201
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Veselý P, Ernestová B, Nedvěd O, Fuchs R. Do predator energy demands or previous exposure influence protection by aposematic coloration of prey? Curr Zool 2017; 63:259-267. [PMID: 29491984 PMCID: PMC5804175 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence exists that aposematic and toxic prey may be included in a predator's diet when the predator experiences physiological stress. The tree sparrow Passer montanus is known to have a significant portion of aposematic and toxic ladybirds in its natural diet. Here, we present experiments testing the attack and eating rate of the tree sparrow toward the invasive aposematic harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis. We wondered whether the sparrow's ability to prey on native ladybirds predisposes them to also prey on harlequin ladybirds. We compared the attack and eating rates of tree sparrows of particular age and/or experience classes to test for any changes during ontogeny (hand-reared × young wild-caught ×adult wild-caught) and with differing perceived levels of physiological stress (summer adult × winter adult). Winter adult tree sparrows commonly attacked and ate the offered ladybirds with no evidence of disgust or metabolic difficulties after ingestion. Naïve and wild immature tree sparrows attacked the ladybirds but hesitated to eat them. Adult tree sparrows caught in the summer avoided attacking the ladybirds. These results suggest that tree sparrows are able to cope with chemicals ingested along with the ladybirds. This pre-adaptation enables them to include ladybirds in their diet; though they commonly do this only in times of shortage in insect availability (winter). Young sparrows showed avoidance toward the chemical protection of the ladybirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Veselý
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Ernestová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Oldřich Nedvěd
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Fuchs
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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202
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Preliasco M, Gardner D, Moraes J, González AC, Uriarte G, Rivero R. Senecio grisebachii Baker: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and experimental poisoning in calves. Toxicon 2017; 133:68-73. [PMID: 28478055 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The main objectives of this study were to determine the 1,2-dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloid (DHPA) content in Senecio grisebachii Baker (Compositae), to experimentally demonstrate its toxicity in calves and to describe the main clinical and pathological findings of this toxicity. S. grisebachii plants were collected in Paysandú, Uruguay. The concentration and identification of DHPA and associated N-oxides were determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Three calves weighing 85-89 kg received doses of 15, 24 or 45 g of dry S. grisebachii per kg of body weight for 6, 10 or 20 days of treatment, respectively. Two animals received no treatment and served as controls. The animals were clinically evaluated, and blood samples were taken to study the serum levels of gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (FAS). After death, necropsy was performed and organ samples were taken for histopathological examination. The concentration of DHPA in S. grisebachii was found to be 0.29% (dry weight basis) as free base and 0.08% as N-oxide for a total DHPA concentration of 0.37%. Individual alkaloids identified included seneciophylline, senecionine and retrorsine. The disease was clinically characterized by depression, anorexia, emaciation, colic, dehydration and death in the three animals. Serum concentrations of GGT, AST and FAS were higher than normal beginning on day 7 after start of treatments. Necropsy findings included generalized edema, hemorrhage, ascites and a grayish liver with increased consistency. The main histological lesions were hepatic necrosis, fibrosis, hepatomegalocytosis and bile duct proliferation. The control calves showed no clinical signs of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Preliasco
- Departamento de Patobiología, División de Laboratorios Veterinarios, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Dale Gardner
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Jorge Moraes
- Departamento de Salud en los Sistemas Pecuarios, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Celina González
- Herbario Ing. Agr. Bernardo Rosengurtt, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Uriarte
- Departamento de Patobiología, División de Laboratorios Veterinarios, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rodolfo Rivero
- Laboratorio Regional Noroeste, Paysandú, División de Laboratorios Veterinarios, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Uruguay
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203
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Kowalczyk E, Kwiatek K. Determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in selected feed materials with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:853-863. [PMID: 28278124 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1302099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1,2-Dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids are known to be toxic to many animals and humans. To provide safety of feeds a method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry enabling the determination of a content of 1,2-unsaturated PAs in feed materials was developed. After extraction with aqueous solution of HCl and purification of the extract, 1,2-unsaturated alkaloids are reduced to their common backbone structures and subsequently derivatised with heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFBA). The method was validated according to SANTE/11945/2015. All received parameters are consistent with the document requirements as recovery of a final compound retronecine derivative was from 81.8% to 94.4% when retrosine was used for spiking and from 72.7% to 85.5% when retrorsine N-oxide was spiked. The repeatability was calculated as relative standards deviation and ranged from 7.5% to 14.4%, for N-oxide was from 7.9% to 15.4%. The reproducibility was in the range from 14.2% to 16.3% and from 17.0% to 18.1% for free base and N-oxide respectively. The limit of quantification was determined as 10 µg kg-1. Good linearity of the method was obtained with coefficient of determination R2 > 0.99. The method was applied to 35 silage and two hay samples analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Kowalczyk
- a Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs , National Veterinary Research Institute , Puławy , Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kwiatek
- a Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs , National Veterinary Research Institute , Puławy , Poland
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204
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He X, Xia Q, Fu PP. 7-Glutathione-pyrrole and 7-cysteine-pyrrole are potential carcinogenic metabolites of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2017; 35:69-83. [PMID: 28418776 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2017.1298358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Many pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are hepatotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic phytochemicals. Metabolism of PAs in vivo generates four (±)-6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP)-DNA adducts that have been proposed to be responsible for PA-induced liver tumor formation in rats. In this present study, we determined that the same set of DHP-DNA adducts was formed upon the incubation of 7-glutathione-DHP and 7-cysteine-DHP with cultured human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. These results suggest that 7-glutathione-DHP and 7-cysteine-DHP are reactive metabolites of PAs that can bind to cellular DNA to form DHP-DNA adducts in HepG2 cells, and can potentially initiate liver tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo He
- a National Center for Toxicological Research , US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Qingsu Xia
- a National Center for Toxicological Research , US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Peter P Fu
- a National Center for Toxicological Research , US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
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205
