201
|
Samokhin AO, Wilson S, Nho B, Lizame MLG, Musenden OEE, Brömme D. Cholate-containing high-fat diet induces the formation of multinucleated giant cells in atherosclerotic plaques of apolipoprotein E-/- mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1166-73. [PMID: 20203298 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.203976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) in cardiovascular diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS MGCs are a hallmark of giant cell arteritis. They are also described in atherosclerotic plaques from aortic aneurysms and carotid and coronary arteries. Herein, we demonstrate that the cholate-containing Paigen diet yields many MGCs in atherosclerotic plaques of apolipoprotein E-/- mice. These mice revealed a 4-fold increase in MGC numbers when compared with mice on a Western or Paigen diet without cholate. Most of the MGCs stained intensively for cathepsin K and were located at fibrous caps and close to damaged elastic laminae, with associated medial smooth muscle cell depletion. During in vitro experiments, MGCs demonstrated a 6-fold increase in elastolytic activity when compared with macrophages and facilitated transmigration of smooth muscle cells through a collagen-elastin matrix. An elastin-derived hexapeptide (Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly [VGVAPG]) significantly increased the rate of macrophage fusion, providing a possible mechanism of in vivo MGC formation. Comparable to the mouse model, human specimens from carotid arteries and aortic aneurysms contained cathepsin K-positive MGCs. CONCLUSIONS Apolipoprotein E-/- mice fed a Paigen diet provide a model to analyze the tissue-destructive role of MGCs in vascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andriy O Samokhin
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
202
|
Martignoni G, Pea M, Reghellin D, Gobbo S, Zamboni G, Chilosi M, Bonetti F. Molecular pathology of lymphangioleiomyomatosis and other perivascular epithelioid cell tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010; 134:33-40. [PMID: 20073603 DOI: 10.5858/2008-0542-rar1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a cystic lung disease that can be included in the wide group of proliferative lesions named PEComas (perivascular epithelioid cell tumors). These proliferative tumors are characterized by the coexpression of myogenic and melanogenesis-related markers. In all these lesions, genetic alterations related to the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) have been demonstrated. Striking improvements in the understanding of the genetic basis of this autosomal dominant genetic disease are coupled to the understanding of the mechanisms that link the loss of TSC1 (9q34) or TSC2 (16p13.3) genes with the regulation of the Rheb/m-TOR/p70S6K pathway. These data have opened a new era in the comprehension of the pathogenesis of LAM and have also suggested new therapeutic strategies for this potentially lethal disease. OBJECTIVE To present and discuss the pathologic and molecular features of LAM within the spectrum of PEComas, providing a rational approach to their diagnosis. DATA SOURCES The published literature and personal experience. CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of LAM within the PEComa category is supported by a variety of biologic data and can significantly help in providing a comprehensive view of this interesting and clinically relevant group of lesions. The demonstration of molecular alterations of the mTOR pathway in LAM and other PEComas represents a rational basis for innovative therapeutic approaches with inhibitors of mTOR signaling.
Collapse
|
203
|
|
204
|
Je JE, Ahn SJ, Kim NY, Seo JS, Kim MS, Park NG, Kim JK, Chung JK, Lee HH. Molecular cloning, expression analysis and enzymatic characterization of cathepsin K from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009; 154:474-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
205
|
Abstract
Staphylococci, in particular Staphylococcus aureus, are the predominant cause of bone infections worldwide. These infections are painful, debilitating and with the rise in antibiotic-resistant forms, increasingly difficult to treat. The growth in the number of prosthetic joint replacement procedures also provides new opportunities for these infections to take hold. Comprehending the mechanisms by which staphylococci interact with and damage bone is critical to the development of new approaches to meet this challenge. This review summarises current understanding of the mechanisms by which staphylococci infect and damage bone. We address the role of the inflammatory response to staphylococcal infection in disrupting the homeostatic balance of bone matrix deposition and resorption and thereby mediating bone destruction. A number of virulence factors that have been shown to contribute to bone infection and pathology are discussed, however no single factor has been defined as being specific to bone infections. Although traditionally considered an extracellular pathogen, there is increasing evidence that staphylococci are able to invade host cells, and that an intracellular lifestyle may facilitate long-term persistence in bone tissue, enabling evasion of antimicrobials and host immune responses. ‘Small colony variant’ strains, with mutations disabling the electron transport pathway appear particularly adept at invading and persisting within host cells, and exhibit enhanced antimicrobial resistance, and may represent a further complication in the treatment and management of staphylococcal bone disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Wright
- Division of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
206
|
Wilson S, Hashamiyan S, Clarke L, Saftig P, Mort J, Dejica VM, Brömme D. Glycosaminoglycan-mediated loss of cathepsin K collagenolytic activity in MPS I contributes to osteoclast and growth plate abnormalities. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:2053-62. [PMID: 19834056 PMCID: PMC2774069 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of lysosomal storage diseases characterized by the build-up of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and severe skeletal abnormalities. As GAGs can regulate the collagenolytic activity of the major osteoclastic protease cathepsin K, we investigated the presence and activity of cathepsin K and its co-localization with GAGs in mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type I bone. The most dramatic difference between MPS I and wild-type mice was an increase in the amount of cartilage in the growth plates in MPS I bones. Though the number of cathepsin K-expressing osteoclasts was increased in MPS I mice, these mice revealed a significant reduction in cathepsin K-mediated cartilage degradation. As excess heparan and dermatan sulfates inhibit type II collagen degradation by cathepsin K and the spatial overlap between cathepsin K and heparan sulfate strongly increased in MPS I mice, the build up of subepiphyseal cartilage is speculated to be a direct consequence of cathepsin K inhibition by MPS I-associated GAGs. Moreover, isolated MPS I and Ctsk(-/-) osteoclasts displayed fewer actin rings and formed fewer resorption pits on dentine disks, as compared with wild-type cells. These results suggest that the accumulation of GAGs in murine MPS I bone has an inhibitory effect on cathepsin K activity, resulting in impaired osteoclast activity and decreased cartilage resorption, which may contribute to the bone pathology seen in MPS diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Wilson
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
207
|
Codriansky KA, Quintanilla-Dieck MJ, Gan S, Keady M, Bhawan J, Rünger TM. Intracellular Degradation of Elastin by Cathepsin K in Skin Fibroblasts- A Possible Role in Photoaging. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:1356-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
208
|
Stroup GB, Kumar S, Jerome CP. Treatment with a potent cathepsin K inhibitor preserves cortical and trabecular bone mass in ovariectomized monkeys. Calcif Tissue Int 2009; 85:344-55. [PMID: 19763376 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-009-9279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The cysteine protease cathepsin K is involved in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. We evaluated the effect of daily oral dosing of an inhibitor of human cathepsin K (SB-462795 [relacatib]) for 9 months on bone turnover, mass, and architecture in estrogen-deficient cynomolgus monkeys. Ovariectomized animals were treated orally with relacatib at 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg/day, or oral vehicle plus alendronate at 0.05 mg/kg by IV injection once every 2 weeks. The control groups, ovariectomized and sham-ovariectomized animals, received vehicle (all groups n = 20 animals). Samples for biomarker analysis were collected at various times, bone mass changes were evaluated at 6 and 9 months of treatment, and histomorphometric analysis was performed at 9 months. Relacatib significantly reduced urinary N-telopeptide excretion within 1 week of treatment at all dose levels, an effect that was maintained at the highest dose level. At some time points bone formation markers were elevated at the lowest dose of relacatib. Animals treated with relacatib had dose-dependent preservation of areal bone mineral density reaching statistical significance in distal femur. In femur neck there was significant preservation of total volumetric BMD (vBMD) by relacatib. By histomorphometry, relacatib reduced indices of bone resorption and formation at cancellous sites as did alendronate. In cortical bone, osteonal bone formation rate was reduced by alendronate but preserved at low and medium doses of relacatib. Thus, relacatib preserved cortical and cancellous bone mass in ovariectomized monkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G B Stroup
