways in primary epiphyseal chondrocytes revealed that up-regulation of MMP9 and RANKL by EGFR signaling was partially mediated by the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway, whereas EGFR-enhanced MMP13 expression was not. Further biochemical studies suggested that EGFR signaling stimulates the phosphorylation of LRP6, increases active β-catenin level, and induces its nuclear translocation. In line with these in vitro studies, deficiency in chondrocyte-specific EGFR activity reduced β-catenin amount in hypertrophic chondrocytes in vivo. In conclusion, our work demonstrates that chondrocyte-specific EGFR signaling is an important regulator of cartilage matrix degradation during SOC formation and epiphyseal cartilage development and that its actions are partially mediated by activating the β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianrong Zhang
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,; the Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ji Zhu
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Yumei Li
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,; the Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tiao Lin
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,; the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Valerie A Siclari
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Abhishek Chandra
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Elena M Candela
- the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Eiki Koyama
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,; the Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,; the Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Ling Qin
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,.
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220
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Wang ST, Gao YJ, Duan CC, Li DD, Tian XC, Zhang QL, Guo B, Yue ZP. Effects of PTHrP on expression of MMP9 and MMP13 in sika deer antler chondrocytes. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:1300-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Tang Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062 P. R. China
| | - Ying-Jie Gao
- Department of Histology and Embryology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062 P. R. China
| | - Cui-Cui Duan
- Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Dang-Dang Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062 P. R. China
| | - Xue-Chao Tian
- Department of Histology and Embryology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062 P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Ling Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062 P. R. China
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062 P. R. China
| | - Zhan-Peng Yue
- Department of Histology and Embryology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062 P. R. China
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221
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Perry SW, Schueckler JM, Burke K, Arcuri GL, Brown EB. Stromal matrix metalloprotease-13 knockout alters Collagen I structure at the tumor-host interface and increases lung metastasis of C57BL/6 syngeneic E0771 mammary tumor cells. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:411. [PMID: 24010522 PMCID: PMC3766650 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix metalloproteases and collagen are key participants in breast cancer, but their precise roles in cancer etiology and progression remain unclear. MMP13 helps regulate collagen structure and has been ascribed largely harmful roles in cancer, but some studies demonstrate that MMP13 may also protect against tumor pathology. Other studies indicate that collagen’s organizational patterns at the breast tumor-host interface influence metastatic potential. Therefore we investigated how MMP13 modulates collagen I, a principal collagen subtype in breast tissue, and affects tumor pathology and metastasis in a mouse model of breast cancer. Methods Tumors were implanted into murine mammary tissues, and their growth analyzed in Wildtype and MMP13 KO mice. Following extraction, tumors were analyzed for collagen I levels and collagen I macro- and micro-structural properties at the tumor-host boundary using immunocytochemistry and two-photon and second harmonic generation microscopy. Lungs were analyzed for metastases counts, to correlate collagen I changes with a clinically significant functional parameter. Statistical analyses were performed by t-test, analysis of variance, or Wilcoxon-Mann–Whitney tests as appropriate. Results We found that genetic ablation of host stromal MMP13 led to: 1. Increased mammary tumor collagen I content, 2. Marked changes in collagen I spatial organization, and 3. Altered collagen I microstructure at the tumor-host boundary, as well as 4. Increased metastasis from the primary mammary tumor to lungs. Conclusions These results implicate host MMP13 as a key regulator of collagen I structure and metastasis in mammary tumors, thus making it an attractive potential therapeutic target by which we might alter metastatic potential, one of the chief determinants of clinical outcome in breast cancer. In addition to identifying stromal MMP13 is an important regulator of the tumor microenvironment and metastasis, these results also suggest that stromal MMP13 may protect against breast cancer pathology under some conditions, a finding with important implications for development of chemotherapies directed against matrix metalloproteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth W Perry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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IKKα/CHUK regulates extracellular matrix remodeling independent of its kinase activity to facilitate articular chondrocyte differentiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73024. [PMID: 24023802 PMCID: PMC3759388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The non-canonical NF-κB activating kinase IKKα, encoded by CHUK (conserved-helix-loop-helix-ubiquitous-kinase), has been reported to modulate pro- or anti- inflammatory responses, cellular survival and cellular differentiation. Here, we have investigated the mechanism of action of IKKα as a novel effector of human and murine chondrocyte extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis and differentiation towards hypertrophy. Methodology/Principal Findings IKKα expression was ablated in primary human osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes and in immature murine articular chondrocytes (iMACs) derived from IKKαf/f:CreERT2 mice by retroviral-mediated stable shRNA transduction and Cre recombinase-dependent Lox P site recombination, respectively. MMP-10 was identified as a major target of IKKα in chondrocytes by mRNA profiling, quantitative RT-PCR analysis, immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. ECM integrity, as assessed by type II collagen (COL2) deposition and the lack of MMP-dependent COL2 degradation products, was enhanced by IKKα ablation in mice. MMP-13 and total collagenase activities were significantly reduced, while TIMP-3 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3) protein levels were enhanced in IKKα-deficient chondrocytes. IKKα deficiency suppressed chondrocyte differentiation, as shown by the quantitative inhibition of.Alizarin red staining and the reduced expression of multiple chondrocyte differentiation effectors, including Runx2, Col10a1 and Vegfa,. Importantly, the differentiation of IKKα-deficient chondrocytes was rescued by a kinase-dead IKKα protein mutant. Conclusions/Significance IKKα acts independent of its kinase activity to help drive chondrocyte differentiation towards a hypertrophic-like state. IKKα positively modulates ECM remodeling via multiple downstream targets (including MMP-10 and TIMP-3 at the mRNA and post-transcriptional levels, respectively) to maintain maximal MMP-13 activity, which is required for ECM remodeling leading to chondrocyte differentiation. Chondrocytes are the unique cell component in articular cartilage, which are quiescent and maintain ECM integrity during tissue homeostasis. In OA, chondrocytes reacquire the capacity to proliferate and differentiate and their activation results in pronounced cartilage degeneration. Τηυσ, our findings are also of potential relevance for defining the onset and/or progression of OA disease.
