1
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Yamashita Y, Gohda K, Iguchi Y, Fujimori K, Oda K, Masuda A, Une M, Teno N. Discovery of FXR/PPARγ dual partial agonist. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 85:117238. [PMID: 37028120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ are nuclear receptor 1 superfamily of transcription factors. FXR and PPARγ agonists have been individually investigated in clinical trial of anti-diabetic agents in the patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Regarding recent agonist development, the partial agonists for FXR and PPARγ are drawing attention from the standpoint of avoiding overactive responses caused by full agonists. In this article, we report that 18 with a benzimidazole scaffold possesses FXR/PPARγ dual partial agonistic activity. In addition, 18 shares the ability to reduce cyclin-dependent kinase 5-mediated phosphorylation of PPARγ-Ser273 and the metabolic stability in mouse liver microsome assay. To date, there are no published reports on FXR/PPARγ dual partial agonists with biological profiles similar to 18. Thus, the analog would be a feasible candidate as an unprecedented approach to NAFLD associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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2
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Gohda K, Iguchi Y, Masuda A, Fujimori K, Yamashita Y, Teno N. Design and identification of a new farnesoid X receptor (FXR) partial agonist by computational structure-activity relationship analysis: Ligand-induced H8 helix fluctuation in the ligand-binding domain of FXR may lead to partial agonism. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 41:128026. [PMID: 33839252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) controls gene-expression relevant to various diseases including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and has become a drug target to regulate metabolic aberrations. However, some side effects of FXR agonists reported in clinical development such as an increase in blood cholesterol levels incentivize the development of partial agonists to minimize side effects. In this study, to identify a new partial agonist, we analyzed the computational structure-activity relationship (SAR) of FXR agonists previously developed in our laboratories using molecular dynamics simulations. SAR analysis showed that fluctuations in the H8 helix, by ligand binding, of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of FXR may influence agonistic activity. Based on this observation, 6 was newly designed as a partial agonist and synthesized. As a result of biological evaluations, 6 showed weak agonistic activity (40.0% relative agonistic activity to the full-agonist GW4064) and a potent EC50 value (55.5 nM). The successful identification of the new potent partial agonist 6 suggested that helix fluctuation in the LBD induced by ligands could be one way to develop partial agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Gohda
- Computer-aided Molecular Modeling Research Center, Kansai (CAMM-Kansai), 3-32-302, Tsuto-Otsuka, Nishinomiya 663-8241, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Iguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Arisa Masuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Ko Fujimori
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yukiko Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Naoki Teno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan; Faculty of Clinical Nutrition, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
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3
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Teno N, Iguchi Y, Oda K, Yamashita Y, Masuda A, Fujimori K, Une M, Gohda K. Discovery of Orally Active and Nonsteroidal Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) Antagonist with Propensity for Accumulation and Responsiveness in Ileum. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:420-425. [PMID: 33738070 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the discovery of analog 15 (FLG249), which is an orally active and nonsteroidal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonist in mice with unique profiles, such as a propensity for ileum distribution and the significant control in the expression level of three FXR target genes in mouse ileum. Key design features incorporated in 15 were the introduction of metabolically stable groups in potent and metabolically labile antagonist 9. Our pursuit ultimately identified FXR antagonist 15, which has enabled its assessment in a drug discovery program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ko Fujimori
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | | | - Keigo Gohda
- Computer-Aided Molecular Modeling Research Center, Kansai (CAMM-Kansai), 3-32-302, Tsuto-Otsuka, Nishinomiya 663-8241, Japan
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4
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Fujimori K, Iguchi Y, Yamashita Y, Gohda K, Teno N. Synthesis of Novel Farnesoid X Receptor Agonists and Validation of Their Efficacy in Activating Differentiation of Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Osteoblasts. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224155. [PMID: 31744088 PMCID: PMC6891315 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The modulators of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a bile acid receptor, regulate various biological processes including bile acid metabolism, and are associated with the control of fatty liver and osteoporosis. Thus, the control of FXR activity and development of FXR modulators are critical not only for research, but also for clinical application. In this study, we synthesized novel FXR agonists 1–4 possessing isoxazole and N-substituted benzimidazole moieties, and compared their effects on osteoblast differentiation with the known FXR agonists, chenodeoxycholic acid and a synthetic compound, GW4064. Two (3 and 4) of the four novel FXR agonists 1–4 showed high specificities for FXR. Computer-assisted modeling suggested that the binding of the FXR agonist 3 with ligand binding domain of FXR was similar to GW4064. FXR was expressed in mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like ST2 cells (ST-2 MSCs). The FXR agonists activated the BMP-2-induced differentiation of ST-2 MSCs into osteoblasts and enhanced the expression of RUNX2. Moreover, the potency of the FXR agonist 3 was comparable to GW4064 in promoting osteoblast differentiation of ST-2 MSCs. These results indicate that FXR activation enhanced the BMP-2-induced differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts through activating RUNX2 expression. FXR could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Fujimori