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Yang X, Wang H, Ni HM, Xiong A, Wang Z, Sesaki H, Ding WX, Yang L. Inhibition of Drp1 protects against senecionine-induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in primary hepatocytes and in mice. Redox Biol 2017; 12:264-273. [PMID: 28282614 PMCID: PMC5344326 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a group of compounds found in various plants and some of them are widely consumed in the world as herbal medicines and food supplements. PAs are potent hepatotoxins that cause irreversible liver injury in animals and humans. However, the mechanisms by which PAs induce liver injury are not clear. In the present study, we determined the hepatotoxicity and molecular mechanisms of senecionine, one of the most common toxic PAs, in primary cultured mouse and human hepatocytes as well as in mice. We found that senecionine administration increased serum alanine aminotransferase levels in mice. H&E and TUNEL staining of liver tissues revealed increased hemorrhage and hepatocyte apoptosis in liver zone 2 areas. Mechanistically, senecionine induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c as well as mitochondrial JNK translocation and activation prior to the increased DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation in primary cultured mouse and human hepatocytes. SP600125, a specific JNK inhibitor, and ZVAD-fmk, a general caspase inhibitor, alleviated senecionine-induced apoptosis in primary hepatocytes. Interestingly, senecionine also caused marked mitochondria fragmentation in hepatocytes. Pharmacological inhibition of dynamin-related protein1 (Drp1), a protein that is critical to regulate mitochondrial fission, blocked senecionine-induced mitochondrial fragmentation and mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and apoptosis. More importantly, hepatocyte-specific Drp1 knockout mice were resistant to senecionine-induced liver injury due to decreased mitochondrial damage and apoptosis. In conclusion, our results uncovered a novel mechanism of Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation in senecionine-induced liver injury. Targeting Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis may be a potential avenue to prevent and treat hepatotoxicity induced by PAs. Senecionine induces apoptosis in primary mouse and human hepatocytes as well as in mouse livers. Senecionine induces mitochondrial Drp1 translocation, mitochondrial fragmentation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of mitochondrial cytochrome c in hepatocytes. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of Drp1 protects against senecionine-induced hepatotoxicity. Targeting Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis may be a potential avenue to prevent and treat hepatotoxicity induced by Pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines of Ministry of Education, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 2001203, China; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Hong-Min Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Aizhen Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines of Ministry of Education, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 2001203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines of Ministry of Education, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 2001203, China
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
| | - Li Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines of Ministry of Education, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 2001203, China; Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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206
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Fu PP, Xia Q, He X, Barel S, Edery N, Beland FA, Shimshoni JA. Detection of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid DNA Adducts in Livers of Cattle Poisoned with Heliotropium europaeum. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:851-858. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter P. Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Qingsu Xia
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Xiaobo He
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Shimon Barel
- Department
of Toxicology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, 50250 Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Nir Edery
- Department
of Pathology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, 50250 Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Frederick A. Beland
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Jakob A. Shimshoni
- Department
of Toxicology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, 50250 Bet Dagan, Israel
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207
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Penetration of lycopsamine from a comfrey ointment through human epidermis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 83:1-4. [PMID: 27840092 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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208
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Yang X, Li W, Sun Y, Guo X, Huang W, Peng Y, Zheng J. Comparative Study of Hepatotoxicity of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Retrorsine and Monocrotaline. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:532-539. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Yang
- Wuya
College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Wuya
College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Ying Sun
- Wuya
College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Xiucai Guo
- Wuya
College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Wenlin Huang
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya
College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya
College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
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209
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Chen J, Lü H, Fang LX, Li WL, Verschaeve L, Wang ZT, De Kimpe N, Mangelinckx S. Detection and Toxicity Evaluation of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Medicinal PlantsGynura bicolorandGynura divaricataCollected from Different Chinese Locations. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Institute of Botany; Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences; Nanjing 210014 P. R. China
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Coupure links 653 BE-9000 Ghent
| | - Han Lü
- Institute of Botany; Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences; Nanjing 210014 P. R. China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm; Nanjing 210014 P. R. China
| | - Lian-Xiang Fang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai 201203 P. R. China
| | - Wei-Lin Li
- Institute of Botany; Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences; Nanjing 210014 P. R. China
| | - Luc Verschaeve
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 BE-2610 Wilrijk
- Toxicology Unit; Scientific Institute of Public Health; J. Wytsmanstreet 14 BE-1050 Brussels
| | - Zheng-Tao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai 201203 P. R. China
| | - Norbert De Kimpe
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Coupure links 653 BE-9000 Ghent
| | - Sven Mangelinckx
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Coupure links 653 BE-9000 Ghent
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210
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Stock P, Bielohuby M, Staege MS, Hsu MJ, Bidlingmaier M, Christ B. Impairment of Host Liver Repopulation by Transplanted Hepatocytes in Aged Rats and the Release by Short-Term Growth Hormone Treatment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:553-569. [PMID: 28088007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte transplantation is an alternative to whole liver transplantation. Yet, efficient liver repopulation by transplanted hepatocytes is low in livers of old animals. This restraint might be because of the poor proliferative capacity of aged donor hepatocytes or the regenerative impairment of the recipient livers. The age-dependent liver repopulation by transplanted wild-type hepatocytes was investigated in juvenile and senescent rats deficient in dipeptidyl-peptidase IV. Repopulation was quantified by flow cytometry and histochemical estimation of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV enzyme activity of donor cells in the negative host liver. As a potential pathway involved, expression of cell cycle proteins was assessed. Irrespective of the age of the donor hepatocytes, large cell clusters appeared in juvenile, but only small clusters in senescent host livers. Because juvenile and senescent donor hepatocytes were likewise functional, host-derived factor(s) impaired senescent host liver repopulation. Growth hormone levels were significantly higher in juvenile than in senescent rats, suggesting that growth hormone might promote host liver repopulation. Indeed, short-term treatment with growth hormone augmented senescent host liver repopulation involving the growth hormone-mediated release of the transcriptional blockade of genes associated with cell cycle progression. Short-term growth hormone substitution might improve liver repopulation by transplanted hepatocytes, thus augmenting the therapeutic benefit of clinical hepatocyte transplantation in older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Stock
- Division of Applied Molecular Hepatology, Clinics and Policlinics of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Bielohuby
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin S Staege
- Department of Pediatrics I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Mei-Ju Hsu
- Division of Applied Molecular Hepatology, Clinics and Policlinics of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno Christ
- Division of Applied Molecular Hepatology, Clinics and Policlinics of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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211
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Fu PP. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Metabolic Activation Pathways Leading to Liver Tumor Initiation. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:81-93. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter P. Fu