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223
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Nkyimbeng T, Ruppert C, Shiomi T, Dahal B, Lang G, Seeger W, Okada Y, D’Armiento J, Günther A. Pivotal role of matrix metalloproteinase 13 in extracellular matrix turnover in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73279. [PMID: 24023851 PMCID: PMC3759404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disease characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Objectives We investigated the regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) in lung fibrosis. Methods MMP and TIMP expression, collagenolytic activity and collagen content was assessed in IPF (n=16) versus donor (n=6) lung homogenates and accomplished by in-situ-zymography for gelatinolytic and collagenolytic activities, combined with MMP antigen detection. Role of MMP13 was assessed employing the bleomycin model of lung fibrosis in MMP-13-/- versus wild-type mice. Measurements and Main Results In IPF, MMPs-1, 2, 7, 9 and 13, but not MMP-8, were significantly upregulated, whereas none of the TIMPs (1–4) were significantly altered. Collagen content was slightly increased and collagenolytic activity was most prominent in the airways and co-localized with MMP-13. We observed an exaggerated early inflammatory response and an augmented lung fibrosis in bleomycin-challenged MMP-13-/- versus wild-type mice, with elevated lung collagen content 28d after bleomycin challenge in the MMP-13-/- mice. Conclusions Our data suggest that i) collagen deposition in IPF lungs is not primarily due to excessive TIMP production, but rather due to overwhelming ECM production in face of an overall increased, but spatially imbalanced collagenolytic activity, ii) preferential distribution of collagenolytic activity, largely MMP-13, in the airways offers an explanation for the development of honeycomb cysts and iii) despite an overall increase in inflammatory cell content the presence of MMP-13 seems to limit the overall extent of ECM deposition in lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takwi Nkyimbeng
- University of Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Clemens Ruppert
- University of Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Takayuki Shiomi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bhola Dahal
- University of Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - György Lang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Seeger
- University of Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Yasunori Okada
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeanine D’Armiento
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andreas Günther
- University of Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- Lung Clinic Waldhof-Elgershausen, Greifenstein, Germany
- * E-mail:
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224
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Insights from human genetic studies into the pathways involved in osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2013; 9:573-83. [DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2013.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Halder SK, Osteen KG, Al-Hendy A. Vitamin D3 inhibits expression and activities of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in human uterine fibroid cells. Hum Reprod 2013; 28:2407-16. [PMID: 23814095 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Can biologically active vitamin D3 [1,25(OH)₂D3] regulate the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in human uterine fibroid cells? SUMMARY ANSWER 1,25(OH)₂D3 effectively reduced the expression and activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in cultured human uterine fibroid cells. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Uterine fibroids (leiomyoma) express higher levels of MMP activity than adjacent normal myometrium, and this is associated with uterine fibroid pathogenesis. However, it is unknown whether 1,25(OH)₂D3 can regulate the expression and activities of MMPs in human uterine fibroid cells. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Surgically removed fresh fibroid tissue was used to generate primary uterine fibroid cells. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS An immortalized human uterine fibroid cell line (HuLM) and/or primary human uterine fibroid cells isolated from fresh fibroid tissue were used to examine the expression of several MMPs, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) 1 and 2 and the activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 after 1,25(OH)₂D3 treatment. Real-time PCR and western blots analyses were used to measure mRNA and protein expression of MMPs, respectively. Supernatant cell culture media were analyzed for MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities using a gelatin zymography assay. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE 1-1000 nM 1,25(OH)₂D3 significantly reduced mRNA levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in HuLM cells in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.5 to P < 0.001). The mRNA levels of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13 and MMP-14 in HuLM cells were also reduced by 1,25(OH)₂D3. 1,25(OH)₂D3 significantly reduced MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein levels in a concentration-dependent manner in both HuLM and primary uterine fibroid cells (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). Moreover, 1,25(OH)₂D3 increased the mRNA levels of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and TIMP-2 in a concentration-dependent manner in HuLM cells (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01). 1,25(OH)₂D3 also significantly increased protein levels of VDR and TIMP-2 in all cell types tested (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). Gelatin zymography revealed that pro-MMP-2, active MMP-2 and pro-MMP-9 were down-regulated by 1,25(OH)₂D3 in a concentration-dependent manner; however, the active MMP-9 was undetectable. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study was performed using in vitro uterine fibroid cell cultures and the results were extrapolated to in vivo situation of uterine fibroids. Moreover, in this study the interaction of vitamin D3 with other regulators such as steroid hormone receptors was not explored. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study reveals an important biological function of 1,25(OH)₂D3 in the regulation of expression and activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Thus, 1,25(OH)₂D3 might be a potential effective, safe non-surgical treatment option for human uterine fibroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Halder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
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Lei H, Leong D, Smith LR, Barton ER. Matrix metalloproteinase 13 is a new contributor to skeletal muscle regeneration and critical for myoblast migration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C529-38. [PMID: 23761625 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00051.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Efficient skeletal muscle repair and regeneration require coordinated remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Previous reports have indicated that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play the pivotal role in ECM remodeling during muscle regeneration. The goal of the current study was to determine if the interstitial collagenase MMP-13 was involved in the muscle repair process. Using intramuscular cardiotoxin injections to induce acute muscle injury, we found that MMP-13 expression and activity transiently increased during the regeneration process. In addition, in muscles from mdx mice, which exhibit chronic injury, MMP-13 expression and protein levels were elevated. In differentiating C2C12 cells, a murine myoblast cell line, Mmp13 expression was most pronounced after myoblast fusion and during myotube formation. Using pharmacological inhibition of MMP-13 to test whether MMP-13 activity is necessary for the proliferation, differentiation, migration, and fusion of C2C12 cells, we found a dramatic blockade of myoblast migration, as well as a delay in differentiation. In contrast, C2C12 cells with stable overexpression of MMP-13 showed enhanced migration, without affecting myoblast maturation. Taken together, these results support a primary role for MMP-13 in myoblast migration that leads to secondary effects on differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqin Lei
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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227
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McKleroy W, Lee TH, Atabai K. Always cleave up your mess: targeting collagen degradation to treat tissue fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 304:L709-21. [PMID: 23564511 PMCID: PMC3680761 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00418.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a vexing clinical problem with no proven therapeutic options. In the normal lung there is continuous collagen synthesis and collagen degradation, and these two processes are precisely balanced to maintain normal tissue architecture. With lung injury there is an increase in the rate of both collagen production and collagen degradation. The increase in collagen degradation is critical in preventing the formation of permanent scar tissue each time the lung is exposed to injury. In pulmonary fibrosis, collagen degradation does not keep pace with collagen production, resulting in extracellular accumulation of fibrillar collagen. Collagen degradation occurs through both extracellular and intracellular pathways. The extracellular pathway involves cleavage of collagen fibrils by proteolytic enzyme including the metalloproteinases. The less-well-described intracellular pathway involves binding and uptake of collagen fragments by fibroblasts and macrophages for lysosomal degradation. The relationship between these two pathways and their relevance to the development of fibrosis is complex. Fibrosis in the lung, liver, and skin has been associated with an impaired degradative environment. Much of the current scientific effort in fibrosis is focused on understanding the pathways that regulate increased collagen production. However, recent reports suggest an important role for collagen turnover and degradation in regulating the severity of tissue fibrosis. The objective of this review is to evaluate the roles of the extracellular and intracellular collagen degradation pathways in the development of fibrosis and to examine whether pulmonary fibrosis can be viewed as a disease of impaired matrix degradation rather than a disease of increased matrix production.
