201
|
Abstract
Mammalian embryonic development is a tightly regulated process that, from a single zygote, produces a large number of cell types with hugely divergent functions. Distinct cellular differentiation programmes are facilitated by tight transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. However, the contribution of epigenetic regulation to tissue homeostasis after the completion of development is less well understood. In this Review, we explore the effects of epigenetic dysregulation on adult stem cell function. We conclude that, depending on the tissue type and the epigenetic regulator affected, the consequences range from negligible to stem cell malfunction and disruption of tissue homeostasis, which may predispose to diseases such as cancer.
Collapse
|
202
|
Kim MO, Ryu HW, Choi JH, Son TH, Oh SR, Lee HS, Yuk HJ, Cho S, Kang JS, Lee CW, Lee J, Lee CK, Hong ST, Lee SU. Anti-Obesity Effects of Spiramycin In Vitro and In Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158632. [PMID: 27398599 PMCID: PMC4939947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of spiramycin on adipogenesis and high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity were investigated. Potential mechanisms contributing to these effects were elucidated. The inhibitory effect of spiramycin on adipocyte differentiation was assessed using 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells, in which several parameters involved in AMPK signal pathways and lipid metabolism were examined. To further investigate the pharmacological effects of spiramycin in vivo, we examined several obesity-related parameters in HFD-induced obese mice. Spiramycin significantly inhibited preadipocyte differentiation by attenuating intracellular lipid accumulation. Spiramycin also reduced the expression of adipogenic master regulators (PPARγ, C/EBPα, and SREBP1c) and their downstream target genes (FAS, aP2, and GLUT4) in 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, AMPK phosphorylation was increased by spiramycin treatment in 3T3-L1 cells during early differentiation. Notably, HFD-induced obese mice administered spiramycin showed substantial decreases in body weight gain, serum leptin levels, adipose tissue mass, and hepatic lipid accumulation. Moreover, the decreased levels of GPT and GOT in the serum indicated that spiramycin attenuated hepatic injury caused by HFD. Taken together, these results demonstrate for the first time that spiramycin effectively attenuates HFD-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis by inhibiting adipogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mun Ock Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28116, Korea
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28116, Korea
| | - Ji-Hee Choi
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28116, Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Son
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28116, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28116, Korea
| | - Hyun-Sun Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28116, Korea
| | - Heung Joo Yuk
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28116, Korea
| | - Sungchan Cho
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28116, Korea
| | - Jong Soon Kang
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28116, Korea
| | - Chang Woo Lee
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28116, Korea
| | - Jinhyuk Lee
- Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Chong-Kil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- * E-mail: (SUL); (STH)
| | - Su Ui Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28116, Korea
- * E-mail: (SUL); (STH)
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Dong X, Li Y, Zhang L, Zuo Z, Wang C, Chen M. Influence of difenoconazole on lipid metabolism in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:982-990. [PMID: 27112457 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1655-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Difenoconazole (DFZ) is a triazole fungicide that inhibits the biosynthesis of sterols in cell membranes and is widely used in agriculture for effectively treating fungal infections. However, there are few studies available addressing the effects of DFZ on lipid metabolism in marine fishes. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of DFZ on lipid metabolism in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). After exposure to 1, 10, 100 and 1000 ng/L DFZ for 180 days, an increase in condition factor (CF), total lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) contents accompanied with a decrease in saturated fatty acids was observed in the muscle of DFZ-exposed fish. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ as well as retinoid X receptors in the muscle was up-regulated, which would be responsible for the lipid accumulation in the muscle. The elevation of Δ6-desaturase (FADS2) and Δ9-desaturase (SCD) mRNA levels in the muscle and liver might result in the increase of PUFA content. The increased CF index and total lipid amounts indicated that DFZ exposure could affect the health of fish. ∑SFA (sum of saturated fatty acids) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid; 22:6n-3) concentrations decreased, and the levels of ∑PUFA and ∑n-6PUFA increased in the muscle, which suggested that DFZ exposure could change lipid metabolism and profiles in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Lemeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Chonggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Krishnan ML, Wang Z, Silver M, Boardman JP, Ball G, Counsell SJ, Walley AJ, Montana G, Edwards AD. Possible relationship between common genetic variation and white matter development in a pilot study of preterm infants. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00434. [PMID: 27110435 PMCID: PMC4821839 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consequences of preterm birth are a major public health concern with high rates of ensuing multisystem morbidity, and uncertain biological mechanisms. Common genetic variation may mediate vulnerability to the insult of prematurity and provide opportunities to predict and modify risk. OBJECTIVE To gain novel biological and therapeutic insights from the integrated analysis of magnetic resonance imaging and genetic data, informed by prior knowledge. METHODS We apply our previously validated pathway-based statistical method and a novel network-based method to discover sources of common genetic variation associated with imaging features indicative of structural brain damage. RESULTS Lipid pathways were highly ranked by Pathways Sparse Reduced Rank Regression in a model examining the effect of prematurity, and PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) signaling was the highest ranked pathway once degree of prematurity was accounted for. Within the PPAR pathway, five genes were found by Graph Guided Group Lasso to be highly associated with the phenotype: aquaporin 7 (AQP7), malic enzyme 1, NADP(+)-dependent, cytosolic (ME1), perilipin 1 (PLIN1), solute carrier family 27 (fatty acid transporter), member 1 (SLC27A1), and acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 1 (ACAA1). Expression of four of these (ACAA1, AQP7, ME1, and SLC27A1) is controlled by a common transcription factor, early growth response 4 (EGR-4). CONCLUSIONS This suggests an important role for lipid pathways in influencing development of white matter in preterm infants, and in particular a significant role for interindividual genetic variation in PPAR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Krishnan
- Centre for the Developing Brain King's College London St Thomas' Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Zi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering King's College London St Thomas' Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Matt Silver
- Department of Population Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London WC1E 7HT UK
| | - James P Boardman
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH16 4TJ UK
| | - Gareth Ball
- Centre for the Developing Brain King's College London St Thomas' Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Serena J Counsell
- Centre for the Developing Brain King's College London St Thomas' Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Andrew J Walley
- School of Public Health Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London Norfolk Place London W2 1PG UK
| | - Giovanni Montana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering King's College London St Thomas' Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Anthony David Edwards
- Centre for the Developing Brain King's College London St Thomas' Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Ertunc ME, Hotamisligil GS. Lipid signaling and lipotoxicity in metaflammation: indications for metabolic disease pathogenesis and treatment. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:2099-2114. [PMID: 27330055 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r066514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids encompass a wide variety of molecules such as fatty acids, sterols, phospholipids, and triglycerides. These molecules represent a highly efficient energy resource and can act as structural elements of membranes or as signaling molecules that regulate metabolic homeostasis through many mechanisms. Cells possess an integrated set of response systems to adapt to stresses such as those imposed by nutrient fluctuations during feeding-fasting cycles. While lipids are pivotal for these homeostatic processes, they can also contribute to detrimental metabolic outcomes. When metabolic stress becomes chronic and adaptive mechanisms are overwhelmed, as occurs during prolonged nutrient excess or obesity, lipid influx can exceed the adipose tissue storage capacity and result in accumulation of harmful lipid species at ectopic sites such as liver and muscle. As lipid metabolism and immune responses are highly integrated, accumulation of harmful lipids or generation of signaling intermediates can interfere with immune regulation in multiple tissues, causing a vicious cycle of immune-metabolic dysregulation. In this review, we summarize the role of lipotoxicity in metaflammation at the molecular and tissue level, describe the significance of anti-inflammatory lipids in metabolic homeostasis, and discuss the potential of therapeutic approaches targeting pathways at the intersection of lipid metabolism and immune function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meric Erikci Ertunc
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Gökhan S Hotamisligil
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02115
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Synthesis of Phthalimide Derivatives as Potential PPAR-γ Ligands. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14060112. [PMID: 27338418 PMCID: PMC4926071 DOI: 10.3390/md14060112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Paecilocin A, a phthalide derivative isolated from the jellyfish-derived fungus Paecilomyces variotii, activates PPAR-γ (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) in rat liver Ac2F cells. Based on a SAR (Structure-activity relationships) study and in silico analysis of paecilocin A-mimetic derivatives, additional N-substituted phthalimide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for PPAR-γ agonistic activity in both murine liver Ac2F cells and in human liver HepG2 cells by luciferase assay, and for adipogenic activity in 3T3-L1 cells. Docking simulation indicated PD6 was likely to bind most strongly to the ligand binding domain of PPAR-γ by establishing crucial H-bonds with key amino acid residues. However, in in vitro assays, PD1 and PD2 consistently displayed significant PPAR-γ activation in Ac2F and HepG2 cells, and adipogenic activity in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.
Collapse
|
207
|
Kusminski CM, Bickel PE, Scherer PE. Targeting adipose tissue in the treatment of obesity-associated diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:639-660. [PMID: 27256476 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue regulates numerous physiological processes, and its dysfunction in obese humans is associated with disrupted metabolic homeostasis, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although several US-approved treatments for obesity and T2DM exist, these are limited by adverse effects and a lack of effective long-term glucose control. In this Review, we provide an overview of the role of adipose tissue in metabolic homeostasis and assess emerging novel therapeutic strategies targeting adipose tissue, including adipokine-based strategies, promotion of white adipose tissue beiging as well as reduction of inflammation and fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Kusminski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Perry E Bickel
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Pioglitazone Effect on Glioma Stem Cell Lines: Really a Promising Drug Therapy for Glioblastoma? PPAR Res 2016; 2016:7175067. [PMID: 27313600 PMCID: PMC4897721 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7175067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents one of the most frequent malignant brain tumors. Current therapies do not provide real solutions to this pathology. Their failure can be ascribed to a cell subpopulation with stem-like properties called glioma stem cells (GSCs). Therefore, new therapeutic strategies GSC-targeted are needed. PPARγ, a nuclear receptor involved in lipid metabolism, has already been indicated as a promising target for antineoplastic therapies. Recent studies have reported that synthetic PPARγ agonists, already in clinical use for the treatment of type II diabetes, exhibit antineoplastic effects in a wide range of malignant tumor cells, including glioma cells. We investigated the effect of the synthetic PPARγ agonist Pioglitazone on viability, proliferation, morphology, and differentiation in six GSC lines isolated from GBM patients. We also analyzed Pioglitazone-induced changes in transcriptional levels of Wnt/β catenin related genes. Results showed that response to Pioglitazone was heterogeneous inducing an evident decrease of cell viability and proliferation only in a subset of GSC lines. We did not find any sign of cell differentiation neither observing cell morphology nor analyzing the expression of stemness and differentiation markers. Moreover, Wnt/β signaling pathway was only mildly affected from a transcriptional point of view after Pioglitazone exposure.
