1
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Zhao C, Princiotto AM, Nguyen HT, Zou S, Zhao ML, Zhang S, Herschhorn A, Farrell M, Pahil K, Melillo B, Sambasivarao SV, Abrams C, Smith AB, Madani N, Sodroski J. Strain-Dependent Activation and Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Entry by a Specific PF-68742 Stereoisomer. J Virol 2019; 93:e01197-19. [PMID: 31391272 PMCID: PMC6803283 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01197-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) entry into cells is mediated by the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer, which consists of three gp120 exterior glycoproteins and three gp41 transmembrane glycoproteins. When gp120 binds sequentially to the receptors CD4 and CCR5 on the target cell, the metastable Env trimer is triggered to undergo entry-related conformational changes. PF-68742 is a small molecule that inhibits the infection of a subset of HIV-1 strains by interfering with an Env function other than receptor binding. Determinants of HIV-1 resistance to PF-68742 map to the disulfide loop and fusion peptide of gp41. Of the four possible PF-68742 stereoisomers, only one, MF275, inhibited the infection of CD4-positive CCR5-positive cells by some HIV-1 strains. MF275 inhibition of these HIV-1 strains occurred after CD4 binding but before the formation of the gp41 six-helix bundle. Unexpectedly, MF275 activated the infection of CD4-negative CCR5-positive cells by several HIV-1 strains resistant to the inhibitory effects of the compound in CD4-positive target cells. In contrast to CD4 complementation by CD4-mimetic compounds, activation of CD4-independent infection by MF275 did not depend upon the availability of the gp120 Phe 43 cavity. Sensitivity to inhibitors indicates that MF275-activated virus entry requires formation/exposure of the gp41 heptad repeat (HR1) as well as CCR5 binding. MF275 apparently activates a virus entry pathway parallel to that triggered by CD4 and CD4-mimetic compounds. Strain-dependent divergence in Env conformational transitions allows different outcomes, inhibition or activation, in response to MF275. Understanding the mechanisms of MF275 activity should assist efforts to optimize its utility.IMPORTANCE Envelope glycoprotein (Env) spikes on the surface of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) bind target cell receptors, triggering changes in the shape of Env. We studied a small molecule, MF275, that also induced shape changes in Env. The consequences of MF275 interaction with Env depended on the HIV-1 strain, with infection by some viruses inhibited and infection by other viruses enhanced. These studies reveal the strain-dependent diversity of HIV-1 Envs as they undergo shape changes in proceeding down the entry pathway. Appreciation of this diversity will assist attempts to develop broadly active inhibitors of HIV-1 entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Zhao
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy M Princiotto
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hanh T Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shitao Zou
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meiqing Lily Zhao
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shijian Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alon Herschhorn
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark Farrell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karanbir Pahil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Somisetti V Sambasivarao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cameron Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Princiotto AM, Vrbanac VD, Melillo B, Park J, Tager AM, Smith AB, Sodroski J, Madani N. A Small-Molecule CD4-Mimetic Compound Protects Bone Marrow-Liver-Thymus Humanized Mice From HIV-1 Infection. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:471-475. [PMID: 29617845 PMCID: PMC6049021 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small-molecule CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mc) inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) entry by blocking binding to the CD4 receptor and by premature triggering of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike. Methods The efficacy of a CD4mc in protecting bone marrow-liver-thymus (BLT) humanized mice from vaginal HIV-1 challenge was evaluated. Results Intravaginal application of the CD4mc JP-III-48, either before or simultaneously with virus challenge, protected BLT humanized mice from HIV-1JR-CSF infection in a dose- dependent manner. Conclusion The direct antiviral effects of a CD4mc prevent HIV-1 infection in a murine model of sexual transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Princiotto
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vladimir D Vrbanac
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Jongwoo Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Andrew M Tager
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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3
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Madani N, Princiotto AM, Mach L, Ding S, Prevost J, Richard J, Hora B, Sutherland L, Zhao CA, Conn BP, Bradley T, Moody MA, Melillo B, Finzi A, Haynes BF, Smith Iii AB, Santra S, Sodroski J. A CD4-mimetic compound enhances vaccine efficacy against stringent immunodeficiency virus challenge. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2363. [PMID: 29915222 PMCID: PMC6006336 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer ((gp120/gp41)3) mediates human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) entry into cells. The “closed,” antibody-resistant Env trimer is driven to more open conformations by binding the host receptor, CD4. Broadly neutralizing antibodies that recognize conserved elements of the closed Env are potentially protective, but are elicited inefficiently. HIV-1 has evolved multiple mechanisms to evade readily elicited antibodies against more open Env conformations. Small-molecule CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mc) bind the HIV-1 gp120 Env and promote conformational changes similar to those induced by CD4, exposing conserved Env elements to antibodies. Here, we show that a CD4mc synergizes with antibodies elicited by monomeric HIV-1 gp120 to protect monkeys from multiple high-dose intrarectal challenges with a heterologous simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV). The protective immune response persists for at least six months after vaccination. CD4mc should increase the protective efficacy of any HIV-1 Env vaccine that elicits antibodies against CD4-induced conformations of Env. The HIV Env trimer exhibits a closed confirmation and restricts access to known antibody binding sites. Here the authors show that a small-molecule CD4-mimetic compound binds the HIV Env trimer and enhances antibody-mediated protection in a non-human primate model of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Amy M Princiotto