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Affiliation(s)
- William McKleroy
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Lung Biology Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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228
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Vandenbroucke RE, Dejonckheere E, Van Hauwermeiren F, Lodens S, De Rycke R, Van Wonterghem E, Staes A, Gevaert K, López-Otin C, Libert C. Matrix metalloproteinase 13 modulates intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in inflammatory diseases by activating TNF. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:1000-16. [PMID: 23723167 PMCID: PMC3721470 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201202100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several pathological processes, such as sepsis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are associated with impairment of intestinal epithelial barrier. Here, we investigated the role of matrix metalloproteinase MMP13 in these diseases. We observed that MMP13−/− mice display a strong protection in LPS- and caecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis. We could attribute this protection to reduced LPS-induced goblet cell depletion, endoplasmic reticulum stress, permeability and tight junction destabilization in the gut of MMP13−/− mice compared to MMP13+/+ mice. Both in vitro and in vivo, we found that MMP13 is able to cleave pro-TNF into bioactive TNF. By LC-MS/MS, we identified three MMP13 cleavage sites, which proves that MMP13 is an alternative TNF sheddase next to the TNF converting enzyme TACE. Similarly, we found that the same mechanism was responsible for the observed protection of the MMP13−/− mice in a mouse model of DSS-induced colitis. We identified MMP13 as an important mediator in sepsis and IBD via the shedding of TNF. Hence, we propose MMP13 as a novel drug target for diseases in which damage to the gut is essential.
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229
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Clause KC, Barker TH. Extracellular matrix signaling in morphogenesis and repair. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 24:830-3. [PMID: 23726156 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is critically important for many cellular processes including growth, differentiation, survival, and morphogenesis. Cells remodel and reshape the ECM by degrading and reassembling it, playing an active role in sculpting their surrounding environment and directing their own phenotypes. Both mechanical and biochemical molecules influence ECM dynamics in multiple ways; by releasing small bioactive signaling molecules, releasing growth factors stored within the ECM, eliciting structural changes to matrix proteins which expose cryptic sites and by degrading matrix proteins directly. The dynamic reciprocal communication between cells and the ECM plays a fundamental roll in tissue development, homeostasis, and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C Clause
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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230
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Foley CJ, Fanjul-Fernández M, Bohm A, Nguyen N, Agarwal A, Austin K, Koukos G, Covic L, López-Otín C, Kuliopulos A. Matrix metalloprotease 1a deficiency suppresses tumor growth and angiogenesis. Oncogene 2013; 33:2264-72. [PMID: 23708660 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloprotease-1 (MMP1) is an important mediator of tumorigenesis, inflammation and tissue remodeling through its ability to degrade critical matrix components. Recent studies indicate that stromal-derived MMP1 may exert direct oncogenic activity by signaling through protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) in carcinoma cells; however, this has not been established in vivo. We generated an Mmp1a knockout mouse to ascertain whether stromal-derived Mmp1a affects tumor growth. Mmp1a-deficient mice are grossly normal and born in Mendelian ratios; however, deficiency of Mmp1a results in significantly decreased growth and angiogenesis of lung tumors. Coimplantation of lung cancer cells with wild-type Mmp1a(+/+) fibroblasts completely restored tumor growth in Mmp1a-deficient animals, highlighting the critical role of stromal-derived Mmp1a. Silencing of PAR1 expression in the lung carcinoma cells phenocopied stromal Mmp1a-deficiency, thus validating tumor-derived PAR1 as an Mmp1a target. Mmp1a secretion is controlled by the ability of its prodomain to facilitate autocleavage, whereas human MMP1 is efficiently secreted because of stable pro- and catalytic domain interactions. Taken together, these data demonstrate that stromal Mmp1a drives in vivo tumorigenesis and provide proof of concept that targeting the MMP1-PAR1 axis may afford effective treatments of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Foley
- 1] Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA [2] Program in Genetics at the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Fanjul-Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - A Bohm
- Program in Genetics at the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N Nguyen
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Agarwal
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Austin
- 1] Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA [2] Program in Genetics at the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Koukos
- 1] Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA [2] Program in Genetics at the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Covic
- 1] Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA [2] Program in Genetics at the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - A Kuliopulos
- 1] Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA [2] Program in Genetics at the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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231
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Ono K, Karolak MR, Ndong JDLC, Wang W, Yang X, Elefteriou F. The ras-GTPase activity of neurofibromin restrains ERK-dependent FGFR signaling during endochondral bone formation. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3048-62. [PMID: 23571107 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe defects in growth plate development caused by chondrocyte extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) gain or loss-of-function suggest that tight spatial and temporal regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling is necessary to achieve harmonious growth plate elongation and structure. We provide here evidence that neurofibromin, via its Ras guanosine triphosphatase -activating activity, controls ERK1/2-dependent fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling in chondrocytes. We show first that neurofibromin is expressed in FGFR-positive prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes during growth plate endochondral ossification. Using mice lacking neurofibromin 1 (Nf1) in type II collagen-expressing cells, (Nf1col2(-/-) mutant mice), we then show that lack of neurofibromin in post-mitotic chondrocytes triggers a number of phenotypes reminiscent of the ones observed in mice characterized by FGFR gain-of-function mutations. Those include dwarfism, constitutive ERK1/2 activation, strongly reduced Ihh expression and decreased chondrocyte proliferation and maturation, increased chondrocytic expression of Rankl, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (Mmp9) and Mmp13 and enhanced growth plate osteoclastogenesis, as well as increased sensitivity to caspase-9 mediated apoptosis. Using wildtype (WT) and Nf1(-/-) chondrocyte cultures in vitro, we show that FGF2 pulse-stimulation triggers rapid ERK1/2 phosphorylation in both genotypes, but that return to the basal level is delayed in Nf1(-/-) chondrocytes. Importantly, in vivo ERK1/2 inhibition by daily injection of a recombinant form of C-type natriuretic peptide to post-natal pups for 18 days was able to correct the short stature of Nf1col2(-/-) mice. Together, these results underscore the requirement of neurofibromin and ERK1/2 for normal endochondral bone formation and support the notion that neurofibromin, by restraining RAS-ERK1/2 signaling, is a negative regulator of FGFR signaling in differentiating chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Ono
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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232
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Bone marrow-derived myofibroblasts are the providers of pro-invasive matrix metalloproteinase 13 in primary tumor. Neoplasia 2013; 14:943-51. [PMID: 23097628 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts are key contributors of the tumor microenvironment that regulates carcinoma progression. They consist of a heterogeneous cell population with diverse origins, phenotypes, and functions. In the present report, we have explored the contribution of bone marrow (BM)-derived cells to generate different fibroblast subsets that putatively produce the matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) and affect cancer cell invasion. A murine model of skin carcinoma was applied to mice, irradiated, and engrafted with BM isolated from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice. We provide evidence that one third of BM-derived GFP(+) cells infiltrating the tumor expressed the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan NG2 (pericytic marker) or α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA, myofibroblast marker), whereas almost 90% of Thy1(+) fibroblasts were originating from resident GFP-negative cells. MMP13producing cells were exclusively α-SMA(+) cells and derived from GFP(+) BM cells. To investigate their impact on tumor invasion, we isolated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the BM of wild-type and MMP13-deficient mice. Wild-type MSC promoted cancer cell invasion in a spheroid assay, whereas MSCs obtained from MMP13-deficient mice failed to. Our data support the concept of fibroblast subset specialization with BM-derived α-SMA(+) cells being the main source of MMP13, a stromal mediator of cancer cell invasion.