Collapse
|
209
|
Ding S, Zuo X, Fan Y, Li H, Zhao N, Yang H, Ye X, He D, Yang H, Jin X, Tian C, Ying C. Environmentally Relevant Dose of Bisphenol A Does Not Affect Lipid Metabolism and Has No Synergetic or Antagonistic Effects on Genistein's Beneficial Roles on Lipid Metabolism. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155352. [PMID: 27171397 PMCID: PMC4865196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Both bisphenol A (BPA, an endocrine disrupting chemicals) and genistein (a phytoestrogen mainly derived from leguminosae) are able to bind to estrogen receptors, but they are considered to have different effects on metabolic syndrome, surprisingly. We here investigate the effects of an environmentally relevant dose of BPA alone and the combined effects with genistein on lipid metabolism in rats. Eight groups of adult male Wistar rats, fed with either standard chow diet or high-fat diet, were treated with BPA (50μg/kg/day), genistein (10mg/kg/day), and BPA plus genistein for 35 weeks, respectively. Metabolic parameters in serum and liver were determined; the hematoxylin/eosin and oil Red O staining were used to observe liver histologically; gene expressions related to hepatic lipid metabolism were analyzed by Real-time PCR; protein expressions of PPARγ, PPARα and LC3 in liver were analyzed by western blotting. No difference of body weight gain, total energy intake, liver weight/body weight or body fat percentage in both STD- and HFD-fed sub-groups was observed after treatment with BPA, genistein, or BPA plus genistein (P>0.05). Genistein alleviated lipid metabolism disorder and decreased the mRNA and protein expression of PPARγ (P<0.05), and increased the protein expression of LC3II (P<0.05) in liver of HFD-fed rats. However, BPA treatment had no effect on lipid metabolism in rats alone (P>0.05) or combined with genistein. Our findings suggest that long-term environmentally relevant dose of BPA did not affect lipid metabolism, and had no synergetic or antagonistic roles on genistein’s beneficial function on hepatic lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Ding
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, PR China
| | - Xuezhi Zuo
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, 361101, PR China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Management, Central Hospital of Suizhou, Suizhou, 441300, PR China
| | - Nana Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, PR China
| | - Huiqin Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Ye
- School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, PR China
| | - Dongliang He
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Chong Tian
- Department of Nursing, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Chenjiang Ying
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Papanagnou P, Stivarou T, Tsironi M. Unexploited Antineoplastic Effects of Commercially Available Anti-Diabetic Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:ph9020024. [PMID: 27164115 PMCID: PMC4932542 DOI: 10.3390/ph9020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of efficacious antitumor compounds with minimal toxicity is a hot research topic. Numerous cancer cell targeted agents are evaluated daily in laboratories for their antitumorigenicity at the pre-clinical level, but the process of their introduction into the market is costly and time-consuming. More importantly, even if these new antitumor agents manage to gain approval, clinicians have no former experience with them. Accruing evidence supports the idea that several medications already used to treat pathologies other than cancer display pleiotropic effects, exhibiting multi-level anti-cancer activity and chemosensitizing properties. This review aims to present the anticancer properties of marketed drugs (i.e., metformin and pioglitazone) used for the management of diabetes mellitus (DM) type II. Mode of action, pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo or clinical data as well as clinical applicability are discussed here. Given the precious multi-year clinical experience with these non-antineoplastic drugs their repurposing in oncology is a challenging alternative that would aid towards the development of therapeutic schemes with less toxicity than those of conventional chemotherapeutic agents. More importantly, harnessing the antitumor function of these agents would save precious time from bench to bedside to aid the fight in the arena of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Papanagnou
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Orthias Artemidos and Plateon St, Sparti GR-23100, Greece.
| | - Theodora Stivarou
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Orthias Artemidos and Plateon St, Sparti GR-23100, Greece.
| | - Maria Tsironi
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Orthias Artemidos and Plateon St, Sparti GR-23100, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Wang H, Luo J, Zhang T, Tian H, Ma Y, Xu H, Yao D, Loor JJ. MicroRNA-26a/b and their host genes synergistically regulate triacylglycerol synthesis by targeting the INSIG1 gene. RNA Biol 2016; 13:500-10. [PMID: 27002347 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1164365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The microRNA-26 (miR-26) family is known to control adipogenesis in non-ruminants. The genomic loci of miR-26a and miR-26b have been localized in the introns of genes encoding for the proteins of the C-terminal domain RNA polymerase II polypeptide A small phosphatase (CTDSP) family. Insulin-induced gene 1 (INSIG1) encodes a protein with a key role in the regulation of lipogenesis in rodent liver. In the present study, we investigated the synergistic function of the miR-26 family and their host genes in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMEC). Downregulation of miR-26a/b and their host genes in GMEC decreased the expression of genes relate to fatty acid synthesis (PPARG, LXRA, SREBF1, FASN, ACACA, GPAM, LPIN1, DGAT1 and SCD1), triacylglycerol accumulation and unsaturated fatty acid synthesis. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed INSIG1 as a direct target of miR-26a/b. Furthermore, inhibition of the CTDSP family also downregulated the expression of INSIG1. Taken together, our findings highlight a functional association of miR-26a/b, their host genes and INSIG1, and provide new insights into the regulatory network controlling milk fat synthesis in GMEC. The data indicate that targeting this network via nutrition might be important for regulating milk fat synthesis in ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- a Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , PR China
| | - Jun Luo
- a Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , PR China
| | - Tianying Zhang
- a Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , PR China
| | - Huibin Tian
- a Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , PR China
| | - Yue Ma
- a Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , PR China
| | - Huifen Xu
- a Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , PR China
| | - Dawei Yao
- a Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , PR China
| | - Juan J Loor
- b Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics , Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois , Urbana , USA
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Pérez-Martín M, Rivera P, Blanco E, Lorefice C, Decara J, Pavón FJ, Serrano A, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Suárez J. Environmental Enrichment, Age, and PPARα Interact to Regulate Proliferation in Neurogenic Niches. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:89. [PMID: 27013951 PMCID: PMC4783391 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) ligands have been shown to modulate recovery after brain insults such as ischemia and irradiation by enhancing neurogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the genetic deletion of PPARα receptors on the proliferative rate of neural precursor cells (NPC) in the adult brain. The study was performed in aged Pparα−/− mice exposed to nutritional (treats) and environmental (games) enrichments for 20 days. We performed immunohistochemical analyses of cells containing the replicating cell DNA marker 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU+) and the immature neuronal marker doublecortin (Dcx+) in the main neurogenic zones of the adult brain: subgranular zone of dentate gyrus (SGZ), subventricular zone of lateral ventricles (SVZ), and/or hypothalamus. Results indicated a reduction in the number of BrdU+ cells in the neurogenic zones analyzed as well as Dcx+ cells in the SGZ during aging (2, 6, and 18 months). Pparα deficiency alleviated the age-related reduction of NPC proliferation (BrdU+ cells) in the SVZ of the 18-months-old mice. While no genotype effect on NPC proliferation was detected in the SGZ during aging, an accentuated reduction in the number of Dcx+ cells was observed in the SGZ of the 6-months-old Pparα−/− mice. Exposing the 18-months-old mice to nutritional and environmental enrichments reversed the Pparα−/−-induced impairment of NPC proliferation in the neurogenic zones analyzed. The enriched environment did not modify the number of SGZ Dcx+ cells in the 18 months old Pparα−/− mice. These results identify PPARα receptors as a potential target to counteract the naturally observed decline in adult NPC proliferation associated with aging and impoverished environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Pérez-Martín
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Patricia Rivera
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo Blanco
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de MálagaMálaga, Spain; Departament de Pedagogia i Psicologia, Facultat d'Educació, Psicologia i Treball Social, Universitat de LleidaLleida, Spain
| | - Clara Lorefice
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain; UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Juan Decara
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pavón
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Lee MS, Cho SM, Lee MH, Lee EO, Kim SH, Lee HJ. Ethanol extract of Pinus koraiensis leaves containing lambertianic acid exerts anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects by activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:51. [PMID: 26846328 PMCID: PMC4743410 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemic mechanisms of lambertianic acid (LA) isolated from Pinus koraiensis leaves and the ethanol extract of Pinus koraiensis leaves (EPK), both in vitro and in vivo. Methods Differentiated 3T3L-1 cells were treated with EPK (25 or 50 μg/mL) or LA (200 μM) and analyzed by western blotting or RT-PCR. In vitro, lipid accumulation of adipocytes was observed using Oil-Red-O staining and triglyceride analysis. The contribution of AMPK to anti-obesity activity was assessed by siRNA-mediated AMPK knockdown. After AMPK silencing, expression of AMPK was observed by western blotting. To confirm the in vitro activity, an animal study was conducted by administering a normal diet, HFD, and EPK for 6 weeks. Obesity-related physiological parameters and protein levels were measured. Results LA induced the expression of p-AMPK and inhibited PPARγ, C/EBP α, adiponectin, FAS, SREBP-1, and HMGCR expression. EPK containing LA significantly decreased lipid accumulation and triglyceride levels in the differentiated 3 T3-L1 cells. EPK treatment suppressed the expression of adipogenic transcription factors, FABP, GPDH, and cholesterol-synthesis-related factors in the differentiated 3 T3-L1 cells. EPK increased the expression of p-AMPK. The effects of EPK were reversed on inhibiting AMPK by using AMPK siRNA and compound C. In vivo analysis showed that body weight gain, serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and AI value in the EPK treatment group were lower than those in the HFD control group. EPK induced the expression of p-AMPK and inhibited PPARγ in liver and adipose tissue. Conclusions Overall, the results suggest that EPK containing LA exerts significant anti-obesity and cholesterol-lowering effects by activating AMPK. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1031-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
214
|
Lee JY, Ha JJ, Park YS, Yi JK, Lee S, Mun S, Han K, Kim JJ, Kim HJ, Oh DY. Relationship between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Gene and Fatty Acid Composition in Korean Native Cattle. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:184-94. [PMID: 26732443 PMCID: PMC4698698 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) gene plays an important role in the biosynthesis process controlled by a number of fatty acid transcription factors. This study investigates the relationships between 130 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PPARγ gene and the fatty acid composition of muscle fat in the commercial population of Korean native cattle. We identified 38 SNPs and verified relationships between 3 SNPs (g.1159-71208 A>G, g.42555-29812 G>A, and g.72362 G>T) and the fatty acid composition of commercial Korean native cattle (n = 513). Cattle with the AA genotype of g.1159-71208 A>G and the GG genotype of g.42555-29812 G>A and g.72362 G>T had higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids and carcass traits (p<0.05). The results revealed that the 3 identified SNPs in the PPARγ gene affected fatty acid composition and carcass traits, suggesting that these 3 SNPs may improve the flavor and quality of beef in commercial Korean native cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jea-Young Lee