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-72-690-1215
| | - Yusuke Iguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan; (Y.I.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yukiko Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan; (Y.I.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Keigo Gohda
- Computer-aided Molecular Modeling Research Center, Kansai (CAMM-Kansai), 3-32-302, Tsuto-Otsuka, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8241, Japan;
| | - Naoki Teno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan;
- Faculty of Clinical Nutrition, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
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5
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Teno N, Yamashita Y, Iguchi Y, Fujimori K, Une M, Nishimaki-Mogami T, Hiramoto T, Gohda K. Nonacidic Chemotype Possessing N-Acylated Piperidine Moiety as Potent Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:78-83. [PMID: 29456791 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays a major role in the control of cholesterol metabolism. Antagonizing transcriptional activity of FXR is an effective means to treat the relevant metabolic syndrome. Some of antagonists so far have the charged functions; however, they may negatively affect the pharmacokinetics. We describe herein a structure-activity relationship (SAR) exploration of nonacidic FXR antagonist 6 focusing on two regions in the structure and biological evaluation of nonacidic 10 with the characteristic N-acylated piperidine group obtained from SAR studies. As the robust affinity to FXR is feasible with our nonacidic analogue, 10 is among the most promising candidates for in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ko Fujimori
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Keigo Gohda
- Computer-aided
Molecular Modeling Research Center, Kansai (CAMM-Kansai), 3-32-302
Tsuto, Otsuka, Nishinomiya 663-8241, Japan
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6
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Teno N, Iguchi Y, Yamashita Y, Mori N, Une M, Nishimaki-Mogami T, Gohda K. Discovery and optimization of benzimidazole derivatives as a novel chemotype of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1787-1794. [PMID: 28190654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe here a novel chemotype with substituted benzimidazole scaffold for nonsteroidal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonists starting from the identification of a screening hit, BB-4. Structure diversity in four regions A-D of BB-4 or 1 is discussed. In particular, regions A and C had an effect on an antagonism against FXR as demonstrated by the derivatives represented by 7 and 15, respectively. Thus, compound 19 arising from the combination of regions A and C underscored an important fact on antagonism against FXR, also showing the reduced small heterodimer partner and the increased cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Teno
- Hiroshima International University, Faculty of Clinical Nutrition, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Iguchi
- Hiroshima International University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Yukiko Yamashita
- Hiroshima International University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Mori
- Hiroshima International University, Faculty of Clinical Nutrition, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Mizuho Une
- Hiroshima International University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | | | - Keigo Gohda
- Computer-aided Molecular Modeling Research Center, Kansai (CAMM-Kansai), 3-32-302, Tsuto-Otsuka, Nishinomiya 663-8241, Japan
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7
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Teno N, Gohda K, Yamashita Y, Otsubo T, Yamaguchi M, Wanaka K, Tsuda Y. Plasmin inhibitors with hydrophobic amino acid-based linker between hydantoin moiety and benzimidazole scaffold enhance inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2259-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Hidaka K, Gohda K, Teno N, Wanaka K, Tsuda Y. Active site-directed plasmin inhibitors: Extension on the P2 residue. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:545-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Teno N, Gohda K, Wanaka K, Tsuda Y, Akagawa M, Akiduki E, Araki M, Masuda A, Otsubo T, Yamashita Y. Novel type of plasmin inhibitors: Providing insight into P4 moiety and alternative scaffold to pyrrolopyrimidine. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3696-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Teno N, Gohda K, Wanaka K, Tsuda Y, Sueda T, Yamashita Y, Otsubo T. Pyrrolopyrimidine-inhibitors with hydantoin moiety as spacer can explore P4/S4 interaction on plasmin. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2339-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Gohda K, Fujimori K, Teno N, Wanaka K, Tsuda Y. Synthetic substrates specific to activated plasmin can monitor the enzymatic functional status in situ in breast cancer cells. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 83:52-7. [PMID: 24112688 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We here strove to overcome the limitations of expression analyses such as PCR and IHC, based on molecular recognition between target and probe molecules, by designing synthetic substrates specific to the target molecules to directly estimate the enzymatic functionality in situ. The specific substrate contains a probing unit, which is an organic fragment for specific enzyme binding, and a reactive unit, which is a natural peptide subject to catalysis. In this study, the activation of plasminogen to plasmin was examined in MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells using the plasmin-specific synthetic substrates designed from their inhibitors. The localization and function of the activated plasmin were successfully visualized by fluorophore combined with the specific substrate concurrently. This would be the first time for activated plasmin at work in situ by direct observation. Our concept to directly monitor the functionality of target enzymes can be used straightforwardly for other proteases such as cathepsins or caspases. Also, this substrate concept as a 'tailor-made substrate' would be utilized as a novel functional molecular probe in vivo with appropriate detectable probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Gohda