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233
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Barczyk MM, Lu N, Popova SN, Bolstad AI, Gullberg D. α11β1 integrin-mediated MMP-13-dependent collagen lattice contraction by fibroblasts: evidence for integrin-coordinated collagen proteolysis. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1108-19. [PMID: 23065814 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We have previously determined that integrin α11β1 is required on mouse periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts to generate the force needed for incisor eruption. As part of the phenotype of α11(-/-) mice, the incisor PDL (iPDL) is thickened, due to disturbed matrix remodeling. To determine the molecular mechanism behind the disturbed matrix dynamics in the PDL we crossed α11(-/-) mice with the Immortomouse and isolated immortalized iPDL cells. Microarray analysis of iPDL cells cultured inside a 3D collagen gel demonstrated downregulated expression of a number of genes in α11-deficient iPDL cells, including matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) and cathepsin K. α11(-/-) iPDL cells in vitro displayed disturbed interactions with collagen I during contraction of attached and floating collagen lattices and furthermore displayed reduced MMP-13 protein expression levels. The MMP-13 specific inhibitor WAY 170523 and the Cathepsin K Inhibitor II both blocked part of the α11 integrin-mediated collagen remodeling. In summary, our data demonstrate that in iPDL fibroblasts the mechanical strain generated by α11β1 integrin regulates molecules involved in collagen matrix dynamics. The positive regulation of α11β1-dependent matrix remodeling, involving MMP-13 and cathepsin K, might also occur in other types of fibroblasts and be an important regulatory mechanism for coordinated extracellular and intracellular collagen turnover in tissue homeostasis.
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234
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Pichler K, Herbert V, Schmidt B, Fischerauer EE, Leithner A, Weinberg AM. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases in human growth plate chondrocytes is enhanced at high levels of mechanical loading. Bone Joint J 2013; 95-B:568-73. [DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.95b4.30639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), responsible for extracellular matrix remodelling and angiogenesis, might play a major role in the response of the growth plate to detrimental loads that lead to overuse injuries in young athletes. In order to test this hypothesis, human growth plate chondrocytes were subjected to mechanical forces equal to either physiological loads, near detrimental or detrimental loads for two hours. In addition, these cells were exposed to physiological loads for up to 24 hours. Changes in the expression of MMPs -2, -3 and -13 were investigated. We found that expression of MMPs in cultured human growth plate chondrocytes increases in a linear manner with increased duration and intensity of loading. We also showed for the first time that physiological loads have the same effect on growth plate chondrocytes over a long period of time as detrimental loads applied for a short period. These findings confirm the involvement of MMPs in overuse injuries in children. We suggest that training programmes for immature athletes should be reconsidered in order to avoid detrimental stresses and over-expression of MMPs in the growth plate, and especially to avoid physiological loads becoming detrimental. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:568–73.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Pichler
- Medical University of Graz, Department
of Orthopedic Surgery, Auenbruggerplatz 5, Graz
A-8036, Austria
| | - V. Herbert
- Medical University of Graz, Department
of Pediatric Surgery, Auenbruggerplatz 45, Graz
A-8036, Austria
| | - B. Schmidt
- Medical University of Graz, Department
of Pediatric Surgery, Auenbruggerplatz 45, Graz
A-8036, Austria
| | - E. E. Fischerauer
- Medical University of Graz, Department
of Pediatric Surgery, Auenbruggerplatz 45, Graz
A-8036, Austria
| | - A. Leithner
- Medical University of Graz, Department
of Orthopedic Surgery, Auenbruggerplatz 5, Graz
A-8036, Austria
| | - A-M. Weinberg
- Medical University of Graz, Department
of Orthopedic Surgery, Auenbruggerplatz 5, Graz
A-8036, Austria
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235
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Gao A, Kantarci A, Herrera BS, Gao H, Van Dyke TE. A critical role for suppressors of cytokine signaling 3 in regulating LPS-induced transcriptional activation of matrix metalloproteinase-13 in osteoblasts. PeerJ 2013; 1:e51. [PMID: 23638389 PMCID: PMC3628613 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is a key regulator of cytokine signaling in macrophages and T cells. Although SOCS3 seems to contribute to the balance between the pro-inflammatory actions of IL-6 family of cytokines and anti-inflammatory signaling of IL-10 by negatively regulating gp130/Jak/Stat3 signal transduction, how and the molecular mechanisms whereby SOCS3 controls the downstream impact of TLR4 are largely unknown and current data are controversial. Furthermore, very little is known regarding SOCS3 function in cells other than myeloid cells and T cells. Our previous study demonstrates that SOCS3 is expressed in osteoblasts and functions as a critical inhibitor of LPS-induced IL-6 expression. However, the function of SOCS3 in osteoblasts remains largely unknown. In the current study, we report for the first time that LPS stimulation of osteoblasts induces the transcriptional activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, a central regulator of bone resorption. Importantly, we demonstrate that SOCS3 overexpression leads to a significant decrease of LPS-induced MMP-13 expression in both primary murine calvariae osteoblasts and a mouse osteoblast-like cell line, MC3T3-E1. Our findings implicate SOCS3 as an important regulatory mediator in bone inflammatory diseases by targeting MMP-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Gao
- Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute , Cambridge , MA , United States
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236
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Hashimoto K, Otero M, Imagawa K, de Andrés MC, Coico JM, Roach HI, Oreffo ROC, Marcu KB, Goldring MB. Regulated transcription of human matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) and interleukin-1β (IL1B) genes in chondrocytes depends on methylation of specific proximal promoter CpG sites. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:10061-10072. [PMID: 23417678 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.421156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of DNA methylation in the regulation of catabolic genes such as MMP13 and IL1B, which have sparse CpG islands, is poorly understood in the context of musculoskeletal diseases. We report that demethylation of specific CpG sites at -110 bp and -299 bp of the proximal MMP13 and IL1B promoters, respectively, detected by in situ methylation analysis of chondrocytes obtained directly from human cartilage, strongly correlated with higher levels of gene expression. The methylation status of these sites had a significant impact on promoter activities in chondrocytes, as revealed in transfection experiments with site-directed CpG mutants in a CpG-free luciferase reporter. Methylation of the -110 and -299 CpG sites, which reside within a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) consensus motif in the respective MMP13 and IL1B promoters, produced the most marked suppression of their transcriptional activities. Methylation of the -110 bp CpG site in the MMP13 promoter inhibited its HIF-2α-driven transactivation and decreased HIF-2α binding to the MMP13 proximal promoter in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. In contrast to HIF-2α, MMP13 transcriptional regulation by other positive (RUNX2, AP-1, ELF3) and negative (Sp1, GATA1, and USF1) factors was not affected by methylation status. However, unlike the MMP13 promoter, IL1B was not susceptible to HIF-2α transactivation, indicating that the -299 CpG site in the IL1B promoter must interact with other transcription factors to modulate IL1B transcriptional activity. Taken together, our data reveal that the methylation of different CpG sites in the proximal promoters of the human MMP13 and IL1B genes modulates their transcription by distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Hashimoto
