201
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Tsan MF, Gao B. Review: Pathogen-associated molecular pattern contamination as putative endogenous ligands of Toll-like receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 13:6-14. [PMID: 17621541 DOI: 10.1177/0968051907078604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extensive work in recent years has suggested that a number of endogenous molecules, their derivatives or degradation products may be potent activators of the innate immune system capable of inducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production by the monocyte—macrophage system and the activation and maturation of dendritic cells. The cytokine-like effects of these endogenous molecules are mediated via Toll-like receptor (TLR) signal transduction pathways in a manner similar to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). However, recent evidence suggests that the reported cytokine effects of some of these putative endogenous ligands are in fact due to contaminating PAMPs. The reasons for the failure to recognize PAMP contaminants being responsible for the putative TLR ligands of these endogenous molecules include: (i) failure to use highly purified preparations free of PAMP contamination; (ii) failure to recognize the heat sensitivity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS); and (iii) failure to consider contaminant(s) other than LPS. Strategies are proposed to avoid future designation of PAMP contamination as putative endogenous ligands of TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Fu Tsan
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Research Service, VA Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA.
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202
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Medvedev AE, Sabroe I, Hasday JD, Vogel SN. Invited review: Tolerance to microbial TLR ligands: molecular mechanisms and relevance to disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519060120030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Many host cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells, neutrophils, monocytes, natural killer cells, dendritic cells and macrophages, initiate the first line of defense against infection by sensing conserved microbial structures through Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Recognition of microbial ligands by TLRs induces their oligomerization and triggers intracellular signaling pathways, leading to production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Dysregulation of the fine molecular mechanisms that tightly control TLR signaling may lead to hyperactivation of host cells by microbial products and septic shock. A prior exposure to bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may result in a transient state of refractoriness to subsequent challenge that has been referred to as `tolerance'. Tolerance has been postulated as a protective mechanism limiting excessive inflammation and preventing septic shock. However, tolerance may compromise the host's ability to counteract subsequent bacterial challenge since many septic patients exhibit an increased incidence of recurrent bacterial infection and suppressed monocyte responsiveness to LPS, closely resembling the tolerant phenotype. Thus, by studying mechanisms of microbial tolerance, we may gain insights into how normal regulatory mechanisms are dysregulated, leading ultimately to microbial hyporesponsivess and life-threatening disease. In this review, we present current theories of the molecular mechanisms that underlie induction and maintenance of `microbial tolerance', and discuss the possible relevance of tolerance to several infectious and non-infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei E. Medvedev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), Baltimore, Maryland, USA,
| | - Ian Sabroe
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jeffrey D. Hasday
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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203
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Medvedev AE, Vogel SN. Overexpression of CD14, TLR4, and MD-2 in HEK 293T cells does not prevent induction of in vitro endotoxin tolerance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519030090010801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
TLR4 and MD-2 are necessary for conferring cellular responsiveness to LPS. Prior exposure to LPS induces a transient state of cell refractoriness to subsequent LPS re-stimulation, known as `endotoxin tolerance'. While induction of LPS tolerance has been reported to correlate with down-regulation of cell surface expression of TLR4/MD-2, other mechanisms of LPS tolerance have been revealed that target intracellular intermediates downstream of the TLR4/MD-2 complex. In this study, we sought to examine whether endotoxin tolerance could be induced under conditions where expression of TLR4 and MD-2 proteins is not affected by LPS. Human HEK 293T cells are completely unresponsive to LPS, but acquire high LPS sensitivity following transient transfection with CD14, TLR4, and MD-2 (293T/CD14/TLR4/MD-2 cells), as judged by NF-κB activation, ERK 1/2 phosphorylation, and TNFα gene expression. Prior exposure of 293T/CD14/TLR4/MD-2 cells to LPS resulted in a significant decrease of LPS-mediated responses, yet failed to affect expression levels of TLR4 and MD-2. Thus, altered expression and/or function of intracellular mediators downstream of the TLR4/MD-2 complex play an important role in mediating LPS tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei E. Medvedev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,
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204
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Detection of Soluble ED-A(+) Fibronectin and Evaluation as Novel Serum Biomarker for Cardiac Tissue Remodeling. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:3695454. [PMID: 27635109 PMCID: PMC5007333 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3695454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims. Fibronectin containing the extra domain A (ED-A+ Fn) was proven to serve as a valuable biomarker for cardiac remodeling. The study was aimed at establishing an ELISA to determine ED-A+ Fn in serum of heart failure patients. Methods. ED-A+ Fn was quantified in serum samples from 114 heart failure patients due to ischemic (ICM, n = 44) and dilated (DCM, n = 39) cardiomyopathy as well as hypertensive heart disease (HHD, n = 31) compared to healthy controls (n = 12). Results. In comparison to healthy volunteers, heart failure patients showed significantly increased levels of ED-A+ Fn (p < 0.001). In particular in ICM patients there were significant associations between ED-A+ Fn serum levels and clinical parameters, for example, increased levels with rising NYHA class (p = 0.013), a negative correlation with left ventricular ejection fraction (p = 0.026, r: −0.353), a positive correlation with left atrial diameter (p = 0.008, r: 0.431), and a strong positive correlation with systolic pulmonary artery pressure (p = 0.002, r: 0.485). In multivariate analysis, ED-A+ Fn was identified as an independent predictor of an ischemic heart failure etiology. Conclusions. The current study could clearly show that ED-A+ Fn is a promising biomarker in cardiovascular diseases, especially in heart failure patients due to an ICM. We presented a valid ELISA method, which could be applied for further studies investigating the value of ED-A+ Fn.
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205
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Giles DA, Moreno-Fernandez ME, Divanovic S. IL-17 Axis Driven Inflammation in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Progression. Curr Drug Targets 2016; 16:1315-23. [PMID: 26028039 DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150531153627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a primary risk factor for the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD, the most common chronic liver disease in the world, represents a spectrum of disorders that range from steatosis (NAFL) to steatohepatitis (NASH) to cirrhosis. It is anticipated that NAFLD will soon surpass chronic hepatitis C infection as the leading cause for needing liver transplantation. Despite its clinical and public health significance no specific therapies are available. Although the etiology of NAFLD is multifactorial and remains largely enigmatic, it is well accepted that inflammation is a central component of NAFLD pathogenesis. Despite the significance, critical immune mediators, loci of immune activation, the immune signaling pathways and the mechanism(s) underlying disease progression remain incompletely understood. Recent findings have focused on the role of Interleukin 17 (IL-17) family of proinflammatory cytokines in obesity and pathogenesis of obesity-associated sequelae. Notably, obesity favors a Th17 bias and is associated with increased IL-17A expression in both humans and mice. Further, in mice, IL-17 axis has been implicated in regulation of both obesity and NAFLD pathogenesis. However, despite these recent advances several important questions require further evaluation including: the relevant cellular source of IL-17A production; the critical IL- 17RA-expressing cell type; the critical liver infiltrating immune cells; and the underlying cellular effector mechanisms. Addressing these questions may aid in the identification and development of novel therapeutic targets for prevention of inflammation- driven NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Senad Divanovic
- Division of Immunobiology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center TCHRF - Location S, Room #S.5.409 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039 U.S.A.