- Department of Musculoskeletal Diseases, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
209
|
Park Y, Kong JY, Cho H. A furanquinone fromPaulownia tomentosastem for a new cathepsin K inhibitor. Phytother Res 2009; 23:1485-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
210
|
Garg G, Pradeep AR, Thorat MK. Effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on crevicular fluid levels of Cathepsin K in periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54:1046-51. [PMID: 19782963 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cathepsin K (CTSK), predominantly expressed in osteoclasts, is a potent extracellular matrix degrading enzyme that plays a critical role in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Its increased gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels in periodontal disease have been reported in a previous study. The present study has been carried out to assess the role of CTSK in periodontal disease and to determine the effect of periodontal treatment on CTSK concentration in GCF. DESIGN 60 subjects were divided into three groups (n=20) based on gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL): healthy (group I), gingivitis (group II) and chronic periodontitis (group III). A fourth group (group IV) consisted of 20 subjects from group III, 6-8 weeks after nonsurgical periodontal therapy (scaling and root planing). GCF samples collected from each patient were quantified for CTSK using ELISA. RESULTS The mean CTSK concentration in GCF was found to be the highest in group III, i.e. 55.55 pmol/l. The mean CTSK concentration in GCF in group I and group II was 5.95 pmol/l and 6.90 pmol/l respectively. The mean CTSK concentration in GCF in group IV decreased to 11.15 pmol/l, slightly more than that in groups I and II. CONCLUSIONS GCF CTSK levels increased in periodontitis and correlated negatively with clinical parameters like GI, PPD and CAL. CTSK levels decreased after nonsurgical treatment of periodontitis. Thus, CTSK can be considered as a 'marker of osteoclastic activity' in periodontal disease and also deserves further consideration as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garima Garg
- Department of Periodontics, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Fort, Bangalore 560002, Karnataka, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
211
|
Connor JR, LePage C, Swift BA, Yamashita D, Bendele AM, Maul D, Kumar S. Protective effects of a cathepsin K inhibitor, SB-553484, in the canine partial medial meniscectomy model of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:1236-43. [PMID: 19361586 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cathepsin K (cat K), a cysteine protease expressed in osteoclasts, chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts, degrades several bone and cartilage matrix components suggesting its potential role in osteoarthritis (OA). We investigated the effects of SB-553484, an inhibitor of cat K, on lesion severity and biomarkers of collagen degradation in the canine partial medial meniscectomy model. METHODS A partial medial meniscectomy was performed in mature female beagle dogs. Animals were dosed orally with vehicle or SB-553484 at 50mg/kg BID for 28 days. The femorotibial joints were evaluated for gross and microscopic histological changes. Biomarkers of collagen degradation were also analyzed. RESULTS In dogs treated with SB-553484, subjective gross and calculated degeneration scores decreased significantly by 29% and 46%, respectively. Histopathologic evaluation demonstrated that the summed tibial degeneration score decreased significantly by 21%. Inhibition of tibial cartilage degeneration was significant in zone 1 (32%) and the depth ratio of any tibial matrix change was decreased significantly by 28%. Urinary biomarkers of bone and cartilage degradation were also significantly reduced. CONCLUSION Treatment with SB-553484 resulted in mild to moderate beneficial effects on gross and histopathological parameters. Reduction of biomarkers of collagen type I and II degradation indicated a direct effect of the compound on bone and cartilage. These data suggest that the prevention of cartilage degradation by cat K inhibition may represent a valid strategy for pharmacological intervention in OA and that monitoring collagen degradation biomarkers may provide an indication of the protective effects of inhibition of bone and cartilage degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Connor
- Immuno-Inflammation, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
212
|
A single nucleotide polymorphism in the porcine cathepsin K (CTSK) gene is associated with back fat thickness and production traits in Italian Duroc pigs. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:491-5. [PMID: 19662513 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CTSK) was selected as a candidate gene for fat deposition in pigs because recently, in human and mouse, it was shown that this lysosomal proteinase is an obesity marker. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was identified in intron 4 of the porcine CTSK gene (g.15G>A; FM209043). Allele frequencies of this polymorphism were analysed in seven pig breeds. Radiation hybrid mapping confirmed the localization of CTSK to porcine chromosome 4, close to the FAT1 QTL region. Three populations of pigs (one Italian Large White and two Italian Duroc groups of pigs) were selected for association analysis. In the Italian Large White breed the g.15G>A SNP was not informative. Association analysis including all Italian Duroc pigs showed that the CTSK marker was associated with back fat thickness and lean cuts (P < 0.01), and average daily gain and feed:gain ratio (P < 0.05) estimated breeding values.
Collapse
|
213
|
Aiken A, Khokha R. Unraveling metalloproteinase function in skeletal biology and disease using genetically altered mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1803:121-32. [PMID: 19616584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The metalloproteinase family includes MMP, ADAM and ADAMTS proteases. Mice deficient in individual or pairs of metalloproteinases have been generated, and a number of these genetic models spontaneously develop skeletal abnormalities. Here we review metalloproteinase function in endochondral and intramembranous ossification, as well as in postnatal bone remodeling. We highlight how metalloproteinases enable interactions between distinct bone cell types and how this communication contributes to the skeletal phenotypes observed in knockout mice. In addition to the physiological actions of metalloproteinases in the skeletal system, the experimental manipulation of metalloproteinase-deficient mice has revealed substantial roles for these enzymes in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. MMP, ADAM and ADAMTS proteases thus emerge as key players in the development and homeostasis of the skeletal system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Aiken
- Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | | |
Collapse
|
214
|
Yamane H, Sakai A, Mori T, Tanaka S, Moridera K, Nakamura T. The anabolic action of intermittent PTH in combination with cathepsin K inhibitor or alendronate differs depending on the remodeling status in bone in ovariectomized mice. Bone 2009; 44:1055-62. [PMID: 19303837 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that the anabolic action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) with the anti-catabolic agents cathepsin K inhibitor and alendronate differs depending on the remodeling status in the bone. C57/BL/6J mice, 8 weeks of age, were subjected to ovariectomized (OVX) or sham surgery. At 6 weeks after surgery, the mice were treated with cathepsin K inhibitor, alendronate, or a vehicle (daily, for 8 weeks), with or without PTH (1-34) (5 times/week, for the last 4 weeks). We assessed the bone chemical markers of the serum and urine, bone mineral density (BMD), histomorphomery in the primary and secondary spongiosa of the proximal tibia after fluorescence labeling, primary cell culture, and mRNA expressions in bone marrow cells. Cathepsin K inhibitor and alendronate significantly increased the BMD and the bone volume of the primary and secondary spongiosa, with a reduction of the urinary C-telopeptide of type I collagen that was increased by OVX, respectively. Cathepsin K inhibitor augmented the anabolic action of PTH on the BMD and bone volume at both the primary and secondary spongiosa, while alendronate had the same effect on the BMD and bone volume only at the primary spongiosa. Cathepsin K inhibitor did not decrease serum osteocalcin with or without PTH, while alendronate did decrease it. Cathepsin K inhibitor did not decrease the values of osteoclast number or bone formation rate with or without PTH, while alendronate decreased those values and increased osteoclast apoptosis. The combination of PTH and cathepsin K inhibitor increased alkaline phosphatase-positive CFU-f formation and c-fos, osterix, and osteocalcin mRNA expressions of bone marrow cells as well as PTH alone, while the combination of PTH and alendronate decreased those values. This study demonstrated that alendronate enhances the anabolic action of PTH at the primary spongiosa, but blunts it in the remodeling trabecular bone, while cathepsin K inhibitor enhances the action at both sites in OVX mice. In conclusion, the anabolic action of intermittent PTH in combination with cathepsin K inhibitor or alendronate differs depending on the remodeling status of bone in OVX mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotoshi Yamane