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021; Department of Orthopedics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Miguel Otero
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021
| | - Kei Imagawa
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - María C de Andrés
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M Coico
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021
| | - Helmtrud I Roach
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O C Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth B Marcu
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, Centro di Ricerca Codivilla-Putti, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215
| | - Mary B Goldring
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021.
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237
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Barnes VM, Xu T, Shimizu E, Nakatani T, Jefcoat S, Vasilov A, Qin L, Partridge NC. Triclosan blocks MMP-13 expression in hormone-stimulated osteoblasts. J Periodontol 2013; 84:1683-9. [PMID: 23368947 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.120154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) is an important enzyme for the modulation of bone turnover and gingival recession. Elevated levels of MMP-13 are associated with alveolar bone resorption, periodontal ligament breakdown, and gingival attachment loss, which are the clinical symptoms of periodontal disease. Evidence continues to suggest that periodontal disease contributes to oral tissue breakdown and is linked to numerous systemic conditions. Triclosan (TCN) is a long-standing, proven antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agent found in the only Food and Drug Administration-approved dentifrice for the treatment of plaque and gingivitis. METHODS This study examines the inhibitory effects of TCN on lipopolysaccharide-, parathyroid hormone (PTH)-, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced expression of MMP-13 in UMR 106-01 cells, an osteoblastic osteosarcoma cell line. The cells were stimulated with PTH or PGE2 to induce MMP-13 mRNA expression, and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine gene expression levels. Western blot analysis assessed the presence or absence of protein degradation or inhibition of protein synthesis. MMP-13 promoter reporter assay was used to explore possible direct effects of TCN on the MMP-13 promoter. RESULTS TCN significantly reduced PTH or PGE2 elevated expression of MMP-13 in osteoblastic cells without affecting basal levels of the mRNA. Surprisingly, TCN enhanced the expression of c-fos and amphiregulin mRNA. A promoter assay indicated that TCN directly inhibits the activation of the PTH-responsive minimal promoter of MMP-13. CONCLUSION The present study appears to have identified a nuclear mechanism of action of TCN that accounts for the ability of TCN to inhibit PTH- or PGE2-induced MMP-13 expression in osteoblastic cells.
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238
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Saito K, Horiuchi K, Kimura T, Mizuno S, Yoda M, Morioka H, Akiyama H, Threadgill D, Okada Y, Toyama Y, Sato K. Conditional inactivation of TNFα-converting enzyme in chondrocytes results in an elongated growth plate and shorter long bones. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54853. [PMID: 23349978 PMCID: PMC3548805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
TNFα-converting enzyme (TACE) is a membrane-bound proteolytic enzyme with essential roles in the functional regulation of TNFα and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands. Previous studies have demonstrated critical roles for TACE in vivo, including epidermal development, immune response, and pathological neoangiogenesis, among others. However, the potential contribution of TACE to skeletal development is still unclear. In the present study, we generated a Tace mutant mouse in which Tace is conditionally disrupted in chondrocytes under the control of the Col2a1 promoter. These mutant mice were fertile and viable but all exhibited long bones that were approximately 10% shorter compared to those of wild-type animals. Histological analyses revealed that Tace mutant mice exhibited a longer hypertrophic zone in the growth plate, and there were fewer osteoclasts at the chondro-osseous junction in the Tace mutant mice than in their wild-type littermates. Of note, we found an increase in osteoprotegerin transcripts and a reduction in Rankl and Mmp-13 transcripts in the TACE-deficient cartilage, indicating that dysregulation of these genes is causally related to the skeletal defects in the Tace mutant mice. Furthermore, we also found that phosphorylation of EGFR was significantly reduced in the cartilage tissue lacking TACE, and that suppression of EGFR signaling increases osteoprotegerin transcripts and reduces Rankl and Mmp-13 transcripts in primary chondrocytes. In accordance, chondrocyte-specific abrogation of Egfr in vivo resulted in skeletal defects nearly identical to those observed in the Tace mutant mice. Taken together, these data suggest that TACE-EGFR signaling in chondrocytes is involved in the turnover of the growth plate during postnatal development via the transcriptional regulation of osteoprotegerin, Rankl, and Mmp-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Saito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Horiuchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Anti-Aging Orthopedic Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tokuhiro Kimura
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakiko Mizuno
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoda
- Department of Anti-Aging Orthopedic Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Morioka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - David Threadgill
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yasunori Okada
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Toyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Wang M, Sampson ER, Jin H, Li J, Ke QH, Im HJ, Chen D. MMP13 is a critical target gene during the progression of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R5. [PMID: 23298463 PMCID: PMC3672752 DOI: 10.1186/ar4133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease affecting a large population of people. The mechanism of this highly prevalent disease is not fully understood. Currently there is no effective disease-modifying treatment for OA. The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) to investigate the role of MMP13 in the development of OA; and 2) to evaluate the efficacy of the MMP13 inhibitor CL82198 as a pharmacologic treatment for preventing OA progression. METHODS To investigate the role of the endogenous Mmp13 gene in OA development, tamoxifen was administered to two-week-old Col2CreER;Mmp13fx/fx (Mmp13Col2ER) and Cre-negative control mice for five days. OA was induced by meniscal-ligamentous injury (MLI) when the mice were 10 weeks old and MLI or sham-operated joints were harvested 4, 8, 12, or 16 weeks after surgery. To evaluate the efficacy of CL82198, MLI surgery was performed on 10-week-old wild type mice. CL82198 or saline was administered to the mice daily beginning immediately after the surgery for up to 16 weeks. The joint tissues collected from both experiments were evaluated by cartilage grading, histology/histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. The ability of CL82198 to inhibit MMP13 activity in vitro was confirmed by ELISA. RESULTS The OA progression was decelerated in Mmp13Col2ER mice 8, 12, and 16 weeks post-surgery. Cartilage grading by blinded observers confirmed decreased articular cartilage degeneration in Mmp13Col2ER mice at 8, 12 and 16 weeks compared to Cre-negative mice. Histomorphometric analysis demonstrated that Mmp13Col2ER mice had a higher articular cartilage area and thickness at 12 and 16 weeks post-surgery compared to the control mice. Results of IHC revealed greater type II collagen and proteoglycan expression in Mmp13Col2ER mice. Chondrocyte apoptosis, as determined by TUNEL staining, was higher in control mice compared to Mmp13Col2ER mice. CL82198 inhibited MMP13 activity in conditioned media from vehicle (>85%) or bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)-treated (>90%) primary murine sternal chondrocytes. Intraperitoneal injection of CL82198 decelerated MLI-induced OA progression, increased type II collagen and proteoglycan levels, and inhibited chondrocyte apoptosis compared to saline treatment as determined by OA grading, histology, histomorphometry, IHC, and TUNEL staining, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Mmp13 is critical for OA progression and pharmacologic inhibition of MMP13 is an effective strategy to decelerate articular cartilage loss in a murine model of injury-induced knee OA.
