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Burton DR, Poignard P, Stanfield RL, Wilson IA. Broadly neutralizing antibodies present new prospects to counter highly antigenically diverse viruses. Science 2012; 337:183-6. [PMID: 22798606 DOI: 10.1126/science.1225416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Certain human pathogens avoid elimination by our immune system by rapidly mutating the surface protein sites targeted by antibody responses, and consequently they tend to be problematic for vaccine development. The behavior described is prominent for a subset of viruses--the highly antigenically diverse viruses--which include HIV, influenza, and hepatitis C viruses. However, these viruses do harbor highly conserved exposed sites, usually associated with function, which can be targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies. Until recently, not many such antibodies were known, but advances in the field have enabled increasing numbers to be identified. Molecular characterizations of the antibodies and, most importantly, of the sites of vulnerability that they recognize give hope for the discovery of new vaccines and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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202
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Lineage-specific differences between human and simian immunodeficiency virus regulation of gp120 trimer association and CD4 binding. J Virol 2012; 86:8974-86. [PMID: 22696649 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01076-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastable conformations of the gp120 and gp41 envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) must be maintained in the unliganded state of the envelope glycoprotein trimer. Binding of gp120 to the primary receptor, CD4, triggers the transition to an open conformation of the trimer, promoting interaction with the CCR5 chemokine receptor and ultimately leading to gp41-mediated virus-cell membrane fusion and entry. Topological layers in the gp120 inner domain contribute to gp120-trimer association in the unliganded state and to CD4 binding. Here we describe similarities and differences between HIV-1 and SIVmac gp120. In both viruses, the gp120 N/C termini and the inner domain β-sandwich and layer 2 support the noncovalent association of gp120 with the envelope glycoprotein trimer. Layer 1 of the SIVmac gp120 inner domain contributes more to trimer association than the corresponding region of HIV-1 gp120. On the other hand, layer 1 plays an important role in stabilizing the CD4-bound conformation of HIV-1 but not SIVmac gp120 and thus contributes to HIV-1 binding to CD4. In SIVmac, CD4 binding is instead enhanced by tryptophan 375, which fills the Phe 43 cavity of gp120. Activation of SIVmac by soluble CD4 is dependent on tryptophan 375 and on layer 1 residues that determine a tight association of gp120 with the trimer. Distinct biological requirements for CD4 usage have resulted in lineage-specific differences in the HIV-1 and SIV gp120 structures that modulate trimer association and CD4 binding.
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203
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Curreli F, Choudhury S, Pyatkin I, Zagorodnikov VP, Bulay AK, Altieri A, Kwon YD, Kwong PD, Debnath AK. Design, synthesis, and antiviral activity of entry inhibitors that target the CD4-binding site of HIV-1. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4764-75. [PMID: 22524483 PMCID: PMC3372086 DOI: 10.1021/jm3002247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The CD4 binding site on HIV-1 gp120 has been validated as a drug target to prevent HIV-1 entry to cells. Previously, we identified two small molecule inhibitors consisting of a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine ring linked by an oxalamide to a p-halide-substituted phenyl group, which target this site, specifically, a cavity termed "Phe43 cavity". Here we use synthetic chemistry, functional assessment, and structure-based analysis to explore variants of each region of these inhibitors for improved antiviral properties. Alterations of the phenyl group and of the oxalamide linker indicated that these regions were close to optimal in the original lead compounds. Design of a series of compounds, where the tetramethylpiperidine ring was replaced with new scaffolds, led to improved antiviral activity. These new scaffolds provide insight into the surface chemistry at the entrance of the cavity and offer additional opportunities by which to optimize further these potential-next-generation therapeutics and microbicides against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Curreli
- Lindsley F Kimball Research Institute, The New York Blood Center, 310 E 67 Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Spreeha Choudhury
- Lindsley F Kimball Research Institute, The New York Blood Center, 310 E 67 Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ilya Pyatkin
- ASINEX Ltd, 20 Geroev Panfilovtzev, building 1, Moscow 125480, Russia
| | | | | | - Andrea Altieri
- ASINEX Ltd, 20 Geroev Panfilovtzev, building 1, Moscow 125480, Russia
| | - Young Do Kwon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Asim K. Debnath
- Lindsley F Kimball Research Institute, The New York Blood Center, 310 E 67 Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
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204
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Yokoyama M, Naganawa S, Yoshimura K, Matsushita S, Sato H. Structural dynamics of HIV-1 envelope Gp120 outer domain with V3 loop. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37530. [PMID: 22624045 PMCID: PMC3356331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The net charge of the hypervariable V3 loop on the HIV-1 envelope gp120 outer domain plays a key role in modulating viral phenotype. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation remain poorly understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS By combining computational and experimental approaches, we examined how V3 net charge could influence the phenotype of the gp120 interaction surface. Molecular dynamics simulations of the identical gp120 outer domain, carrying a V3 loop with net charge of +3 or +7, showed that the V3 change alone could induce global changes in fluctuation and conformation of the loops involved in binding to CD4, coreceptor and antibodies. A neutralization study using the V3 recombinant HIV-1 infectious clones showed that the virus carrying the gp120 with +3 V3, but not with +7 V3, was resistant to neutralization by anti-CD4 binding site monoclonal antibodies. An information entropy study shows that otherwise variable surface of the gp120 outer domain, such as V3 and a region around the CD4 binding loop, are less heterogeneous in the gp120 subpopulation with +3 V3. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that the HIV-1 gp120 V3 loop acts as an electrostatic modulator that influences the global structure and diversity of the interaction surface of the gp120 outer domain. Our findings will provide a novel structural basis to understand how HIV-1 adjusts relative replication fitness by V3 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi Murayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (MY); (HS)
| | - Satoshi Naganawa
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshimura
- Division of Clinical Retrovirology and Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shuzo Matsushita
- Division of Clinical Retrovirology and Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hironori Sato
- Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi Murayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (MY); (HS)
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205
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LaLonde JM, Kwon YD, Jones DM, Sun AW, Courter JR, Soeta T, Kobayashi T, Princiotto AM, Wu X, Schön A, Freire E, Kwong PD, Mascola JR, Sodroski J, Madani N, Smith AB. Structure-based design, synthesis, and characterization of dual hotspot small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4382-96. [PMID: 22497421 PMCID: PMC3376652 DOI: 10.1021/jm300265j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cellular infection by HIV-1 is initiated with a binding event between the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 and the cellular receptor protein CD4. The CD4-gp120 interface is dominated by two hotspots: a hydrophobic gp120 cavity capped by Phe43(CD4) and an electrostatic interaction between residues Arg59(CD4) and Asp368(gp120). The CD4 mimetic small-molecule NBD-556 (1) binds within the gp120 cavity; however, 1 and related congeners demonstrate limited viral neutralization breadth. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, characterization, and X-ray structures of gp120 in complex with small molecules that simultaneously engage both binding hotspots. The compounds specifically inhibit viral infection of 42 tier 2 clades B and C viruses and are shown to be antagonists of entry into CD4-negative cells. Dual hotspot design thus provides both a means to enhance neutralization potency of HIV-1 entry inhibitors and a novel structural paradigm for inhibiting the CD4-gp120 protein-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M. LaLonde
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010
| | - Young Do Kwon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - David M. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alexander W. Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Joel R. Courter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Takahiro Soeta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Toyoharu Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Amy M. Princiotto
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02115
| | - Xueling Wu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Ernesto Freire
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02115
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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