- Livestock Research institute, Yeongju 750-871, Korea
| | - Jae-Jung Ha
- Livestock Research institute, Yeongju 750-871, Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Park
- Department of Equine Industry, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Hwaseong 445-760, Korea
| | - Jun-Koo Yi
- Livestock Research institute, Yeongju 750-871, Korea
| | - Seunguk Lee
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo 113-8657, Tokyo
| | - Seyoung Mun
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea; DKU-Theragen institute for NGS analysis (DTiNa), Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| | - Kyudong Han
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea; DKU-Theragen institute for NGS analysis (DTiNa), Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| | - J-J Kim
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Kim
- Livestock Research institute, Yeongju 750-871, Korea
| | - Dong-Yep Oh
- Livestock Research institute, Yeongju 750-871, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Bosetti M, Sabbatini M, Calarco A, Borrone A, Peluso G, Cannas M. Effect of retinoic acid and vitamin D3 on osteoblast differentiation and activity in aging. J Bone Miner Metab 2016; 34:65-78. [PMID: 25691285 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-014-0642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have evidenced that in aging, osteoblast functional activity is impaired: osteoblast proliferation is slower and matrix deposition is less efficient. Because peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2) and fatty acids are important inhibitory signals in osteoblast development, we have investigated in human primary osteoblasts obtained from patients of different ages, the influence of retinoic acid and calcitriol on enzymes involved in differentiative (PPARγ2, β-catenin, and insulin-like growth factor 1) and metabolic (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1) intracellular pathways, and on transglutaminase 2, as enzyme fundamental for stabilizing the newly deposited extracellular matrix in bone. Retinoic acid and calcitriol influenced, respectively, proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, and an increase in PPARγ2 expression was observed following retinoic acid administration, whereas a decrease was observed following calcitriol administration. Aging widely influenced all parameters analyzed (the proliferation, differentiation, and new matrix deposition are significantly reduced in aged osteoblasts), with the exception of PPARγ2, which we found to be constitutively overexpressed and not modulated by retinoic acid or calcitriol administration. Our findings show the impaired ability of aged osteoblasts to perform adequate functional response and draw attention to the therapeutic approaches for bone healing in elderly patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bosetti
- Pharmacy Science Department, University of Eastern Piedmont, Alessandria, Novara, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sabbatini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Alessandria, Novara, Vercelli, Italy.
- Dipartmento Scienze della Salute, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy.
| | - Anna Calarco
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Borrone
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Alessandria, Novara, Vercelli, Italy
| | | | - Mario Cannas
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Alessandria, Novara, Vercelli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Shyni GL, Sasidharan K, Francis SK, Das AA, Nair MS, Raghu KG. Licarin B from Myristica fragrans improves insulin sensitivity via PPARγ and activation of GLUT4 in the IRS-1/PI3K/AKT pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Licarin B, a major bioactive compound isolated fromMyristica fragransmace improves glucose uptakeviaPPARγ and GLUT4 translocation in IRS-1/PI3K/AKT pathway in adipocytes
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. L. Shyni
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram
- India
| | - Kavitha Sasidharan
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram
- India
| | - Sajin K. Francis
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram
- India
| | - Arya A. Das
- Computational Modeling and Simulation Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram
- India
| | - Mangalam S. Nair
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram
- India
| | - K. G. Raghu
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram
- India
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Malan-Müller S, Kilian S, van den Heuvel LL, Bardien S, Asmal L, Warnich L, Emsley RA, Hemmings SMJ, Seedat S. A systematic review of genetic variants associated with metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2016; 170:1-17. [PMID: 26621002 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of factors that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), one of the leading causes of mortality in patients with schizophrenia. Incidence rates of MetS are significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia compared to the general population. Several factors contribute to this high comorbidity. This systematic review focuses on genetic factors and interrogates data from association studies of genes implicated in the development of MetS in patients with schizophrenia. We aimed to identify variants that potentially contribute to the high comorbidity between these disorders. PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were accessed and a systematic review of published studies was conducted. Several genes showed strong evidence for an association with MetS in patients with schizophrenia, including the fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO), leptin and leptin receptor genes (LEP, LEPR), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and the serotonin receptor 2C gene (HTR2C). Genetic association studies in complex disorders are convoluted by the multifactorial nature of these disorders, further complicating investigations of comorbidity. Recommendations for future studies include assessment of larger samples, inclusion of healthy controls, longitudinal rather than cross-sectional study designs, detailed capturing of data on confounding variables for both disorders and verification of significant findings in other populations. In future, big genomic datasets may allow for the calculation of polygenic risk scores in risk prediction of MetS in patients with schizophrenia. This could ultimately facilitate early, precise, and patient-specific pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to minimise CVD associated morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Malan-Müller
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa; SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Sanja Kilian
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Soraya Bardien
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laila Asmal
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Louise Warnich
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Robin A Emsley
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sîan M J Hemmings
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa; SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Lee JH, Kim T, Lee JJ, Lee KJ, Kim HK, Yun B, Jeon J, Kim SK, Ma JY. The Herbal Medicine KBH-1 Inhibits Fat Accumulation in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and Reduces High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity through Regulation of the AMPK Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142041. [PMID: 26649747 PMCID: PMC4674115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether a novel formulation of an herbal extract, KBH-1, has an inhibitory effect on obesity. To determine its anti-obesity effects and its underlying mechanism, we performed anti-obesity-related experiments in vitro and in vivo. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were analyzed for lipid accumulation as well as the protein and gene expression of molecular targets involved in fatty acid synthesis. To determine whether KBH-1 oral administration results in a reduction in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, we examined five groups (n = 9) of C57BL/6 mice as follows: 10% kcal fat diet-fed mice (ND), 60% kcal fat diet-fed mice (HFD), HFD-fed mice treated with orlistat (tetrahydrolipstatin, marketed under the trade name Xenical), HFD-fed mice treated with 150 mg/kg KBH-1 (KBH-1 150) and HFD-fed mice treated with 300 mg/kg KBH-1 (KBH-1 300). During adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells in vitro, KBH-1 significantly reduced lipid accumulation and down-regulated the expression of master adipogenic transcription factors, including CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) β, C/EBP α and peroxisome proliferation-activity receptor (PPAR) γ, which led to the suppression of the expression of several adipocyte-specific genes and proteins. KBH-1 also markedly phosphorylated the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). In addition, KBH-1-induced the inhibition effect on lipid accumulation and AMPK-mediated signal activation were decreased by blocking AMPK phosphorylation using AMPK siRNA. Furthermore, daily oral administration of KBH-1 resulted in dose-dependent decreases in body weight, fat pad mass and fat tissue size without systemic toxicity. These results suggest that KBH-1 inhibits lipid accumulation by down-regulating the major transcription factors of the adipogenesis pathway by regulating the AMPK pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and in mice with HFD-induced obesity. These results implicate KBH-1, a safe herbal extract, as a potential anti-obesity therapeutic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Lee
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 305–811, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305–764, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesoo Kim
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 305–811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Jin Lee
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 305–811, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Jin Lee
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 305–811, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyu Kim
- Nutraceutical Food R&D center, Kolmar BNH, 22–15 Sandan-gil, Jeonui-myeon, Sejong, 339–851, Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Yun
- Nutraceutical Food R&D center, Kolmar BNH, 22–15 Sandan-gil, Jeonui-myeon, Sejong, 339–851, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwook Jeon
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 305–811, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305–764, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SKK); (JYM)
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 305–811, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SKK); (JYM)
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Mangoni M, Sottili M, Gerini C, Bonomo P, Bottoncetti A, Castiglione F, Franzese C, Cassani S, Greto D, Masoni T, Meattini I, Pallotta S, Passeri A, Pupi A, Vanzi E, Biti G, Livi L. A PPAR-gamma agonist attenuates pulmonary injury induced by irradiation in a murine model. Lung Cancer 2015; 90:405-9. [PMID: 26791799 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Due to its anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic and antineoplastic properties, the PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone is of interest in the prevention and therapy of radiation-induced pulmonary injury. We evaluated the radioprotective effects of rosiglitazone in a murine model of pulmonary damage to determine whether radioprotection was selective for normal and tumor tissues. METHODS Lungs in C57BL/6J mice were irradiated (19 Gy) with or without rosiglitazone (RGZ, 5mg/kg/day for 16 weeks, oral gavage). Computed tomography (CT) was performed and Hounsfield Units (HU) were determined during the observation period. Histological analysis and evaluation of fibrosis/inflammatory markers by western blot were performed at 16 weeks. A549 tumor-bearing CD1 mice were irradiated (16 Gy) with or without RGZ, and tumor volumes were measured at 35 days. RESULTS Rosiglitazone reduced radiologic and histologic signs of fibrosis, inflammatory infiltrate, alterations to alveolar structures, and HU lung density that was increased due to irradiation. RGZ treatment also significantly decreased Col1, NF-kB and TGF-β expression and increased Bcl-2 protein expression compared to the irradiation group and reduced A549 clonogenic survival and xenograft tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS Rosiglitazone exerted a protective effect on normal tissues in radiation-induced pulmonary injury, while irradiated lung cancer cells were not protected in vivo and in vitro. Thus, rosiglitazone could be proposed as a radioprotective agent in the treatment of lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mangoni
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Mariangela Sottili
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Gerini
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Bonomo
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Bottoncetti
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Castiglione
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Ciro Franzese
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Cassani
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Greto
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Tatiana Masoni