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206
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Guo XH, Shao L, Li J, Mao YJ, Zhang LL, Song Q. Association of TLR-4 regulatory variants (rs41426344 and rs7873784) with rheumatoid arthritis in a Chinese population. EUR J INFLAMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x16660559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in both innate and adaptive immunity. The role of TLR-4 in various autoimmune disorders has been well documented. Variations in the TLR-4 gene have been linked with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the present report, we conducted a hospital-based case-control study to investigate whether common polymorphisms in the TLR-4 gene are associated with susceptibility/resistance to development of RA in a Chinese population. A total of six single nucleotide polymorphisms (Asp299Gly, Thr399Ile, rs10759932, rs41426344, rs11536889, and rs7873784) were genotyped by PCR-RFLP in 250 RA patients and 248 healthy controls. Distribution of genotypes and alleles in RA and controls were compared by Fisher’s exact test. The prevalence of minor allele, heterozygous and homozygous mutants for rs41426344 polymorphism were more frequent in RA patients compared to healthy controls (C: P <0.0001, OR = 5.51 [3.37–8.99]; GC: P <0.0001, OR = 7.38 [4.10–13.29]; CC: P = 0.01, OR = 4.73 [1.28–17.47]). Similarly, the frequencies of CC genotype and C allele of rs7873784 polymorphism were significantly higher in RA than healthy controls ([GC: P = 0.008, OR = 1.77 [1.16–2.70]; C: P = 0.01, OR = 1.61 (1.11–2.34]). However, genotypes and alleles distribution of rs10759932 and rs11536889 were comparable in both clinical categories. Similar to earlier observations, all participants were wild type for TLR-4 codon polymorphisms (Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile). In conclusion, TLR-4 (rs41426344 and rs7873784) variants are associated with susceptibility to development of RA in a Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-hua Guo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Shandong Province 272000, PR China
| | - Li Shao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Shandong Province 272000, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Shandong Province 272000, PR China
| | - Yu-jing Mao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Shandong Province 272000, PR China
| | - Li-li Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Shandong Province 272000, PR China
| | - Qin Song
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Shandong Province 272000, PR China
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207
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McWhorter FY, Smith TD, Luu TU, Rahim MK, Haun JB, Liu WF. Macrophage secretion heterogeneity in engineered microenvironments revealed using a microwell platform. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 8:751-60. [PMID: 27291691 DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00053c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Secreted proteins play a major role in orchestrating the response of cell populations. However, a quantitative understanding of the dynamic changes in protein secretion in response to microenvironmental cues at the single cell level remains elusive. Measurements taken using traditional molecular techniques typically require bulk cultures, and therefore cannot capture the diversity within cell populations. Recent advances in chip-based technologies have shown that single cell measurements can provide important insights into the temporal dynamics of cellular activation and function, but these tools have had limited control of the adhesive cellular microenvironment. Here, we created a single cell cytokine detection platform that allows for controlled physical and adhesive microenvironment. We validated the platform by examining cytokine secretion of macrophages exposed to varying dosages of soluble stimulation and on different adhesive substrates. We also used the platform to demonstrate that cell shape affects single macrophage cytokine secretion. Together, these results show the ability of the microwell system to detect secreted cytokines from individual macrophages in controlled adhesive environments. This technique may be broadly applied to detect secreted products from any adherent cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Y McWhorter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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208
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Boza P, Ayala P, Vivar R, Humeres C, Cáceres FT, Muñoz C, García L, Hermoso MA, Díaz-Araya G. Expression and function of toll-like receptor 4 and inflammasomes in cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts: IL-1β synthesis, secretion, and degradation. Mol Immunol 2016; 74:96-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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209
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Loss of TLR4 in a murine model of left anterior descending myocardial infarction modifies early remodeling, but does not provide long-term benefit. Int J Cardiol 2016; 212:118-20. [PMID: 27038715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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210
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Abrams GD, Luria A, Carr RA, Rhodes C, Robinson WH, Sokolove J. Association of synovial inflammation and inflammatory mediators with glenohumeral rotator cuff pathology. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2016; 25:989-97. [PMID: 26775747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears would have greater synovial inflammation compared with those without rotator cuff tear pathology, with gene expression relating to histologic findings. METHODS Synovial sampling was performed in 19 patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears (RTC group) and in 11 patients without rotator cuff pathology (control group). Cryosections were stained and examined under light microscopy and confocal fluorescent microscopy for anti-cluster CD45 (common leukocyte antigen), anti-CD31 (endothelial), and anti-CD68 (macrophage) cell surface markers. A grading system was used to quantitate synovitis under light microscopy, and digital image analysis was used to quantify the immunofluorescence staining area. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed for validated inflammatory markers. Data were analyzed with analysis of covariance, Mann-Whitney U, and Spearman rank order testing, with significance set at α = .05. RESULTS The synovitis score was significantly increased in the RTC group compared with controls. Immunofluorescence demonstrated significantly increased staining for CD31, CD45, and CD68 in the RTC vs control group. CD45+/68- cells were found perivascularly, with CD45+/68+ cells toward the joint lining edge of the synovium. Levels of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and interleukin-6 were significantly increased in the RTC group, with a positive correlation between the synovitis score and MMP-3 expression. CONCLUSIONS Patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears have greater levels of synovial inflammation, angiogenesis, and MMP-3 upregulation compared with controls. Gene expression of MMP-3 correlates with the degree of synovitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey D Abrams
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Ayala Luria
- VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | - William H Robinson
- VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy Sokolove
- VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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211
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Bishnoi M, Jain A, Hurkat P, Jain SK. Chondroitin sulphate: a focus on osteoarthritis. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:693-705. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9665-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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212
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Malara A, Gruppi C, Celesti G, Romano B, Laghi L, De Marco L, Muro AF, Balduini A. Brief Report: Alternative Splicing of Extra Domain A (EIIIA) of Fibronectin Plays a Tissue-Specific Role in Hematopoietic Homeostasis. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2263-8. [PMID: 27090359 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) is a major extracellular matrix protein implicated in cell adhesion and differentiation in the bone marrow (BM) environment. Alternative splicing of FN gene results in the generation of protein variants containing an additional EIIIA domain that sustains cell proliferation or differentiation during physiological or pathological tissue remodeling. To date its expression and role in adult hematopoiesis has not been explored. In our research, we demonstrate that during physiological hematopoiesis a small fraction of BM derived FN contains the EIIIA domain and that mice constitutively including (EIIIA(+/+) ) or excluding (EIIIA(-/-) ) the EIIIA exon present comparable levels of hematopoietic stem cells, myeloid and lymphoid progenitors within BM. Moreover, only minor alterations were detected in blood parameters and in hematopoietic frequencies of BM granulocytes/monocytes and B cells. As opposed to other tissues, unique compensatory mechanisms, such as increased FN accumulation and variable expression of the EIIIA receptors, Toll like receptor-4 and alpha9 integrin subunit, characterized the BM of these mice. Our data demonstrate that FN is a fundamental component of the hematopoietic tissue and that the EIIIA exon may play a key role in modulating hematopiesis in conditions of BM stress or diseases. Stem Cells 2016;34:2263-2268.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Malara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristian Gruppi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Celesti
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Bina Romano
- Immunohaematology and Transfusion Service, Apheresis and Cell Therapy Unit, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luigi Laghi
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi De Marco
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Cell Therapy, National Cancer Center (IRCCS CRO), Aviano, Italy
| | - Andrés F Muro
- The International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Balduini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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213
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Fuschiotti P. Current perspectives on the immunopathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Immunotargets Ther 2016; 5:21-35. [PMID: 27529059 PMCID: PMC4970639 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s82037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc or scleroderma) is a progressive and highly debilitating autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation, vasculopathy, and extensive fibrosis. SSc is highly heterogeneous in its clinical presentation, extent and severity of skin and internal organ involvement, and clinical course and has the highest fatality rate among connective tissue diseases. While clinical outcomes have improved in recent years, no current therapy is able to reverse or slow the natural progression of SSc, a reflection of its complex pathogenesis. Although activation of the immune system has long been recognized, the mechanisms responsible for the initiation of autoimmunity and the role of immune effector pathways in the pathogenesis of SSc remain incompletely understood. This review summarizes recent progress in disease pathogenesis with particular focus on the immunopathogenetic mechanisms of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Fuschiotti
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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214
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Nishikido T, Oyama JI, Shiraki A, Komoda H, Node K. Deletion of Apoptosis Inhibitor of Macrophage (AIM)/CD5L Attenuates the Inflammatory Response and Infarct Size in Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e002863. [PMID: 27045005 PMCID: PMC4859278 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.002863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background An excessive inflammatory response after myocardial infarction (MI) increases myocardial injury. The toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐4 is activated by the recognition of endogenous ligands and is proinflammatory when there is myocardial tissue injury. The apoptosis inhibitor of the macrophage (AIM) is known to provoke an efflux of saturated free fatty acids (FFA) due to lipolysis, which causes inflammation via the TLR‐4 pathway. Therefore, this study investigated the hypothesis that AIM causes a proinflammatory response after MI. Methods and Results The left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated to induce MI in both AIM‐knockout (AIM−/−) and wild‐type (WT) mice. After 3 days, the inflammatory response from activation of the TLR‐4/NFκB pathway was assessed, and infarct size was measured by staining with triphenyltetrazolium chloride. In addition, left ventricular remodeling was examined after 28 days. Although the area at risk was similar between AIM−/− and WT mice, the infarct size was significantly smaller in AIM−/− mice (P=0.02). The heart weight–to–body weight ratio and myocardial fibrosis were also decreased in the AIM−/− mice, and the 28‐day survival rate was improved (P<0.01). With the reduction of plasma FFA in AIM−/− mice, myocardial IRAK4 and NFκB activity were decreased (all P<0.05). Moreover, there was a reduction in myeloperoxidase activity and inducible nitric oxide synthase as part of the inflammatory response (P<0.01, P=0.03, respectively). Furthermore, NFκB DNA‐binding activation via TLR‐4, neutrophil infiltration, and inflammatory mediators were decreased in AIM−/− mice. Conclusions The deletion of AIM reduced the inflammatory response and infarct size and improved survival after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun-ichi Oyama
- Department of Advanced Cardiology, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Aya Shiraki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Komoda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Koichi Node
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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215
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Fibronectin EDA and CpG synergize to enhance antigen-specific Th1 and cytotoxic responses. Vaccine 2016; 34:2453-2459. [PMID: 27016652 PMCID: PMC4859824 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
FNIII 11-EDA and CpG synergize in vitro to enhance activation of dendritic cells. Immunization with both adjuvants induces a potent antigen-specific Th1 response in vivo. Co-adjuvanted OVA mediates regression of E.G7-OVA tumors through CTL response. Co-adjuvanted HBsAg induces seroconversion and clearance of circulating virus in HBV-Tg mice.