- National Center for Toxicological
Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
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212
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Mulder PPJ, de Witte SL, Stoopen GM, van der Meulen J, van Wikselaar PG, Gruys E, Groot MJ, Hoogenboom RLAP. Transfer of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from various herbs to eggs and meat in laying hens. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1826-1839. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1241430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Geert M. Stoopen
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Erik Gruys
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria J. Groot
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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213
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Benamar H, Tomassini L, Venditti A, Marouf A, Bennaceur M, Serafini M, Nicoletti M. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Echium confusum Coincy. Nat Prod Res 2016; 31:1277-1285. [PMID: 27748125 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1242000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Four pyrrolizidine alkaloids, namely 7-O-angeloyllycopsamine N-oxide 1, echimidine N-oxide 2, echimidine 3 and 7-O-angeloylretronecine 4, were isolated for the first time from the whole plant ethanolic extract of Echium confusum Coincy, through bioassay-guided approach. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic means. All the isolates compounds showed moderate activities in inhibiting AChE, with IC50 0.276-0.769.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houari Benamar
- a Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Natural Products, Department of Biology , University of Oran 1 Ahmed Benbella , Oran , Algeria.,b Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Department of Biology , University of Mostaganem Abdelhamid Ibn Badis , Mostaganem , Algeria
| | - Lamberto Tomassini
- c Department of Environmental Biology , University "Sapienza" , Rome , Italy
| | - Alessandro Venditti
- c Department of Environmental Biology , University "Sapienza" , Rome , Italy
| | - Abderrazak Marouf
- a Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Natural Products, Department of Biology , University of Oran 1 Ahmed Benbella , Oran , Algeria.,d Department of Natural Sciences and Life , Institute of Science and Technology, Ctr Univ Naama , Naama , Algeria
| | - Malika Bennaceur
- a Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Natural Products, Department of Biology , University of Oran 1 Ahmed Benbella , Oran , Algeria.,e Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Research in Arid Areas , University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene , Algiers , Algeria
| | - Mauro Serafini
- c Department of Environmental Biology , University "Sapienza" , Rome , Italy
| | - Marcello Nicoletti
- c Department of Environmental Biology , University "Sapienza" , Rome , Italy
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214
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7-N-Acetylcysteine-pyrrole conjugate-A potent DNA reactive metabolite of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 24:682-694. [PMID: 28911605 PMCID: PMC9337289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are widespread throughout the world and are the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock, wildlife, and humans. PAs require metabolic activation to form reactive dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (dehydro-PAs) that are capable of alkylating cellular DNA and proteins, form (±)-6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP)-DNA and DHP-protein adducts, and lead to cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and tumorigenicity. In this study, we determined that the metabolism of riddelliine and monocrotaline by human and rat liver microsomes in the presence of N-acetylcysteine both produced 7-N-acetylcysteine-DHP (7-NAC-DHP) and DHP. Reactions of 7-NAC-DHP with 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG), 2'-deoxyadenosine (dA), and calf thymus DNA in aqueous solution followed by enzymatic hydrolysis yielded DHP-dG and/or DHP-dA adducts. These results indicate that 7-NAC-DHP is a reactive metabolite that can lead to DNA adduct formation.
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215
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Dalefield RR, Gosse MA, Mueller U. A 28-day oral toxicity study of echimidine and lasiocarpine in Wistar rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81:146-154. [PMID: 27546169 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a class of naturally-occurring plant toxins. Echimidine is one of the predominant PAs found in honeys produced in Australia and New Zealand. There is a lack of information on the oral toxicity of echimidine on which to base regulatory decisions concerning the risk to humans of these honeys. This GLP study was conducted to assess the subchronic dietary toxicity of echimidine to rats compared to that of lasiocarpine as a positive control. Wistar rats, 10/sex, were fed diets containing 0, 0.6, 1.2 or 2.5 mg/kg bw echimidine. Positive control groups, 10/sex, were fed diets containing 0.6, 1.2 or 2.5 mg/kg bw lasiocarpine. Neither PA had any effect on survival, food consumption, clinical signs, gross lesions, or histopathology. Consumption of lasiocarpine, but not echimidine, decreased bodyweight gain in males at ≥ 1.2 mg/kg bw, and in females at 2.5 mg/kg bw. Slight alterations in white cell counts and serum ALT concentrations at 2.5 mg/kg bw of both PAs were not clinically significant, had no histological correlates, and were considered to be of equivocal relevance. In conclusion, the subchronic No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for echimidine is 2.5 mg/kg bw/day, whereas, on the basis of a treatment-related decrease in bodyweight gain in males at 1.2 mg/kg bodyweight, the NOAEL for lasiocarpine is 0.6 mg/kg bw/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind R Dalefield
- Food Standards Australia New Zealand, Level 3, 154 Featherston Street, Wellington 6011, 6143, New Zealand.
| | - Michelle A Gosse
- Food Standards Australia New Zealand, Level 3, 154 Featherston Street, Wellington 6011, 6143, New Zealand.
| | - Utz Mueller
- Food Standards Australia New Zealand, 55 Blackall Street, Barton, ACT 2600, Australia.
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216
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Xiong A, Yan AL, Bi CWC, Lam KYC, Chan GKL, Lau KKM, Dong TTX, Lin H, Yang L, Wang Z, Tsim KWK. Clivorine, an otonecine pyrrolizidine alkaloid from Ligularia species, impairs neuronal differentiation via NGF-induced signaling pathway in cultured PC12 cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:931-938. [PMID: 27387401 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are commonly found in many plants including those used in medical therapeutics. The hepatotoxicities of PAs have been demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro; however, the neurotoxicities of PAs are rarely mentioned. PURPOSE In this study, we aimed to investigate in vitro neurotoxicities of clivorine, one of the PAs found in various Ligularia species, in cultured PC12 cells. STUDY DESIGN PC12 cell line was employed to first elucidate the neurotoxicity and the underlying mechanism of clivorine, including cell viability and morphology change, neuronal differentiation marker and signaling pathway. METHODS PC12 cells were challenged with series concentrations of clivorine and/or nerve growth factor (NGF). The cell lysates were collected for MTT assay, trypan blue staining, immunocytofluorescent staining, qRT-PCR and western blotting. RESULTS Clivorine inhibited cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation evidenced by MTT assay and dose-dependently reducing neurite outgrowth, respectively. In addition, clivorine decreased the level of mRNAs encoding for neuronal differentiation markers, e.g. neurofilaments and TrkA (NGF receptor). Furthermore, clivorine reduced the NGF-induced the phosphorylations of TrkA, protein kinase B and cAMP response element-binding protein in cultured PC12 cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results suggest that clivorine might possess neurotoxicities in PC12 cells via down-regulating the NGF/TrkA/Akt signaling pathway. PAs not only damage the liver, but also possess neurotoxicities, which could possibly result in brain disorders, such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizhen Xiong
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China; Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Artemis Lu Yan
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cathy W C Bi
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelly Y C Lam
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gallant K L Chan
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kitty K M Lau
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tina T X Dong
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huangquan Lin
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Karl W K Tsim
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China.