- Computer-aided Molecular Modeling Research Center, Kansai (CAMM-Kansai), 5-1-7 Ohmichidori, Nagata-ku, Kobe, 653-0833, Japan
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12
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Sueda T, Kawada A, Urashi Y, Teno N. Ag- and Au-Catalyzed Addition of Alcohols to Ynimides: β-Regioselective Carbonylation and Production of Oxazoles. Org Lett 2013; 15:1560-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol400338x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sueda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical of Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure City, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Arisa Kawada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical of Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure City, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Yumi Urashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical of Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure City, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Naoki Teno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical of Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure City, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
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13
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Teno N, Otsubo T, Gohda K, Wanaka K, Sueda T, Ikeda K, Hijikata-Okunomiya A, Tsuda Y. Synthesis and evaluation of tripeptidic plasmin inhibitors with nitrile as warhead. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:620-5. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Teno
- Hiroshima International University; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure Hiroshima 737-0112 Japan
| | - Tadamune Otsubo
- Hiroshima International University; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure Hiroshima 737-0112 Japan
| | - Keigo Gohda
- Computer-aided Molecular Modeling Research Center, Kansai (CAMM-Kansai); 5-1-7, Ohmichidori, Nagata-ku Kobe 653-0833 Japan
| | - Keiko Wanaka
- Kobe Research Projects on Thrombosis and Haemostasis; 3-15-18, Asahigaoka, Tarumi-ku Kobe 655-0033 Japan
| | - Takuya Sueda
- Hiroshima International University; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure Hiroshima 737-0112 Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ikeda
- Hiroshima International University; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure Hiroshima 737-0112 Japan
| | - Akiko Hijikata-Okunomiya
- Kobe International University; Faculty of Rehabilitation; 9-1-6, Koyocho-naka, Higashinada-ku Kobe 658-0032 Japan
| | - Yuko Tsuda
- Kobe Gakuin University; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-3, Minatojima, Chuo-ku Kobe 650-8586 Japan
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14
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Gohda K, Teno N, Wanaka K, Tsuda Y. Predicting subsite interactions of plasmin with substrates and inhibitors through computational docking analysis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 27:571-7. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.603129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Gohda
- Computer-Aided Molecular Modeling Research Center, Kansai (CAMM-Kansai),
Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoki Teno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hiroshima International University,
Kure, Japan
| | - Keiko Wanaka
- Kobe Research Projects on Thrombosis and Haemostasis,
Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuko Tsuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University,
Kobe, Japan
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sueda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical of Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure City, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Ayumi Oshima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical of Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure City, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Naoki Teno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical of Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure City, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
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16
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Teno N, Masuya K. Orally bioavailable cathepsin K inhibitors with pyrrolopyrimidine scaffold. Curr Top Med Chem 2010; 10:752-66. [PMID: 20337583 DOI: 10.2174/156802610791113423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The recent emergence of osteoporosis as a major health threat in people of advanced age has intensified the search for novel and effective pharmacologic treatments. Given that bone resorption is exceeding bone formation, a reduction in bone mass leads to disease conditions including post-menopausal osteoporosis and tumor-induced osteolysis. Our efforts in this area have focused on the optimization of non-peptidic cathepsin K inhibitors for affinity and selectivity, from an heteroaromatic nitrile as a novel scaffold. This approach has resulted in the discovery of the potent and selective cathepsin K inhibitor, 44. The concentration of cathepsin K inhibitors, including compound 44, in the target tissues such as bone marrow cavity, were predictive parameters for antibone resorptive efficacy in vivo in the rat. The high level of distribution to the bone marrow was also observed for compounds containing pyrrolopyrimidines with novel spiro-structures as the P3 moiety. In a monkey study with the representative inhibitor 44, the antibone resorptive efficacy was detected 8 h after the compound administration. The efficacy persisted throughout the repeated treatment period of 14 days without any evidence for the development of tolerance. This article constitutes a near comprehensive review of the published scientific literature on small molecule non-peptidic inhibitors for cathepsin K developed by Novartis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Teno