Subunit vaccines, employing purified protein antigens rather than intact pathogens, require the addition of adjuvants for enhanced immunogenicity with a correct balance between strong activation of the immune system and low toxicity. Here we show that the endogenous (i.e., autologous) non-toxic TLR4 agonist extra domain A type III repeat of fibronectin (FNIII EDA) can synergize with the exogenous (i.e., bacterial), toxic-at-high-dose, TLR9 agonist CpG to induce efficient cellular immune responses while keeping the dose of CpG low. The efficacy of the combined TLR agonists, even at half-doses, led to stronger dendritic cell activation, enhanced cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation as well as stronger humoral response, compared to the individual agonists given at full doses. Immune cells induced after vaccination with the co-adjuvanted formulation could mediate tumor regression in an E.G7-OVA tumor model, and eradicate circulating hepatitis B virus (HBV) in a transgenic HBV model. Together, these results show that endogenous TLR agonists, such as variants of FNIII EDA, can synergize with exogenous TLR ligands, such as CpG, and strongly enhance cellular immune responses, while improving their safety profile.
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216
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High-throughput proteomics reveal alarmins as amplifiers of tissue pathology and inflammation after spinal cord injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21607. [PMID: 26899371 PMCID: PMC4761922 DOI: 10.1038/srep21607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is characterized by acute cellular and axonal damage followed by aggressive inflammation and pathological tissue remodelling. The biological mediators underlying these processes are still largely unknown. Here we apply an innovative proteomics approach targeting the enriched extracellular proteome after spinal cord injury for the first time. Proteomics revealed multiple matrix proteins not previously associated with injured spinal tissue, including small proteoglycans involved in cell-matrix adhesion and collagen fibrillogenesis. Network analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics datasets uncovered persistent overexpression of extracellular alarmins that can trigger inflammation via pattern recognition receptors. In mechanistic experiments, inhibition of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) revealed the involvement of alarmins in inflammatory gene expression, which was found to be dominated by IL1 and NFκΒ signalling. Extracellular high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) was identified as the likely endogenous regulator of IL1 expression after injury. These data reveal a novel tissue remodelling signature and identify endogenous alarmins as amplifiers of the inflammatory response that promotes tissue pathology and impedes neuronal repair after spinal cord injury.
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217
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Apostolova P, Zeiser R. The role of danger signals and ectonucleotidases in acute graft-versus-host disease. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:1037-1047. [PMID: 26902992 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) represents the only curative treatment approach for many patients with benign or malignant diseases of the hematopoietic system. However, post-transplant morbidity and mortality are significantly increased by the development of acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). While alloreactive T cells act as the main cellular mediator of the GvH reaction, recent evidence suggests a critical role of the innate immune system in the early stages of GvHD initiation. Danger-associated molecular patterns released from the intracellular space as well as from the extracellular matrix activate antigen-presenting cells and set pro-inflammatory pathways in motion. This review gives an overview about danger signals representing therapeutic targets with a clinical perspective with a particular focus on extracellular nucleotides and ectonucleotidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petya Apostolova
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
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Andrews JP, Marttala J, Macarak E, Rosenbloom J, Uitto J. Keloids: The paradigm of skin fibrosis - Pathomechanisms and treatment. Matrix Biol 2016; 51:37-46. [PMID: 26844756 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Keloids, fibroproliferative dermal tumors with effusive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, particularly collagen, result from excessive expression of growth factors and cytokines. The etiology of keloids is unknown but they occur after dermal injury in genetically susceptible individuals, and they cause both physical and psychological distress for the affected individuals. Several treatment methods for keloids exist, including the combination therapy of surgical excision followed by intralesional steroid therapy, however, they have high recurrence rate regardless of the current treatment method. Improved understanding of the pathomechanisms leading to keloid formation will hopefully identify pathways that serve as specific targets to improve therapy for this devastating, currently intractable, disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Andrews
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, The Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jaana Marttala
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, The Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward Macarak
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, The Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joel Rosenbloom
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, The Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, The Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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219
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Fibronectin-targeted drug delivery in cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:101-10. [PMID: 26639577 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fibronectin is an extracellular matrix protein with pivotal physiological and pathological functions in development and adulthood. Alternative splicing of the precursor mRNA, produced from the single copy fibronectin gene, occurs at three sites coding for the EDA, EDB and IIICS domains. Fibronectin isoforms comprising the EDA or EDB domains are known as oncofetal forms due to their developmental importance and their re-expression in tumors, contrasting with restricted presence in normal adult tissues. These isoforms are also recognized as important markers of angiogenesis, a crucial physiological process in development and required by tumor cells in cancer progression. Attributed to this feature, EDA and EDB domains have been extensively used for the targeted delivery of cytokines, cytotoxic agents, chemotherapy drugs and radioisotopes to fibronectin-expressing tumors to exert therapeutic effects on primary cancers and metastatic lesions. In addition to drug delivery, the EDA and EDB domains of fibronectin have also been utilized to develop imaging strategies for tumor tissues. Furthermore, EDA and EDB based vaccines seem to be promising for the treatment and prevention of certain cancer types. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in fibronectin EDA and EDB-based therapeutic strategies developed to treat cancer.
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220
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TLR4/MD-2 activation by a synthetic agonist with no similarity to LPS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E884-93. [PMID: 26831104 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525639113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Structurally disparate molecules reportedly engage and activate Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and other TLRs, yet the interactions that mediate binding and activation by dissimilar ligands remain unknown. We describe Neoseptins, chemically synthesized peptidomimetics that bear no structural similarity to the established TLR4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but productively engage the mouse TLR4 (mTLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) complex. Neoseptin-3 activates mTLR4/MD-2 independently of CD14 and triggers canonical myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)- and Toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-beta (TRIF)-dependent signaling. The crystal structure mTLR4/MD-2/Neoseptin-3 at 2.57-Å resolution reveals that Neoseptin-3 binds as an asymmetrical dimer within the hydrophobic pocket of MD-2, inducing an active receptor complex similar to that induced by lipid A. However, Neoseptin-3 and lipid A form dissimilar molecular contacts to achieve receptor activation; hence strong TLR4/MD-2 agonists need not mimic LPS.
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Abstract
The nature of the gastrointestinal microbiome determines the reservoir of lipopolysaccharide, which can migrate from the gut into the circulation, where it contributes to low-grade inflammation. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a low-grade inflammatory condition, and the elevation of levels of lipopolysaccharide in association with obesity and metabolic syndrome could contribute to OA. A 'two- hit' model of OA susceptibility and potentiation suggests that lipopolysaccharide primes the proinflammatory innate immune response via Toll-like receptor 4 and that progression to a full-blown inflammatory response and structural damage of the joint results from coexisting complementary mechanisms, such as inflammasome activation or assembly by damage-associated molecular patterns in the form of fragmented cartilage-matrix molecules. Lipopolysaccharide could be considered a major hidden risk factor that provides a unifying mechanism to explain the association between obesity, metabolic syndrome and OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Virginia Byers Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
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Li J, Csakai A, Jin J, Zhang F, Yin H. Therapeutic Developments Targeting Toll-like Receptor-4-Mediated Neuroinflammation. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:154-65. [PMID: 26136385 PMCID: PMC4983275 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been shown to play an important role in the immune system, which warrants study of their remarkable potential as pharmacological targets. Activation of TLRs requires participation from specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and accessory proteins such as myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), and cluster differentiation antigen 14 (CD14). Assembly of the TLR4-MD2-LPS complex is essential in TLR4 activation. Recent studies have revealed that TLR4 activation is a significant trigger of signal transmission pathways in the nervous system, which could result in chronic pain as well as opioid tolerance and dependence. Researchers of the molecular structure of TLRs and their accessory proteins have opened a door to syntheses of TLRs agonists and antagonists, such as eritoran. Small-molecule modulators of TLR4, such as MD2-I and tricyclic antidepressants, offer more promising prospects than peptides, given their convenience in oral administration and lower cost. Herein we mainly discuss the mechanisms and clinical prospects of TLR4 agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100032, China
| | - Adam Csakai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0596, USA
| | - Jialin Jin
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100082, China
- Physikalisch-Astronomische Fakultät, Abbe School of Photonics, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100032, China.
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0596, USA.
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100082, China.