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Icro Meattini
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Pallotta
- Medical Physic Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Passeri
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Pupi
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vanzi
- Medical Physic Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Biti
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Livi
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
He AY, Liu CZ, Chen LQ, Ning LJ, Qin JG, Li JM, Zhang ML, Du ZY. Molecular characterization, transcriptional activity and nutritional regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 223:139-47. [PMID: 26002036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a master regulator in lipid metabolism and widely exists in vertebrates. However, the molecular structure and transcriptional activity of PPARγ in fish are still unclear. This study cloned PPARγ from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) referred as NtPPARγ and transfected the NtPPARγ plasmids into HEK-293 cells to explore its mechanism of transcriptional regulation in fish. The expression of NtPPARγ was compared in fed and fasted fish. Two transcripts of NtPPARγ varied at the 5'-untranslated region and the DNA binding domain was highly conserved. Thirty-nine amino acid residues in the ligand binding domain in Nile tilapia were different from those in human. Two transcripts showed different expression profiles in 11 tissues, but both were highly expressed in liver, intestine and kidney. The transcriptional activity assay showed that NtPPARγ collaborates with retinoid X-receptor α (NtRXRα) to regulate the expression of Nile tilapia fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), the compartment of which have been identified as the target gene of PPARγ in human. In the fish fasting trial, the mRNA expression of NtPPARγ1 and NtPPARγ2 in intestine and liver at 3h post-feeding (HPF) was lower than those at 8 HPF, 24 HPF and in fish fasted for 36h, but was relatively stable in kidney among different feeding treatments. In conclusion, the DNA binding domain in PPARγ was highly conserved, while the ligand binding domain was moderately conserved. In Nile tilapia, the PPARγ collaborates with RXRα to perform transcriptional regulation of FABP4 at least in vitro. The plasmid system established in this study along with a cell line from Nile tilapia will be useful tools for the further functional study of PPARγ in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An-Yuan He
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Cai-Zhi Liu
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Li-Qiao Chen
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Li-Jun Ning
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jian-Guang Qin
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jia-Ming Li
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Antidiabetic effect of novel benzenesulfonylureas as PPAR-γ agonists and their anticancer effect. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4601-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
222
|
Expression, regulation and functional assessment of the 80 amino acid Small Adipocyte Factor 1 (Smaf1) protein in adipocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 590:27-36. [PMID: 26427354 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The gene for Small Adipocyte Factor 1, Smaf1 (also known as adipogenin, ADIG), encodes a ∼600 base transcript that is highly upregulated during 3T3-L1 in vitro adipogenesis and markedly enriched in adipose tissues. Based on the lack of an obvious open reading frame in the Smaf1 transcript, it is not known if the Smaf1 gene is protein coding or non-coding RNA. Using a peptide from a putative open reading frame of Smaf1 as antigen, we generated antibodies for western analysis. Our studies prove that Smaf1 encodes an adipose-enriched protein which in western blot analysis migrates at ∼10 kDa. Rapid induction of Smaf1 protein occurs during in vitro adipogenesis and its expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes is positively regulated by insulin and glucose. Moreover, siRNA studies reveal that expression of Smaf1 in adipocytes is wholly dependent on PPARγ. On the other hand, use of siRNA for Smaf1 to nearly abolish its protein expression in adipocytes revealed that Smaf1 does not have a major role in adipocyte triglyceride accumulation, lipolysis or insulin-stimulated pAkt induction. However, immunolocalization studies using HA-tagged Smaf1 reveal enrichment at adipocyte lipid droplets. Together our findings show that Smaf1 is a novel small protein endogenous to adipocytes and that Smaf1 expression is closely tied to PPARγ-mediated signals and the adipocyte phenotype.
Collapse
|
223
|
Abstract
Cyclin D1 binds and activates cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 (Cdk4/6) to phosphorylate the retinoblastoma (RB) family proteins, relieving E2F/DPs from the negative restraint of RB proteins and histone deacetylases. The cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complexes activate cyclin E/Cdk2 through titration of the Cdk inhibitors p21Cip1/p27Kip1. Cyclin E/Cdk2 further phosphorylates RBs, thereby activating E2F/DPs, and cells enter the S phase of the cell cycle. Cyclin D-Cdk4/6 also phosphorylates MEP50 subunit of the protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), which cooperates with cyclin D1 to drive lymphomagenesis in vivo. Activated PRMPT5 causes arginine methylation of p53 to suppress expression of pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative target genes, explaining the molecular mechanism for tumorigenesis. Cyclin D1 physically interacts with transcription factors such as estrogen receptor, androgen receptor, and Myb family proteins to regulate gene expression in Cdk-independent fashion. Dmp1 is a Myb-like protein that quenches the oncogenic signals from activated Ras or HER2 by inducing Arf/p53-dependent cell cycle arrest. Cyclin D1 binds to Dmp1α to activate both Arf and Ink4a promoters to induce cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in non-transformed cells to prevent them from neoplastic transformation. Dmp1-deficiency significantly accelerates mouse mammary tumorigenesis with reduced apoptosis and increased metastasis. Cyclin D1 interferes with ligand activation of PPARγ involved in cellular differentiation; it also physically interacts with histone deacetylases (HDACs) and p300 to repress gene expression. It has also been shown that cyclin D1 accelerates tumorigenesis through transcriptional activation of miR-17/20 and Dicer1 which, in turn, represses cyclin D1 expression. Identification of cyclin D1-binding proteins/promoters will be essential for further clarification of its biological activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Elizabeth A Fry
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Choi S, Jung JE, Yang YR, Kim ES, Jang HJ, Kim EK, Kim IS, Lee JY, Kim JK, Seo JK, Kim JM, Park J, Suh PG, Choi JH. Novel phosphorylation of PPARγ ameliorates obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation and improves insulin sensitivity. Cell Signal 2015; 27:2488-95. [PMID: 26385316 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in adipose tissue is highly associated with insulin resistance. Herein, we demonstrate that a novel modification of PPARγ is strongly associated with inflammatory responses in adipose tissue. c-Src kinase directly phosphorylated PPARγ at Tyr78, and this process was reversed by protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B). In adipocytes, phosphorylation of PPARγ suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory genes as well as the secretion of chemokines and cytokines, thus reducing macrophage migration. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of c-Src kinase aggravated insulin resistance in obese mice with a concomitant increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in adipose tissue. These data strongly suggest that PPARγ phosphorylation is the key regulatory mechanism of the inflammatory response in adipose tissue, which is highly associated with glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, these data increase our understanding of the mechanical aspects of developing novel anti-diabetic drugs targeting PPARγ phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunsil Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Yong Ryoul Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Eun-Sun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Eung-Kyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Il Shin Kim
- UNIST Central Research Facilities, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Joo-Young Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Joong Kwan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Jeong Kon Seo
- UNIST Central Research Facilities, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Jung-Min Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Jang Hyun Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
225
|
Abstract
We have witnessed a rapid expansion of in vitro characterization and differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells, with increasing translation to both in vivo models and a breadth of clinical specialties. However, an appreciation of the truly heterogeneous nature of this unique stem cell group has identified a need to more accurately delineate subpopulations by any of a host of methods, to include functional properties or surface marker expression. Cells selected for improved proliferative, differentiative, angiogenic or ischemia-resistant properties are but a few attributes that could prove beneficial for targeted treatments or therapies. Optimizing cell culture conditions to permit re-introduction to patients is critical for clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavan S Johal
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Institute of Inflammation & Repair, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
226
|
Palou M, Sánchez J, García-Carrizo F, Palou A, Picó C. Pectin supplementation in rats mitigates age-related impairment in insulin and leptin sensitivity independently of reducing food intake. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics); University of the Balearic Islands and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Palma de Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain
| | - Juana Sánchez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics); University of the Balearic Islands and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Palma de Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain
| | - Francisco García-Carrizo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics); University of the Balearic Islands and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Palma de Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics); University of the Balearic Islands and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Palma de Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain
| | - Catalina Picó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics); University of the Balearic Islands and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Palma de Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Duan K, Sun Y, Zhang X, Zhang T, Zhang W, Zhang J, Wang G, Wang S, Leng L, Li H, Wang N. Identification and characterization of transcript variants of chicken peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2516-27. [PMID: 26286997 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma regulates adipogenesis. The genomic structure of the chicken peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (cPPARγ) gene has not been fully characterized, and only one cPPARγ gene mRNA sequence has been reported in genetic databases. Using 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends, we identified five different cPPARγ mRNAs that are transcribed from three transcription initiation sites. The open reading frame analysis showed that these five cPPARγ transcript variants (cPPARγ1 to 5) could encode two cPPARγ protein isoforms (cPPARγ1 and cPPARγ2), which differ only in their N-terminal region. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that, of these five cPPARγ transcript variants, cPPARγ1 was ubiquitously highly expressed in various chicken tissues, including adipose tissue, liver, kidney, spleen and duodenal; cPPARγ2 was exclusively highly expressed in adipose tissue; cPPARγ3 was highly expressed in adipose tissue, kidney, spleen and liver; cPPARγ4 and cPPARγ5 were ubiquitously weakly expressed in all the tested tissues, and comparatively, cPPARγ5 was highly expressed in adipose tissue, heart, liver and kidney. The comparison of the expression of the five cPPARγ transcript variants showed that adipose tissue cPPARγ1 expression was significantly higher in the fat line than in the lean line from 2 to 7 wk of age (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Adipose tissue cPPARγ3 expression was significantly higher in the fat line than in the lean line at 3, 5 and 6 wk of age (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), but lower at 4 wk of age (P < 0.05). Adipose tissue cPPARγ5 expression was significantly higher in the fat line than in the lean line at 3, 4, and 6 wk of age (P < 0.01) and at 2 and 7 wk of age (P < 0.05). This is the first report of transcript variants and protein isoforms of cPPARγ gene. Our findings provided a foundation for future investigations of the function and regulation of cPPARγ gene in adipose tissue development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Yingning Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China College of Life Science and Agriculture Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Tianmu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Wenjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Jiyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Guihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Shouzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Li Leng