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Linh Mach
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prevost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Bhavna Hora
- Department of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Laura Sutherland
- Department of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Connie A Zhao
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Brandon P Conn
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Todd Bradley
- Department of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Department of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Amos B Smith Iii
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Sampa Santra
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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4
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Melillo B, Liang S, Park J, Schön A, Courter JR, LaLonde JM, Wendler DJ, Princiotto AM, Seaman MS, Freire E, Sodroski J, Madani N, Hendrickson WA, Smith AB. Small-Molecule CD4-Mimics: Structure-Based Optimization of HIV-1 Entry Inhibition. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:330-4. [PMID: 26985324 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimization, based on computational, thermodynamic, and crystallographic data, of a series of small-molecule ligands of the Phe43 cavity of the envelope glycoprotein gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been achieved. Importantly, biological evaluation revealed that the small-molecule CD4 mimics (4-7) inhibit HIV-1 entry into target cells with both significantly higher potency and neutralization breadth than previous congeners, while maintaining high selectivity for the target virus. Their binding mode was characterized via thermodynamic and crystallographic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Melillo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | | | - Jongwoo Park
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Arne Schön
- Department
of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Joel R. Courter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Judith M. LaLonde
- Department
of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, United States
| | - Daniel J. Wendler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | | | | | - Ernesto Freire
- Department
of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department
of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | | | - Amos B. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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5
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LaLonde JM, Le-Khac M, Jones DM, Courter JR, Park J, Schön A, Princiotto AM, Wu X, Mascola JR, Freire E, Sodroski J, Madani N, Hendrickson WA, Smith AB. Structure-Based Design and Synthesis of an HIV-1 Entry Inhibitor Exploiting X-Ray and Thermodynamic Characterization. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:338-343. [PMID: 23667716 DOI: 10.1021/ml300407y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The design, synthesis, thermodynamic and crystallographic characterization of a potent, broad spectrum, second-generation HIV-1 entry inhibitor that engages conserved carbonyl hydrogen bonds within gp120 has been achieved. The optimized antagonist exhibits a sub-micromolar binding affinity (110 nM) and inhibits viral entry of clade B and C viruses (IC50 geometric mean titer of 1.7 and 14.0 μM, respectively), without promoting CD4-independent viral entry. thermodynamic signatures indicate a binding preference for the (R,R)-over the (S,S)-enantiomer. The crystal structure of the small molecule-gp120 complex reveals the displacement of crystallographic water and the formation of a hydrogen bond with a backbone carbonyl of the bridging sheet. Thus, structure-based design and synthesis targeting the highly conserved and structurally characterized CD4:gp120 interface is an effective tactic to enhance the neutralization potency of small molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M. LaLonde
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, United
States
| | | | - David M. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104, United States
| | - Joel R. Courter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104, United States
| | - Jongwoo Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104, United States
| | - Arne Schön
- Department
of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218,
United States
| | - Amy M. Princiotto
- Department of Cancer
Immunology and
AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xueling Wu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda,
Maryland 20892, United States
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda,
Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ernesto Freire
- Department
of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218,
United States
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer
Immunology and
AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Microbiology and
Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School; Department of Immunology and
Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health; Ragon Institute
of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer
Immunology and
AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Wayne A. Hendrickson
- Department of Physiology and
Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104, United States
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6