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
215
|
Cowan RW, Mak IWY, Colterjohn N, Singh G, Ghert M. Collagenase expression and activity in the stromal cells from giant cell tumour of bone. Bone 2009; 44:865-71. [PMID: 19442604 PMCID: PMC2894938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.01.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The characteristic bone destruction in giant cell tumour of bone (GCT) is largely attributed to the osteoclast-like giant cells. However, experimental analyses of bone resorption by cells from GCT often fail to exclude the neoplastic spindle-like stromal cells, and several studies have demonstrated that bone resorption by GCT cells is increased in the presence of stromal cells. The spindle-like stromal cells from GCT may therefore actively contribute to the bone resorption observed in the tumour. Type I collagen, a major organic constituent of bone, is effectively degraded by three matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) known as the collagenases: MMP-1, MMP-8 and MMP-13. We established primary cell cultures from nine patients with GCT and the stromal cell populations were isolated in culture. The production of collagenases by primary cultures of GCT stromal cells was determined through real-time PCR, western blot analysis and a multiplex assay system. Results show that the cells produce MMP-1 and MMP-13 but not MMP-8. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of MMP-1 and MMP-13 in paraffin-embedded GCT tissue samples. Medium conditioned by the stromal cell cultures was capable of proteolytic activity as determined by MMP-1 and MMP-13-specific standardized enzyme activity assays. The spindle-like stromal cells from GCT may therefore actively participate in the bone destruction that is characteristic of the tumour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Cowan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University and the Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
216
|
Brömme D, Lecaille F. Cathepsin K inhibitors for osteoporosis and potential off-target effects. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 18:585-600. [PMID: 19388876 PMCID: PMC3110777 DOI: 10.1517/13543780902832661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin K is a highly potent collagenase and the predominant papain-like cysteine protease expressed in osteoclasts. Cathepsin K deficiencies in humans and mice have underlined the central role of this protease in bone resorption and, thus, have rendered the enzyme as an attractive target for anti-resorptive osteoporosis therapy. In the past decade, a lot of efforts have been made in developing highly potent, selective and orally applicable cathepsin K inhibitors. Some of these inhibitors have passed preclinical studies and are presently in clinical trials at different stages of advancement. The development of the inhibitors and preliminary results of the clinical trials revealed problems and lessons concerning the in situ specificity of the compounds and their tissue targeting. In this review, we briefly summarize the history of cathepsin K research and discuss the current development of cathepsin K inhibitors as novel anti-resorptives for the treatment of osteoporosis. We also discuss potential off-target effects of cathepsin K inhibition and alternative applications of cathepsin K inhibitors in arthritis, atherosclerosis, blood pressure regulation, obesity and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Brömme
- University of British Columbia, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
217
|
Platt I, El-Sohemy A. Effects of 9cis,11trans and 10trans,12cis CLA on osteoclast formation and activity from human CD14+ monocytes. Lipids Health Dis 2009; 8:15. [PMID: 19402897 PMCID: PMC2680857 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-8-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mixed CLA isomers variably affect bone resorption in animals and decrease osteoclast formation and activity in murine osteoclasts. These variable effects may be due to the different isomers present in commercial preparations of CLA, and the effects of the predominant individual isomers, 9cis,11trans (9,11) and 10trans,12cis (10,12) CLA are not clear. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of the individual CLA isomers on osteoclast formation and activity from human CD14+ monocytes, and to determine whether any changes are accompanied by changes in cathepsin K, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) gene expression. Osteoclasts were identified as TRAP+ multinucleated cells. Osteoclast activity was quantified by the amount of TRAP in the cultured media. Results At 50 μM, 9,11 CLA inhibited osteoclast formation by ~70%, and both 9,11 and 10,12 CLA decreased osteoclast activity by ~85–90%. Both isomers inhibited cathepsin K (50 μM 9,11 by ~60%; 10,12 by ~50%) and RANK (50 μM 9,11 by ~85%; 50 μM 10,12 by ~65%) expression, but had no effect on MMP-9 or TNFα expression. Conclusion 9,11 CLA inhibits osteoclast formation and activity from human cells, suggesting that this isomer may prevent bone resorption in humans. Although 10,12 CLA did not significantly reduce osteoclast formation, it reduced osteoclast activity and cathepsin K and RANK expression, suggesting that this isomer may also affect bone resorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Platt
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
218
|
Morko J, Kiviranta R, Mulari MTK, Ivaska KK, Väänänen HK, Vuorio E, Laitala-Leinonen T. Overexpression of cathepsin K accelerates the resorption cycle and osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Bone 2009; 44:717-28. [PMID: 19118660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bone resorption is a multistep process including osteoclast attachment, cytoskeletal reorganization, formation of four distinct plasma membrane domains, and matrix demineralization and degradation followed by cell detachment. The present study describes the intracellular mechanisms by which overexpression of cathepsin K in osteoclasts results in enhanced bone resorption. Osteoclasts and bone marrow-derived osteoclast and osteoblast precursors were isolated from mice homozygous (UTU17(+/+)) and negative for the transgene locus. Cells cultured on bovine cortical bone slices were analyzed by fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy, and bone resorption was studied by measurements of biochemical resorption markers, morphometry, and FESEM. Excessive cathepsin K protein and enzyme activity were microscopically observed in various intracellular vesicles and in the resorption lacunae of cathepsin K-overexpressing osteoclasts. The number of cathepsin K-containing vesicles in UTU17(+/+) osteoclasts was highly increased, and co-localization with markers for the biosynthetic and transcytotic pathways was observed throughout the cytoplasm. As a functional consequence of cathepsin K overexpression, biochemical resorption markers were increased in culture media of UTU17(+/+) osteoclasts. Detailed morphometrical analysis of the erosion in bone slices indicated that the increased biosynthesis of cathepsin K was sufficient to accelerate the osteoclastic bone resorption cycle. Cathepsin K overexpression also enhanced osteogenesis and induced the formation of exceptionally small, actively resorbing osteoclasts from their bone marrow precursors in vitro. The present study describes for the first time how enhancement in one phase of the osteoclastic resorption cycle also stimulates its other phases and further demonstrate that tight control and temporal coupling of mesenchymal and hematopoietic bone cells in this multistep process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Morko
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
219
|
Cathepsin K/TRAP: Can they be used to induce osteogenesis? Med Hypotheses 2009; 72:464-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
220
|
Quintanilla-Dieck MJ, Codriansky K, Keady M, Bhawan J, Rünger TM. Expression and regulation of cathepsin K in skin fibroblasts. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:596-602. [PMID: 19469903 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K (catK) is a lysosomal cysteine protease with strong collagenolytic activity well known to mediate bone resorption in osteoclasts. Recently, catK has also been reported to be expressed in other tissues. In the dermis, it is expressed only under certain circumstances such as scarring or inflammation. We therefore investigated the expression and regulation of this protease in dermal fibroblasts using immunoblotting and immunostaining. Cultured skin fibroblasts were found to strongly express catK in lysosomes. Internalization of collagen I and IV to lysosomes of fibroblasts indicates a role of catK in intracellular collagen degradation after endocytosis, a process that is different from the metalloproteinase-mediated collagen degradation in the extracellular space. In fibroblasts, interleukin-1alpha and cellular confluence upregulate catK expression and transforming growth factor-beta1 inhibits confluence-induced catK upregulation in skin fibroblasts. RANKL (ligand of receptor activator of NF-kappaB) did not alter catK expression. These regulators of catK expression are likely to play a role in the as-needed upregulation in certain skin conditions, where the prominent matrix-degrading properties of catK are thought to require tight regulation to maintain the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix.