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Tsave O, Halevas E, Yavropoulou MP, Kosmidis Papadimitriou A, Yovos JG, Hatzidimitriou A, Gabriel C, Psycharis V, Salifoglou A. Structure-specific adipogenic capacity of novel, well-defined ternary Zn(II)-Schiff base materials. Biomolecular correlations in zinc-induced differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes to adipocytes. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 152:123-37. [PMID: 26383120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Among the various roles of zinc discovered to date, its exogenous activity as an insulin mimetic agent stands as a contemporary challenge currently under investigation and a goal to pursue in the form of a metallodrug against type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Poised to investigate the adipogenic potential of Zn(II) and appropriately configure its coordination sphere into well-defined anti-diabetic forms, (a) a series of new well-defined ternary dinuclear Zn(II)-L (L=Schiff base ligands with a variable number of alcoholic moieties) compounds were synthesized and physicochemically characterized, (b) their cytotoxicity and migration effect(s) in both pre- and mature adipocytes were assessed, (c) their ability to effectively induce cell differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes into mature adipocytes was established, and (d) closely linked molecular targets involving or influenced by the specific Zn(II) forms were perused through molecular biological techniques, cumulatively delineating factors involved in Zn(II)-induced adipogenesis. Collectively, the results (a) reveal the significance of key structural features of Schiff ligands coordinated to Zn(II), thereby influencing its (a)toxicity behavior and insulin-like activity, (b) project molecular targets influenced by the specific forms of Zn(II) formulating its adipogenic potential, and (c) exemplify the interwoven relationship between Zn(II)-L structural speciation and insulin mimetic biological activity, thereby suggesting ways of fine tuning structure-specific zinc-induced adipogenicity in future efficient antidiabetic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Tsave
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - E Halevas
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - M P Yavropoulou
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA, University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - A Kosmidis Papadimitriou
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - J G Yovos
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA, University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - A Hatzidimitriou
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - C Gabriel
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece; Center for Research of the Structure of Matter, Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - V Psycharis
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology and Microsystems, Department of Materials Science, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi 15310, Attiki, Greece
| | - A Salifoglou
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Kim HL, Sim JE, Choi HM, Choi IY, Jeong MY, Park J, Jung Y, Youn DH, Cho JH, Kim JH, Hwang MW, Jin JS, Hong SH, Cho HW, Um JY. The AMPK pathway mediates an anti-adipogenic effect of fruits of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. Food Funct 2015; 5:2961-8. [PMID: 25224378 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00470a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hovenia dulcis Thunb. is well known as a treatment for liver disease. Several studies have demonstrated that extracts of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. or its purified compounds can serve as detoxifying agents for alcohol poisoning. However, its anti-obesity effect has not been reported thus far. In this study, the anti-obesity effect of water extracts from the fruits or stems of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. was examined in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The cellular lipid contents in 3T3-L1 adipocytes were assessed by Oil Red O staining. Fruits of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. (FHD) significantly inhibit lipid accumulation during adipogenesis in a dose-dependent manner, but not stems of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. FHD (100 μg ml(-1)) significantly down-regulates the expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein 2, adiponectin, and resistin, and the inhibition rates were 29.33%, 54.36%, 34.5%, 55.69%, and 60.39%, respectively. In addition, FHD (100 μg ml(-1)) also up-regulates the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-α, liver kinase B1 as a major AMPK kinase, and the downstream substrate acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and the inhibition rates were 43.52%, 38.25%, and 20.39%, respectively. These results indicate that FHD has a significant anti-obesity effect through the modulation of the AMPK pathway, suggesting that FHD has a potential benefit in preventing obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Lin Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
230
|
Jankovic A, Golic I, Markelic M, Stancic A, Otasevic V, Buzadzic B, Korac A, Korac B. Two key temporally distinguishable molecular and cellular components of white adipose tissue browning during cold acclimation. J Physiol 2015; 593:3267-80. [PMID: 26096127 DOI: 10.1113/jp270805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS White to brown adipose tissue conversion and thermogenesis can be ignited by different conditions or agents and its sustainability over the long term is still unclear. Browning of rat retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (rpWAT) during cold acclimation involves two temporally apparent components: (1) a predominant non-selective browning of most adipocytes and an initial sharp but transient induction of uncoupling protein 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) coactivator-1α, PPARγ and PPARα expression, and (2) the subsistence of relatively few thermogenically competent adipocytes after 45 days of cold acclimation. The different behaviours of two rpWAT beige/brown adipocyte subsets control temporal aspects of the browning process, and thus regulation of both components may influence body weight and the potential successfulness of anti-obesity therapies. ABSTRACT Conversion of white into brown adipose tissue may have important implications in obesity resistance and treatment. Several browning agents or conditions ignite thermogenesis in white adipose tissue (WAT). To reveal the capacity of WAT to function in a brownish/burning mode over the long term, we investigated the progression of the rat retroperitoneal WAT (rpWAT) browning during 45 days of cold acclimation. During the early stages of cold acclimation, the majority of rpWAT adipocytes underwent multilocularization and thermogenic-profile induction, as demonstrated by the presence of a multitude of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-immunopositive paucilocular adipocytes containing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and PR domain-containing 16 (PRDM16) in their nuclei. After 45 days, all adipocytes remained PRDM16 immunopositive, but only a few multilocular adipocytes rich in mitochondria remained UCP1/PGC-1α immunopositive. Molecular evidence showed that thermogenic recruitment of rpWAT occurred following cold exposure, but returned to starting levels after cold acclimation. Compared with controls (22 ± 1 °C), levels of UCP1 mRNA increased in parallel with PPARγ (PPARα from days 1 to 7 and PGC-1α on day 1). Transcriptional recruitment of rpWAT was followed by an increase in UCP1 protein content (from days 1 to 21). Results clearly showed that most of the adipocytes within rpWAT underwent transient brown-fat-like thermogenic recruitment upon stimulation, but only a minority of cells retained a brown adipose tissue-like phenotype after the attainment of cold acclimation. Therefore, browning of WAT is dependent on both maintaining the thermogenic response and retaining enough brown-like thermogenically competent adipocytes in the long-term. Both aspects of browning could be important for long-term energy homeostasis and body-weight regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Jankovic
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research 'Sinisa Stankovic', University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Igor Golic
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Electron Microscopy, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Markelic
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Electron Microscopy, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Stancic
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research 'Sinisa Stankovic', University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Otasevic
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research 'Sinisa Stankovic', University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Buzadzic
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research 'Sinisa Stankovic', University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Korac
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Electron Microscopy, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bato Korac
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research 'Sinisa Stankovic', University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Kim DH, Choi KC, Ichinohe T, Song SH. Effects of different roughage sources and feeding levels on adipogenesis of ovine adipocytes. Anim Sci J 2015; 86:943-51. [PMID: 26153850 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to conduct an adipogenic evaluation of different roughage sources and feeding levels during ruminant adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Six wether sheep were divided into a timothy hay feeding group (TFG, n = 3) and an Italian ryegrass straw feeding group (IFG, n = 3). The sheep were fed high-roughage (HR), medium roughage (MR) and low-roughage (LR) diets in a one-way layout design each over a 6-day period. Sheep serum samples collected on the last day of each dietary treatment were added to an adipogenic induction medium for differentiation of preadipocytes derived from sheep subcutaneous adipose tissue. The cytoplasmic lipid accumulations in the TFG serum-treated preadipocytes were significantly higher than those of the IFG-serum treated preadipocytes on day 12. Messenger RNA expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)-α, C/EBP-β, C/EBP-δ, fatty-acid-binding protein (aP2) and stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) were regulated by each serum treatment. This study shows that different roughage source diets and roughage-to-concentrate ratio diets can regulate adipocyte differentiation via ruminant blood composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Kim
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Ki-Choon Choi
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Toshiyoshi Ichinohe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Sang-Houn Song
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Environmental Enrichment Attenuated Sevoflurane-Induced Neurotoxicity through the PPAR-γ Signaling Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:107149. [PMID: 26236713 PMCID: PMC4506847 DOI: 10.1155/2015/107149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sevoflurane is the most widely used inhaled anesthetic. Environmental enrichment (EE) can reverse sevoflurane-induced learning and memory impairment in young mice. However, the mechanism by which EE elicits this effect is unclear. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) regulatory pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of inflammation in central nervous system diseases. In this study, we investigated whether EE attenuates sevoflurane-induced learning and memory disability via the PPAR signaling pathway. Six-day-old mice were treated with 3% sevoflurane for 2 hours daily from postnatal day 6 (P6) to P8. Then, the mice were treated with EE. The effects of sevoflurane on learning and memory function, PPAR-γ expression in the brain, and the numbers of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells and 5-bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells in the hippocampus were determined. Sevoflurane induced neuronal apoptosis and neurogenesis inhibition, which may impair learning and memory in young mice. Furthermore, sevoflurane downregulated PPAR-γ expression. Both EE and the PPAR-γ agonist, rosiglitazone, attenuated sevoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis, neurogenesis inhibition, and learning and memory impairment. Our findings suggest that EE ameliorated sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity and learning and memory impairment through the PPAR-γ signaling pathway. PPAR-γ may be a potential therapeutic target for preventing or treating sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity.