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217
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Zhu Y, Niu M, Chen J, Zou ZS, Ma ZJ, Liu SH, Wang RL, He TT, Song HB, Wang ZX, Pu SB, Ma X, Wang LF, Bai ZF, Zhao YL, Li YG, Wang JB, Xiao XH. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic: Comparison between Chinese herbal medicine and Western medicine-induced liver injury of 1985 patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:1476-82. [PMID: 26896664 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Chinese herbal medicine (CHM), as well as Western medicine (WM), is an important cause of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). However, the differences between CHM and WM as agents implicated in liver injury have rarely been reported. METHODS Overall, 1985 (2.05%) DILI cases were retrospectively collected from the 96 857 patients hospitalized because of liver dysfunction in the 302 Military Hospital between January 2009 and January 2014. RESULTS In all the enrolled patients with DILI, CHM was implicated in 563 cases (28.4%), while 870 cases (43.8%) were caused by WM and the remaining patients (27.8%) by the combination of WM and CHM. Polygonum multiflorum was the major implicated CHM. Compared with WM, the cases caused by CHM showed more female (51 vs 71%, P < 0.001) and positive rechallenge (6.1 vs 8.9%, P = 0.046), a much greater proportion of hepatocellular injury (62.2 vs 88.5%, P < 0.001), and a higher mortality (2.8 vs 4.8%, P = 0.042); however, no differences in the rates of chronic DILI and ALF were found (12.9 vs 12.4%, P = 0.807; 7.6 vs 7.6%, P = 0.971). Based on Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method, 75.6% of cases caused by CHM were classified as probable and only 16.6% as highly probable, significantly different from WM (38.4 and 60.3%, all P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The causal relationship between CHM and liver injury is much complex, and the clinical characteristics of DILI caused by CHM differ from those caused by WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhu
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China.,Integrative Medical Center, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Niu
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China.,Integrative Medical Center, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China.,Luhe Hospital of Tongzhou District, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Sheng Zou
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Non-infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Ma
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Hong Liu
- Department of Pathology, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Lin Wang
- Department of traditional Chinese medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Ting He
- Integrative Medical Center, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Bo Song
- Center for Drug Reevaluation, China Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Xia Wang
- Integrative Medical Center, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Biao Pu
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Fu Wang
- Integrative Medical Center, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Fang Bai
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Ling Zhao
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Gang Li
- Department of traditional Chinese medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Bo Wang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-He Xiao
- Integrative Medical Center, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
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219
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Xia Q, Zhao Y, Lin G, Beland FA, Cai L, Fu PP. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid-Protein Adducts: Potential Non-invasive Biomarkers of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid-Induced Liver Toxicity and Exposure. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1282-92. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingsu Xia
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Yuewei Zhao
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Ge Lin
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Frederick A. Beland
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Lining Cai
- Biotranex LLC, Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852, United States
| | - Peter P. Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
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220
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Teschke R, Larrey D, Melchart D, Danan G. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Herbal Hepatotoxicity: RUCAM and the Role of Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers Such as MicroRNAs. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 3:E18. [PMID: 28930128 PMCID: PMC5456249 DOI: 10.3390/medicines3030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) with its focus on herbal use is popular and appreciated worldwide with increased tendency, although its therapeutic efficacy is poorly established for most herbal TCM products. Treatment was perceived as fairly safe but discussions emerged more recently as to whether herb induced liver injury (HILI) from herbal TCM is a major issue; Methods: To analyze clinical and case characteristics of HILI caused by herbal TCM, we undertook a selective literature search in the PubMed database with the search items Traditional Chinese Medicine, TCM, alone and combined with the terms herbal hepatotoxicity or herb induced liver injury; Results: HILI caused by herbal TCM is rare and similarly to drugs can be caused by an unpredictable idiosyncratic or a predictable intrinsic reaction. Clinical features of liver injury from herbal TCM products are variable, and specific diagnostic biomarkers such as microsomal epoxide hydrolase, pyrrole-protein adducts, metabolomics, and microRNAs are available for only a few TCM herbs. The diagnosis is ascertained if alternative causes are validly excluded and causality levels of probable or highly probable are achieved applying the liver specific RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method) as the most commonly used diagnostic tool worldwide. Case evaluation may be confounded by inappropriate or lacking causality assessment, poor herbal product quality, insufficiently documented cases, and failing to exclude alternative causes such as infections by hepatotropic viruses including hepatitis E virus infections; Conclusion: Suspected cases of liver injury from herbal TCM represent major challenges that deserve special clinical and regulatory attention to improve the quality of case evaluations and ascertain patients' safety and benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, D-63450 Hanau, Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty of the Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main D-63450, Germany.
| | - Dominique Larrey
- Department of Liver and Transplantation-IRB-INSERM (Institut de Recherche Biologique-INstitut de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale) 1183, Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier University, 34295 Montpellier, France.
| | - Dieter Melchart
- Competence Centre for Complementary Medicine and Naturopathy (CoCoNat), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich D-80801, Germany.
- Institute for Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland.
| | - Gaby Danan
- Pharmacovigilance Consultancy, Paris 75020, France.