Collapse
|
221
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Osteoclasts are cells specialized for bone resorption and play important roles in bone growth and calcium homoeostasis. Differentiation of osteoclasts involves fusion of bone marrow macrophage mononuclear precursors in response to extracellular signals. A dramatic increase in osteoclast cell volume occurs during osteoclast biogenesis and is believed to be mediated by AQP9 (aquaporin 9), a membrane protein that can rapidly transport water and other small neutral solutes across cell membranes. RESULTS In the present study we report an increase in expression of AQP9 during differentiation of a mouse macrophage cell line into osteoclasts. Bone marrow macrophages from wild-type and AQP9-null mice differentiate into osteoclasts that have similar morphology, contain comparable numbers of nuclei, and digest synthetic bone to the same extent. Bones from wild-type and AQP9-null mice contain similar numbers of osteoclasts and have comparable density and structure as measured by X-ray absorptiometry and microcomputed tomography. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that AQP9 expression rises during osteoclast biogenesis, but indicate that AQP9 is not essential for osteoclast function or differentiation under normal physiological conditions.
Collapse
|
222
|
Pennypacker B, Shea M, Liu Q, Masarachia P, Saftig P, Rodan S, Rodan G, Kimmel D. Bone density, strength, and formation in adult cathepsin K (-/-) mice. Bone 2009; 44:199-207. [PMID: 18845279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.08.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CatK) is a cysteine protease expressed predominantly in osteoclasts, that plays a prominent role in degrading Type I collagen. Growing CatK null mice have osteopetrosis associated with a reduced ability to degrade bone matrix. Bone strength and histomorphometric endpoints in young adult CatK null mice aged more than 10 weeks have not been studied. The purpose of this paper is to describe bone mass, strength, resorption, and formation in young adult CatK null mice. In male and female wild-type (WT), heterozygous, and homozygous CatK null mice (total N=50) aged 19 weeks, in-life double fluorochrome labeling was performed. Right femurs and lumbar vertebral bodies 1-3 (LV) were evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD). The trabecular region of the femur and the cortical region of the tibia were evaluated by histomorphometry. The left femur and sixth lumbar vertebral body were tested biomechanically. CatK (-/-) mice show higher BMD at the central and distal femur. Central femur ultimate load was positively influenced by genotype, and was positively correlated with both cortical area and BMC. Lumbar vertebral body ultimate load was also positively correlated to BMC. Genotype did not influence the relationship of ultimate load to BMC in either the central femur or vertebral body. CatK (-/-) mice had less lamellar cortical bone than WT mice. Higher bone volume, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number were observed at the distal femur in CatK (-/-) mice. Smaller marrow cavities were also present at the central femur of CatK (-/-) mice. CatK (-/-) mice exhibited greater trabecular mineralizing surface, associated with normal volume-based formation of trabecular bone. Adult CatK (-/-) mice have higher bone mass in both cortical and cancellous regions than WT mice. Though no direct measures of bone resorption rate were made, the higher cortical bone quantity is associated with a smaller marrow cavity and increased retention of non-lamellar bone, signs of decreased endocortical resorption. The relationship of bone strength to BMC does not differ with genotype, indicating the presence of bone tissue of normal quality in the absence of CatK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Pennypacker
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Bone Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, WP26A-1000 West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
223
|
Kozloff KM, Quinti L, Patntirapong S, Hauschka PV, Tung CH, Weissleder R, Mahmood U. Non-invasive optical detection of cathepsin K-mediated fluorescence reveals osteoclast activity in vitro and in vivo. Bone 2009; 44:190-8. [PMID: 19007918 PMCID: PMC2656637 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix by demineralization followed by degradation of type I collagen through secretion of the cysteine protease, cathepsin K. Current imaging modalities are insufficient for sensitive observation of osteoclast activity, and in vivo live imaging of osteoclast resorption of bone has yet to be demonstrated. Here, we describe a near-infrared fluorescence reporter probe whose activation by cathepsin K is shown in live osteoclast cells and in mouse models of development and osteoclast upregulation. Cathepsin K probe activity was monitored in live osteoclast cultures and correlates with cathepsin K gene expression. In ovariectomized mice, cathepsin K probe upregulation precedes detection of bone loss by micro-computed tomography. These results are the first to demonstrate non-invasive visualization of bone degrading enzymes in models of accelerated bone loss, and may provide a means for early diagnosis of upregulated resorption and rapid feedback on efficacy of treatment protocols prior to significant loss of bone in the patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M. Kozloff
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital; 149 13th Street, Room 5406, Charlestown MA 02129-2060
| | - Luisa Quinti
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital; 149 13th Street, Room 5406, Charlestown MA 02129-2060
| | - Somying Patntirapong
- Children’s Hospital Boston, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 300 Longwood Avenue, Enders 1007, Boston MA 02215
| | - Peter V. Hauschka
- Children’s Hospital Boston, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 300 Longwood Avenue, Enders 1007, Boston MA 02215
| | - Ching-Hsuan Tung
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital; 149 13th Street, Room 5406, Charlestown MA 02129-2060
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital; 149 13th Street, Room 5406, Charlestown MA 02129-2060
| | - Umar Mahmood
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital; 149 13th Street, Room 5406, Charlestown MA 02129-2060
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Chilosi M, Pea M, Martignoni G, Brunelli M, Gobbo S, Poletti V, Bonetti F. Cathepsin-k expression in pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Mod Pathol 2009; 22:161-6. [PMID: 19060845 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2008.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis is a rare and progressive lung cystic disease, caused by the infiltration of lung parenchyma by mesenchymal cells characterized by co-expression of contractile proteins and melanocytic markers. The pathogenesis of lymphangioleiomyomatosis is determined by mutations affecting tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) genes, with eventual deregulation of the Rheb/mTOR/p70S6K pathway, and the potential therapeutic activity of mTOR inhibitors is currently under investigation. To better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of lymphangioleiomyomatosis, we investigated the expression of cathepsin-k (a papain-like cysteine protease with high matrix-degrading activity). The rationale of this choice was based on the recent demonstration that mTOR inhibitors can regulate major functional activities of osteoclasts, including the expression of cathepsin-k. The immunohistochemical study included 12 cases of lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Twelve angiomyolipomas and several lung diseases (sarcoidosis, organizing pneumonia, usual interstitial pneumonia, emphysema) were investigated as controls. In all lymphangioleiomyomatosis cases, strong cathepsin-k immunoreactivity was demonstrated, restricted to lymphangioleiomyomatosis cells. Similar expression levels were observed in renal angiomyolipomas. These observations extend the knowledge regarding the immunophenotypic profile of lymphangioleiomyomatosis cells, and provide a useful new marker for diagnosis in difficult cases (eg, in small transbronchial biopsies). The strong expression of such a potent papain-like cysteine protease in lymphangioleiomyomatosis cells can significantly contribute to the progressive remodelling of lung parenchyma observed in this deadly disease, with eventual formation of lung cysts. It is possible to speculate that mTOR inhibitors may exert part of their action by limiting the destructive remodelling of lung structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Chilosi
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
225
|
Mabilleau G, Sabokbar A. Interleukin-32 promotes osteoclast differentiation but not osteoclast activation. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4173. [PMID: 19137064 PMCID: PMC2613539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is a newly described cytokine produced after stimulation by IL-2 or IL-18 and IFN-γ. IL-32 has the typical properties of a pro-inflammatory mediator and although its role in rheumatoid arthritis has been recently reported its effect on the osteoclastogenesis process remains unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, we have shown that IL-32 was a potent modulator of osteoclastogenesis in vitro, whereby it promoted the differentiation of osteoclast precursors into TRAcP+ VNR+ multinucleated cells expressing specific osteoclast markers (up-regulation of NFATc1, OSCAR, Cathepsin K), but it was incapable of inducing the maturation of these multinucleated cells into bone-resorbing cells. The lack of bone resorption in IL-32-treated cultures could in part be explain by the lack of F-actin ring formation by the multinucleated cells generated. Moreover, when IL-32 was added to PBMC cultures maintained with soluble RANKL, although the number of newly generated osteoclast was increased, a significant decrease of the percentage of lacunar resorption was evident suggesting a possible inhibitory effect of this cytokine on osteoclast activation. To determine the mechanism by which IL-32 induces such response, we sought to determine the intracellular pathways activated and the release of soluble mediators in response to IL-32. Our results indicated that compared to RANKL, IL-32 induced a massive activation of ERK1/2 and Akt. Moreover, IL-32 was also capable of stimulating the release of IL-4 and IFN-γ, two known inhibitors of osteoclast formation and activation. Conclusions/Significance This is the first in vitro report on the complex role of IL-32 on osteoclast precursors. Further clarification on the exact role of IL-32 in vivo is required prior to the development of any potential therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mabilleau