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240
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Mao L, Yano M, Kawao N, Tamura Y, Okada K, Kaji H. Role of matrix metalloproteinase-10 in the BMP-2 inducing osteoblastic differentiation. Endocr J 2013; 60:1309-19. [PMID: 24077220 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej13-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a skeletal disorder with progressive heterotopic ossification in skeletal muscle. A mutation causing constitutive activation in a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type 1 receptor [ALK2(R206H)] is found in most patients with FOP. However, the details in the heterotopic ossification of muscle in FOP and the role of matrix metalloproteinase-10 (MMP-10) in bone remain to be fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the role of MMP-10 in the differentiation of mouse myoblastic C2C12 cells into osteoblasts. MMP-10 was extracted as a factor, whose expression was most extensively enhanced by ALK2 (R206H) transfection in C2C12 cells. MMP-10 significantly augmented the levels of Osterix, type 1 collagen, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin mRNA as well as ALP activity enhanced by BMP-2 in C2C12 cells. Moreover, a reduction in endogenous MMP-10 levels by siRNA significantly decreased the levels of Runx2, Osterix, type 1 collagen, ALP and osteocalcin mRNA enhanced by BMP-2 in these cells. In addition, MMP-10 increased the phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 as well as enhanced the levels of Smad6 and Smad7 mRNA induced by BMP-2. In conclusion, the present study first demonstrated that MMP-10 promotes the differentiation of myoblasts into osteoblasts by interacting with the BMP signaling pathway. MMP-10 may play some important role in the heterotopic ossification of muscle in FOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Mao
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan
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241
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Abstract
Much of the mammalian skeleton is composed of bones that originate from cartilage templates through endochondral ossification. Elucidating the mechanisms that control endochondral bone development is critical for understanding human skeletal diseases, injury response, and aging. Mouse genetic studies in the past 15 years have provided unprecedented insights about molecules regulating chondrocyte formation, chondrocyte maturation, and osteoblast differentiation, all key processes of endochondral bone development. These include the roles of the secreted proteins IHH, PTHrP, BMPs, WNTs, and FGFs, their receptors, and transcription factors such as SOX9, RUNX2, and OSX, in regulating chondrocyte and osteoblast biology. This review aims to integrate the known functions of extracellular signals and transcription factors that regulate development of the endochondral skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanxin Long
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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242
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Panda DK, Goltzman D, Karaplis AC. Defective postnatal endochondral bone development by chondrocyte-specific targeted expression of parathyroid hormone type 2 receptor. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1489-501. [PMID: 23092913 PMCID: PMC3532463 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00254.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The human parathyroid hormone type 2 receptor (PTH2R) is activated by PTH and by tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39), the latter likely acting as its natural ligand. Although the receptor is expressed at highest levels in the nervous system, we have observed that both PTH2R and TIP39 are expressed in the newborn mouse growth plate, with the receptor localizing in the resting zone and the ligand TIP39 localizing exclusively in prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes. To address the role of PTH2R in postnatal skeletal growth and development, Col2a1-hPTH2R (PTH2R-Tg) transgenic mice were generated. The mice were viable and of nearly normal size at birth. Expression of the transgene in the growth plate was limited to chondrocytes. We found that chondrocyte proliferation was decreased, as determined by in vivo BrdU labeling of proliferating chondrocytes and CDK4 and p21 expression in the growth plate of Col2a1-hPTH2R transgenic mice. Similarly, the differentiation and maturation of chondrocytes was delayed, as characterized by decreased Sox9 expression and weaker immunostaining for the chondrocyte differentiation markers collagen type II and type X and proteoglycans. As well, there was altered expression of Gdf5, Wdr5, and β-catenin, factors implicated in chondrocyte maturation, proliferation, and differentiation.These effects impacted on the process of endochondral ossification, resulting in delayed formation of the secondary ossification center, and diminished trabecular bone volume. The findings substantiate a role for PTH2R signaling in postnatal growth plate development and subsequent bone mass acquisition.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Bone Diseases, Developmental/metabolism
- Bone Diseases, Developmental/pathology
- Bone and Bones/metabolism
- Bone and Bones/pathology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Chondrocytes/pathology
- Collagen Type II/genetics
- Collagen Type II/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/metabolism
- Growth Plate/metabolism
- Growth Plate/pathology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oncogene Protein p21(ras)/metabolism
- Otosclerosis/metabolism
- Otosclerosis/pathology
- Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 2/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- SOX9 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Wnt Signaling Pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Kumar Panda
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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243
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Zhang C, Tang W, Li Y. Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) is a direct target of osteoblast-specific transcription factor osterix (Osx) in osteoblasts. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185634 PMCID: PMC3503972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osterix (Osx) is an osteoblast-specific transcription factor required for bone formation and osteoblast differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells. In Osx-null mice, no bone formation occurs. Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) is a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family and plays an important role in endochondral ossification and bone remodeling. Transcriptional regulation of MMP13 expression in osteoblasts is not well understood. Here, we provide several lines of evidence which show that MMP13 is a direct target of Osx in osteoblasts. Calvaria obtained from Osx-null embryos displayed dramatic reductions in MMP13 expression compared to wild-type calvaria. Stable overexpression of Osx stimulated MMP13 expression in C2C12 mesenchymal cells. Inhibition of Osx expression by siRNA led to downregulation of MMP13 expression. Mechanistic approaches using transient transfection assays showed that Osx directly activated a 1 kb fragment of the MMP13 promoter in a dose-dependent manner. To define the region of the MMP13 promoter that was responsive to Osx, a series of MMP13 promoter deletion mutants were examined and the minimal Osx-responsive region was refined to the proximal 80 bp of the MMP13 promoter. Additional point mutant analysis was used to identify one GC-rich region that was responsible for MMP13 promoter activation by Osx. Gel Shift Assay showed that Osx bound to MMP13 promoter sequence directly. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that endogenous Osx was associated with the native MMP13 promoter in primary osteoblasts in vivo. Taken together, these data strongly support a direct regulatory role for Osx in MMP13 gene expression in osteoblasts. They further provide new insight into potential mechanisms and pathways that Osx controls bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Bone Research Laboratory, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America.