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LaLonde JM, Kwon YD, Jones DM, Sun AW, Courter JR, Soeta T, Kobayashi T, Princiotto AM, Wu X, Schön A, Freire E, Kwong PD, Mascola JR, Sodroski J, Madani N, Smith AB. Structure-based design, synthesis, and characterization of dual hotspot small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4382-96. [PMID: 22497421 PMCID: PMC3376652 DOI: 10.1021/jm300265j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cellular infection by HIV-1 is initiated with a binding event between the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 and the cellular receptor protein CD4. The CD4-gp120 interface is dominated by two hotspots: a hydrophobic gp120 cavity capped by Phe43(CD4) and an electrostatic interaction between residues Arg59(CD4) and Asp368(gp120). The CD4 mimetic small-molecule NBD-556 (1) binds within the gp120 cavity; however, 1 and related congeners demonstrate limited viral neutralization breadth. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, characterization, and X-ray structures of gp120 in complex with small molecules that simultaneously engage both binding hotspots. The compounds specifically inhibit viral infection of 42 tier 2 clades B and C viruses and are shown to be antagonists of entry into CD4-negative cells. Dual hotspot design thus provides both a means to enhance neutralization potency of HIV-1 entry inhibitors and a novel structural paradigm for inhibiting the CD4-gp120 protein-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M. LaLonde
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010
| | - Young Do Kwon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - David M. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alexander W. Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Joel R. Courter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Takahiro Soeta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Toyoharu Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Amy M. Princiotto
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02115
| | - Xueling Wu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Ernesto Freire
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02115
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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7
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Malavia NK, Zurakowski D, Schroeder A, Princiotto AM, Laury AR, Barash HE, Sodroski J, Langer R, Madani N, Kohane DS. Liposomes for HIV prophylaxis. Biomaterials 2011; 32:8663-8. [PMID: 21862123 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
There are approximately 33.4 million adults living with HIV worldwide of which an estimated 15.7 million are women. Although there has been enormous progress in the therapy of HIV/AIDS, treatment is not curative. Prevention is therefore of paramount importance, but vaccine-based and microbicidal approaches are still in their infancy. Since women acquire the virus largely through sexual intercourse, we developed liposomal systems potentially suitable for intra-vaginal use to prevent HIV-1 infection. We formulated liposomes from a range of naturally-occurring and synthetic lipids with varying physicochemical properties, and tested their ability to inhibit infection of transformed cells that express receptors specific to the virus. We identified formulations with the most favorable balance between decreasing HIV infection and causing cytotoxicity (i.e. therapeutic index). The therapeutic index improved with increasing cardiolipin content, and degree of unsaturation. Tissue reaction to these formulations was benign after intra-vaginal instillation in an in vivo female mouse model. These results support the potential use of cardiolipin-based liposomes enriched with synthetic lipids as microbicides for the prevention of HIV infection in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita K Malavia
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Childrens Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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8
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Lalonde JM, Elban MA, Courter JR, Sugawara A, Soeta T, Madani N, Princiotto AM, Kwon YD, Kwong PD, Schön A, Freire E, Sodroski J, Smith AB. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of small molecule inhibitors of CD4-gp120 binding based on virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:91-101. [PMID: 21169023 PMCID: PMC3049263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The low-molecular-weight compound JRC-II-191 inhibits infection of HIV-1 by blocking the binding of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 to the CD4 receptor and is therefore an important lead in the development of a potent viral entry inhibitor. Reported here is the use of two orthogonal screening methods, gold docking and ROCS shape-based similarity searching, to identify amine-building blocks that, when conjugated to the core scaffold, yield novel analogs that maintain similar affinity for gp120. Use of this computational approach to expand SAR produced analogs of equal inhibitory activity but with diverse capacity to enhance viral infection. The novel analogs provide additional lead scaffolds for the development of HIV-1 entry inhibitors that employ protein-ligand interactions in the vestibule of gp120 Phe 43 cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Lalonde
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010, USA.
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9
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Madani N, Schön A, Princiotto AM, Lalonde JM, Courter JR, Soeta T, Ng D, Wang L, Brower ET, Xiang SH, Kwon YD, Huang CC, Wyatt R, Kwong PD, Freire E, Smith AB, Sodroski J. Small-molecule CD4 mimics interact with a highly conserved pocket on HIV-1 gp120. Structure 2009; 16:1689-701. [PMID: 19000821 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) interaction with the primary receptor, CD4, induces conformational changes in the viral envelope glycoproteins that allow binding to the CCR5 second receptor and virus entry into the host cell. The small molecule NBD-556 mimics CD4 by binding the gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein, moderately inhibiting virus entry into CD4-expressing target cells and enhancing CCR5 binding and virus entry into CCR5-expressing cells lacking CD4. Studies of NBD-556 analogs and gp120 mutants suggest that (1) NBD-556 binds within the Phe 43 cavity, a highly conserved, functionally important pocket formed as gp120 assumes the CD4-bound conformation; (2) the NBD-556 phenyl ring projects into the Phe 43 cavity; (3) enhancement of CD4-independent infection by NBD-556 requires the induction of conformational changes in gp120; and (4) increased affinity of NBD-556 analogs for gp120 improves antiviral potency during infection of CD4-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, JFB 824, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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