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
226
|
Ainola M, Valleala H, Nykänen P, Risteli J, Hanemaaijer R, Konttinen YT. Erosive arthritis in a patient with pycnodysostosis: an experiment of nature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 58:3394-401. [PMID: 18975331 DOI: 10.1002/art.23996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The excellent poster painter Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec is the most famous patient with cathepsin K-deficient pycnodysostosis. Cathepsin K is believed to play a major role in osteoclast-driven bone resorption. In this study we explored the role of cathepsin K in bone resorption in a patient with a cathepsin K mutation causing pycnodysostosis in whom psoriatic arthritis also developed. We hypothesized that the patient would develop only inflammatory synovitis but would not develop bone erosions or other osteolytic changes. METHODS Monocytes from the patient with pycnodysostosis and normal control monocytes were isolated and stimulated to fuse and form multinuclear osteoclast-like cells, which were identified by evaluating messenger RNA expression of osteoclast markers. The ability to resorb bone was assessed by determining the extent of pit formation and levels of collagen degradation products generated by cathepsin K (C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX]) and matrix metalloproteinases (pyridinoline crosslinked C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen). These experiments were also done in normal control cells after incubation with the cathepsin K inhibitor E64 during bone resorption. RESULTS In contrast to our a priori hypothesis, the patient developed a mutilating disease with extensive bony erosions associated with lysis of some of the distal phalanges of her hands and feet. After stimulation of monocytes from this patient, the cells formed multinuclear tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive and calcitonin receptor-positive multikaryons, which, however, totally lacked cathepsin K. These multinuclear cells were able to resorb bone but, in contrast to normal control osteoclasts, did not produce CTX. The resorption pattern was abnormal in that, unlike normal control osteoclasts, both osteoclasts from the patient and E64-inhibited osteoclasts did not leave extensive osteoclast trails, but were relatively sessile. CONCLUSION In this "experiment of nature" we observed that cathepsin K is not necessary for bone degradation. These findings may be pertinent to our understanding of the functions of cathepsin K inhibitors, which are currently being developed as drugs to treat metabolic bone diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Ainola
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
227
|
Sriarj W, Aoki K, Ohya K, Takagi Y, Shimokawa H. Bovine dentine organic matrix down-regulates osteoclast activity. J Bone Miner Metab 2009; 27:315-23. [PMID: 19296049 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-009-0063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Physiological root resorption is a phenomenon that normally takes place in deciduous teeth; root resorption of permanent teeth occurs only under pathological conditions. The molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are still unclear. Our previous study showed that osteoclasts cultured on deciduous dentine exhibited a higher degree of resorption and higher levels of cathepsin K and MMP-9 mRNA than osteoclasts cultured on permanent dentine. These results could be because of different susceptibilities to acid and the different organic matrices between deciduous and permanent dentine. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dentine extracts from bovine deciduous and permanent dentine on osteoclast activity. Osteoclasts, obtained from mouse bone marrow cells co-cultured with an osteoblast-rich fraction in the presence of 1,25-(OH)(2)-vitamin D3 and PGE2, were incubated with or without 0.6 M HCl extracts from bovine deciduous or permanent dentine for 48 h. TRAP positive cell number, TRAP activity, the areas of resorption pits, and mRNA levels of TRAP, v-ATPase, calcitonin receptor, cathepsin K, and MMP-9 were examined. The results illustrated that TRAP activity, the resorbed area, and the mRNA levels of osteoclast marker genes seemed to be suppressed by both deciduous and permanent dentine extracts. These findings indicate that some factors that suppress osteoclast activity are contained in both deciduous and permanent dentine extracts. Although there was no significant difference in osteoclast activity between deciduous and permanent dentine extracts, osteoclasts incubated with permanent dentine extracts tend to exhibit less resorption activity than those incubated with deciduous dentine extracts. However, we could not clearly explain the causes of this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wantida Sriarj
- Section of Developmental Oral Health Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
228
|
Guo J, Bot I, de Nooijer R, Hoffman SJ, Stroup GB, Biessen EAL, Benson GM, Groot PHE, Van Eck M, Van Berkel TJC. Leucocyte cathepsin K affects atherosclerotic lesion composition and bone mineral density in low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient mice. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 81:278-85. [PMID: 19015136 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cathepsin K (CatK), an established drug target for osteoporosis, has been reported to be upregulated in atherosclerotic lesions. Due to its proteolytic activity, CatK may influence the atherosclerotic lesion composition and stability. In this study, we investigated the potential role of leucocyte CatK in atherosclerotic plaque remodelling. METHODS AND RESULTS To assess the biological role of leucocyte CatK, we used the technique of bone marrow transplantation to selectively disrupt CatK in the haematopoietic system. Total bone marrow progenitor cells from CatK(+/+), CatK(+/-), and CatK(-/-) mice were transplanted into X-ray irradiated low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLr(-/-)) mice. The selective silencing of leucocyte CatK resulted in phenotypic changes in bone formation with an increased total bone mineral density in the CatK(-/-) chimeras and an effect of gene dosage. The absence of leucocyte CatK resulted in dramatically decreased collagen and increased macrophage content of the atherosclerotic lesions while lesion size was not affected. The atherosclerotic lesions also demonstrated less elastic lamina fragmentation and a significant increase in the apoptotic and necrotic area in plaques of mice transplanted with CatK(-/-) bone marrow. CONCLUSION Leucocyte CatK is an important determinant of atherosclerotic plaque composition, vulnerability, and bone remodelling, rendering CatK an attractive target for pharmaceutical modulation in atherosclerosis and osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research , Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
229
|
Advances in osteoclast biology resulting from the study of osteopetrotic mutations. Hum Genet 2008; 124:561-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
230
|
Abstract
A significant macrophage and T-cell infiltrate commonly occurs in inflammatory joint conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis that have significant bone destruction. Cytokines produced by activated macrophages and T cells are implicated in arthritis pathogenesis and are involved in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. The scope of the present review is to analyze current knowledge and to provide a better understanding of how macrophage-derived factors promote the differentiation of a novel T-helper subset (Th17) that promotes osteoclast formation and activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iannis E Adamopoulos
- Department of Immunology, Schering Plough Biopharma, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
231
|
Ahn KS, Sethi G, Chaturvedi MM, Aggarwal BB. Simvastatin, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, suppresses osteoclastogenesis induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand through modulation of NF-κB pathway. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:1733-40. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
232
|
Wieczerzak E, Jankowska E, Rodziewicz-Motowidło S, Giełdoń A, Łągiewka J, Grzonka Z, Abrahamson M, Grubb A, Brömme D. Novel azapeptide inhibitors of cathepsins B and K. Structural background to increased specificity for cathepsin B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2006.00329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
233
|
Pan H, Kopecková P, Wang D, Yang J, Miller S, Kopecek J. Water-soluble HPMA copolymer—prostaglandin E1conjugates containing a cathepsin K sensitive spacer. J Drug Target 2008; 14:425-35. [PMID: 17092842 DOI: 10.1080/10611860600834219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel bone targeting, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer based, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) delivery system was designed, synthesized and characterized. PGE1 was bound to the polymer backbone via a spacer, composed of a cathepsin K sensitive tetrapeptide (Gly-Gly-Pro-Nle) and a self-eliminating 4-aminobenzyl alcohol structure. The HPMA copolymer conjugates were prepared by photo-initiated free radical copolymerization of HPMA, PGE1-containing macromonomer, and optionally a comonomer containing a reactive p-nitrophenyl ester group. The latter group was used as attachment points for the D-aspartic acid octapeptide targeting moieties. Incubation of the PGE1-containing macromonomer and HPMA copolymer-PGE1 conjugates with cathepsin K resulted in release of unmodified PGE1. The rate of release depended on the composition of the conjugate. The higher the PGE1 content in the conjugate, the slower the PGE1 release. This appeared to be the result of association of hydrophobic side-chains in aqueous media, which rendered the formation of the enzyme substrate complex more difficult. The data seems to indicate that HPMA copolymer-PGE1 conjugates have a potential in the treatment of osteoporosis and other bone diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhong Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5820, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