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223
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Dong H, Zhang Y, Song L, Kim DS, Wu H, Yang L, Li S, Morgan KA, Adams DB, Wang H. Cell-Permeable Peptide Blocks TLR4 Signaling and Improves Islet Allograft Survival. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:1319-29. [PMID: 26771084 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x690449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation in pancreatic β cells activates aberrant islet graft cellular pathways and contributes to immune rejection in allogeneic islet transplantation. As an approach to overcoming this problem, we determined the capacity of a 33-amino acid peptide consisting of a protein transduction domain (PTD) from the Hph-1 virus and a fragment of the intracellular domain of TLR4 from the C3H mice (PTD-dnTLR4) to block TLR4 signaling and improve allogeneic islet survival in vitro and after transplantation. The efficacy of PTD-dnTLR4 in blocking TLR4 signaling was assessed in the Raw264.7 macrophage line, in the islets, and the βTC3 cell line. In Raw264.7 cells, preculture with the peptide reduced LPS-induced NF-κB activation and production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, and IL-6). In islets and β cells, preincubation with PTD-dnTLR4 suppressed LPS-induced TNF-α expression via inhibition of NF-κB activation and protected them from stress-induced cell death. In vivo, preincubation of BALB/c (H-2(d)) islets with PTD-dnTLR4 resulted in significantly longer survival than control islets in a streptozotocin-induced diabetes model (two of seven grafts survived long term >100 days). PTD-dnTLR4-treated grafts exhibited reduced expression of TNF-α and iNOS and reduced macrophage infiltration posttransplant. The data indicate that PTD-dnTLR4 blocked TLR4 signaling in both macrophages and β cells, and prolonged allograft survival at least in part by suppressing inflammation and macrophage infiltration. This strategy for blocking TLR4 activity has potential utilization in the treatment of diseases where excessive TLR4 activation contributes to the pathologic cellular pathways such as islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huansheng Dong
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Gubán B, Vas K, Balog Z, Manczinger M, Bebes A, Groma G, Széll M, Kemény L, Bata-Csörgő Z. Abnormal regulation of fibronectin production by fibroblasts in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2016; 174:533-41. [PMID: 26471375 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data indicate that in psoriasis, abnormalities are already present in nonlesional skin. Transforming growth factor-β and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), together with fibronectin and α5β1 integrin, were suggested to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis by influencing inflammation and keratinocyte hyperproliferation. OBJECTIVES To investigate the expression of KGF, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)2, fibronectin (FN) and extra domain A (EDA)-positive FN in healthy and nonlesional psoriatic skin, and to study the effect of KGF on the regulation of FN and EDA(+) FN production by fibroblasts. METHODS Healthy, nonlesional psoriatic skin and lesional psoriatic skin were immunostained for α5 integrin, KGF, FGFR2, EDA(+) FN and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1. KGF-treated cell cultures were analysed for FN and EDA(+) FN mRNA and protein by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry, respectively. The major downstream signalling of KGF was investigated by blocking experiments using inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK1), AKT1/2, STAT1 and STAT3. RESULTS The expression of α5 integrin, EDA(+) FN, KGF and its receptor FGFR2 is elevated in psoriatic nonlesional skin compared with healthy skin. KGF mildly induced EDA(+) FN, but not FN expression in healthy fibroblasts through MAPK signalling. Fibroblasts express the FGFR2-IIIc splice variant. STAT1 negatively regulates both FN and EDA(+) FN expression in healthy fibroblasts, and this regulation is compromised in fibroblasts derived from nonlesional psoriatic dermis. We detected active STAT1 in healthy and lesional skin, similarly to a previous report. However, in the nonlesional skin STAT1 activation was absent in tissues far away from lesions. CONCLUSIONS The production of FN and EDA(+) FN by fibroblasts and the signalling of STAT1 are abnormally regulated in psoriatic nonlesional skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gubán
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - K Vas
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Z Balog
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - M Manczinger
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - A Bebes
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - G Groma
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - M Széll
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - L Kemény
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Z Bata-Csörgő
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
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225
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Unexpected role of inflammatory signaling in hematopoietic stem cell development. Curr Opin Hematol 2016; 23:18-22. [DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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226
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Ma L, Ambalavanan N, Liu H, Sun Y, Jhala N, Bradley WE, Dell'Italia LJ, Michalek S, Wu H, Steele C, Benza RL, Chen Y. TLR4 regulates pulmonary vascular homeostasis and remodeling via redox signaling. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2016; 21:397-409. [PMID: 26709781 DOI: 10.2741/4396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) contributes to morbidity and mortality of patients with lung and heart diseases. We demonstrated that hypoxia induced PAH and increased pulmonary arterial wall thickness in wild-type mice. Mice deficient in toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4-/-) spontaneously developed PAH, which was not further enhanced by hypoxia. Echocardiography determined right ventricular hypertrophy and decreased pulmonary arterial acceleration time were associated with the development of PAH in TLR4(-/-) mice. In pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC), hypoxia decreased TLR4 expression and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Nox1/Nox4. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase decreased hypoxia-induced proliferation of wild-type PASMC. PASMC derived from TLR4(-/-) mice exhibited increased ROS and Nox4/Nox1 expression. Our studies demonstrate an important role of TLR4 in maintaining normal pulmonary vasculature and in hypoxia-induced PAH. Inhibition of TLR4, by genetic ablation or hypoxia, increases the expression of Nox1/Nox4 and induces PASMC proliferation and vascular remodeling. These results support a novel function of TLR4 in regulating the development of PAH and reveal a new regulatory axis contributing to TLR4 deficiency-induced vascular hypertrophy and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ma
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, *current address: Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital ,Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | | | - Hui Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Nirag Jhala
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Wayne E Bradley
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Louis J Dell'Italia
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294; VA Medical Center, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Sue Michalek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Chad Steele
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Raymond L Benza
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Yabing Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; VA Medical Center, Birmingham AL 35294,
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Barreto G, Soininen A, Ylinen P, Sandelin J, Konttinen YT, Nordström DC, Eklund KK. Soluble biglycan: a potential mediator of cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:379. [PMID: 26703441 PMCID: PMC4718039 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Soluble biglycan (sBGN) and soluble decorin (sDCN), are two closely related essential components of extracellular matrix which both have been shown to possess proinflammatory properties. We studied whether sBGN or sDCN were present in synovial fluid (SF) of osteoarthritis (OA) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and studied sBGN or sDCN potential role in the degradation of OA cartilage. Methods SF obtained from meniscus tear, OA, and RA patients were analysed for sBGN and sDCN using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. OA chondrocytes and cartilage explants were stimulated for 48 h with 5 μg/ml sBGN or 1 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide. Messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), proteinases and cartilage matrix molecules were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Protein levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cytokines were measured using Luminex xMap technology. Production of nitric oxide (NO), release of proteoglycans and soluble collagen were measured from conditioned culture media using biochemical assays. OA cartilage explant proteoglycans were stained for Safranin O and quantified using image analysis. TLR4 activation by sBGN and sDCN was studied in engineered HEK-293 cells with TLR4 signalling genes inserted together with a reporter gene. Results sBGN was found in meniscus tear SF (14 ± 2 ng/ml), OA SF (582 ± 307 ng/ml) and RA SF (1191 ± 482 ng/ml). Low levels of sDCN could also be detected in SF of meniscus tear (51 ± 4) ng/ml, OA (52 ± 3 ng/ml), and RA (49 ± 4 ng/ml). Stimulation of chondrocytes with sBGN increased significantly the mRNA and protein expression of catabolic MMPs, including MMP1, MMP9 and MMP13, and of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, whereas the expression of anabolic markers aggrecan and collagen type II was decreased. sBGN induced release of proteoglycans, collagen and NO from chondrocytes and cartilage explants. The catabolic response in explants was dependent of OA cartilage degradation stage. The mechanism of action of sBGN was mainly mediated through the TLR4-nuclear factor-κB pathway. Conclusions High levels of sBGN was found in advanced OA and RA SF. sBGN activates chondrocytes mainly via TLR4, which results in net loss of cartilage. Thus, sBGN can be a mediator of OA cartilage degradation and also a potential biomarker for arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goncalo Barreto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University (Central) Hospital, Biomedicum 1, PO Box 63, FIN-00290, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | - Yrjö T Konttinen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University (Central) Hospital, Biomedicum 1, PO Box 63, FIN-00290, Helsinki, Finland.,ORTON Orthopaedic Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dan C Nordström