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221
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Brown AC. Liver toxicity related to herbs and dietary supplements: Online table of case reports. Part 2 of 5 series. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 107:472-501. [PMID: 27402097 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No online current list of potentially life-threatening, hepatotoxic herbs and dietary supplements based on PubMed case reports exists in a summarized tabular form. METHODS Documented case reports of herbs or dietary supplements (DS; includes herbs) appearing to contribute to liver injury were used to create an online "DS Toxic Table" of potentially hepatotoxic herbs and dietary supplements (PubMed, 1966 to June, 2016, and cross-referencing). The spectrum of DS induced liver injuries (DSILI) included elevated liver enzymes, hepatitis, steatosis, cholestasis, hepatic necrosis, hepatic fibrosis, hepatic cirrhosis, veno-occlusive disease, acute liver failure requiring a liver transplant, and death. RESULTS Over the past 50 years, approximately 21 herbs (minus germander and usnic acid that are no longer sold) and 12 dietary supplements (minus the nine no longer sold and vitamin A & niacin due to excess intake) posed a possible risk for liver injures in certain individuals. The herbs with the most number of reported publications (but not cases studies) in descending order, were germander, black cohosh, kava extract, and green tea extract. CONCLUSION These online DS Toxic Tables will contribute to continued Phase IV post marketing surveillance to detect possible liver toxicity cases and serve to forewarn consumers, clinicians, and corporations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Christine Brown
- Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, 651 Ilalo Street, MEB 223, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
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222
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Kristanc L, Kreft S. European medicinal and edible plants associated with subacute and chronic toxicity part II: Plants with hepato-, neuro-, nephro- and immunotoxic effects. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 92:38-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Rezaie A, Mousavi SM, Ansari MB. Rhabdomyosarcoma in a Silver Carp. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2016; 28:118-121. [PMID: 27229885 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2016.1152325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a primitive neoplasm that originates from skeletal muscle progenitor cells. In a routine inspection of a cyprinid farm in southwestern Iran, an approximately 2-year-old female Silver Carp was observed to have a raised mass located on the dorsolateral surface just caudal to the head. Macroscopic examination revealed a firm irregular fleshy pink mass (5 × 4 cm, depth = 3 cm) that appeared to arise from the subcutaneous musculature. Histologic sections were prepared using routine methods and separate sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Massons' trichrome. Microscopically, the tumor mass was composed of spindle cells that were densely packed and arranged in long interwoven bundles. The nuclei were vesicular and oval to elongated or cigar-shaped. Nuclear pleomorphism and multinucleate tumor giant cells were clearly evident. The neoplastic cell cytoplasm was eosinophilic with indistinct cell margins, and clear cross striations were observed in fibrils. The striated fibrils stained diffusely red with Masson's trichrome. This account represents the first reported occurrence of rhabdomyosarcoma in Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Received July 10, 2015; accepted February 4, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annahita Rezaie
- a Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Campus Delivery, Building of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Golestan Boulevard , Ahvaz 61357-831351 , Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mousavi
- b Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources , Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Campus Delivery, Building of Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Aliebne Abitaleb Boulevard , Khorramshahr 43175-64199 , Iran
| | - Mahshid Bagherzadeh Ansari
- a Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Campus Delivery, Building of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Golestan Boulevard , Ahvaz 61357-831351 , Iran
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Interim relative potency factors for the toxicological risk assessment of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and herbal medicines. Toxicol Lett 2016; 263:44-57. [PMID: 27157086 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are among the most potent natural toxins occurring in a broad spectrum of plant species from various families. Recently, findings of considerable contamination of teas/herbal infusions prepared from non-PA plants have been reported. These are obviously due to cross-contamination with minor amounts of PA plants and can affect both food and herbal medicines. Another source of human exposure is honey collected from PA plants. These findings illustrate the requirement for a comprehensive risk assessment of PAs, hampered by the enormous number of different PA congeners occurring in nature. Up to now, risk assessment is based on the carcinogenicity of certain PAs after chronic application to rats using the sum of detected PAs as dose metric. Because of the well-documented large structure-dependent differences between sub-groups of PA congeners with respect to their genotoxicity and (cyto)toxicity, however, this procedure is inadequate. Here we provide an overview of recent attempts to assess the risk of PA exposure and the available literature on the toxic effects and potencies of different congeners. Based on these considerations, we have derived interim Relative Potency (REP) factors for a number of abundant PAs suggesting a factor of 1.0 for cyclic di-esters and open-chain di-esters with 7S configuration, of 0.3 for mono-esters with 7S configuration, of 0.1 for open-chain di-esters with 7R configuration and of 0.01 for mono-esters with 7R configuration. For N-oxides we suggest to apply the REP factor of the corresponding PA. We are confident that the use of these values can provide a more scientific basis for PA risk assessment until a more detailed experimental analysis of the potencies of all relevant congeners can be carried out.
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225
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Frenzel C, Teschke R. Herbal Hepatotoxicity: Clinical Characteristics and Listing Compilation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E588. [PMID: 27128912 PMCID: PMC4881436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herb induced liver injury (HILI) and drug induced liver injury (DILI) share the common characteristic of chemical compounds as their causative agents, which were either produced by the plant or synthetic processes. Both, natural and synthetic chemicals are foreign products to the body and need metabolic degradation to be eliminated. During this process, hepatotoxic metabolites may be generated causing liver injury in susceptible patients. There is uncertainty, whether risk factors such as high lipophilicity or high daily and cumulative doses play a pathogenetic role for HILI, as these are under discussion for DILI. It is also often unclear, whether a HILI case has an idiosyncratic or an intrinsic background. Treatment with herbs of Western medicine or traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) rarely causes elevated liver tests (LT). However, HILI can develop to acute liver failure requiring liver transplantation in single cases. HILI is a diagnosis of exclusion, because clinical features of HILI are not specific as they are also found in many other liver diseases unrelated to herbal use. In strikingly increased liver tests signifying severe liver injury, herbal use has to be stopped. To establish HILI as the cause of liver damage, RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method) is a useful tool. Diagnostic problems may emerge when alternative causes were not carefully excluded and the correct therapy is withheld. Future strategies should focus on RUCAM based causality assessment in suspected HILI cases and more regulatory efforts to provide all herbal medicines and herbal dietary supplements used as medicine with strict regulatory surveillance, considering them as herbal drugs and ascertaining an appropriate risk benefit balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Frenzel
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, 63450 Hanau, Germany.
