201
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Widengren J, Schweinberger E, Berger S, Seidel CAM. Two New Concepts to Measure Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer via Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy: Theory and Experimental Realizations. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp010301a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerker Widengren
- Department of Spectroscopy and Photochemical Kinetics, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Enno Schweinberger
- Department of Spectroscopy and Photochemical Kinetics, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sylvia Berger
- Department of Spectroscopy and Photochemical Kinetics, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claus A. M. Seidel
- Department of Spectroscopy and Photochemical Kinetics, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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202
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Abstract
The transition from slow, manual, low-throughput screening to industrialized robotic ultra-high throughput screening (uHTS) in the past few years has made it possible to screen hundreds of thousands of chemical entities against a biological target in a short time-frame. The need to minimize the cost of screening has been addressed primarily by reducing the volume of sample to be screened. This, in turn, has resulted in the miniaturization of HTS technology as a whole. Miniaturization requires new technologies and strategies for compound handling, assay development, assay adaptation, liquid handling and automation in addition to refinement of the technologies used for detection systems and data management. This review summarizes current trends in the field of uHTS and illustrates the technological developments that are necessary to enable the routine application of miniaturized uHTS systems within an industrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wölcke
- Drug Discovery Services, Screening Operations, Evotec OAI, Schnackenburgallee 114, D-22525, Hamburg, Germany
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203
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Abstract
Single-molecule fluorescence methods and biomechanical tools provide exciting new opportunities to probe biochemical processes in unprecedented detail. The detection and spectroscopy of single fluorophores have recently been used to observe conformational changes and biochemical events involving nucleic acids. A number of fluorescence observables, including localization, quenching, polarization response and fluorescence resonance energy transfer, have been utilized. An exciting new opportunity of combining fluorescence methods and biomechanical tools to study the structural changes and functions of enzymes that participate in nucleic acid metabolism has also arisen.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ha
- Department of Physics and Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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204
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Eggeling C, Berger S, Brand L, Fries JR, Schaffer J, Volkmer A, Seidel CA. Data registration and selective single-molecule analysis using multi-parameter fluorescence detection. J Biotechnol 2001; 86:163-80. [PMID: 11257530 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(00)00412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A general strategy to identify and quantify sample molecules in dilute solution employing a new spectroscopic method for data registration and specific burst analysis denoted as multi-parameter fluorescence detection (MFD) was recently developed. While keeping the experimental advantage of monitoring single molecules diffusing through the microscopic open volume element of a confocal epi-illuminated set-up as in experiments of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, MFD uses pulsed excitation and time-correlated single-photon counting to simultaneously monitor the evolution of the four-dimensional fluorescence information (intensity, F; lifetime, tau; anisotropy, r; and spectral range, lambda(r)) in real time and allows for exclusion of extraneous events for subsequent analysis. In this review, the versatility of this technique in confocal fluorescence spectroscopy will be presented by identifying freely diffusing single dyes via their characteristic fluorescence properties in homogenous assays, resulting in significantly reduced misclassification probabilities. Major improvements in background suppression are demonstrated by time-gated autocorrelation analysis of fluorescence intensity traces extracted from MFD data. Finally, applications of MFD to real-time conformational dynamics studies of fluorescence labeled oligonucleotides will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Eggeling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
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205
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Maus M, Cotlet M, Hofkens J, Gensch T, De Schryver FC, Schaffer J, Seidel CA. An Experimental Comparison of the Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Nonlinear Least-Squares Fluorescence Lifetime Analysis of Single Molecules. Anal Chem 2001; 73:2078-86. [PMID: 11354494 DOI: 10.1021/ac000877g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two procedures based on the weighted least-squares (LS) and the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method to confidently analyze single-molecule (SM) fluorescence decays with a total number (N) of 2,500-60,000 counts have been elucidated and experimentally compared by analyzing measured bulk and SM decays. The key observation of this comparison is that the LS systematically underestimates the fluorescence lifetimes by approximately 5%, for the range of 1,000-20,000 events, whereas the MLE method gives stable results over the whole intensity range, even at counts N less than 1,000, where the LS analysis delivers unreasonable values. This difference can be attributed to the different statistics approaches and results from improper weighting of the LS method. As expected from theory, the results of both methods become equivalent above a certain threshold of N detected photons per decay, which is here experimentally determined to be approximately 20,000. In contrast to the bulk lifetime distributions, the SM fluorescence lifetime distributions exhibit standard deviations that are sizably larger than the statistically expected values. This comparison proves the strong influence of the inhomogenuous microenvironment on the photophysical behavior of single molecules embedded in a 10-30-nm thin polymer layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maus