Collapse
|
233
|
Fang C, Li Y, Li C, Li B, Ren Y, Zheng H, Zeng X, Shen L, Lin W. Identification and comparative analysis of microRNAs in barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) in response to rice allelopathy. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1368-1381. [PMID: 25438645 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Rice allelopathy is a hot topic in the field of allelopathy, and behaviour of donor allelopathic rice has been well documented. However, few study addresses response of receiver barnyardgrass (BYG). We found that expression of miRNAs relevant to plant hormone signal transduction, nucleotide excision repair and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and p53 signalling pathways was enhanced in BYG co-cultured with the allelopathic rice cultivar PI312777, the expression levels of these miRNAs in BYG plants were positively correlated with allelopathic potential of the co-cultured rice varieties. Treatment of BYG plants with rice-produced phenolic acids also increased miRNA expression in BYG, while treatment with rice-produced terpenoids had no obvious effect on miRNA expression. In the hydroponic system, the largest number of Myxococcus sp. was found in the growth medium containing rice with the highest allelopathic potential. The addition of phenolic acids in the hydroponic medium also increased the number of Myxococcus sp. More interestingly, inoculation with Myxococcus xanthus significantly increased miRNA expression in the treated BYG. Jointed treatments of ferulic acid and M. xanthus led to strongest growth inhibition of BYG. The results suggest that there exist involvement of Myxococcus sp. and mediation of miRNA expression in rice allelopathy against BYG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changxun Fang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 35002, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology of Fujian Universities, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 35002, China
| | - Yingzhe Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 35002, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology of Fujian Universities, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 35002, China
| | - Chengxun Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 35002, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology of Fujian Universities, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 35002, China
| | - Biliang Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 35002, China
| | - Yongjie Ren
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 35002, China
| | - Haiping Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 35002, China
| | - Xiaomei Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 35002, China
| | - Lihua Shen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 35002, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology of Fujian Universities, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 35002, China
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 35002, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology of Fujian Universities, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 35002, China
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Zhang H, Gao Y, Qiao PF, Zhao FL, Yan Y. PPAR-α agonist regulates amyloid-β generation via inhibiting BACE-1 activity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells transfected with APPswe gene. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 408:37-46. [PMID: 26092426 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neuroinflammatory disease and is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Studies have shown the beneficial effects of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) agonists on the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases. The aim of the present study is to examine the ability of GW7647 (a PPAR-α agonist) to regulate amyloid precursor protein (APP) amyloidogenic processing in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells transfected with APPswe gene. After administration of GW7647 for 24 h, the levels of APP, soluble APPβ (sAPPβ), and presenilin 1 (PS-1) were assessed by Western blot. Cellular culture medium levels of amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42) were analyzed by ELISA, and the activity of beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1) was measured by fluorometric assay. We found that GW7647 decreased the expression of sAPPβ and the activity of BACE-1, and also reduced Aβ42 release. However, GW7647 did not modify the levels of APP and PS-1. Furthermore, LY294002, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitor, reversed the effects of GW7647 on the BACE-1 activity and the levels of sAPPβ and Aβ42. Our data demonstrate that GW7647 may reduce Aβ production via inhibiting BACE-1 activity, and this may involve in PI3-K pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1, Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Ying Gao
- Special Wards, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Pei-feng Qiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1, Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Feng-li Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1, Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yong Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1, Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Aouali N, Broukou A, Bosseler M, Keunen O, Schlesser V, Janji B, Palissot V, Stordeur P, Berchem G. Epigenetic Activity of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Agonists Increases the Anticancer Effect of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors on Multiple Myeloma Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130339. [PMID: 26091518 PMCID: PMC4474836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications play a major role in the development of multiple myeloma. We have previously reported that the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone (PIO) enhances, in-vitro, the cytotoxic effect of the Histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), valproic acid (VPA), on multiple myeloma cells. Here, we described the development of a new multiple myeloma mouse model using MOLP8 cells, in order to evaluate the effect of VPA/PIO combination on the progression of myeloma cells, by analyzing the proliferation of bone marrow plasma cells. We showed that VPA/PIO delays the progression of the disease and the invasion of myeloma cells in the bone marrow. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that VPA/PIO increases the cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP, and induces the acetylation of Histone 3 (H3). Furthermore, we provided evidence that PPARγ agonist is able to enhance the action of other HDACi such as Vorinostat or Mocetinostat. Using PPARγ antagonist or siPPARγ, we strongly suggest that, as described during adipogenesis, PIO behaves as an epigenetic regulator by improving the activity of HDACi. This study highlights the therapeutic benefit of PIO/VPA combination, compared to VPA treatment as a single-arm therapy on multiple myeloma and further highlights that such combination may constitute a new promising treatment strategy which should be supported by clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nassera Aouali
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, LHCE, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
- * E-mail:
| | - Angeliki Broukou
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, LHCE, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Manon Bosseler
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, LHCE, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Olivier Keunen
- Laboratory Neuro-Oncology, Norlux, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Vincent Schlesser
- Laboratory of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Bassam Janji
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, LHCE, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Valerie Palissot
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, LHCE, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Philippe Stordeur
- Biotechnology Department, Experimental Infectious Diseases Platform, CER Group, Marloie, Belgium
| | - Guy Berchem
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, LHCE, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
- Laboratory of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Strassen, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
γ-Oryzanol Enhances Adipocyte Differentiation and Glucose Uptake. Nutrients 2015; 7:4851-61. [PMID: 26083118 PMCID: PMC4488819 DOI: 10.3390/nu7064851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that brown rice improves glucose intolerance and potentially the risk of diabetes, although the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. One of the phytochemicals found in high concentration in brown rice is γ-oryzanol (Orz), a group of ferulic acid esters of phytosterols and triterpene alcohols. Here, we found that Orz stimulated differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and increased the protein expression of adipogenic marker genes such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and CCAAT/enhanced binding protein alpha (C/EBPα). Moreover, Orz significantly increased the glucose uptake in insulin-resistant cells and translocation of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) from the cytosol to the cell surface. To investigate the mechanism by which Orz stimulated cell differentiation, we examined its effects on cellular signaling of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a central mediator of cellular growth and proliferation. The Orz treatment increased mTORC1 kinase activity based on phosphorylation of 70-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1). The effect of Orz on adipocyte differentiation was dependent on mTORC1 activity because rapamycin blocks cell differentiation in Orz-treated cells. Collectively, our results indicate that Orz stimulates adipocyte differentiation, enhances glucose uptake, and may be associated with cellular signaling mediated by PPAR-γ and mTORC1.
Collapse
|
237
|
Grimaldi M, Boulahtouf A, Delfosse V, Thouennon E, Bourguet W, Balaguer P. Reporter cell lines to evaluate the selectivity of chemicals for human and zebrafish estrogen and peroxysome proliferator activated γ receptors. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:212. [PMID: 26106289 PMCID: PMC4460427 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish is increasingly used as an animal model to study the effects of environmental nuclear receptors (NRs) ligands. As most of these compounds have only been tested on human NRs, it is necessary to measure their effects on zebrafish NRs. Estrogen receptors (ER) α and β and peroxysome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) γ are main targets of environmental disrupting compounds (EDCs). In humans there are two distinct nuclear ERs (hERα and hERβ), whereas the zebrafish genome encodes three ERs, zfERα, zfERβ1, and zfERβ2. Only one isoform of PPARγ is expressed in both humans and zebrafish. In this review, we described reporter cell lines that we established to study the interaction of EDCs with human and zebrafish ERs and PPARγ. Using these cell lines, we observed that zfERs are thermo-sensitive while zfPPARγ is not. We also showed significant differences in the ability of environmental and synthetic ligands to modulate activation of zfERs and zfPPARγ in comparison to hERs and hPPARγ. Some environmental estrogens (bisphenol A, mycoestrogens) which are hER panagonists displayed greater potency for zfERα as compared to zfERβs. hERβ selective agonists (8βVE2, DPN, phytoestrogens) also displayed zfERα selectivity. Among hERα selective synthetic agonists, 16α-LE2 was the most zfERα selective compound. Almost all zfPPARγ environmental ligands (halogenated bisphenol A derivatives, phthalates, perfluorinated compounds) displayed similar affinity for human and zebrafish PPARγ while pharmaceutical hPPARγ agonists like thiazolidones are not recognized by zfPPARγ. Altogether, our studies show that all hERs and hPPARγ ligands do not control in a similar manner the transcriptional activity of zfERs and zfPPARγ and point out that care has to be taken in transposing the results obtained using the zebrafish as a model for human physiopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Grimaldi
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de MontpellierMontpellier, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1194Montpellier, France
- Université MontpellierMontpellier, France
- Institut Reìgional du Cancer de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Abdelhay Boulahtouf
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de MontpellierMontpellier, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1194Montpellier, France
- Université MontpellierMontpellier, France
- Institut Reìgional du Cancer de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Vanessa Delfosse
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1054Montpellier, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5048, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Université MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Erwan Thouennon
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de MontpellierMontpellier, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1194Montpellier, France
- Université MontpellierMontpellier, France
- Institut Reìgional du Cancer de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - William Bourguet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1054Montpellier, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5048, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Université MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de MontpellierMontpellier, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1194Montpellier, France
- Université MontpellierMontpellier, France
- Institut Reìgional du Cancer de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ in Ocular Diseases. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:275435. [PMID: 26146566 PMCID: PMC4471377 DOI: 10.1155/2015/275435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR γ), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays an important role in the control of a variety of physiological processes. The last decade has witnessed an increasing interest for the role played by the agonists of PPAR γ in antiangiogenesis, antifibrosis, anti-inflammation effects and in controlling oxidative stress response in various organs. As the pathologic mechanisms of major blinding diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), keratitis, and optic neuropathy, often involve neoangiogenesis and inflammation- and oxidative stress-mediated cell death, evidences are accumulating on the potential benefits of PPAR γ to improve or prevent these vision threatening eye diseases. In this paper we describe what is known about the role of PPAR γ in the ocular pathophysiological processes and PPAR γ agonists as novel adjuvants in the treatment of eye diseases.