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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17
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Bones play many roles in the body, providing structure, protecting organs, anchoring muscles and storing calcium. Over 100 million people worldwide suffer from bone diseases, mainly osteoporosis, cancer-related bone loss, osteoarthritis and inflammatory arthritis. Osteoporosis itself has no specific symptoms, and the main consequence is the increased risk of bone fractures. Therefore, the prevention of bone diseases is important to maintain the quality of life in the human society. However, treatment options are still insufficient. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review article gives a summary of the low molecular mass modulators of bone diseases targets disclosed in patent applications and articles, mainly during the last 5 years. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Readers will rapidly gain an overview of these modulators not only for historical targets, but also of emerging and re-visited targets. Readers will also be able to see the current research trend and the main players in this field. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Drug discovery for bone diseases has made progress in the last years. The research area has dynamically shifted from historical targets (bisphosphonate, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin) to newly confirmed targets or targets re-visited which were biologically validated in the past. Cathepsin K inhibitors should be very close to launching in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Masuya
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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18
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Masuya K, Teno N. Editorial [Hot topic: The Medicinal Chemistry of the Cathepsin Cysteine Proteases (Guest Editors: Keiichi Masuya and Naoki Teno)]. Curr Top Med Chem 2010; 10:695. [DOI: 10.2174/156802610791113487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Irie O, Kosaka T, Ehara T, Yokokawa F, Kanazawa T, Hirao H, Iwasaki A, Sakaki J, Teno N, Hitomi Y, Iwasaki G, Fukaya H, Nonomura K, Tanabe K, Koizumi S, Uchiyama N, Bevan SJ, Malcangio M, Gentry C, Fox AJ, Yaqoob M, Culshaw AJ, Hallett A. Discovery of Orally Bioavailable Cathepsin S Inhibitors for the Reversal of Neuropathic Pain. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5502-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800839j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Irie
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Takatoshi Kosaka
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Takeru Ehara
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Fumiaki Yokokawa
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Takanori Kanazawa
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Hajime Hirao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Astuko Iwasaki
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Junichi Sakaki
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Naoki Teno
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Yuko Hitomi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Genji Iwasaki
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroaki Fukaya
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Kazuhiko Nonomura
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Keiko Tanabe
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Shinichi Koizumi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Noriko Uchiyama
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J. Bevan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Marzia Malcangio
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Gentry
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Alyson J. Fox
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Yaqoob
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Culshaw
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Allan Hallett
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
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20
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Teno N, Masuya K, Ehara T, Kosaka T, Miyake T, Irie O, Hitomi Y, Matsuura N, Umemura I, Iwasaki G, Fukaya H, Toriyama K, Uchiyama N, Nonomura K, Sugiyama I, Kometani M. Effect of Cathepsin K Inhibitors on Bone Resorption. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5459-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800626a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Teno
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Keiichi Masuya
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Takeru Ehara
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kosaka
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miyake
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Osamu Irie
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Yuko Hitomi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Naoko Matsuura
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Ichiro Umemura
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Genji Iwasaki
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Fukaya
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Toriyama
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Noriko Uchiyama
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nonomura
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Ikuo Sugiyama
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Motohiko Kometani
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
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21