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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206
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Osborne MA, Barnes CL, Balasubramanian S, Klenerman D. Probing DNA Surface Attachment and Local Environment Using Single Molecule Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0038660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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207
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Eggeling C, Schaffer J, Seidel CAM, Korte J, Brehm G, Schneider S, Schrof W. Homogeneity, Transport, and Signal Properties of Single Ag Particles Studied by Single-Molecule Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp002552+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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208
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Wennmalm S, Blom H, Wallerman L, Rigler R. UV-Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy of 2-Aminopurine. Biol Chem 2001; 382:393-7. [PMID: 11347886 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2001.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have built a fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) microscope for ultraviolet excitation (280-300 nm) and emission. With UV excitation the fluorescence of 'natural fluorophores' such as the modified nucleotide 2-aminopurine can be analyzed. The sensitivity of a natural fluorophore toward conformational changes can reveal dynamics in biomolecules. UV-FCS is well suited for detection of intensity fluctuations related to such conformational dynamics. Here we show UV-FCS measured on p-Quarterphenyl and on 2-aminopurine (2-AP). The triplet state rate constants and the excitation cross section for 2-AP were estimated to k23 = 1 x 10(6) s(-1), k31 = 3 x 10(5) s(-1), and sigma(exc) = 2 x 10(-17) cm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wennmalm
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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209
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210
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211
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Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy in Nucleic Acid Analysis. SPRINGER SERIES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-59542-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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212
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213
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Torimura M, Kurata S, Yamada K, Yokomaku T, Kamagata Y, Kanagawa T, Kurane R. Fluorescence-quenching phenomenon by photoinduced electron transfer between a fluorescent dye and a nucleotide base. ANAL SCI 2001; 17:155-60. [PMID: 11993654 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.17.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probes have been widely used in biotechnology, and fluorescence quenching by the interaction between the dyes and a nucleobase has been pointed out. This quenching causes big problem in analytical methods, but is useful in some other cases. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the fluorescence quenching intensity under various conditions. We focused on the redox properties of some commercially available fluorescent dyes, and investigated dye-nucleotide interactions between a free dye and a nucleotide in aqueous solution by electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques. Our results suggested that the quenching was accompanied by photoinduced electron transfer between a thermodynamically quenchable excited dye and a specific base. Several kinds of fluorescent dyes labeled to the 5'-end of oligonucleotide C10T6 were prepared, and their quenching ratios compared upon hybridization with the complementary oligonucleotide A6G10. The quenching was completely reversible and their efficiencies depended on the attached fluorophore types. The fluorescence of 5-FAM, BODIPY FL or TAMRA-modified probe was strongly quenched by hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Torimura
- National Institute of Bioscience and Human Technology, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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214
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Tracking Molecular Dynamics of Flavoproteins with Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56853-4_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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215
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Palo K, Mets U, Jäger S, Kask P, Gall K. Fluorescence intensity multiple distributions analysis: concurrent determination of diffusion times and molecular brightness. Biophys J 2000; 79:2858-66. [PMID: 11106594 PMCID: PMC1301165 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(00)76523-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) has proven to be a powerful technique with single-molecule sensitivity. Recently, it has found a complement in the form of fluorescence intensity distribution analysis (FIDA). Here we introduce a fluorescence fluctuation method that combines the features of both techniques. It is based on the global analysis of a set of photon count number histograms, recorded with multiple widths of counting time intervals simultaneously. This fluorescence intensity multiple distributions analysis (FIMDA) distinguishes fluorescent species on the basis of both the specific molecular brightness and the translational diffusion time. The combined information, extracted from a single measurement, increases the readout effectively by one dimension and thus breaks the individual limits of FCS and FIDA. In this paper a theory is introduced that describes the dependence of photon count number distributions on diffusion coefficients. The theory is applied to a series of photon count number histograms corresponding to different widths of counting time intervals. Although the ability of the method to determine specific brightness values, diffusion times, and concentrations from mixtures is demonstrated on simulated data, its experimental utilization is shown by the determination of the binding constant of a protein-ligand interaction exemplifying its broad applicability in the life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Palo