Collapse
|
239
|
Ren H, Gao Z, Wu N, Zeng L, Tang X, Chen X, Liu Z, Zhang W, Wang L, Li Z. Expression of REST4 in human gliomas in vivo and influence of pioglitazone on REST in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:504-9. [PMID: 26003726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The repressor element-1 (RE1) silencing transcription factor/neuron-restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF) has an irreplaceable role during the differentiation of neurons. REST has multiple splice variants which link to various types of cancer. Previous work had highlighted the role of REST in glioma, where the expression of REST is enhanced. But whether alternative splicing of REST is expressed in glioma has not been described. Here, we show that a specific isoform REST4 is expressed in glioma specimens, and will influence the mRNA level of REST in vivo. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonists have a role of antineoplastic in various tumor cells, which including glioma cells. Moreover, study indicated that PPARγ agonist pioglitazone can promote alternative splicing of REST pre-mRNA. In this study, we selected pioglitazone as a tool drug to explore whether the role of pioglitazone in anti-glioma is mediated by regulating REST expression or promoting alternative splicing of REST in glioma cells. Results show that pioglitazone can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of glioma cell in vitro, which may be mediated by down-regulating REST mRNA level but not by inducing alternative splicing of REST pre-mRNA. Our study firstly reports the expression of REST4 in glioma tissue samples. And we recommend that pioglitazone, which can reduce the expression level of REST, represents a promising drug for therapy of glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ren
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Zhangfeng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Nayiyuan Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Liu Zeng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xinyue Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Zhaoqian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Liansheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
A candidate gene study reveals association between a variant of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPAR-γ) gene and systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:128. [PMID: 25986483 PMCID: PMC4437446 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The multifunctional nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) has potent anti-fibrotic effects, and its expression and activity are impaired in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). We investigated PPAR-γ gene (PPARG) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with SSc. Methods Tag SNPs spanning PPARG were genotyped in a European ancestry US discovery cohort comprising 152 SSc patients and 450 controls, with replication of our top signal in a European cohort (1031 SSc patients and 1014 controls from France). Clinical parameters and disease severity were analyzed to evaluate clinical associations with PPARG variants. Results In the discovery cohort, a single PPARG intronic SNP (rs10865710) was associated with SSc (p = 0.010; odds ratio = 1.52 per C allele, 95% confidence interval 1.10-2.08). This association was replicated in the French validation cohort (p = 0.052; odds ratio = 1.16 per C allele, 95% confidence interval 1.00-1.35). Meta-analysis of both cohorts indicated stronger evidence for association (p = 0.002; odds ratio = 1.22 per C allele, 95% confidence interval 1.07-1.40). The rs10865710 C allele was also associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension in the French SSc cohort (p = 0.002; odds ratio = 2.33 per C allele, 95% confidence interval 1.34-4.03). Conclusions A PPARG variant is associated with susceptibility to SSc, consistent with a role of PPAR-γ in the pathogenesis of SSc. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0641-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
241
|
Parham KA, Zebol JR, Tooley KL, Sun WY, Moldenhauer LM, Cockshell MP, Gliddon BL, Moretti PA, Tigyi G, Pitson SM, Bonder CS. Sphingosine 1-phosphate is a ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ that regulates neoangiogenesis. FASEB J 2015; 29:3638-53. [PMID: 25985799 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-261289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid that can function both extracellularly and intracellularly to mediate a variety of cellular processes. Using lipid affinity matrices and a radiolabeled lipid binding assay, we reveal that S1P directly interacts with the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ. Herein, we show that S1P treatment of human endothelial cells (ECs) activated a luciferase-tagged PPARγ-specific gene reporter by ∼12-fold, independent of the S1P receptors. More specifically, in silico docking, gene reporter, and binding assays revealed that His323 of the PPARγ ligand binding domain is important for binding to S1P. PPARγ functions when associated with coregulatory proteins, and herein we identify that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1 (PGC1)β binds to PPARγ in ECs and their progenitors (nonadherent endothelial forming cells) and that the formation of this PPARγ:PGC1β complex is increased in response to S1P. ECs treated with S1P selectively regulated known PPARγ target genes with PGC1β and plasminogen-activated inhibitor-1 being increased, no change to adipocyte fatty acid binding protein 2 and suppression of CD36. S1P-induced in vitro tube formation was significantly attenuated in the presence of the PPARγ antagonist GW9662, and in vivo application of GW9662 also reduced vascular development in Matrigel plugs. Interestingly, activation of PPARγ by the synthetic ligand troglitazone also reduced tube formation in vitro and in vivo. To support this, Sphk1(-/-)Sphk2(+/-) mice, with low circulating S1P levels, demonstrated a similar reduction in vascular development. Taken together, our data reveal that the transcription factor, PPARγ, is a bona fide intracellular target for S1P and thus suggest that the S1P:PPARγ:PGC1β complex may be a useful target to manipulate neovascularization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Parham
- *Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Biomarker Translation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Julia R Zebol
- *Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Biomarker Translation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Katie L Tooley
- *Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Biomarker Translation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wai Y Sun
- *Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Biomarker Translation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lachlan M Moldenhauer
- *Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Biomarker Translation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michaelia P Cockshell
- *Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Biomarker Translation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Briony L Gliddon
- *Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Biomarker Translation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Paul A Moretti
- *Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Biomarker Translation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- *Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Biomarker Translation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stuart M Pitson
- *Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Biomarker Translation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Claudine S Bonder
- *Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Biomarker Translation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Donoso O, Pino AM, Seitz G, Osses N, Rodríguez JP. Osteoporosis-associated alteration in the signalling status of BMP-2 in human MSCs under adipogenic conditions. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:1267-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Donoso
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular; INTA; Universidad de Chile
| | - Ana María Pino
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular; INTA; Universidad de Chile
| | | | - Nelson Osses
- Facultad de Ciencias; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso
| | | |
Collapse
|
243
|
Taheri M, Salamian A, Ghaedi K, Peymani M, Izadi T, Nejati AS, Atefi A, Nematollahi M, Ahmadi Ghahrizjani F, Esmaeili M, Kiani Esfahani A, Irani S, Baharvand H, Nasr-Esfahani MH. A ground state of PPARγ activity and expression is required for appropriate neural differentiation of hESCs. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:1103-14. [PMID: 26481528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several evidences indicate stimulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARg), promotes neuronal differentiation. This study was conducted to testify the prominence of PPARγ during neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). METHODS PPARγ expression level was assessed during neural differentiation of hESCs. Meanwhile, the level of endogenous miRNAs, which could be engaged in regulation of PPARγ expression, was measured. Next, natural and synthetic components of PPARγ agonists and antagonist were implemented on neural progenitor formation during neural differentiation of hESCs. RESULTS Data showed an increasing wave of PPARγ expression level when human neural progenitors (NPs) were formed upon retinoic acid treatment. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in the amount of PPARγ proteins during the differentiation of hESCs that is inconsistent with what we observed for RNA level. Our results indicated that miRNAs are not involved in the regulation of PPARγ expression, while proteasome-mediated degradation may to some degree be involved in this process. Among numerous treatments, PPARγ inactivation during NPs formation significantly decreased expression of NP markers. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a ground state of PPARγ activity is required for NP formation of hESCs during early neural differentiation. However, high expression and activity of PPARγ could not enhance the required neural differentiation, whereas the PPARγ inactivation could negatively influence NP formation from hESCs by antagonist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Taheri
- Biology Department, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Salamian
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Izadi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Shoaraye Nejati
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Atefeh Atefi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Nematollahi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadi Ghahrizjani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Esmaeili
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Kiani Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shiva Irani
- Biology Department, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
Park HK, Kim H, Kim HG, Cho YM, Jung WY, Han HS, Hwang TS, Kwon GY, Lim SD. Expression of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor gamma in Prostatic Adenocarcinoma. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:533-41. [PMID: 25931782 PMCID: PMC4414635 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.5.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), a ligand-activated transcription factor has been investigated as the target for cancer treatment as well as metabolic disorders. Recent studies have demonstrated that PPAR-γ ligands are anti-tumorigenic in prostate cancer due to anti-proliferative and pro-differentiation effects. The aim of this study was to validate PPAR-γ expression in malignant and benign prostate tissues by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 730 prostatic adenocarcinomas (PCAs) including 63 whole sections from radical prostatectomy specimens and tissue microarrays containing 667 PCAs were subject to immunostaining for two PPAR-γ antibodies. Twenty-five benign prostate tissues and PCAs were selected for investigating mRNA expression by quantitative real-time PCR. 10.7% of PCAs (78/730) showed cytoplasmic immunoreactivity of PPAR-γ and no nuclear immunoreactivity was noted in PCAs. Most benign prostatic glands showed negative immunoreactivity of PPAR-γ except for variable weak cytoplasmic staining in some glands. Nuclear immunoreactivity of PPAR-γ was noted some central zone and verumontanum mucosal epithelium. The constitutive PPAR-γ mRNA showed significantly lower level in PCAs compared to that in the benign tissues. There was no difference of PPAR-γ mRNA expression between low (≤7) and high (>7) Gleason score groups. There was no association of PPAR-γ mRNA level or cytoplasmic immunostaining with Gleason grade or pathologic stage. Our study supported the evidence of extra-nuclear localization and nongenomic actions of PPAR-γ. Further studies are needed to assess the functional role of PPAR-γ and to validate its therapeutic implication in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - HyunKyung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeong-Gon Kim