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Tada S, Tsutsumi K, Ishihara H, Suzuki K, Gohda K, Teno N. Species differences between human and rat in the substrate specificity of cathepsin K. J Biochem 2008; 144:499-506. [PMID: 18664521 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K is known to play an important role in bone resorption, and it has the P2 specificity for proline. Rat cathepsin K has 88% identity with the human enzyme. However, it has been reported that its enzymatic activity for a Cbz-Leu-Arg-MCA substrate is lower than that of human cathepsin K, and that the rat enzyme is not well inhibited by human cathepsin K inhibitors. For this study, we prepared recombinant enzyme to investigate the substrate specificity of rat cathepsin K. Cleavage experiments using the fragment of type I collagen and peptidic libraries demonstrated that rat cathepsin K preferentially hydrolyses the substrates at the P2 Hyp position. Comparison of the S2 site between rat and human cathepsin K sequences indicated that two S2 residues at Ser134 and Val160 in rat are varied to Ala and Leu, respectively, in the human enzyme. Cleavage experiments using two single mutants, S134A and V160L, and one double mutant, S134A/V160L, of rat cathepsin K showed that all the rat mutants lost the P2 Hyp specificity. The information obtained from our comparative studies on rat and human cathepsin K should make a significant impact on developing specific inhibitors of human cathepsin K since rat is usually used as test species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiyo Tada
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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22
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Teno N, Irie O, Miyake T, Gohda K, Horiuchi M, Tada S, Nonomura K, Kometani M, Iwasaki G, Betschart C. New chemotypes for cathepsin K inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2599-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Teno N, Miyake T, Ehara T, Irie O, Sakaki J, Ohmori O, Gunji H, Matsuura N, Masuya K, Hitomi Y, Nonomura K, Horiuchi M, Gohda K, Iwasaki A, Umemura I, Tada S, Kometani M, Iwasaki G, Cowan-Jacob SW, Missbach M, Lattmann R, Betschart C. Novel scaffold for cathepsin K inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6096-100. [PMID: 17911019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolopyrimidine, a novel scaffold, allows to adjust interactions within the S3 subsite of cathepsin K. The core intermediate 10 facilitated the P3 optimization and identified highly potent and selective cathepsin K inhibitors 11-20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Teno
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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24
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Altmann E, Aichholz R, Betschart C, Buhl T, Green J, Irie O, Teno N, Lattmann R, Tintelnot-Blomley M, Missbach M. 2-Cyano-pyrimidines: A New Chemotype for Inhibitors of the Cysteine Protease Cathepsin K. J Med Chem 2007; 50:591-4. [PMID: 17256925 DOI: 10.1021/jm0613525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Starting from the purine lead structure 1, a new series of cathepsin K inhibitors based on a pyrimidine scaffold have been explored. Investigations of P3 and P2 substituents based on molecular modeling suggestions resulted in potent cathepsin K inhibitors with an improved selectivity profile over other cathepsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Altmann
- Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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25
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Shanado Y, Kometani M, Uchiyama H, Koizumi S, Teno N. Lysophospholipase I identified as a ghrelin deacylation enzyme in rat stomach. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 325:1487-94. [PMID: 15555596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, discovered in rat stomach as an endogenous growth hormone secretagogue, is octanoylated at the Ser3 residue. Since this octanoylation is essential for the functions of ghrelin, the enzymes that catalyze acylation for ghrelin biosynthesis and deacylation (deactivation step) must be considered as important regulators. We found that rat stomach homogenate contained ghrelin deacylation activity, and we isolated the active fractions by column chromatography. After sequencing and expressing candidate proteins, the ghrelin deacylation enzyme in the stomach was identified as lysophospholipase I (LysoPLA I). The enzyme properties were examined using recombinant rat LysoPLA I expressed in Escherichia coli. K(m) and V(max) values were determined as 6.5 microM and 2.3 micromol/min/mg for ghrelin and 2.2 x 10(2) microM and 0.5 micromol/min/mg for lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC), respectively. The deacylation of both substrates was inhibited by methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP), which is known as an irreversible inhibitor of LysoPLA I. These results reveal that LysoPLA I catalyzes the removal of n-octanoic acid from ghrelin to form des-acyl ghrelin. Identification of the ghrelin deacylation enzyme in the stomach and a deacylation inhibitor will be helpful in investigating ghrelin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Shanado
- Tsukuba Research Institute, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Tsukuba, Japan
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26
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Takashima H, Tamaoki H, Teno N, Nishi Y, Uchiyama S, Fukui K, Kobayashi Y. Hydrophobic Core around Tyrosine for Human Endothelin-1 Investigated by Photochemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Biochemistry 2004; 43:13932-6. [PMID: 15518541 DOI: 10.1021/bi048649u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent cardiovascular bioactive peptide. Its activity is based on the C-terminal residues, e.g., Trp 21 in particular. Recently, we reported an NMR solution structure of ET-1, which has a C-terminal hydrophobic core around Tyr 13. This C-terminal conformation does not agree with a previously reported X-ray crystal structure. To clarify the discrepancy, we performed photo-CIDNP NMR in combination with MALDI-TOF MS. The photo-CIDNP results revealed that the Tyr 13 aromatic ring is concealed in a hydrophobic interaction. MALDI-TOF MS experiments showed this is an intramolecular interaction in monomeric form, which is also supported by sedimentation analysis and two-dimensional NMR cross-peak line shapes. Thus, we confirmed the intramolecular hydrophobic core around Tyr 13 in aqueous solution, which agrees with the solution structure. The C-terminal conformational discrepancy between the solution and crystal was caused by the intermolecular hydrogen bond between Tyr 13 of one molecule and Asp 8 of the other in a dimer-like formation of crystalline ET-1. On the other hand, we indicated that endothelin-3, another isoform of the endothelin, has an apparent self-association equilibrium under the same condition in which three tyrosines participate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takashima
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan.