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University (Central) Hospital, Biomedicum 1, PO Box 63, FIN-00290, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kari K Eklund
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University (Central) Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Bachert C, Holtappels G. Pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis, pharmaceutical therapy options. GMS CURRENT TOPICS IN OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD AND NECK SURGERY 2015; 14:Doc09. [PMID: 26770283 PMCID: PMC4702058 DOI: 10.3205/cto000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Research in immunology has brought great progress in knowledge of inflammatory processes in the last 2 decades, which also has an impact on the upper airways. Our understanding of the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis developed from a rather mechanistic point of view with a focus on narrow clefts and mucociliary clearance to the appreciation of a complex network of immunological pathways forming the basis of disease. We today differentiate various forms of inflammation, we start to understand complex immune-regulatory networks and the reasons for their failure, and have already developed innovative approaches for therapy for the most severely ill subjects. Due to this new knowledge in inflammation and remodeling processes within mucosal tissue, specifically on the key driving factors, new diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches for chronic rhinosinusitis have developed; the differentiation of endotypes based on pathophysiological principles will be crucial for the use of innovative therapies, mostly humanized monoclonal antibodies. Several hundred of those antibodies are currently developed for various indications and will impact our specialty as well as pneumology to a great extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Bachert
- Department of Otolaryngology and Upper Airways Research Laboratory, University of Ghent, Belgium; Division of ENT Diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institute, University of Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriële Holtappels
- Department of Otolaryngology and Upper Airways Research Laboratory, University of Ghent, Belgium
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Alquraini A, Garguilo S, D'Souza G, Zhang LX, Schmidt TA, Jay GD, Elsaid KA. The interaction of lubricin/proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) with toll-like receptors 2 and 4: an anti-inflammatory role of PRG4 in synovial fluid. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:353. [PMID: 26643105 PMCID: PMC4672561 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0877-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lubricin/proteoglycan-4 (PRG4) is a mucinous glycoprotein secreted by synovial fibroblasts and superficial zone chondrocytes. PRG4 has a homeostatic multifaceted role in the joint. PRG4 intra-articular treatment retards progression of cartilage degeneration in pre-clinical posttraumatic osteoarthritis models. The objective of this study is to evaluate the binding of recombinant human PRG4 (rhPRG4) and native human PRG4 (nhPRG4) to toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4) and whether this interaction underpins a PRG4 anti-inflammatory role in synovial fluid (SF) from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods rhPRG4 and nhPRG4 binding to TLR2 and TLR4 was evaluated using a direct enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Association of rhPRG4 with TLR2 and TLR4 overexpressing human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells was studied by flow cytometry. Activation of TLR2 and TLR4 on HEK cells by agonists Pam3CSK4 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was studied in the absence or presence of nhPRG4 at 50, 100 and 150 μg/ml. Activation of TLR2 and TLR4 by OA SF and RA SF and the effect of nhPRG4 SF treatment on receptor activation was assessed. PRG4 was immunoprecipitated from pooled OA and RA SF. TLR2 and TLR4 activation by pooled OA and RA SF with or without PRG4 immunoprecipitation was compared. Results rhPRG4 and nhPRG4 exhibited concentration-dependent binding to TLR2 and TLR4. rhPRG4 associated with TLR2- and TLR4-HEK cells in a time-dependent manner. Co-incubation of nhPRG4 (50, 100 and 150 μg/ml) and Pam3CSK4 or LPS reduced TLR2 or TLR4 activation compared to Pam3CSK4 or LPS alone (p <0.05). OA SF and RA SF activated TLR2 and TLR4 and nhPRG4 treatment reduced SF-induced receptor activation (p <0.001). PRG4 depletion by immunoprecipitation significantly increased TLR2 activation by OA SF and RA SF (p <0.001). Conclusion PRG4 binds to TLR2 and TLR4 and this binding mediates a novel anti-inflammatory role for PRG4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alquraini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, MCPHS University, 179 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Steven Garguilo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, MCPHS University, 179 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Gerard D'Souza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, MCPHS University, 179 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Ling X Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Tannin A Schmidt
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Gregory D Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Khaled A Elsaid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, MCPHS University, 179 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Wu YW, Tang W, Zuo JP. Toll-like receptors: potential targets for lupus treatment. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:1395-407. [PMID: 26592511 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by the loss of tolerance to self-nuclear antigens. Accumulating evidence shows that Toll-like receptors (TLRs), previously proven to be critical for host defense, are implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases by recognition of self-molecules. Genome-wide association studies, experimental mouse models and clinical sample studies have provided evidence for the involvement of TLRs, including TLR2/4, TLR5, TLR3 and TLR7/8/9, in SLE pathogenesis. A number of downstream proteins in the TLR signaling cascade (such as MyD88, IRAKs and IFN-α) are identified as potential therapeutic targets for SLE treatment. Numerous antagonists targeting TLR signaling, including oligonucleotides, small molecular inhibitors and antibodies, are currently under preclinical studies or clinical trials for SLE treatment. Moreover, the emerging new manipulation of TLR signaling by microRNA (miRNA) regulation shows promise for the future treatment of SLE.
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Basu M, Paichha M, Swain B, Lenka SS, Singh S, Chakrabarti R, Samanta M. Modulation of TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, NOD1 and NOD2 receptor gene expressions and their downstream signaling molecules following thermal stress in the Indian major carp catla (Catla catla). 3 Biotech 2015; 5:1021-1030. [PMID: 28324409 PMCID: PMC4624144 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-015-0306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain (NOD) receptors are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and play crucial role in innate immunity. In addition to PAMPs, PRRs recognize endogenous molecules released from damaged tissue or dead cells [damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)] and activate signaling cascades to induce inflammatory processes. In the aquatic environment, large variation in seasonal and diurnal water temperature causes heat and cold stresses in fish, resulting in tissue injury and mortality of fish. In the Indian subcontinent, catla (Catla catla) is an economically important freshwater fish species and is prone to thermal stresses. To investigate the response of pattern recognition receptors in thermal stress, we analyzed TLRs (TLR2, TLR4 and TLR5) and NOD (NOD1 and NOD2) receptors gene expression in catla following heat and cold stress. Analysis of tissue samples (gill, liver, kidney and blood) of the thermal stressed and control fish by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay revealed significant (p < 0.05) induction of TLR2, TLR4 and NOD2 gene expression in majority of the tested tissues of the treated fish as compared to the control. The expression of TLR5 and NOD1 gene was also induced in the heat and cold stressed fish, but mostly restricted in the blood. The downstream signaling molecule of TLR and NOD signaling pathway viz., MyD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88) and RICK (receptor interacting serine-threonine protein kinase-2) was also induced in the thermal stressed fish suggesting the engagement of TLR and NOD signaling pathway during thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhubanti Basu
- Fish Health Management Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, 751002, Orissa, India
| | - Mahismita Paichha
- Fish Health Management Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, 751002, Orissa, India
| | - Banikalyan Swain
- Fish Health Management Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, 751002, Orissa, India
| | - Saswati S Lenka
- Fish Health Management Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, 751002, Orissa, India
| | - Samarpal Singh
- Aqua Research Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Rina Chakrabarti
- Aqua Research Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Mrinal Samanta
- Fish Health Management Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, 751002, Orissa, India.