- Department of Urology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Mee Cho
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woon Yong Jung
- Department of Pathology, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Han
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Sook Hwang
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ghee Young Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Dug Lim
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Lewis SN, Garcia Z, Hontecillas R, Bassaganya-Riera J, Bevan DR. Pharmacophore modeling improves virtual screening for novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligands. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2015; 29:421-39. [PMID: 25616366 PMCID: PMC4395532 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-015-9831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is a nuclear hormone receptor involved in regulating various metabolic and immune processes. The PPAR family of receptors possesses a large binding cavity that imparts promiscuity of ligand binding not common to other nuclear receptors. This feature increases the challenge of using computational methods to identify PPAR ligands that will dock favorably into a structural model. Utilizing both ligand- and structure-based pharmacophore methods, we sought to improve agonist prediction by grouping ligands according to pharmacophore features, and pairing models derived from these features with receptor structures for docking. For 22 of the 33 receptor structures evaluated we observed an increase in true positive rate (TPR) when screening was restricted to compounds sharing molecular features found in rosiglitazone. A combination of structure models used for docking resulted in a higher TPR (40 %) when compared to docking with a single structure model (<20 %). Prediction was also improved when specific protein-ligand interactions between the docked ligands and structure models were given greater weight than the calculated free energy of binding. A large-scale screen of compounds using a marketed drug database verified the predictive ability of the selected structure models. This study highlights the steps necessary to improve screening for PPARγ ligands using multiple structure models, ligand-based pharmacophore data, evaluation of protein-ligand interactions, and comparison of docking datasets. The unique combination of methods presented here holds potential for more efficient screening of compounds with unknown affinity for PPARγ that could serve as candidates for therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Lewis
- Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
246
|
Huang L, Chen J, Cao P, Pan H, Ding C, Xiao T, Zhang P, Guo J, Su Z. Anti-obese effect of glucosamine and chitosan oligosaccharide in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2732-56. [PMID: 25942093 PMCID: PMC4446603 DOI: 10.3390/md13052732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study is to evaluate the anti-obese effects of glucosamine (GLC) and chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) on high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Methods: The rats were randomly divided into twelve groups: a normal diet group (NF), a high-fat diet group (HF), Orlistat group, GLC high-, middle-, and low-dose groups (GLC-H, GLC-M, GLC-L), COS1 (COS, number-average molecular weight ≤1000) high-, middle-, and low-dose groups (COS1-H, COS1-M, COS1-L), and COS2 (COS, number-average molecular weight ≤3000) high-, middle-, and low-dose groups (COS2-H, COS2-M, COS2-L). All groups received oral treatment by gavage once daily for a period of six weeks. Results: Rats fed with COS1 gained the least weight among all the groups (P < 0.01), and these rats lost more weight than those treated with Orlistat. In addition to the COS2-H and Orlistat groups, the serum total cholesterol (CHO) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were significantly reduced in all treatment groups compared to the HF group (P < 0.01). The various doses of GLC, COS1 and COS2 reduced the expression levels of PPARγ and LXRα mRNA in the white adipose tissue. Conclusions: The results above demonstrated that GLC, COS1, and COS2 improved dyslipidemia and prevented body weight gains by inhibiting the adipocyte differentiation in obese rats induced by a high-fat diet. Thus, these agents may potentially be used to treat obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Huang
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Peiqiu Cao
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Haitao Pan
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Chen Ding
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tiancun Xiao
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, OX1 3QR Oxford, UK.
- Guangzhou Boxabio Technology Ltd., Guangzhou Hi-Tech Development Zone, Guangzhou 510663, China.
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Guangzhou Boxabio Technology Ltd., Guangzhou Hi-Tech Development Zone, Guangzhou 510663, China.
| | - Jiao Guo
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
247
|
Im JY, Ki HH, Xin M, Kwon SU, Kim YH, Kim DK, Hong SP, Jin JS, Lee YM. Anti-obesity effect of Triticum aestivum sprout extract in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1133-40. [PMID: 25925980 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1006567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a common disease worldwide that often results in serious conditions including hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. Many herbal medicines have been examined with regard to ameliorating obesity. We investigated the anti-obesity effects of 50% EtOH extract of Triticum aestivum sprout (TAEE) in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. TAEE administration (10, 50, or 200 mg/kg) for 6 weeks significantly decreased the body weights, serum total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in HFD-fed mice. TAEE treatment reduced lipid accumulation in epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT) and liver. Moreover, TC and lipid levels were decreased by TAEE treatment in liver. Serum leptin and adiponectin concentrations were reduced by TAEE treatment. TAEE-treated mice showed decreases in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and fatty acid synthase expression in EWAT. Furthermore, TAEE administration elevated levels of PPARα protein in the liver of HFD-induced obese mice. These results suggest that TAEE supplementation might be beneficial for the treatment and prevention of obesity and related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Im
- a Department of Oriental Pharmacy , College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University , Iksan , Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
248
|
Segrè AV, Wei N, Altshuler D, Florez JC. Pathways targeted by antidiabetes drugs are enriched for multiple genes associated with type 2 diabetes risk. Diabetes 2015; 64:1470-83. [PMID: 25368101 PMCID: PMC4375079 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have uncovered >65 common variants associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D); however, their relevance for drug development is not yet clear. Of note, the first two T2D-associated loci (PPARG and KCNJ11/ABCC8) encode known targets of antidiabetes medications. We therefore tested whether other genes/pathways targeted by antidiabetes drugs are associated with T2D. We compiled a list of 102 genes in pathways targeted by marketed antidiabetic medications and applied Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (MAGENTA [Meta-Analysis Gene-set Enrichment of variaNT Associations]) to this gene set, using available GWAS meta-analyses for T2D and seven quantitative glycemic traits. We detected a strong enrichment of drug target genes associated with T2D (P = 2 × 10(-5); 14 potential new associations), primarily driven by insulin and thiazolidinedione (TZD) targets, which was replicated in an independent meta-analysis (Metabochip). The glycemic traits yielded no enrichment. The T2D enrichment signal was largely due to multiple genes of modest effects (P = 4 × 10(-4), after removing known loci), highlighting new associations for follow-up (ACSL1, NFKB1, SLC2A2, incretin targets). Furthermore, we found that TZD targets were enriched for LDL cholesterol associations, illustrating the utility of this approach in identifying potential side effects. These results highlight the potential biomedical relevance of genes revealed by GWAS and may provide new avenues for tailored therapy and T2D treatment design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayellet V Segrè
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Nancy Wei
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - David Altshuler
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jose C Florez
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
249
|
Loss of fibroblast growth factor 21 action induces insulin resistance, pancreatic islet hyperplasia and dysfunction in mice. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1707. [PMID: 25811804 PMCID: PMC4385948 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is an endocrine factor that normalizes glucose homeostasis and reduces insulin resistance in diabetes. Although the pancreas is an FGF21 target organ, its role in pancreatic islets remains obscure. This study aimed to elucidate the physiological role of FGF21 in pancreatic islets using FGF21-knockout (FGF21-KO) mice. Twenty-four-week-old male global FGF21-KO mice were used in this study. Glucose and insulin tolerance were assessed. Expression of genes and proteins related to islet function and underlying mechanisms were also examined. Islet morphology and insulin-secreting capacity were further evaluated. FGF21-KO mice exhibited insulin resistance while being normoglycemic, associated with increases in beta-cell proliferation and insulin synthesis, acting as compensatory responses. This phenotype probably results from enhanced growth hormone (GH) sensitivity in FGF21-KO mouse islets. In addition, ex vivo FGF21 treatment in normal C57BL/6J mouse islets reduced GH signaling, probably via upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and cytokine-inducible SH-2 containing (CIS) protein, whereas KO mouse islets displayed reduced PPARγ and CIS expression. FGF21 treatment also reversed GH-induced insulin expression, beta-cell proliferation and GH-impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in islets. Furthermore, distorted islet morphology and impaired GSIS were observed in KO mice, suggestive of islet dysfunction, whereas the enhanced insulin expression and impaired GSIS in FGF21-KO mouse islets could be reversed by blockade of GH signaling. Our data indicate that FGF21 is important in the regulation of beta-cell proliferation and insulin synthesis, probably via modulation of GH signaling. These findings provide evidence that FGF21 is an obligatory metabolic regulator in pancreatic islets and shed new light onto the role of endogenous FGF21 in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and islet dysfunction.
Collapse
|
250
|
Anti-hyperlipidemic and fat pad lowering effect of standardized tea seed cake extract in mice fed high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-014-0487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|