234
|
Maubach G, Lim MCC, Zhuo L. Nuclear cathepsin F regulates activation markers in rat hepatic stellate cells. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:4238-48. [PMID: 18667530 PMCID: PMC2555962 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-03-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of hepatic stellate cells during liver fibrosis is a major event facilitating an increase in extracellular matrix deposition. The up-regulation of smooth muscle alpha-actin and collagen type I is indicative of the activation process. The involvement of cysteine cathepsins, a class of lysosomal cysteine proteases, has not been studied in conjunction with the activation process of hepatic stellate cells. Here we report a nuclear cysteine protease activity partially attributed to cathepsin F, which co-localizes with nuclear speckles. This activity can be regulated by treatment with retinol/palmitic acid, known to reduce the hepatic stellate cell activation. The treatment for 48 h leads to a decrease in activity, which is coupled to an increase in cystatin B and C transcripts. Cystatin B knockdown experiments during the same treatment confirm the regulation of the nuclear activity by cystatin B. We demonstrate further that the inhibition of the nuclear activity by E-64d, a cysteine protease inhibitor, results in a differential regulation of smooth muscle alpha-actin and collagen type I transcripts. On the other hand, cathepsin F small interfering RNA transfection leads to a decrease in nuclear activity and a transcriptional down-regulation of both activation markers. These findings indicate a possible link between nuclear cathepsin F activity and the transcriptional regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Maubach
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore 138669
| | - Michelle Chin Chia Lim
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore 138669
| | - Lang Zhuo
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore 138669
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Ayukawa Y, Yasukawa E, Moriyama Y, Ogino Y, Wada H, Atsuta I, Koyano K. Local application of statin promotes bone repair through the suppression of osteoclasts and the enhancement of osteoblasts at bone-healing sites in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 107:336-42. [PMID: 18801677 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether the local administration of simvastatin affected both the cellular events and the bone formation at surgically created bone defects in rat. STUDY DESIGN Simvastatin (or a vehicle) was injected into a rat bony defect for 3 consecutive days from the day of surgery. Five or ten days after the injection, new bone tissue was collected, and the gene expressions of bone-related proteins were examined. For the histomorphometry, new bone area was measured. RESULTS At day 5, the statin group demonstrated significantly larger new bone area. The number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells in the statin group was less than in the control group. In the statin group, the expressions of both alkaline phosphatase and bone morphogenetic protein 2 mRNA significantly increased. In contrast, the expression of cathepsin K was significantly suppressed in the statin group. Although the levels of both RANK and osteoprotegerin were not affected by statin, the expression of RANKL was depressed. At day 10, there were no significant differences among the groups in either histomorphometric or reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses. CONCLUSION New bone area increased under the influence of simvastatin; however, the effect did not continue when the administration was terminated. Osteoclast suppression may be the consequence of RANKL depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Ayukawa
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
236
|
Miller SC, Pan H, Wang D, Bowman BM, Kopecková P, Kopecek J. Feasibility of using a bone-targeted, macromolecular delivery system coupled with prostaglandin E(1) to promote bone formation in aged, estrogen-deficient rats. Pharm Res 2008; 25:2889-95. [PMID: 18758923 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9706-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Macromolecular delivery systems have therapeutic uses because of their ability to deliver and release drugs to specific tissues. The uptake and localization of HPMA copolymers using Asp(8) as the bone-targeting moiety was determined in aged, ovariectomized (ovx) rats. PGE(1) was attached via a cathepsin K-sensitive linkage to HPMA copolymer-Asp(8) conjugate and was tested to determine if it could promote bone formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The uptake of FITC-labeled HPMA copolymer-Asp(8) conjugate (P-Asp(8)-FITC) on bone surfaces was compared with the mineralization marker, tetracycline. Then a targeted PGE(1)-HPMA copolymer conjugate (P-Asp(8)-FITC-PGE(1)) was given as a single injection and its effects on bone formation were measured 4 weeks later. RESULTS P-Asp(8)-FITC preferentially deposited on resorption surfaces, unlike tetracycline. A single injection of P-Asp(8)-FITC-PGE(1) resulted in greater indices of bone formation in aged, ovx rats. CONCLUSIONS HPMA copolymers can be targeted to bone surfaces using Asp(8), with preferential uptake on resorption surfaces. Additionally, PGE(1) attached to the Asp(8)-targeted HPMA copolymers and given by a single injection resulted in greater bone formation measured 4 weeks later. This initial in vivo study suggests that macromolecular delivery systems targeted to bone may offer some therapeutic opportunities and advantages for the treatment of skeletal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Miller
- Division of Radiobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 4108, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
237
|
Discovery and Synthesis of Novel N-Cyanopyrazolidine and N-Cyanohexahydropyridazine Derivatives as Cathepsin Inhibitors. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2008. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2008.29.8.1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
238
|
Tada S, Tsutsumi K, Ishihara H, Suzuki K, Gohda K, Teno N. Species differences between human and rat in the substrate specificity of cathepsin K. J Biochem 2008; 144:499-506. [PMID: 18664521 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K is known to play an important role in bone resorption, and it has the P2 specificity for proline. Rat cathepsin K has 88% identity with the human enzyme. However, it has been reported that its enzymatic activity for a Cbz-Leu-Arg-MCA substrate is lower than that of human cathepsin K, and that the rat enzyme is not well inhibited by human cathepsin K inhibitors. For this study, we prepared recombinant enzyme to investigate the substrate specificity of rat cathepsin K. Cleavage experiments using the fragment of type I collagen and peptidic libraries demonstrated that rat cathepsin K preferentially hydrolyses the substrates at the P2 Hyp position. Comparison of the S2 site between rat and human cathepsin K sequences indicated that two S2 residues at Ser134 and Val160 in rat are varied to Ala and Leu, respectively, in the human enzyme. Cleavage experiments using two single mutants, S134A and V160L, and one double mutant, S134A/V160L, of rat cathepsin K showed that all the rat mutants lost the P2 Hyp specificity. The information obtained from our comparative studies on rat and human cathepsin K should make a significant impact on developing specific inhibitors of human cathepsin K since rat is usually used as test species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachiyo Tada
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
239
|
Li Z, Kienetz M, Cherney MM, James MNG, Brömme D. The crystal and molecular structures of a cathepsin K:chondroitin sulfate complex. J Mol Biol 2008; 383:78-91. [PMID: 18692071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K is the major collagenolytic enzyme produced by bone-resorbing osteoclasts. We showed earlier that the unique triple-helical collagen-degrading activity of cathepsin K depends on the formation of complexes with bone-or cartilage-resident glycosaminoglycans, such as chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4-S). Here, we describe the crystal structure of a 1:n complex of cathepsin K:C4-S inhibited by E64 at a resolution of 1.8 A. The overall structure reveals an unusual "beads-on-a-string"-like organization. Multiple cathepsin K molecules bind specifically to a single cosine curve-shaped strand of C4-S with each cathepsin K molecule interacting with three disaccharide residues of C4-S. One of the more important sets of interactions comes from a single turn of helix close to the N terminus of the proteinase containing a basic amino acid triplet (Arg8-Lys9-Lys10) that forms multiple hydrogen bonds either to the caboxylate or to the 4-sulfate groups of C4-S. Altogether, the binding sites with C4-S are located in the R-domain of cathepsin K and are distant from its active site. This explains why the general proteolytic activity of cathepsin K is not affected by the binding of chondroitin sulfate. Biochemical analyses of cathepsin K and C4-S mixtures support the presence of a 1:n complex in solution; a dissociation constant, K(d), of about 10 nM was determined for the interaction between cathepsin K and C4-S.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqiang Li