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232
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Turner NA. Inflammatory and fibrotic responses of cardiac fibroblasts to myocardial damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 94:189-200. [PMID: 26542796 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CF) are well-established as key regulators of extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover in the context of myocardial remodelling and fibrosis. Recently, this cell type has also been shown to act as a sensor of myocardial damage by detecting and responding to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) upregulated with cardiac injury. CF express a range of innate immunity pattern recognition receptors (TLRs, NLRs, IL-1R1, RAGE) that are stimulated by a host of different DAMPs that are evident in the injured or remodelling myocardium. These include intracellular molecules released by necrotic cells (heat shock proteins, high mobility group box 1 protein, S100 proteins), proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1α), specific ECM molecules up-regulated in response to tissue injury (fibronectin-EDA, tenascin-C) or molecules modified by a pathological environment (advanced glycation end product-modified proteins observed with diabetes). DAMP receptor activation on fibroblasts is coupled to altered cellular function including changes in proliferation, migration, myofibroblast transdifferentiation, ECM turnover and production of fibrotic and inflammatory paracrine factors, which directly impact on the heart's ability to respond to injury. This review gives an overview of the important role played by CF in responding to myocardial DAMPs and how the DAMP/CF axis could be exploited experimentally and therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Turner
- Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research, and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre (MCRC), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review of the literature from 2014 through mid-2015, we examine new data that shed light on how macrophages and other innate immune cells and signals contribute to inflammation, vascular dysfunction, and fibrosis in scleroderma. RECENT FINDINGS Recent human studies have focused on changes early in scleroderma, and linked macrophages to inflammation in skin and progression of lung disease. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells have been implicated in vascular dysfunction. In mice, several factors have been identified that influence macrophage activation and experimental fibrosis. However, emerging data also suggest that myeloid cells can have differential effects in fibrosis. Sustained signaling through different toll-like receptors can lead to inflammation or fibrosis, and these signals can influence both immune and nonimmune cells. SUMMARY There are many types of innate immune cells that can potentially contribute to scleroderma and will be worth exploring in detail. Experimentally dissecting the roles of macrophages based on ontogeny and activation state, and the innate signaling pathways in the tissue microenvironment, may also lead to better understanding of scleroderma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Chia
- aWeill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program bImmunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences cAutoimmunity and Inflammation Program dAutoimmunity and Inflammation Program and Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery eDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
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Feldman N, Rotter-Maskowitz A, Okun E. DAMPs as mediators of sterile inflammation in aging-related pathologies. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:29-39. [PMID: 25641058 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that aging is associated with a chronic low-level inflammation, termed sterile-inflammation. Sterile-inflammation is a form of pathogen-free inflammation caused by mechanical trauma, ischemia, stress or environmental conditions such as ultra-violet radiation. These damage-related stimuli induce the secretion of molecular agents collectively termed danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs are recognized by virtue of specialized innate immune receptors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3). These receptors initiate signal transduction pathways, which typically drive inflammation in response to microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and/or DAMPs. This review summarizes the current knowledge on DAMPs-mediated sterile-inflammation, its associated downstream signaling, and discusses the possibility that DAMPs activating TLRs or NLRP3 complex mediate sterile inflammation during aging and in aging-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Feldman
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Aviva Rotter-Maskowitz
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
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235
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Dhanesha N, Ahmad A, Prakash P, Doddapattar P, Lentz SR, Chauhan AK. Genetic Ablation of Extra Domain A of Fibronectin in Hypercholesterolemic Mice Improves Stroke Outcome by Reducing Thrombo-Inflammation. Circulation 2015; 132:2237-47. [PMID: 26508731 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.016540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fibronectin-splicing variant containing extra domain A (Fn-EDA) is present in negligible amounts in the plasma of healthy humans but markedly elevated in patients with comorbid conditions, including diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia, which are risk factors for stroke. It remains unknown, however, whether Fn-EDA worsens stroke outcomes in such conditions. We determined the role of Fn-EDA in stroke outcome in a model of hypercholesterolemia, the apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe(-/-)) mouse. METHODS AND RESULTS In a transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury model, Apoe(-/-) mice expressing fibronectin deficient in EDA (Fn-EDA(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice) exhibited smaller infarcts and improved neurological outcomes at days 1 and 8 (P<0.05 versus Apoe(-/-) mice). Concomitantly, intracerebral thrombosis [assessed by fibrin(ogen) deposition] and postischemic inflammation (phospho-nuclear factor-κB p65, phospho-IκB kinase α/β, interleukin 1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α) within lesions of Fn-EDA(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice were markedly decreased (P<0.05 versus Apoe(-/-) mice). In an FeCl3 injury-induced carotid artery thrombosis model, thrombus growth rate and the time to occlusion were prolonged in Fn-EDA(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice (P<0.05 versus Apoe(-/-) mice). Genetic ablation of TLR4 improved stroke outcome in Apoe(-/-) mice (P<0.05) but had no effect on stroke outcome in Fn-EDA(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice. Bone marrow transplantation experiments revealed that nonhematopoietic cell-derived Fn-EDA exacerbates stroke through Toll-like receptor-4 expressed on hematopoietic cells. Infusion of a specific inhibitor of Fn-EDA into Apoe(-/-) mouse 15 minutes after reperfusion significantly improved stroke outcome. CONCLUSIONS Hypercholesterolemic mice deficient in Fn-EDA exhibit reduced cerebral thrombosis and less inflammatory response after ischemia/reperfusion injury. These findings suggest that targeting Fn-EDA could be an effective therapeutic strategy in stroke associated with hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirav Dhanesha
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Ajmal Ahmad
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Prem Prakash
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | | | - Steven R Lentz
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Anil K Chauhan
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
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236
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Phanish MK, Heidebrecht F, Nabi ME, Shah N, Niculescu-Duvaz I, Dockrell MEC. The Regulation of TGFβ1 Induced Fibronectin EDA Exon Alternative Splicing in Human Renal Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:286-95. [PMID: 24962218 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The EDA+ splice variant of fibronectin (Fn) is an early and important component of the extracellular matrix in renal fibrosis. In this work, we investigate cellular mechanisms of EDA+Fn production in human primary proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs). TGFβ1-induced EDA+Fn production was assessed by immunocytochemistry, PCR, and Western blotting. SRp40 knockdown was achieved by siRNA. The role of the PI3 kinase-AKT signalling and splicing regulatory protein SRp40 in the production of EDA+Fn was studied by using the chemical inhibitor LY294002 and siRNA targeted to SRp40 respectively. Interaction between PI3 kinase-AKT signalling and SRp40 were assessed by immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation. To assess the specificity of SRp40 in regulating the splicing of EDA+ exon, we studied the effect of SRp40 knockdown on TGFβ1 induced splicing of FGF receptor 2. Primary human PTECs expressed EDA+ and EDA- Fn. TGFβ1 treatment resulted in increases in the production and deposition of EDA+ Fn as well as an increase in the ratio of EDA+/EDA- Fn mRNA. The TGFβ1 induced EDA+ production was dependent on PI3 kinase-AKT signalling and SRp40 expression. Immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated direct binding between AKT and SRp40 with an increase in the amount of SRp40 bound to AKT upon TGFβ1 treatment. TGFβ1 treatment resulted in reduction in the FGF receptor2 IIIb splice variant which was unaffected by SRp40 knockdown. In this work, we have presented the first evidence for the regulation of Fn pre-mRNA splicing by PI3 kinase-AKT signalling and SRp40 in human PTECs. Targeting the splicing of Fn pre-mRNA to skip the EDA exon is an attractive option to combat fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mysore Keshavmurthy Phanish
- The South West Thames Institute for Renal Research, St. Helier Hospital, Wrythe Lane Carshalton, Surrey, SM5 1AA, UK
| | - Felicia Heidebrecht
- The South West Thames Institute for Renal Research, St. Helier Hospital, Wrythe Lane Carshalton, Surrey, SM5 1AA, UK
| | - Mohammad E Nabi
- The South West Thames Institute for Renal Research, St. Helier Hospital, Wrythe Lane Carshalton, Surrey, SM5 1AA, UK
| | - Nileshkumar Shah
- The South West Thames Institute for Renal Research, St. Helier Hospital, Wrythe Lane Carshalton, Surrey, SM5 1AA, UK
| | - Ioana Niculescu-Duvaz
- The South West Thames Institute for Renal Research, St. Helier Hospital, Wrythe Lane Carshalton, Surrey, SM5 1AA, UK
| | - Mark Edward Carl Dockrell
- The South West Thames Institute for Renal Research, St. Helier Hospital, Wrythe Lane Carshalton, Surrey, SM5 1AA, UK
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237
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Bryant CE, Orr S, Ferguson B, Symmons MF, Boyle JP, Monie TP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCVI. Pattern recognition receptors in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:462-504. [PMID: 25829385 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of Toll, in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, as the first described pattern recognition receptor (PRR) in 1996, many families of these receptors have been discovered and characterized. PRRs play critically important roles in pathogen recognition to initiate innate immune responses that ultimately link to the generation of adaptive immunity. Activation of PRRs leads to the induction of immune and inflammatory genes, including proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. It is increasingly clear that many PRRs are linked to a range of inflammatory, infectious, immune, and chronic degenerative diseases. Several drugs to modulate PRR activity are already in clinical trials and many more are likely to appear in the near future. Here, we review the different families of mammalian PRRs, the ligands they recognize, the mechanisms of activation, their role in disease, and the potential of targeting these proteins to develop the anti-inflammatory therapeutics of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Bryant
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Selinda Orr
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Brian Ferguson
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Martyn F Symmons
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Joseph P Boyle
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Tom P Monie
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
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238
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Doddapattar P, Gandhi C, Prakash P, Dhanesha N, Grumbach IM, Dailey ME, Lentz SR, Chauhan AK. Fibronectin Splicing Variants Containing Extra Domain A Promote Atherosclerosis in Mice Through Toll-Like Receptor 4. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2391-400. [PMID: 26427793 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cellular fibronectin containing extra domain A (EDA(+)-FN) is abundant in the arteries of patients with atherosclerosis. Several in vitro studies suggest that EDA(+)-FN interacts with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). We tested the hypothesis that EDA(+)-FN exacerbates atherosclerosis through TLR4 in a clinically relevant model of atherosclerosis, the apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe(-/-)) mouse. APPROACH AND RESULTS The extent of atherosclerosis was evaluated in whole aortae and cross sections of the aortic sinus in male and female EDA(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice (which lack EDA(+)-FN), EDA(fl/fl)Apoe(-/-) mice (which constitutively express EDA(+)-FN), and control Apoe(-/-) mice fed a high-fat Western diet for 14 weeks. Irrespective of sex, EDA(fl/fl)Apoe(-/-) mice exhibited a 2-fold increase in atherosclerotic lesions (aorta and aortic sinus) and macrophage content within plaques, whereas EDA(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice exhibited reduced atherosclerotic lesions (P<0.05 versus Apoe(-/-), n=10-12 mice/group), although cholesterol and triglyceride levels and circulating leukocytes were similar. Genetic ablation of TLR4 partially reversed atherosclerosis exacerbation in EDA(fl/fl)Apoe(-/-) mice (P<0.05) but had no effect on atherosclerotic lesions in EDA(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice. Purified cellular FN, which contains EDA, potentiated dose-dependent NFκB-mediated inflammation (increased phospho-NFκB p65/NFκB p65, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β) in bone marrow-derived macrophages from EDA(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice but not from EDA(-/-)TLR4(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice. Finally, using immunohistochemistry, we provide evidence for the first time that EDA(+)-FN colocalizes with macrophage TLR4 in murine aortic lesions and human coronary artery atherosclerotic plaques. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that TLR4 signaling contributes to EDA(+)-FN-mediated exacerbation of atherosclerosis. We suggest that EDA(+)-FN could be a therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Doddapattar
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (P.D., C.G., P.P., N.D., I.M.G., S.R.L., A.K.C.), and Department of Biology (M.E.D.), University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Chintan Gandhi
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (P.D., C.G., P.P., N.D., I.M.G., S.R.L., A.K.C.), and Department of Biology (M.E.D.), University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Prem Prakash
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (P.D., C.G., P.P., N.D., I.M.G., S.R.L., A.K.C.), and Department of Biology (M.E.D.), University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Nirav Dhanesha
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (P.D., C.G., P.P., N.D., I.M.G., S.R.L., A.K.C.), and Department of Biology (M.E.D.), University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Isabella M Grumbach
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (P.D., C.G., P.P., N.D., I.M.G., S.R.L., A.K.C.), and Department of Biology (M.E.D.), University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Michael E Dailey
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (P.D., C.G., P.P., N.D., I.M.G., S.R.L., A.K.C.), and Department of Biology (M.E.D.), University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Steven R Lentz
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (P.D., C.G., P.P., N.D., I.M.G., S.R.L., A.K.C.), and Department of Biology (M.E.D.), University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Anil K Chauhan
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (P.D., C.G., P.P., N.D., I.M.G., S.R.L., A.K.C.), and Department of Biology (M.E.D.), University of Iowa, Iowa City.