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Im HJ, Li X, Chen D, Yan D, Kim J, Ellman MB, Stein GS, Cole B, Kc R, Cs-Szabo G, van Wijnen AJ. Biological effects of the plant-derived polyphenol resveratrol in human articular cartilage and chondrosarcoma cells. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3488-97. [PMID: 22252971 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The natural phytoestrogen resveratrol (RSV) may have therapeutic potential for arthritic conditions. RSV is chondroprotective for articular cartilage in rabbit models for arthritis, but its biological effects on human articular cartilage and chondrosarcoma cells are unknown. Effects of RSV on human articular cartilage homeostasis were studied by assessing production of matrix-degrading enzymes (MMP-13, ADAMTS4, and ADAMTS5), as well as proteoglycan production and synthesis. The counteractions of RSV against catabolic factors (e.g., FGF-2 or IL-1β) were examined by in vitro and ex vivo using monolayer, three-dimensional alginate beads and cartilage explants cultures, respectively. RSV improves cell viability of articular chondrocytes and effectively antagonizes cartilage-degrading protease production that was initiated by catabolic and/or anti-anabolic cytokines in human articular chondrocytes. RSV significantly also enhances BMP7-promoted proteoglycan synthesis as assessed by (35) S-sulfate incorporation. Protein-DNA interaction arrays suggest that RSV inhibits the activation of transcription factors involved in inflammation and cartilage catabolic signaling pathways, including direct downstream regulators of MAPK (e.g., AP-1, PEA3) and NFκB. RSV selectively compromises survival of human chondrosarcoma cells, but not primary articular chondrocytes, revealing cell-specific activity of RSV on non-tumorigenic versus tumor-derived cells. We propose that RSV exerts its chondroprotective functions, in part, by deactivating p53-induced apoptosis in human primary chondrocytes, but not human chondrosarcoma. Our findings suggest that RSV has potential as a unique biologic treatment for both prevention and treatment of cartilage degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jeong Im
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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245
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Yang D, Wang J, Ni J, Shang S, Liu L, Xiang J, Li C. Temporal expression of metalloproteinase-8 and -13 and their relationships with extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer in the development of ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. J Periodontal Res 2012; 48:411-9. [PMID: 23083375 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play important roles in extracellular matrix degradation and may be regulated by extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN). The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal expression and localization of MMP-8 and MMP-13 during the development of ligature-induced periodontitis in rats, and to analyze the correlations of EMMPRIN with MMP-8 and MMP-13 in periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Periodontitis was simulated in rats by ligaturing the cervix of the lower first molars, as described in our previous method. The rats were killed 0, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15 and 21 d after ligation. Micro-computed tomography examinations were performed to detect alveolar bone loss. Semiquantitative western blotting was used to assess the temporal changes in the levels of MMP-8, MMP-13 and EMMPRIN proteins in gingival tissue. Immunohistochemistry was applied to detect the expression and locations of MMP-8 and MMP-13 in gingival tissue and alveolar bone. RESULTS Alveolar bone loss showed an exponential increase from days 3 to 11, followed by a slower rate of loss at subsequent study time points. MMP-8 showed a rapid increase of expression from baseline to a peak on day 3, a gradual decrease from days 5 to 7 and then stabilized thereafter. MMP-8 was predominantly located in neutrophil-like cells. Statistically, the expression of MMP-8 was not correlated with the expression of EMMPRIN. The expression of MMP-13 and of EMMRPIN increased from days 3 to 7, and showed a moderate decrease thereafter. The immunoreactivity of MMP-13 was mainly detected in monocytes/macrophages, on the alveolar bone surface, in osteoclasts and in gingival epithelial cells. Statistically, MMP-13 had a strong, positive correlation with EMMPRIN (r = 0.855, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The levels of expression of MMP-8 and MMP-13 are temporally varied at different periods during the development of experimental periodontitis. The level of expression of EMMPRIN is closely associated with the expression of MMP-13, but not with the expression of MMP-8. In addition, MMP-13 might be involved in alveolar bone destruction, as well as in physiological bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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246
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Thaler R, Zwerina J, Rumpler M, Spitzer S, Gamsjaeger S, Paschalis EP, Klaushofer K, Varga F. Homocysteine induces serum amyloid A3 in osteoblasts via unlocking RGD-motifs in collagen. FASEB J 2012; 27:446-63. [PMID: 23085993 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-208058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for osteoporotic fractures. Homocysteine (Hcys) inhibits collagen cross-linking and consequently decreases bone extracellular matrix (ECM) quality. Serum amyloid A (A-SAA), an acute-phase protein family, plays an important role in chronic and inflammatory diseases and up-regulates MMP13, which plays an important role in bone development and remodeling. Here, we investigate the effect of Hcys on expression of SAA3, a member of the A-SAA gene family, in osteoblasts characterizing underlying mechanisms and possible consequences on bone metabolism. MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells were cultured up to 21 d with Hcys (low millimolar range) or reseeded onto ECM resulting from untreated or Hcys-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and a discriminative antibody were used to characterize the resulting ECM. Gene expression and signaling pathways were analyzed by gene chip, quantitative RT-PCR, and immunoblotting. Transcriptional regulation of Saa3 was studied by promoter transfection assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence microscopy. Hcys treatment resulted in reduced collagen cross-linking, uncovering of RGD-motifs, and activation of the PTK2-PXN-CTNNB1 pathway followed by RELA activation. These signaling events led to increased SAA3 expression followed by the production of MMP13 and several chemokines, including Ccl5, Ccl2, Cxcl10, and Il6. Our data suggest Saa3 as link between hyperhomocysteinemia and development of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Thaler
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at Hanusch Hospital of Wiener Gebietskrankenkasse and Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt Trauma Center Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
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247