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
240
|
Zhao H, Ito Y, Chappel J, Andrews NW, Teitelbaum SL, Ross FP. Synaptotagmin VII regulates bone remodeling by modulating osteoclast and osteoblast secretion. Dev Cell 2008; 14:914-25. [PMID: 18539119 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2008.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of bone mass and integrity requires a tight balance between resorption by osteoclasts and formation by osteoblasts. Exocytosis of functional proteins is a prerequisite for the activity of both cells. In the present study, we show that synaptotagmin VII, a calcium sensor protein that regulates exocytosis, is associated with lysosomes in osteoclasts and bone matrix protein-containing vesicles in osteoblasts. Absence of synaptotagmin VII inhibits cathepsin K secretion and formation of the ruffled border in osteoclasts and bone matrix protein deposition in osteoblasts, without affecting the differentiation of either cell. Reflecting these in vitro findings, synaptotagmin VII-deficient mice are osteopenic due to impaired bone resorption and formation. Therefore, synaptotagmin VII plays an important role in bone remodeling and homeostasis by modulating secretory pathways functionally important in osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
241
|
Evans KD, Sheppard LE, Grossman DI, Rao SH, Martin RB, Oberbauer AM. Long Term Cyclic Pamidronate Reduces Bone Growth by Inhibiting Osteoclast Mediated Cartilage-to-Bone Turnover in the Mouse. Open Orthop J 2008; 2:121-5. [PMID: 19572021 PMCID: PMC2703200 DOI: 10.2174/1874325000802010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonates, used to treat diseases exhibiting increased osteoclast activity, reduce longitudinal bone growth through an as yet undefined mechanism. Pamidronate, an aminobisphosphonate, was given weekly to mice at 0, 1.25, or 2.50 mg/kg/wk beginning at 4 weeks of age. At 12 weeks of age, humeral length, growth plate area, regional chondrocyte cell numbers, chondrocyte apoptosis, TRAP stained osteoclast number, and osteoclast function assessed by cathepsin K immunohistochemistry were quantified. Humeral length was decreased in pamidronate treated mice compared to vehicle control mice, and correlated with greater growth plate areas reflecting greater proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocyte cell numbers with fewer hypertrophic cells undergoing apoptosis. Pamidronate treatment increased TRAP stained osteoclast numbers yet decreased cathepsin K indicating that pamidronate repressed osteoclast maturation and function. The data suggest that long term cyclic pamidronate treatment impairs bone growth by inhibition of osteoclast maturation thereby reducing cartilage-to-bone turnover within the growth plate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K D Evans
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
242
|
Yadav MR, Shinde AK, Chouhan BS, Giridhar R, Menard R. Peptidomimetic 2-cyanopyrrolidines as potent selective cathepsin L inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 23:190-7. [PMID: 18343903 DOI: 10.1080/14756360701504842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins have been found to have important physiological roles. The implication of cathepsin L in various types of cancers is well established. In a search for selective cathepsin L inhibitors as anticancer agents, a series of 2-cyanoprrolidine peptidomimetics, carrying a nitrile group as warhead, were designed. Two series of compounds, one with a benzyl moiety and a second with an isobutyl moiety at P(2) position of the enzyme were synthesized. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for inhibitory activity against human cathepsin L and cathepsin B. Although, none of the compounds showed promising inhibitory activity, (E)N-{(S)1-[(S)2-cyano-1-pyrrolidinecarbonyl]-3-methylbutyl}-2,3-diphenylacrylamide (24) with an isobutyl moiety at P(2) was found to show selectivity as a cathepsin L inhibitor (Ki 5.3 microM for cathepsin L and Ki > 100 microM for cathepsin B). This compound could act as a new lead for the further development of improved inhibitors within this inhibitor type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mange R Yadav
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The M S University of Baroda, Vadodara, India.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
243
|
Pan H, Liu J, Dong Y, Sima M, Kopečková P, Brandi ML, Kopeček J. Release of prostaglandin E(1) from N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer conjugates by bone cells. Macromol Biosci 2008; 8:599-605. [PMID: 18401866 PMCID: PMC4605216 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200700338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bone-targeting N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-PGE(1) conjugates, containing cathepsin K sensitive spacers, were incubated with induced osteoclasts and osteoblasts, their precursors, and control non-skeletal cells. The release of PGE(1) was monitored by an HPLC assay. In both murine and human cell lines, osteoclasts appeared to be the most active cells in the cleavage (PGE(1) release). Incubation with osteoblasts also resulted in fast PGE(1) release, whereas precursor and control cells released PGE(1) with a substantially slower rate than bone cells (apparently through ester bond cleavage). Experiments in the presence of inhibitors revealed that other enzymes, in addition to cathepsin K, were participating in the cleavage of the conjugate. Confocal fluorescence studies exposed internalization of the conjugate by endocytosis with ultimate localization in the lysosomal/endosomal compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhong Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Jihua Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Yuanyi Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Monika Sima
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Pavla Kopečková
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Firenze, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
Abstract
The name "cysteine protease" refers to the protease's nucleophilic cysteine residue that forms a covalent bond with the carbonyl group of the scissile peptide bond in substrates. The papain-like cysteine proteases, classified as the "C1 family" are the most predominant cysteine proteases. These proteases are found in viruses, plants, primitive parasites, invertebrates, and vertebrates alike. Mammalian papain-like cysteine proteases are also known as cathepsins. This unit discusses cathepsins, and their subcellular and tissue localization, catalytic mechanism, and substrate specificity. Several tables illustrate the properties of the various cathepsins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Brömme
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Vasanjee SC, Paulsen D, Hosgood G, Robinson SO, Lopez MJ. Characterization of normal canine anterior cruciate ligament-associated synoviocytes. J Orthop Res 2008; 26:809-15. [PMID: 18203201 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to identify and quantify synoviocyte phenotypes enveloping the canine anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) to test the hypothesis that there are at least two synoviocyte phenotypes, each with distinct quantities and topographical distributions. CD18 and HSP25 epitopes were colocalized in the synovium of 10 normal canine ACLs. Sagittal sections were prepared from medial, central, and lateral aspects of each ACL and phenotypes were quantified in the proximal, middle, and distal aspects of each section. Distinct synoviocyte populations stained positive for CD18 (CD18+) or HSP25 (HSP25+), and a small population of cells stained for both epitopes (DS+). The proportion (mean +/- SEM) of HSP25+ synoviocytes (57% +/- 7.5%) was significantly greater than the proportion of CD18+ synoviocytes (27% +/- 8.2%), which was significantly greater than the proportion of DS+ synoviocytes (16% +/- 3.5%). Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot analysis, and immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the presence of CD18 and HSP25 epitopes in the canine ACL. Identification and quantification of ACL synoviocytes may serve as the foundation for future studies involving ACL disease or reconstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil C Vasanjee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Skip Bertman Drive, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
246
|
Substance P increases production of proinflammatory cytokines and formation of osteoclasts in dental pulp fibroblasts in patients with severe orthodontic root resorption. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008; 133:690-8. [PMID: 18456142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which substance P (SP) increases proinflammatory cytokine production and osteoclast formation of human dental pulp fibroblasts (HDPF) in patients with severe orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR). METHODS HDPF were obtained from 5 patients with severe apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were determined after 24 hours by using ELISA kits. Furthermore, culture supernatants were added to cultured human osteoclasts, and osteoclast formation was observed after tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and the formation of resorption cavities. RESULTS Stimulation with SP increased the levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha, in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, although the increase was greater in the severe root resorption (SRR) group than in the nonresorption (NR) group (P < 0.001, 3-way repeated measures ANOVA). As for osteoclast formation, the numbers of TRAP-positive multinucleate cells and resorptive pits were significantly increased in the SRR group compared with the NR group (P < 0.001, 2-way repeated measures ANOVA). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that HDPF stimulated with SP might be deeply involved in the progress of inflammation in pulp tissue and the incidence of SRR during orthodontic treatment.