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A novel small molecule TLR4 antagonist (IAXO-102) negatively regulates non-hematopoietic toll like receptor 4 signalling and inhibits aortic aneurysms development. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:563-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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240
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van Hout GPJ, Arslan F, Pasterkamp G, Hoefer IE. Targeting danger-associated molecular patterns after myocardial infarction. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:223-39. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1088005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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241
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Borges da Silva H, Fonseca R, Pereira RM, Cassado ADA, Álvarez JM, D'Império Lima MR. Splenic Macrophage Subsets and Their Function during Blood-Borne Infections. Front Immunol 2015; 6:480. [PMID: 26441984 PMCID: PMC4585205 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen is one of the major immunological sites for maintaining blood homeostasis. Previous studies showed that heterogeneous splenic macrophage populations contribute in complimentary ways to control blood-borne infections and induce effective immune responses. Marginal metallophilic macrophages (MMMΦs) and marginal zone macrophages (MZMΦs) are cells with great ability to internalize blood-borne pathogens such as virus or bacteria. Their localization adjacent to T- and B-cell-rich splenic areas favors the rapid contact between these macrophages and cells from adaptive immunity. Indeed, MMMΦs and MZMΦs are considered important bridges between innate and adaptive immunity. Although red pulp macrophages (RpMΦs) are mainly considered scavengers for senescent erythrocytes, several data indicate a role for RpMΦs in control of infections such as blood-stage malaria as well as in the induction of innate and adaptive immunity. Here, we review current data on how different macrophage subsets recognize and help eliminate blood-borne pathogens, and, in turn, how the inflammatory microenvironment in different phases of infection (acute, chronic, and after pathogen clearance) influences macrophage function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Borges da Silva
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Raíssa Fonseca
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Rosana Moreira Pereira
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - José Maria Álvarez
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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242
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Role of innate immunity in primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2015; 18:518-23. [PMID: 23995372 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e3283651994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Primary graft dysfunction (PGD), a form of acute lung injury after lung transplantation, has a significant impact on clinical outcomes after lung transplantation. This potentially reversible graft impairment occurs after ischemia-reperfusion injury. This review describes the expanding body of literature evaluating the central role of innate immune activation, nonadaptive responses and dysregulation in the development of PGD after lung transplant. RECENT FINDINGS The innate immune system, highlighted by Toll-like receptor pathways and neutrophil migration and influx, plays an important role in the initiation and propagation of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Recent plasma biomarker and gene association studies have identified several genes and proteins composing innate immune pathways to be associated with PGDs. Long pentraxin-3 and Toll-like receptors, as well as inflammasomes and Toll-interacting protein, are associated with the development of PGD after lung transplantation. SUMMARY Innate immune pathways are involved in the development of PGD and may provide attractive targets for therapies. It may be possible to prevent or treat PGD, as well as to allow pre-transplant PGD risk stratification. To improve understanding of the mechanisms behind clinical risk factors for PGD will require further in-depth correlation of donor-specific and recipient-related triggers of nonadaptive immune responses.
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Maurer E, Schaff M, Receveur N, Bourdon C, Mercier L, Nieswandt B, Dubois C, Jandrot-Perrus M, Goetz JG, Lanza F, Gachet C, Mangin PH. Fibrillar cellular fibronectin supports efficient platelet aggregation and procoagulant activity. Thromb Haemost 2015; 114:1175-88. [PMID: 26245230 DOI: 10.1160/th14-11-0958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cellular fibronectin, found in the vessel wall in a fibrillar conformation, to regulate platelet functions and trigger thrombus formation remains largely unknown. In this study, we evaluated how parietal cellular fibronectin can modulate platelet responses under flow conditions. A fibrillar network was formed by mechanically stretching immobilised dimeric cellular fibronectin. Perfusion of anticoagulated whole blood over this surface resulted in efficient platelet adhesion and thrombus growth. The initial steps of platelet adhesion and activation, as evidenced by filopodia extension and an increase in intracellular calcium levels (419 ± 29 nmol/l), were dependent on integrins α5β1 and αIIbβ3. Subsequent thrombus growth was mediated by these integrins together with the GPIb-V-IX complex, GPVI and Toll-like receptor 4. The involvement of Toll-like receptor 4 could be conveyed via its binding to the EDA region of cellular fibronectin. Upon thrombus formation, the platelets became procoagulant and generated fibrin as revealed by video-microscopy. This work provides evidence that fibrillar cellular fibronectin is a strong thrombogenic surface which supports efficient platelet adhesion, activation, aggregation and procoagulant activity through the interplay of a series of receptors including integrins α5β1 and αIIbβ3, the GPIb-V-IX complex, GPVI and Toll-like receptor 4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pierre H Mangin
- Pierre H. Mangin, UMR_S949, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace (EFS-Alsace), 10, rue Spielmann, BP 36, F-67065 Strasbourg Cedex, France, Tel.: +33 3 88 21 25 25, Fax: +33 3 88 21 25 21, E-mail:
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Voorhees AP, DeLeon-Pennell KY, Ma Y, Halade GV, Yabluchanskiy A, Iyer RP, Flynn E, Cates CA, Lindsey ML, Han HC. Building a better infarct: Modulation of collagen cross-linking to increase infarct stiffness and reduce left ventricular dilation post-myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 85:229-39. [PMID: 26080361 PMCID: PMC4530076 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) deletion attenuates collagen accumulation and dilation of the left ventricle (LV) post-myocardial infarction (MI); however the biomechanical mechanisms underlying the improved outcome are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms whereby MMP-9 deletion alters collagen network composition and assembly in the LV post-MI to modulate the mechanical properties of myocardial scar tissue. Adult C57BL/6J wild-type (WT; n=88) and MMP-9 null (MMP-9(-/-); n=92) mice of both sexes underwent permanent coronary artery ligation and were compared to day 0 controls (n=42). At day 7 post-MI, WT LVs displayed a 3-fold increase in end-diastolic volume, while MMP-9(-/-) showed only a 2-fold increase (p<0.05). Biaxial mechanical testing revealed that MMP-9(-/-) infarcts were stiffer than WT infarcts, as indicated by a 1.3-fold reduction in predicted in vivo circumferential stretch (p<0.05). Paradoxically, MMP-9(-/-) infarcts had a 1.8-fold reduction in collagen deposition (p<0.05). This apparent contradiction was explained by a 3.1-fold increase in lysyl oxidase (p<0.05) in MMP-9(-/-) infarcts, indicating that MMP-9 deletion increased collagen cross-linking activity. Furthermore, MMP-9 deletion led to a 3.0-fold increase in bone morphogenetic protein-1, the metalloproteinase that cleaves pro-collagen and pro-lysyl oxidase (p<0.05) and reduced fibronectin fragmentation by 49% (p<0.05) to enhance lysyl oxidase activity. We conclude that MMP-9 deletion increases infarct stiffness and prevents LV dilation by reducing collagen degradation and facilitating collagen assembly and cross-linking through preservation of the fibronectin network and activation of lysyl oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Voorhees
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA; Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, UTSA-UTHSCSA, USA; San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, USA
| | - Kristine Y DeLeon-Pennell
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, USA; Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA
| | - Yonggang Ma
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, USA; Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA
| | - Ganesh V Halade
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Andriy Yabluchanskiy
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, USA; Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA; Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA
| | - Rugmani Padmanabhan Iyer
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, USA; Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA
| | - Elizabeth Flynn
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA
| | - Courtney A Cates
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, UTSA-UTHSCSA, USA; San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, USA; Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA; Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA
| | - Hai-Chao Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA; Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, UTSA-UTHSCSA, USA; San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, USA.