- EVOTEC BioSystems AG, D-22525 Hamburg, Germany
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216
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Wallace MI, Ying L, Balasubramanian S, Klenerman D. FRET Fluctuation Spectroscopy: Exploring the Conformational Dynamics of a DNA Hairpin Loop. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp001560n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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217
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Stühmeier F, Hillisch A, Clegg RM, Diekman S. Fluorescence energy transfer analysis of DNA structures containing several bulges and their interaction with CAP. J Mol Biol 2000; 302:1081-100. [PMID: 11183776 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.4089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA molecules with three bulges separated by double-stranded helical sections of B-DNA were constructed to be used as substrates for DNA-protein binding assays. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between dye molecules attached to the 5'-ends of the DNA molecules is used to monitor the protein binding. The A5 bulge, which consists of five unpaired adenine nucleotides, alters the direction of the helical axis by approximately 80 to 90 at every bulge site. Computer molecular modeling facilitated a pre-selection of suitable helix lengths that bring the labeled ends of the three-bulge DNA molecules (60 to 70 base-pairs long) into close proximity. The FRET experiments verified that the labeled ends of the helices of these long molecules were indeed close. A series of FRET experiments was carried out with two A5 and two A7 bulge molecules. The relative positions of the bulges were varied along the central helical DNA sequence (between the bulges) in order to determine the relative angular juxtapositions of the outlying helical arms flanking the central helical region. The global structural features of the DNA molecules are manifested in the FRET data. The FRET experiments, especially those of the two-bulge series, could be interpreted remarkably well with molecular models based on the NMR structure of the A5 bulge. These models assume that the DNA molecules do not undergo large torsional conformational fluctuations at the bulge sites. The magnitude of the FRET efficiency attests to a relatively rigid structure for many of the long 5'-end-labeled molecules. The changes in the FRET efficiency of three-bulge structures containing the specific binding sequence of the catabolite activator protein (CAP) demonstrated significant deformation of the DNA upon binding of CAP. No direct interaction of CAP with the dyes was observed.
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218
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Abstract
A high-speed high-throughput single-molecule imaging technique for identifying molecules in free solution based on differences in their fluorescence emission spectra is presented. Unlike previous reports, the entire spectrum, rather than selected wavelengths through optical filters, is recorded. Furthermore, the millisecond data acquisition time means that the molecules do not need to be immobilized or spatially confined. In one example, individual lambdaDNA molecules labeled with YOYO-I, POPO-III, or a combination of the two dyes can be distinguished from one another. In another example, biotinylated 2.1-kb DNA labeled with YOYO-I was reacted with avidin-conjugated R-phycoerythrin. The two different reactant molecules and the product molecule can be simultaneously imaged and identified by their spectroscopic characteristics. This technique can therefore be used for screening single molecules for disease markers and for monitoring individual molecular interactions at a rate of thousands of molecules per second.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ma
- USDOE and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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219
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Tinnefeld P, Buschmann V, Herten DP, Han KT, Sauer M. Confocal Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) at the Single Molecule Level. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-5171(200009)1:3<215::aid-simo215>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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220
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Begon C, Rigneault H, Jonsson P, Rarity JG. Spontaneous Emission Control with Planar Dielectric Structures: An Asset for Ultrasensitive Fluorescence Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-5171(200009)1:3<207::aid-simo207>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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221
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Knemeyer JP, Marmé N, Sauer M. Probes for detection of specific DNA sequences at the single-molecule level. Anal Chem 2000; 72:3717-24. [PMID: 10959954 DOI: 10.1021/ac000024o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A method has been developed for highly sensitive detection of specific DNA sequences in a homogeneous assay using labeled oligonucleotide molecules in combination with single-molecule photon burst counting and identification. The fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides are called smart probes because they report the presence of complementary target sequences by a strong increase in fluorescence intensity. The smart probes consist of a fluorescent dye attached at the terminus of a hairpin oligonucleotide. The presented technique takes advantage of the fact that the used oxazine dye JA242 is efficiently quenched by complementary guanosine residues. Upon specific hybridization to the target DNA, the smart probe undergoes a conformational change that forces the