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226
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Kristanc L, Kreft S. European medicinal and edible plants associated with subacute and chronic toxicity part I: Plants with carcinogenic, teratogenic and endocrine-disrupting effects. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 92:150-64. [PMID: 27090581 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the use of herbal medicines and food products has been widely embraced in many developed countries. These products are generally highly accepted by consumers who often believe that "natural" equals "safe". This is, however, an oversimplification because several botanicals have been found to contain toxic compounds in concentrations harmful to human health. Acutely toxic plants are in most cases already recognised as dangerous as a result of their traditional use, but plants with subacute and chronic toxicity are difficult or even impossible to detect by traditional use or by clinical research studies. In this review, we systematically address major issues including the carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and endocrine-disrupting effects associated with the use of herbal preparations with a strong focus on plant species that either grow natively or are cultivated in Europe. The basic information regarding the molecular mechanisms of the individual subtypes of plant-induced non-acute toxicity is given, which is followed by a discussion of the pathophysiological and clinical characteristics. We describe the genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of alkenylbenzenes, pyrrolizidine alkaloids and bracken fern ptaquiloside, the teratogenicity issues regarding anthraquinone glycosides and specific alkaloids, and discuss the human health concerns regarding the phytoestrogens and licorice consumption in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Kristanc
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Primary Healthcare of Gorenjska, ZD Kranj, Gosposvetska Ulica 10, 4000 Kranj, Slovenia.
| | - Samo Kreft
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška Cesta 32, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Yan X, Kang H, Feng J, Yang Y, Tang K, Zhu R, Yang L, Wang Z, Cao Z. Identification of Toxic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Their Common Hepatotoxicity Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:318. [PMID: 26959016 PMCID: PMC4813181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (PAs) are currently one of the most important botanical hepatotoxic ingredients. Glutathion (GSH) metabolism is the most reported pathway involved in hepatotoxicity mechanism of PAs. We speculate that, for different PAs, there should be a common mechanism underlying their hepatotoxicity in GSH metabolism. Computational methods were adopted to test our hypothesis in consideration of the limitations of current experimental approaches. Firstly, the potential targets of 22 PAs (from three major PA types) in GSH metabolism were identified by reverse docking; Secondly, glutathione S-transferase A1 (GSTA1) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) targets pattern was found to be a special characteristic of toxic PAs with stepwise multiple linear regressions; Furthermore, the molecular mechanism underlying the interactions within toxic PAs and these two targets was demonstrated with the ligand-protein interaction analysis; Finally, GSTA1 and GPX1 were proved to be significant nodes in GSH metabolism. Overall, toxic PAs could be identified by GSTA1 and GPX1 targets pattern, which suggests their common hepatotoxicity mechanism: the interfering of detoxication in GSH metabolism. In addition, all the strategies developed here could be extended to studies on toxicity mechanism of other toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Yan
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Hong Kang
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Jun Feng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yiyan Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Kailin Tang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Ruixin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Li Yang
- The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zhiwei Cao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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228
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A novel ultra-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry method for rapid estimation of total toxic retronecine-type of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in herbs without requiring corresponding standards. Food Chem 2016; 194:1320-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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229
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Khordadmehr M, Rezazadeh F, Ashrafi-Helan J, Hosseini-Ghomi MM. The first report of pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning in a gazelle ( Gazella Subgutturosa) - histopathologic diagnosis. Interdiscip Toxicol 2016; 9:30-33. [PMID: 28652845 PMCID: PMC5458112 DOI: 10.1515/intox-2016-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are natural phytotoxins found in thousands of plant species around the world. They are probably the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock, wildlife and humans. The disease occurs almost entirely as a consequence of chronic poisoning and in general ends fatally. In the present study, PAs poisoning was investigated in a gazelle with hepatic encephalopathy associated with severe neurologic signs. The main clinical signs included head pressing, progressive depression and weakness, ataxia and reluctance to move, turn the head to the left and to paddle, hyperesthesia and decreased food intake. Histopathological examination revealed major lesions in the liver consisting of severe hepatocyte megalocytosis and hypertrophy with nuclei enlargement, mild bile duct hyperplasia, centriacinar fatty change and hepatocellular necrosis. Moreover, pulmonary congestion and edema with endothelium necrosis and alveolar septa thickening, severe congestion in vessels of the brain and meninges, and myocardial necrosis were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Khordadmehr
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fereydoon Rezazadeh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Ashrafi-Helan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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230
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Li W, Wang K, Lin G, Peng Y, Zheng J. Lysine Adduction by Reactive Metabolite(s) of Monocrotaline. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:333-41. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | | | - Jiang Zheng
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics,
Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology
and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
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231
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He X, Xia Q, Ma L, Fu PP. 7-cysteine-pyrrole conjugate: A new potential DNA reactive metabolite of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2016; 34:57-76. [PMID: 26761716 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2015.1135593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) require metabolic activation to exert cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and tumorigenicity. We previously reported that (±)-6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP)-derived DNA adducts are responsible for PA-induced liver tumor formation in rats. In this study, we determined that metabolism of riddelliine and monocrotaline by human or rat liver microsomes produced 7-cysteine-DHP and DHP. The metabolism of 7-glutathionyl-DHP by human and rat liver microsomes also generated 7-cysteine-DHP. Further, reaction of 7-cysteine-DHP with calf thymus DNA in aqueous solution yielded the described DHP-derived DNA adducts. This study represents the first report that 7-cysteine-DHP is a new PA metabolite that can lead to DNA adduct formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo He