Collapse
|
247
|
Stack CM, Caffrey CR, Donnelly SM, Seshaadri A, Lowther J, Tort JF, Collins PR, Robinson MW, Xu W, McKerrow JH, Craik CS, Geiger SR, Marion R, Brinen LS, Dalton JP. Structural and functional relationships in the virulence-associated cathepsin L proteases of the parasitic liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:9896-908. [PMID: 18160404 PMCID: PMC3979170 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708521200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The helminth parasite Fasciola hepatica secretes cysteine proteases to facilitate tissue invasion, migration, and development within the mammalian host. The major proteases cathepsin L1 (FheCL1) and cathepsin L2 (FheCL2) were recombinantly produced and biochemically characterized. By using site-directed mutagenesis, we show that residues at position 67 and 205, which lie within the S2 pocket of the active site, are critical in determining the substrate and inhibitor specificity. FheCL1 exhibits a broader specificity and a higher substrate turnover rate compared with FheCL2. However, FheCL2 can efficiently cleave substrates with a Pro in the P2 position and degrade collagen within the triple helices at physiological pH, an activity that among cysteine proteases has only been reported for human cathepsin K. The 1.4-A three-dimensional structure of the FheCL1 was determined by x-ray crystallography, and the three-dimensional structure of FheCL2 was constructed via homology-based modeling. Analysis and comparison of these structures and our biochemical data with those of human cathepsins L and K provided an interpretation of the substrate-recognition mechanisms of these major parasite proteases. Furthermore, our studies suggest that a configuration involving residue 67 and the "gatekeeper" residues 157 and 158 situated at the entrance of the active site pocket create a topology that endows FheCL2 with its unusual collagenolytic activity. The emergence of a specialized collagenolytic function in Fasciola likely contributes to the success of this tissue-invasive parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin M. Stack
- From the Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Conor R. Caffrey
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Sheila M. Donnelly
- From the Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Amritha Seshaadri
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Jonathan Lowther
- From the Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Jose F. Tort
- From the Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- the Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del la Republica, General Flores 2125, CP 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Peter R. Collins
- From the Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Mark W. Robinson
- From the Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Weibo Xu
- From the Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Charles S. Craik
- the Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, and
| | - Sebastian R. Geiger
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Rachel Marion
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Linda S. Brinen
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - John P. Dalton
- From the Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Schurigt U, Hummel KM, Petrow PK, Gajda M, Stöckigt R, Middel P, Zwerina J, Janik T, Bernhardt R, Schüler S, Scharnweber D, Beckmann F, Saftig P, Kollias G, Schett G, Wiederanders B, Bräuer R. Cathepsin K deficiency partially inhibits, but does not prevent, bone destruction in human tumor necrosis factor-transgenic mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:422-34. [PMID: 18240253 DOI: 10.1002/art.23224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cathepsin K is believed to have an eminent role in the pathologic resorption of bone. However, several studies have shown that other proteinases also participate in this process. In order to clarify the contribution of cathepsin K to the destruction of arthritic bone, we applied the human tumor necrosis factor (hTNF)-transgenic mouse model, in which severe polyarthritis characterized by strong osteoclast-mediated bone destruction develops spontaneously. METHODS Arthritis was evaluated in hTNF-transgenic mice that were either wild-type for cathepsin K (CK(+/+)), heterozygous for cathepsin K (CK(+/-)), or deficient in cathepsin K (CK(-/-)). Arthritic knee joints were prepared for standard histologic assessment aimed at establishing a semiquantitative score for joint destruction and quantification of the area of bone erosion. Additionally, microfocal computed tomography was performed to visualize bone destruction in mice with the different CK genotypes. CK(+/+) and CK(-/-) osteoclasts were generated in vitro, and their proteinase expression profiles were compared by complementary DNA array analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and activity assays. RESULTS Although the area of bone erosion was significantly reduced in hTNF-transgenic CK(-/-) mice, the absence of cathepsin K did not completely protect against inflammatory bone lesions. Several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cathepsins were expressed by in vitro-generated CK(-/-) osteoclasts, without marked differences from CK(+/+) osteoclasts. MMP activity was detected in CK(-/-) osteoclasts, and MMP-14 was localized by immunohistochemistry in inflammatory bone erosions in hTNF-transgenic CK(-/-) mice, suggesting MMPs as potential contributors to bone destruction. Additionally, we detected a reduction in osteoclast formation in cathepsin K-deficient mice, both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION The results of our experiments raise doubts about a crucial role of cathepsin K in arthritic bone destruction.
Collapse
|
249
|
Abstract
Cathepsin K (catK) is a lysosomal cysteine protease with strong collagenolytic activity that mediates bone resorption in osteoclasts. Recently, catK expression has been reported in skin and lung fibroblasts, which suggests a role in maintaining homeostasis of the extracellular matrix outside of bone. Matrix degradation is a pivotal step in tumor invasion and metastasis. As other proteases, in particular matrix metalloproteinases and some cathepsins, but not catK, have been described to mediate melanoma invasion, we studied catK in melanoma. Immunostaining revealed strong catK expression in most primary melanomas and all cutaneous melanoma metastases. Melanocytic nevi also demonstrated catK expression, but it was less intense than in melanomas. Melanoma lines express both the pro- and the active form of catK and internalize extracellular collagen into lysosomes. Inhibition of catK greatly reduced melanoma cell invasion through Matrigel basement membrane matrix and increased detection of internalized collagen. We suggest that catK may play an important role in melanoma invasion and metastasis by mediating intracellular degradation of matrix proteins after phagocytosis. Clinical use of catK inhibitors, a class of medication currently in clinical trials for the treatment of osteoporosis, may be a promising avenue for the treatment of melanoma.
Collapse
|
250
|
Kim KW, Park JS, Kim KS, Jin UH, Kim JK, Suh SJ, Kim CH. Inhibition of Ulmus davidiana Planch (Ulmaceae) on bone resorption mediated by processing of cathepsin K in cultured mouse osteoclasts. Phytother Res 2008; 22:511-7. [PMID: 18338784 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ulmus davidiana Planch (Ulmaceae) (UD) has long been known to be antiinflammatory in traditional Korean medicine. This experiment investigated the effects of UD on bone resorption using bone cell culture. Different concentrations of crude extract of UD were added to mouse bone cell culture. The mitochondrial activity of the bone cells after exposure of UD was determined by colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). It was demonstrated that UD has potential effects on bone cell culture without cytotoxicity. The most effective concentration of UD in bone cells was 100 microg/mL. Cathepsin K (Cat K) is the major cysteine protease expressed in osteoclasts and is thought to play a key role in matrix degradation during bone resorption. When mouse long bone cells including osteoclasts and osteoblasts were treated with UD, UD prevented the osteoclast-mediated intracellular processing of Cat K, suggesting that UD may disrupt the intracellular transport of pro Cat K. Since secreted proenzymes have the potential to reenter the cell via the mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) receptor, to prevent this possibility, UD was tested in the absence or presence of M6P. Inhibition of Cat K processing by UD was observed in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the addition of M6P resulted in enhanced potency of UD. UD dose-dependently inhibited in vitro bone resorption with a potency similar to that observed for inhibition of Cat K processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Woon Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, SungKyunKwan University, 300 Chunchun-Dong, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|