fluorescent dye and the guanosine residues apart, thereby increasing the fluorescence intensity about six fold in ensemble measurements. To increase the detection sensitivity below the nanomolar range, a confocal fluorescence microscope was used to observe the fluorescence bursts from individual smart probes in the presence and absence of target DNA as they passed through the focused laser beam. Smart probes were excited by a pulsed diode laser emitting at 635 nm with a repetition rate of 64 MHz. Each fluorescence burst was identified by three independent parameters: (a) the burst size, (b) the burst duration, and (c) the fluorescence lifetime. Through the use of this multiparameter analysis, higher discrimination accuracies between smart probes and hybridized probe-target duplexes were achieved. The presented multiparameter detection technique permits the identification of picomolar target DNA concentrations in a homogeneous assay, i.e., the detection of specific DNA sequences in a 200-fold excess of labeled probe molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Knemeyer
- Physicalisch-Chemsiches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Germany
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222
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Lamb DC, Schenk A, Röcker C, Scalfi-Happ C, Nienhaus GU. Sensitivity enhancement in fluorescence correlation spectroscopy of multiple species using time-gated detection. Biophys J 2000; 79:1129-38. [PMID: 10920042 PMCID: PMC1301008 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(00)76366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a powerful technique to measure chemical reaction rates and diffusion coefficients of molecules in thermal equilibrium. The capabilities of FCS can be enhanced by measuring the energy, polarization, or delay time between absorption and emission of the collected fluorescence photons in addition to their arrival times. This information can be used to change the relative intensities of multiple fluorescent species in FCS measurements and, thus, the amplitude of the intensity autocorrelation function. Here we demonstrate this strategy using lifetime gating in FCS experiments. Using pulsed laser excitation and laser-synchronized gating in the detection channel, we suppress photons emitted within a certain time interval after excitation. Three applications of the gating technique are presented: suppression of background fluorescence, simplification of FCS reaction studies, and investigation of lifetime heterogeneity of fluorescently labeled biomolecules. The usefulness of this technique for measuring forward and backward rates of protein fluctuations in equilibrium and for distinguishing between static and dynamic heterogeneity makes it a promising tool in the investigation of chemical reactions and conformational fluctuations in biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Lamb
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801-3080 USA
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223
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Hovius R, Vallotton P, Wohland T, Vogel H. Fluorescence techniques: shedding light on ligand-receptor interactions. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2000; 21:266-73. [PMID: 10871895 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-6147(00)01503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability of organisms, or individual cells, to react to external chemical signals, which are detected and transduced by cell-surface receptors, is crucial for their survival. These receptors are the targets of the majority of clinically used medicines. Combinatorial genetics can provide almost unlimited numbers of mutant receptor proteins and combinatorial chemistry can produce large libraries of potential therapeutic compounds that act on these membrane receptors. What is missing for the fundamental understanding of receptor function and for the discovery of new medicines are efficient procedures to screen both ligand-receptor interactions and the subsequent functional consequences. Ultrasensitive fluorescence spectroscopic approaches, in combination with efficient labelling protocols, offer enormous possibilities for highly parallel functional bioanalytics at the micro- and nanometer level.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hovius
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers and Membranes, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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224
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Haupts U, Rüdiger M, Pope AJ. Macroscopic versus microscopic fluorescence techniques in (ultra)-high-throughput screening. Drug Discov Today 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(00)01481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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225
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Daniel DC, Thompson M, Woodbury NW. Fluorescence Intensity Fluctuations of Individual Labeled DNA Fragments and a DNA Binding Protein in Solution at the Single Molecule Level: A Comparison of Photobleaching, Diffusion, and Binding Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9929465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C. Daniel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604
| | - Martin Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604
| | - Neal W. Woodbury
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604
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226
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Schütz GJ, Sonnleitner M, Hinterdorfer P, Schindler H. Single molecule microscopy of biomembranes (review). Mol Membr Biol 2000; 17:17-29. [PMID: 10824735 DOI: 10.1080/096876800294452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of new microscopy techniques with a sensitivity of a single molecule have gained access to essentially new types of information obtainable from imaging biomolecular samples. These methodologies are analysed here in terms of their applicability to the in vivo visualization of cellular processes on the molecular scale, in particular of processes in cell membranes. First examples of single molecule microscopy on cell membranes revealed new basic insight into the lateral organization of the plasma membrane, providing the captivating perspective of an ultrasensitive methodology as a general tool to study local processes and heterogeneities in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Schütz