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27
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Nosaka AY, Kanaori K, Teno N, Togame H, Inaoka T, Takai M, Kokubo T. Conformational studies on the specific cleavage site of Type I collagen (alpha-1) fragment (157-192) by cathepsins K and L by proton NMR spectroscopy. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:375-9. [PMID: 10218831 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(98)00227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins K and L are cysteine proteinases which are considered to play an important role in bone resorption. Type I collagen is the most abundant component of the extracellular matrix of bone and regarded as an endogenous substrate for the cysteine proteinases in osteoclastic bone resorption. We have synthesized a fragment of Type I collagen (alpha-1) (157-192) as a substrate for the cathepsins and found that cathepsins K and L cleave the fragment at different specific sites. The major cleavage sites for cathepsin K were Met159-Gly160, Ser162-Gly163 and Arg165-Gly166, while those for cathepsin L were Gly166-Leu167 and Gln180-Gly181. The structure of the fragment was analyzed in aqueous solution by circular dichroism and proton NMR spectroscopy and the difference in the molecular recognition of collagen by cathepsins K and L was discussed from the structural aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Nosaka
- International Research Laboratories, Ciba-Geigy Japan Ltd., Takarazuka
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28
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Teno N, Wanaka K, Okada Y, Taguchi H, Okamoto U, Hijikata-Okunomiya A, Okamoto S. Development of active center-directed plasmin and plasma kallikrein inhibitors and studies on the structure-inhibitory activity relationship. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1993; 41:1079-90. [PMID: 8370108 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.41.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The molecule of trans-4-aminomethylcyclohexanecarbonylphenylalanine 4-carboxymethylanilide (8), which is a potent and selective inhibitor of plasma kallikrein, can be divided into three parts (P1, P1' and P2'), each of which contains one of the rings. In order to study the role of each part in the manifestation of potent and selective inhibitory activity and the relationship between the structure and inhibitory activities toward plasmin, plasma kallikrein, urokinase and thrombin, each part was substituted with various other moieties to give many kinds of analogs and their inhibitory activities against the above enzymes were examined. Among them, trans-4-aminomethylcyclohexanecarbonyl-O-2-bromobenzyloxycarbon yltyrosine 4-acetylanilide (12) inhibited plasmin and plasma kallikrein with IC50 values of 2.3 x 10(-7) M and 3.7 x 10(-7) M, and K(i) values of 1.2 x 10(-7) M and 1.3 x 10(-7) M, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Teno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe-Gakuin University, Japan
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29
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Teno N, Wanaka K, Okada Y, Tsuda Y, Okamoto U, Hijikata-Okunomiya A, Naito T, Okamoto S. Development of selective inhibitors against plasma kallikrein. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1991; 39:2930-6. [PMID: 1839246 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.39.2930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Specific plasma kallikrein inhibitors were designed and synthesized and their structure-activity relationship was studied. trans-4-Aminomethylcyclohexanecarbonyl (Tra)-lysyl-4-ethoxycarbonylanilide inhibited plasma kallikrein and plasmin with IC50 values of 23 and 210 microM, respectively, indicating that this compound is fairly specific to plasma kallikrein. Tra-arginyl-4-ethoxycarbonylanilide inhibited plasma kallikrein and plasmin with IC50 values of 16 and 480 microM, respectively. Tra-homoarginyl-4-carboxyanilide inhibited plasma kallikrein and plasmin with IC50 values of 14 microM and 1 mM, respectively. Finally, Tra-Arg(Mts)-4-acetylanilide (ACA) exhibited potent and selective inhibitory activity against plasma kallikrein (IC50 value for plasma kallikrein: 2 microM and for plasmin: 42 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Teno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe-Gakuin University, Japan