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Site-specific expression of gelatinolytic activity during morphogenesis of the secondary palate in the mouse embryo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47762. [PMID: 23091646 PMCID: PMC3472992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis of the secondary palate in mammalian embryos involves two major events: first, reorientation of the two vertically oriented palatal shelves into a horizontal position above the tongue, and second, fusion of the two shelves at the midline. Genetic evidence in humans and mice indicates the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). As MMP expression patterns might differ from sites of activity, we used a recently developed highly sensitive in situ zymography technique to map gelatinolytic MMP activity in the developing mouse palate. At embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5), we detected strong gelatinolytic activity around the lateral epithelial folds of the nasopharyngeal cavity, which is generated as a consequence of palatal shelf elevation. Activity was concentrated in the basement membrane of the epithelial fold but extended into the adjacent mesenchyme, and increased in intensity with lateral outgrowth of the cavity at E15.5. Gelatinolytic activity at this site was not the consequence of epithelial fold formation, as it was also observed in Bmp7-deficient embryos where shelf elevation is delayed. In this case, gelatinolytic activity appeared in vertical shelves at the exact position where the epithelial fold will form during elevation. Mmp2 and Mmp14 (MT1-MMP), but not Mmp9 and Mmp13, mRNAs were expressed in the mesenchyme around the epithelial folds of the elevated palatal shelves; this was confirmed by immunostaining for MMP-2 and MT1-MMP. Weak gelatinolytic activity was also found at the midline of E14.5 palatal shelves, which increased during fusion at E15.5. Whereas MMPs have been implicated in palatal fusion before, this is the first report showing that gelatinases might contribute to tissue remodeling during early stages of palatal shelf elevation and formation of the nasopharynx.
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248
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Conceição N, Viegas M, Fidalgo J, Cancela ML. Development and characterization of Xl1, a Xenopus laevis chondrocyte-like cell culture. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 373:41-51. [PMID: 23054192 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe the development and characterization of a new cell line, designated Xl1, derived from vertebra and long bones of Xenopus laevis. These cells can mineralize their extracellular matrix upon addition of an inorganic phosphate donor and vitamin C, as characterized by von Kossa staining. In addition they express genes such as matrix gla protein (mgp), alkaline phosphatase, type II collagen, and retinoic acid receptors, representing a valuable tool to analyze expression and regulation of Xenopus cartilage-associated genes. Continuous treatment with retinoic acid (RA) inhibited mineralization, alkaline phosphatase expression and its activity, suggesting that RA is a potential negative regulator of Xl1 cell differentiation. These cells are receptive to efficient transfer of DNA using conventional methods including calcium phosphate, liposome-mediated transfer or electroporation and were found to express basal levels of mgp at least 50-fold higher than the routinely used Xenopus A6 cell line, as seen by transcription assays with the distal X. laevis mgp promoter. Being the first amphibian cell line derived from bone tissue, the Xl1 culture provides an excellent in vitro tool for functional promoter studies, being suitable, among other uses, for identifying promoter elements mediating cartilage-expressed genes as shown here for mgp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natércia Conceição
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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249
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Kikuta J, Ishii M. Osteoclast migration, differentiation and function: novel therapeutic targets for rheumatic diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 52:226-34. [PMID: 23024017 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RA is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint synovial inflammation and progressive cartilage/bone destruction. Although various kinds of RA drug have been developed worldwide, there are currently no established methods for preventing RA-associated bone destruction, the most severe outcome of this disease. One of the major pathogenic factors in arthritic bone destruction is the enhanced activity of osteoclasts at inflammatory sites. Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing giant polykaryons that differentiate from mononuclear macrophage/monocyte-lineage haematopoietic precursors. Upon stimulation by cytokines, such as M-CSF and RANK ligand, osteoclast precursor monocytes migrate and attach onto the bone surface (migration). They then fuse with each other to form giant cells (differentiation) and mediate bone resorption (function). In this review, we summarize the current understanding regarding the mechanisms underlying these three dynamic steps of osteoclastic activity and discuss novel lines of osteoclast-targeted therapies that will impact future treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Kikuta
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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250
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Nishimura R, Wakabayashi M, Hata K, Matsubara T, Honma S, Wakisaka S, Kiyonari H, Shioi G, Yamaguchi A, Tsumaki N, Akiyama H, Yoneda T. Osterix regulates calcification and degradation of chondrogenic matrices through matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) expression in association with transcription factor Runx2 during endochondral ossification. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:33179-90. [PMID: 22869368 PMCID: PMC3460424 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.337063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endochondral ossification is temporally and spatially regulated by several critical transcription factors, including Sox9, Runx2, and Runx3. Although the molecular mechanisms that control the late stages of endochondral ossification (e.g. calcification) are physiologically and pathologically important, these precise regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Osterix is an essential transcription factor for endochondral ossification that functions downstream of Runx2. The global and conditional Osterix-deficient mice studied here exhibited a defect of cartilage-matrix ossification and matrix vesicle formation. Importantly, Osterix deficiencies caused the arrest of endochondral ossification at the hypertrophic stage. Microarray analysis revealed that matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP13) is an important target of Osterix. We also showed that there exists a physical interaction between Osterix and Runx2 and that these proteins function cooperatively to induce MMP13 during chondrocyte differentiation. Most interestingly, the introduction of MMP13 stimulated the calcification of matrices in Osterix-deficient mouse limb bud cells. Our results demonstrated that Osterix was essential to endochondral ossification and revealed that the physical and functional interaction between Osterix and Runx2 were necessary for the induction of MMP13 during endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riko Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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