- Institute for Biophysics, University of Linz, Austria
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227
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Lamb DC, Schenk A, R�cker C, Nienhaus GU. Determining chemical rate coefficients using time-gated fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-1395(200010)13:10<654::aid-poc294>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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228
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Gensch T, Hofkens J, Herrmann A, Tsuda K, Verheijen W, Vosch T, Christ T, Basché T, Müllen K, De Schryver F. Fluoreszenzuntersuchungen einzelner Dendrimermoleküle mit mehreren Chromophoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19991216)111:24<3970::aid-ange3970>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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229
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Tamarat P, Maali A, Lounis B, Orrit M. Ten Years of Single-Molecule Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 1999; 104:1-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jp992505l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ph. Tamarat
- Centre de Physique Moléculaire Optique et Hertzienne, UMR 5798 CNRS et Université Bordeaux I, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - A. Maali
- Centre de Physique Moléculaire Optique et Hertzienne, UMR 5798 CNRS et Université Bordeaux I, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - B. Lounis
- Centre de Physique Moléculaire Optique et Hertzienne, UMR 5798 CNRS et Université Bordeaux I, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - M. Orrit
- Centre de Physique Moléculaire Optique et Hertzienne, UMR 5798 CNRS et Université Bordeaux I, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
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230
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Kask P, Palo K, Ullmann D, Gall K. Fluorescence-intensity distribution analysis and its application in biomolecular detection technology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:13756-61. [PMID: 10570145 PMCID: PMC24137 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.24.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A methodology, fluorescence-intensity distribution analysis, has been developed for confocal microscopy studies in which the fluorescence intensity of a sample with a heterogeneous brightness profile is monitored. An adjustable formula, modeling the spatial brightness distribution, and the technique of generating functions for calculation of theoretical photon count number distributions serve as the two cornerstones of the methodology. The method permits the simultaneous determination of concentrations and specific brightness values of a number of individual fluorescent species in solution. Accordingly, we present an extremely sensitive tool to monitor the interaction of fluorescently labeled molecules or other microparticles with their respective biological counterparts that should find a wide application in life sciences, medicine, and drug discovery. Its potential is demonstrated by studying the hybridization of 5'-(6-carboxytetramethylrhodamine)-labeled and nonlabeled complementary oligonucleotides and the subsequent cleavage of the DNA hybrids by restriction enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kask
- EVOTEC BioSystems AG, Schnackenburgallee 114, D-22525 Hamburg, Germany
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231
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Ambrose WP, Goodwin PM, Jett JH, Van Orden A, Werner JH, Keller RA. Single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy at ambient temperature. Chem Rev 1999; 99:2929-56. [PMID: 11749506 DOI: 10.1021/cr980132z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W P Ambrose
- Chemical Science and Technology Division and Life Sciences Division, MS M888, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
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232
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Kettling U, Koltermann A, Eigen M. Evolutionary biotechnology--reflections and perspectives. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1999; 243:173-86. [PMID: 10453644 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60142-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U Kettling
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Dept. Biochemical Kinetics, Göttingen, Germany
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233
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Ha T, Laurence TA, Chemla DS, Weiss S. Polarization Spectroscopy of Single Fluorescent Molecules. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp990948j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taekjip Ha
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, Physics Department, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Ted A. Laurence
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, Physics Department, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Daniel S. Chemla
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, Physics Department, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Shimon Weiss
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, Physics Department, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720
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234
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Wennmalm S, Edman L, Rigler R. Non-ergodic behaviour in conformational transitions of single DNA molecules. Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(99)00125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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235
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Chiu DT, Wilson CF, Karlsson A, Danielsson A, Lundqvist A, Strömberg A, Ryttsén F, Davidson M, Nordholm S, Orwar O, Zare RN. Manipulating the biochemical nanoenvironment around single molecules contained within vesicles. Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(99)00154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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236