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30
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Teno N, Wanaka K, Okada Y, Tsuda Y, Okamoto U, Hijikata-Okunomiya A, Naito T, Okamoto S. Development of active center-directed inhibitors against plasmin. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1991; 39:2340-6. [PMID: 1839513 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.39.2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Active center-directed inhibitors of plasmin were designed based on the structure of specific substrates of plasmin and then synthesized. Their effects on plasmin were examined and the structure-inhibitory activity relationship was studied. N alpha-trans-4-Aminomethylcyclohexanecarbonyllysine 4-benzoylanilide (Tra-Lys-BZA) inhibited plasmin activities toward S-2251 and fibrin with IC50 values of 15 and 6.1 microM, respectively and N alpha-trans-4-aminomethylcyclohexane-carbonyllysine 4-benzylpiperidine amide (Tra-Lys-BPP) did not show any detectable inhibitory activity. Moreover, it was revealed that Tra-Lys-4-methoxycarbonylanilide inhibited plasma kallikrein more potently than plasmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Teno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe-Gakuin University, Japan
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31
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Tsuboi S, Nakabayashi K, Matsumoto Y, Teno N, Tsuda Y, Okada Y, Nagamatsu Y, Yamamoto J. Amino acids and peptides. XXVIII. Synthesis of peptide fragments related to eglin c and studies on the relationship between their structure and effects on human leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G and alpha-chymotrypsin. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1990; 38:2369-76. [PMID: 2285973 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.38.2369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Various peptide fragments related to eglin c, which consists of 70 amino acid residues, were synthesized by a conventional solution method and their inhibitory effects on leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G and alpha-chymotrypsin were examined. Among them, H-Arg-Glu-Tyr-Phe-OMe (eglin c 22-25) and H-Ser-Pro-Val-Thr-Leu-Asp-Leu-Arg-Tyr-OMe (eglin c 41-49) inhibited cathepsin G and alpha-chymotrypsin but not leukocyte elastase, while H-Thr-Asn-Val-Val-OMe (eglin c 60-63) inhibited leukocyte elastase but not cathepsin G or alpha-chymotrypsin, although eglin c potently inhibited leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G and alpha-chymotrypsin. These results indicated that the interaction sites of eglin c with leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G and alpha-chymotrypsin might be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tsuboi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe-Gakuin University, Japan
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32
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Tsuda Y, Teno N, Okada Y, Wanaka K, Bohgaki M, Hijikata-Okunomiya A, Okamoto U, Naito T, Okamoto S. Synthesis of tripeptide chloromethyl ketones and examination of their inhibitory effects on plasmin and plasma kallikrein. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1989; 37:3108-11. [PMID: 2534361 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.37.3108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of obtaining selective synthetic inhibitors of plasmin and plasma kallikrein, D-Ile-Phe-Lys-CH2Cl, Ile-Phe-Lys-CH2Cl, D-Ile-Phe-Arg-CH2Cl and Ile-Phe-Arg-CH2Cl were synthesized and their inhibitory activity against plasmin, plasma kallikrein and other trypsin-like serine proteinases was examined. Among them, D-Ile-Phe-Arg-CH2Cl exhibited a highly selective inhibitory activity against plasma kallikrein, yet D-Ile-Phe-Lys-CH2Cl exhibited nearly the same order of inhibitory activity against plasmin as well as plasma kallikrein.