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Ma B, Dohle E, Li M, Kirkpatrick CJ. TLR4 stimulation by LPS enhances angiogenesis in a co-culture system consisting of primary human osteoblasts and outgrowth endothelial cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015. [PMID: 26205614 DOI: 10.1002/term.2075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of new approaches leading to fast and successful vascularization of tissue-engineered constructs is one of the most intensively studied subjects in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Recently, TLR4 activation and LPS stimulation of endothelial cells have been reported to promote angiogenesis in a variety of settings. In this study, we demonstrate that TLR4 activation by Ultrapure LPS Escherichia coli 0111:B4 (LPS-EB) significantly enhances microvessel formation in a co-culture system consisting of outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs) and primary human osteoblasts (pOBs). The precise modes of TLR4 action on the process of angiogenesis have also been investigated in this study. Using quantitative fluorescence microscopy in monocultures of OECs and pOBs, it was found that TLR4 activation through LPS-EB upregulates the expression level of TLR4/MYD88 and enhances both angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Furthermore, ELISA and qRT-PCR have shown that the level of two adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and E-selectin), two cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) and two growth factors (VEGF and PDGF-BB) related to angiogenesis increase significantly after LPS-EB treatment. This increased understanding of the role of TLR4 in angiogenesis could be of value in various settings related to tissue repair and tissue engineering. Moreover, since LPS and TLR4 agonists improve angiogenesis and osteogenesis, TLR4 agonists (endogenous or synthetic) could be used for angiogenesis intervention in vivo and therefore could be tested for their potential clinical applications in promoting angiogenesis in bone tissue engineering. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- REPAIR-Lab, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Eva Dohle
- REPAIR-Lab, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ming Li
- REPAIR-Lab, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Charles James Kirkpatrick
- REPAIR-Lab, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Quantitative fetal fibronectin to predict preterm birth in asymptomatic women at high risk. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 125:1168-1176. [PMID: 25932845 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of cervicovaginal fluid quantitative fetal fibronectin, measured by a bedside analyzer, to predict spontaneous preterm birth before 34 weeks of gestation. METHODS We conducted a prospective masked observational cohort study of cervicovaginal fluid quantitative fetal fibronectin concentration in asymptomatic women at high risk of spontaneous preterm birth (n=1,448; 22-27 6/7 weeks of gestation) measured using a rapid bedside analyzer. The routine qualitative result (positive-negative) was made available to clinicians at the time of testing, but the quantitative result remained blinded until after delivery. RESULTS Spontaneous preterm birth (less than 34 weeks of gestation) increased from 2.7%, 11.0%, 14.9%, 33.9%, and 47.6% with increasing concentration of fetal fibronectin (less than 10, 10-49, 50-199, 200-499, and 500 ng/mL or greater, respectively). A threshold of 200 ng/mL had a positive predictive value of 37.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] 26.9-49.4) with specificity 96% (95% CI 95.3-97.3). Women with a fetal fibronectin concentration of less than 10 ng/mL had a very low risk of spontaneous preterm birth at less than 34 weeks of gestation (2.7%), no higher than the background spontaneous preterm birth rate of the general hospital population (3.3%). The quantitative fetal fibronectin test predicted birth at less than 34 weeks of gestation with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.78 (95% CI 0.73-0.84) compared with the qualitative test AUC 0.68 (95% CI 0.63-0.73). Quantitative fetal fibronectin discriminated risk of spontaneous preterm birth at less than 34 weeks of gestation among women with a short cervix (less than 25 mm); 9.5% delivered prematurely less than 10 ng/mL compared with 55.1% greater than 200 ng/mL (P<.001). DISCUSSION Alternative risk thresholds (less than 10 ng/mL and greater than 200 ng/mL) improve accuracy when using quantitative fetal fibronectin measurements to define risk of spontaneous preterm birth. This is particularly relevant for asymptomatic women with a short cervix. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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Deguchi A, Tomita T, Ohto U, Takemura K, Kitao A, Akashi-Takamura S, Miyake K, Maru Y. Eritoran inhibits S100A8-mediated TLR4/MD-2 activation and tumor growth by changing the immune microenvironment. Oncogene 2015; 35:1445-56. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Innate Immunity and Biomaterials at the Nexus: Friends or Foes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:342304. [PMID: 26247017 PMCID: PMC4515263 DOI: 10.1155/2015/342304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial implants are an established part of medical practice, encompassing a broad range of devices that widely differ in function and structural composition. However, one common property amongst biomaterials is the induction of the foreign body response: an acute sterile inflammatory reaction which overlaps with tissue vascularisation and remodelling and ultimately fibrotic encapsulation of the biomaterial to prevent further interaction with host tissue. Severity and clinical manifestation of the biomaterial-induced foreign body response are different for each biomaterial, with cases of incompatibility often associated with loss of function. However, unravelling the mechanisms that progress to the formation of the fibrotic capsule highlights the tightly intertwined nature of immunological responses to a seemingly noncanonical “antigen.” In this review, we detail the pathways associated with the foreign body response and describe possible mechanisms of immune involvement that can be targeted. We also discuss methods of modulating the immune response by altering the physiochemical surface properties of the biomaterial prior to implantation. Developments in these areas are reliant on reproducible and effective animal models and may allow a “combined” immunomodulatory approach of adapting surface properties of biomaterials, as well as treating key immune pathways to ultimately reduce the negative consequences of biomaterial implantation.
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Role of innate immune system in systemic sclerosis. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:511-7. [PMID: 26159672 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of microbial or viral compounds is crucial to elicit an immune response and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) form the first line of defence. An important family of PRRs are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) with numerous evidences indicating their crucial role in identifying microbial or viral compounds. However, the danger theory, where the innate immune system responds to danger signals such as proteins released during damage or necrosis rather than only non-self is gaining ground. Indeed, TLRs are able to recognise endogenous molecules and have been implicated as key players in numerous autoimmune diseases including systemic sclerosis (SSc). TLR2 is known to be upregulated in SSc and has been shown to respond to the endogenous ligand amyloid A resulting in increased IL-6 secretion. TLR4 is now known to respond to a variety of endogenous ligands including fibronectin, containing alternatively spliced exons encoding type III repeat extra domain (EDA). EDA is only expressed upon tissue damage, and elevated levels can be found in SSc patients, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cardiac allograft fibrosis, while deletion of EDA or TLR4 in mice reduces their fibrotic response. Further, stimulation of TLR8 with single-stranded RNA leads to increased expression of TIMP-1. This has been shown to require both IRAK4 and NF-κB with evidence suggesting autoantibodies bind to RNA to stimulate TIMP-1 production in monocytes. Therefore, TLR-mediated signalling provides numerous potential therapeutic targets for development of therapies for the treatment of multi-systemic autoimmune diseases.
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Peng D, Jiang F, Zhang R, Tang S, Chen M, Yan J, Sun X, Luo Y, Hu C, Jia W. Association of Toll-like Receptor 4 Gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Chinese population. J Diabetes 2015; 7:485-92. [PMID: 25104099 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays an important role in innate immunity. Activation of innate immune response and subsequent chronic low-grade inflammation are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of TLR4 variants with type 2 diabetes in the Chinese population. METHODS Seven tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TLR4 based on HapMap Chinese data were genotyped in the Shanghai Chinese, including 3404 type 2 diabetes patients and 3401 controls. The controls were extensively phenotyped for the traits related to glucose metabolism and insulin secretion. RESULTS In total participants, we identified that rs10759932 and rs1927911 were associated with type 2 diabetes (odds ratio 1.106, P = 0.009 for rs10759532, odds ratio 1.092, P = 0.013 for rs1927911). rs11536889 showed a trend association with type 2 diabetes (odds ratio 0.957, P = 0.057). This SNP was also associated with 2-h plasma glucose (P = 0.033) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (P = 0.031). In female participants, rs10759932, rs1927911 and rs11536889 were associated with type 2 diabetes (odds ratio 1.176, P = 0.002 for rs10759932, odds ratio 1.136, P = 0.009 for rs1927911, odds ratio 0.882, P = 0.024 for rs11536889). Besides, rs11536889 was significantly associated with 2-h plasma glucose (P = 0.050) and HOMA-B (P = 0.046) with adjusting for age and body mass index in female normal subjects. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that genetic variants of TLR4 are associated with type 2 diabetes in the Chinese population, especially in female subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Peng
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinic Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinic Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinic Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Tang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinic Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Chen
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinic Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinic Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Sun
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinic Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinic Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinic Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Jia
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinic Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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