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Dahan M, Deniz AA, Ha T, Chemla DS, Schultz PG, Weiss S. Ratiometric measurement and identification of single diffusing molecules. Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(99)00132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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237
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Schäfer B, Nasanshargal B, Monajembashi S, Gemeinhardt H, Greulich KO, Uhl V. Study of single-molecule dynamics and reactions with classic light microscopy. CYTOMETRY 1999; 36:209-16. [PMID: 10404970 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0320(19990701)36:3<209::aid-cyto10>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule studies in the life sciences often deal with observation or spectroscopy. Studies of reactions are rare, and the light microscope has been used for such experiments only occasionally. In an experimental environment, for example, as is required for most nearfield scanning or electron microscopies, it is difficult to study single-molecule reactions of biological relevance. Therefore, we have developed techniques to study single-molecule reactions with classic (nonscanning) farfield light microscopy. The conversion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and lactate to NADH (a reduced form of NAD+), pyruvate, and H+ catalyzed by a few LDH-1 enzyme molecules has been studied in substrate solutions with different viscosity using the NADH autofluorescence. It is even possible to monitor the progress of the reaction by phase-contrast microscopy via scattering or absorption by product molecules. As an example for a single-molecule reaction with a macromolecule as substrate, the handling and enzymatic cutting of fluorescently stained lambda-DNA is studied. In solutions containing 10 mM magnesium and 66 mM potassium ions at pH 7.9, an individual DNA molecule tends to collapse into a globular structure. When moved through an aqueous solution, it becomes stretched by viscosity drag. After stopping the motion, the molecule collapses and the dynamics of this process can be quantified. When a restriction enzyme is present, sequence-specific cutting can be directly observed in the light microscope. The theoretical restriction pattern, as predicted from the sequence of the molecule, can be generated directly under visual inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schäfer
- Institut für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Jena, Germany
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238
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Abstract
In the present report, the results of a theoretical investigation of two aspects of single-molecule detection by laser-induced fluorescence in microcapillaries are presented. The two issues studied are the scattering of the exciting laser beam on the microcapillary and the change of the fluorescence lifetime of the molecule due to the electrodynamic interaction between its fluorescence emission and the confining capillary. Numerical results for experimentally relevant conditions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Enderlein
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Germany.
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239
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Barnes MD, Ng KC, McNamara KP, Kung CY, Ramsey JM, Hill SC. Fluorescence imaging of single molecules in polymer microspheres. CYTOMETRY 1999; 36:169-75. [PMID: 10404964 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0320(19990701)36:3<169::aid-cyto4>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report on far-field fluorescence imaging of single molecules in spherical polymer microparticles produced from solution by using microdroplet techniques. The fluorescence photobleaching quantum yields of rhodamine 6G in a common water-soluble polymer (polyvinyl alcohol) are at least five times smaller, corresponding to proportionally larger average fluorescence signals, than those in ethanolic solvents. This allows for acquisition of multiple images from a single molecule on a time scale of several minutes. We also show that fluorescent images of single molecules in microspheres can be calculated from semiclassic electrodynamics, which may ultimately be useful in retrieving dynamical information from experimental images.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Barnes
- Chemical and Analytical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee 37831-6142, USA
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240
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Deniz AA, Dahan M, Grunwell JR, Ha T, Faulhaber AE, Chemla DS, Weiss S, Schultz PG. Single-pair fluorescence resonance energy transfer on freely diffusing molecules: observation of Förster distance dependence and subpopulations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:3670-5. [PMID: 10097095 PMCID: PMC22352 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photon bursts from single diffusing donor-acceptor labeled macromolecules were used to measure intramolecular distances and identify subpopulations of freely diffusing macromolecules in a heterogeneous ensemble. By using DNA as a rigid spacer, a series of constructs with varying intramolecular donor-acceptor spacings were used to measure the mean and distribution width of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiencies as a function of distance. The mean single-pair FRET efficiencies qualitatively follow the distance dependence predicted by Förster theory. Possible contributions to the widths of the FRET efficiency distributions are discussed, and potential applications in the study of biopolymer conformational dynamics are suggested. The ability to measure intramolecular (and intermolecular) distances for single molecules implies the ability to distinguish and monitor subpopulations of molecules in a mixture with different distances or conformational states. This is demonstrated by monitoring substrate and product subpopulations before and after a restriction endonuclease cleavage reaction. Distance measurements at single-molecule resolution also should facilitate the study of complex reactions such as biopolymer folding. To this end, the denaturation of a DNA hairpin was examined by using single-pair FRET.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Deniz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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241