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33
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Okada Y, Tsuda Y, Teno N, Nagamatsu Y, Okamoto U. Amino acids and peptides. XXII. Synthesis of substrates and inhibitors of human leukocyte cathepsin G. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1988; 36:4794-801. [PMID: 3246041 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.36.4794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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34
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Tsuda Y, Teno N, Okada Y, Nagamatsu Y, Okamoto U. Synthesis of tripeptide amide derivatives and examination of their inhibitory effect on human leukocyte elastase (HLE). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1988; 36:3119-24. [PMID: 3240518 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.36.3119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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35
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Okada Y, Teno N, Tsuboi S, Nakabayashi K, Itoh N, Okamoto H, Nishi N. Amino acids and peptides. XX. Inhibition of papain by succinyl-Gln-Val-Val-Ala-Ala-p-nitroanilide, a common sequence of endogenous thiol proteinase inhibitors. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1988; 36:1982-9. [PMID: 3240437 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.36.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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36
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Okada Y, Tsuda Y, Teno N, Wanaka K, Bohgaki M, Hijikata-Okunomiya A, Naito T, Okamoto S. Synthesis of active center-directed peptide inhibitors of plasmin. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1988; 36:1289-97. [PMID: 2970896 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.36.1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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37
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Teno N, Tsuboi S, Okada Y, Itoh N, Okamoto H. Amino acids and peptides. XVII. Synthesis of a tridecapeptide corresponding to the sequence 165-177 of T-kininogen (tryptic peptide) containing Gln-Val-Val-Ala-Gly sequence and the relationship between structure and effect on thiol proteinase. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1987; 35:3853-8. [PMID: 3435980 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.35.3853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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38
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Teno N, Tsuboi S, Itoh N, Okamoto H, Okada Y. Significant effects of Z-Gln-Val-Val-OME, common sequences of thiol proteinase inhibitors on thiol proteinases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 143:749-52. [PMID: 3566746 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(87)91417-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The first studies on a series of the small synthetic thiol proteinase inhibitors, conservative common sequences in several thiol proteinase inhibitors, are described. Among the many interesting findings with synthetic thiol proteinase inhibitors was the observation that the most effective analogue, Z-Gln-Val-Val-Ala-Gly-OMe, whose amino and carboxyl groups were protected with Z and OMe, respectively, showed inhibitory activity on papain and cathepsin B and protected papain from egg cystatin, human low-molecular-weight kininogen and T-kininogen-induced inhibition but not from leupeptin-induced inhibition. Moreover, it was revealed that Z-Gln-Val-Val-OMe was the smallest peptide to exhibit a protective effect on papain.
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Teno N, Tsuboi S, Shimamura T, Okada Y, Yanagida Y, Yoshinaga M, Ohgi K, Irie M. Amino acids and peptides. XIV. Synthesis and biological activity of three S-peptide analogues of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1987; 35:468-78. [PMID: 3594671 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.35.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Irie M, Ohgi K, Yoshinaga M, Yanagida T, Okada Y, Teno N. Roles of lysine1 and lysine7 residues of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease in the enzymatic activity. J Biochem 1986; 100:1057-63. [PMID: 3102463 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a121785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the roles of Lys1 and Lys7 of RNase A in the enzymatic activity, four S-peptide derivatives were prepared and their abilities to activate S-protein were measured. They are 1-norleucine-S-peptide, 7-norleucine S-peptide, 1,7-di-norleucine-S-peptide, and tri-N-acetyl S-peptide. From the analyses of the relative activity and kinetic parameters of RNase S' derivatives with UpU, UpU greater than p, and UpUpU greater than p, it was concluded that Lys7 of RNase A is a binding site for 3'-phosphate of UpU greater than p and the modification or substitution of Lys1 affects the binding of trinucleotide substrate.
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Okada Y, Tsuda Y, Teno N, Wanaka K, Sasaki K, Hijikata A, Naito T, Okamoto S. Synthesis of plasmin substrates and relationship between their structure and plasmin activity. Int J Pept Protein Res 1986; 27:79-85. [PMID: 2936691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1986.tb02768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The plasmin substrates, D-Ile-Phe-Lys-pNA (I), 3-MV-Phe-Lys-pNA (II), Ile-Phe-Lys-pNA (III), D-Pro-Phe-Lys-pNA (IV), CP-Phe-Lys-pNA (V) and Pro-Phe-Lys-pNA (VI), were synthesized by the conventional solution method and the kinetic parameters of their amidolysis by plasmin were determined. It was found that the free amino group of the D-amino acid in substrates (I) and (IV) made a contribution to an increment in affinity between the substrate and plasmin.
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Okada Y, Tsuda Y, Teno N, Nagamatsu Y, Okamoto U, Nishi N. Inhibition of alpha-chymotrypsin by Suc-L-Tyr-D-Leu-D-Phe-pNA, a stereoisomer of a specific substrate. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1985; 33:5301-9. [PMID: 3833381 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.33.5301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Okada Y, Teno N, Itoh N, Okamoto H. Significant effects of synthetic Gln-Val-Val-Ala-Gly and its derivatives, common sequences of thiol proteinase inhibitors, on thiol proteinase. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1985; 33:5149-52. [PMID: 3830441 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.33.5149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Okada Y, Teno N, Miyao J, Mori Y, Irie M. Amino acids and peptides. XII. Synthesis of C-terminal decapeptide of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) and its analogs and determination of their ability to reactivate Des(121-124) RNase A. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1984; 32:4585-92. [PMID: 6532559 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.32.4585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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