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wennmalm
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rudolf Rigler
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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242
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Abstract
Recent advances in single-molecule detection and single-molecule spectroscopy at room temperature by laser-induced fluorescence offer new tools for the study of individual macromolecules under physiological conditions. These tools relay conformational states, conformational dynamics, and activity of single biological molecules to physical observables, unmasked by ensemble averaging. Distributions and time trajectories of these observables can therefore be measured during a reaction without the impossible need to synchronize all the molecules in the ensemble. The progress in applying these tools to biological studies with the use of fluorophores that are site-specifically attached to macromolecules is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Weiss
- Materials Sciences and Physical Biosciences Divisions, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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243
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Schaffer J, Volkmer A, Eggeling C, Subramaniam V, Striker G, Seidel CAM. Identification of Single Molecules in Aqueous Solution by Time-Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9833597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Schaffer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - A. Volkmer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - C. Eggeling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - V. Subramaniam
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - G. Striker
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - C. A. M. Seidel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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244
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Haupts U, Maiti S, Schwille P, Webb WW. Dynamics of fluorescence fluctuations in green fluorescent protein observed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:13573-8. [PMID: 9811841 PMCID: PMC24860 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.23.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the pH dependence of the dynamics of conformational fluctuations of green fluorescent protein mutants EGFP (F64L/S65T) and GFP-S65T in small ensembles of molecules in solution by using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). FCS utilizes time-resolved measurements of fluctuations in the molecular fluorescence emission for determination of the intrinsic dynamics and thermodynamics of all processes that affect the fluorescence. Fluorescence excitation of a bulk solution of EGFP decreases to zero at low pH (pKa = 5.8) paralleled by a decrease of the absorption at 488 nm and an increase at 400 nm. Protonation of the hydroxyl group of Tyr-66, which is part of the chromophore, induces these changes. When FCS is used the fluctuations in the protonation state of the chromophore are time resolved. The autocorrelation function of fluorescence emission shows contributions from two chemical relaxation processes as well as diffusional concentration fluctuations. The time constant of the fast, pH-dependent chemical process decreases with pH from 300 microseconds at pH 7 to 45 microseconds at pH 5, while the time-average fraction of molecules in a nonfluorescent state increases to 80% in the same range. A second, pH-independent, process with a time constant of 340 microseconds and an associated fraction of 13% nonfluorescent molecules is observed between pH 8 and 11, possibly representing an internal proton transfer process and associated conformational rearrangements. The FCS data provide direct measures of the dynamics and the equilibrium properties of the protonation processes. Thus FCS is a convenient, intrinsically calibrated method for pH measurements in subfemtoliter volumes with nanomolar concentrations of EGFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Haupts
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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245
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Abstract
A variety of assay technologies continue to be developed for high-throughput screening. These include cell-based assays, surrogate systems using microbial cells such as yeast and bacterial two-hybrid and three-hybrid systems, and systems to measure nucleic acid-protein and receptor-ligand interactions. Modifications have been developed for cell-free, homogeneous assay systems, such as time-resolved fluorescence, fluorescence polarization and the scintillation proximity assay. Innovations in engineering and chemistry have led to delivery systems for nanoliter volumes and sensitive biosensors for ultra-high-throughout screening conducted in nanoliter and picoliter volumes. Spectroscopic methods have been extended to read single molecule fluorescence. Technologies are being developed to identify new targets from genomic information in order to design the next generation of screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Fernandes
- Small Molecule Therapeutics Inc., Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, USA.
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246
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Fries JR, Brand L, Eggeling C, Köllner M, Seidel CAM. Quantitative Identification of Different Single Molecules by Selective Time-Resolved Confocal Fluorescence Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp980965t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim R. Fries
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Leif Brand
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Eggeling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Malte Köllner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claus A. M. Seidel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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