- a National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Qingsu Xia
- a National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Liang Ma
- a National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Peter P Fu
- a National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
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232
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Lorena L, Roberta M, Alessandra R, Clara M, Francesca C. Evaluation of Some Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Honey Samples from the Veneto Region (Italy) by LC-MS/MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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233
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Shimshoni JA, Duebecke A, Mulder PPJ, Cuneah O, Barel S. Pyrrolizidine and tropane alkaloids in teas and the herbal teas peppermint, rooibos and chamomile in the Israeli market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:2058-67. [PMID: 26365752 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1087651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dehydro pyrrolizidine alkaloids (dehydro PAs) are carcinogenic phytotoxins prevalent in the Boraginaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae families. Dehydro PAs enter the food and feed chain by co-harvesting of crops intended for human and animal consumption as well as by carry-over into animal-based products such as milk, eggs and honey. Recently the occurrence of dehydro PAs in teas and herbal teas has gained increasing attention from the EU, due to the high levels of dehydro PAs found in commercially available teas and herbal teas in Germany and Switzerland. Furthermore, several tropane alkaloids (TAs, e.g. scopolamine and hyoscyamine) intoxications due to the consumption of contaminated herbal teas were reported in the literature. The aim of the present study was to determine the dehydro PAs and TAs levels in 70 pre-packed teabags of herbal and non-herbal tea types sold in supermarkets in Israel. Chamomile, peppermint and rooibos teas contained high dehydro PAs levels in almost all samples analysed. Lower amounts were detected in black and green teas, while no dehydro PAs were found in fennel and melissa herbal teas. Total dehydro PAs concentrations in chamomile, peppermint and rooibos teas ranged from 20 to 1729 μg/kg. Except for black tea containing only mono-ester retrorsine-type dehydro PAs, all other teas and herbal teas showed mixed patterns of dehydro PA ester types, indicating a contamination by various weed species during harvesting and/or production. The TA levels per teabag were below the recommended acute reference dose; however, the positive findings of TAs in all peppermint tea samples warrant a more extensive survey. The partially high levels of dehydro PAs found in teas and herbal teas present an urgent warning letter to the regulatory authorities to perform routine quality control analysis and implement maximum residual levels for dehydro PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Avi Shimshoni
- a Kimron Veterinary Institute , Department of Toxicology , Bet Dagan , Israel
| | | | | | - Olga Cuneah
- a Kimron Veterinary Institute , Department of Toxicology , Bet Dagan , Israel
| | - Shimon Barel
- a Kimron Veterinary Institute , Department of Toxicology , Bet Dagan , Israel
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234
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Jahouh F, Marongiu F, Serra MP, Laconi E, Banoub J. Gas-phase fragmentation of the N-oxide and N-hydroxylated derivatives of retrorsine using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1733-1748. [PMID: 26331923 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE We report the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and low-energy collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID-MS/MS) analysis of a pyrrolizidine alkaloid extract containing both retrorsine [C18H25NO6] and its N-oxide [C18H25NO7] and N-hydroxyl [C18H26NO7] derivatives measured with a QqTOFMS hybrid instrument. METHODS A solution of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid extract containing retrorsine and its N-oxide and N-hydroxyl derivatives was directly infused into an electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time-of-flight (ESI-QTOF) mass spectrometer and product ion scans of the protonated molecules of each species were acquired. Labile protons of each compound were deuterated and computational energy calculations of the proposed structures of the product ions were used to determine the fragmentation pathways of retrorsine and its N-oxide and N-hydroxyl derivatives. RESULTS ESI-MS of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid extract containing retrorsine and its N-oxide and N-hydroxyl derivatives afforded the protonated retrorsine [M1 + H](+) at m/z 352.1760 and the protonated retrorsine N-oxide [M2 + H](+) at m/z 368.1631 in addition to the formation of the unexpected protonated N-hydroxyl radical [M3 + H](+•) at m/z 369.1686. CID-MS/MS of this series of protonated molecules allowed the evaluation of their gas-phase fragmentations and the establishment of their fragmentation pathways. It was also found that several product ions could be assigned to different structures. Deuterium exchange and computational energy calculations allowed us to determine the most probable structures for the characterized product ions. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, the identification of the protonated retrorsine N-hydroxyl radical [M3 + H](+•) is reported for the first time. In addition, the MS/MS results can be used for the identification of retrorsine and its N-oxide and N-hydroxyl derivatives in different complex biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Jahouh
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Saint John's, Canada
- Special Projects, Science Branch, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Saint John's, Canada
| | - Fabio Marongiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Ezio Laconi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Joseph Banoub
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Saint John's, Canada
- Special Projects, Science Branch, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Saint John's, Canada
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235
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Huybrechts B, Callebaut A. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed on the Belgian market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1939-51. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1086821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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236
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Fashe MM, Juvonen RO, Petsalo A, Räsänen J, Pasanen M. Species-Specific Differences in the in Vitro Metabolism of Lasiocarpine. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2034-44. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muluneh M. Fashe
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.
Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Risto O. Juvonen
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.
Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aleksanteri Petsalo
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.
Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Räsänen
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Pasanen
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.
Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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237
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Sandini TM, Udo MS, Reis‐Silva TM, Sanches D, Bernardi MM, Flório JC, Spinosa HDS. Prenatal exposure to integerrimine N‐oxide enriched butanolic residue from
Senecio brasiliensis
affects behavior and striatal neurotransmitter levels of rats in adulthood. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 47:157-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thaísa M. Sandini
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological AnalysesFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of São PauloAv. Prof. Dr. Lineu Prestes, 58005508‐000São PauloBrazil
| | - Mariana S.B. Udo
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological AnalysesFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of São PauloAv. Prof. Dr. Lineu Prestes, 58005508‐000São PauloBrazil
| | - Thiago M. Reis‐Silva
- Department of NeuroscienceInstitute of PsychologyUniversity of São PauloAv. Prof. Dr. Melo de Morais, 172105508‐030São PauloBrazil
| | - Daniel Sanches
- Department of PathologySchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Sao PauloAv. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 8705508 270São PauloBrazil
| | - Maria Martha Bernardi
- Graduate Program of Environmental and Experimental Pathology and Graduate Program DentistryPaulista University, UNIPRua Dr. Bacelar, 121204026‐002São PauloBrazil
| | - Jorge Camilo Flório
- Department of PathologySchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Sao PauloAv. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 8705508 270São PauloBrazil
| | - Helenice de S. Spinosa
- Department of PathologySchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Sao PauloAv. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 8705508 270São PauloBrazil
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238
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Allgaier C, Franz S. Risk assessment on the use of herbal medicinal products containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:494-500. [PMID: 26399164 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are common plantal toxins directed against insect herbivores. Unsaturated PAs are known to be hepatotoxic. Many of the PAs are in addition mutagenic and some may possibly be carcinogenic for humans. The risk of an exposure to PAs associated with their occurrence in herbal medicinal products and in foodstuff is under current discussion. The present risk assessment for herbal medicinal products containing PAs is based on a margin of safety derivation for foodstuff indicating that a life-long exposure to maximally 0.007 μg/kg bw/day is not expected to be associated with safety concerns. This approach offers a possibility to estimate the potential risk of PA-containing herbal medicinal products irrespective of the route of administration. It assumes PA levels in the final herbal medicinal product below 0.01 ppm and considers for dermal administration a 100% skin penetration of the PAs reflecting a worst-case scenario. As a result, the calculated margins of safety show a potential exposure using herbal medicinal products 70-, 45.5-, and 19.3-fold lower on a one-day base and 608-, 396-, and 168- fold lower on a one-year base for adults, children aged 12 years, and children aged 4 years, respectively, than the thresholds considered acceptable for foodstuff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Allgaier
- ACA-pharma Concept GmbH, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and PGS Toxikologie und Umweltschutz, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Franz
- ACA-pharma Concept GmbH, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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239
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Yang M, Ruan J, Fu PP, Lin G. Cytotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloid in human hepatic parenchymal and sinusoidal endothelial cells: Firm evidence for the reactive metabolites mediated pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatotoxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 243:119-26. [PMID: 26365561 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) widely distribute in plants and can cause hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS), which typically presents as a primary sinusoidal endothelial cell damage. It is well-recognized that after ingestion, PAs undergo hepatic cytochromes P450 (CYPs)-mediated metabolic activation to generate dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (DHPAs), which are hydrolyzed to dehydroretronecine (DHR). DHPAs and DHR are reactive metabolites having same core pyrrole moiety, and can bind proteins to form pyrrole-protein adducts, which are believed as the primary cause for PA-induced HSOS. However, to date, the direct evidences supporting the toxicity of DHPAs and DHR in the liver, in particular in the sinusoidal endothelial cells, are lacking. Using human hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSEC) and HepG2 (representing hepatic parenchymal cells), cells that lack CYPs activity, this study determined the direct cytotoxicity of dehydromonocrotaline, a representative DHPA, and DHR, but no cytotoxicity of the intact PA (monocrotaline) in both cell lines, confirming that reactive metabolites mediate PA intoxication. Comparing with HepG2, HSEC had significantly lower basal glutathione (GSH) level, and was significantly more susceptible to the reactive metabolites with severer GSH depletion and pyrrole-protein adducts formation. The toxic potency of two reactive metabolites was also compared. DHPA was more reactive than DHR, leading to severer toxicity. In conclusion, our results unambiguously provided the first direct evidence for the critical role of DHPA and DHR in the reactive metabolites-mediated PA-induced hepatotoxicity, which occurs predominantly in HSEC due to severe GSH depletion and the significant formation of pyrrole-protein adducts in HSEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengbi Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines Between The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jianqing Ruan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines Between The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Peter P Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines Between The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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240
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Ma L, Zhao H, Xia Q, Cai L, Fu PP. Synthesis and phototoxicity of isomeric 7,9-diglutathione pyrrole adducts: Formation of reactive oxygen species and induction of lipid peroxidation. J Food Drug Anal 2015; 23:577-586. [PMID: 28911718 PMCID: PMC9351797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are hepatotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic in experimental animals. Because of their widespread distribution in the world, PA-containing plants are probably the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock, wildlife, and humans. Upon metabolism, PAs generate reactive dehydro-PAs and other pyrrolic metabolites that lead to toxicity. Dehydro-PAs are known to react with glutathione (GSH) to form 7-GSH-(+/−)-6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (7-GS-DHP) in vivo and in vitro and 7,9-diGS-DHP in vitro. To date, the phototoxicity of GS-DHP adducts has not been well studied. In this study, we synthesized 7-GS-DHP, a tentatively assigned 9-GS-DHP, and two enantiomeric 7,9-diGS-DHP adducts by reaction of dehydromonocrotaline with GSH. The two 7,9-diGS-DHPs were separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and their structures were characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 1H–1H correlation spectroscopy (COSY) NMR spectral analysis. Photoirradiation of 7-GS-DHP, 9-GS-DHP, and the two 7,9-diGS-DHPs as well as dehydromonocrotaline, dehydroheliotrine, and the 7-R enantiomer of DHP (DHR), by UVA light at 0 J/cm2, 14 J/cm2, and 35 J/cm2 in the presence of a lipid, methyl linoleate, all resulted in lipid peroxidation in a light dose-responsive manner. The levels of lipid peroxidation induced by the two isomeric 7,9-diGS-DHPs were significantly higher than that by 7-GS-DHP and 9-GS-DHP. When 7,9-diGS-DHP was irradiated in the presence of sodium azide (NaN3), the level of lipid peroxidation decreased; lipid peroxidation was enhanced when methanol was replaced by deuterated methanol. These results suggest that singlet oxygen is a product induced by the irradiation of 7,9-diGS-DHP. When irradiated in the presence of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the level of lipid peroxidation decreased, indicating that lipid peroxidation is also mediated by superoxide. These results indicate that lipid peroxidation is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results suggest that 7,9-diGS-DHPs are phototoxic, generating lipid peroxidation mediated by ROS.
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241
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Schimming O, Challinor VL, Tobias NJ, Adihou H, Grün P, Pöschel L, Richter C, Schwalbe H, Bode HB. Structure, Biosynthesis, and Occurrence of Bacterial Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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242
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Schimming O, Challinor VL, Tobias NJ, Adihou H, Grün P, Pöschel L, Richter C, Schwalbe H, Bode HB. Structure, Biosynthesis, and Occurrence of Bacterial Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12702-5. [PMID: 26465655 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are widespread plant natural products with potent toxicity and bioactivity. Herein, the identification of bacterial PAs from entomopathogenic bacteria using differential analysis by 2D NMR spectroscopy (DANS) and mass spectrometry is described. Their biosynthesis was elucidated to involve a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase. The occurrence of these biosynthesis gene clusters in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria indicates an important biological function in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Schimming
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany) http://www.bio.uni-frankfurt.de/48050101
| | - Victoria L Challinor
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany) http://www.bio.uni-frankfurt.de/48050101
| | - Nicholas J Tobias
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany) http://www.bio.uni-frankfurt.de/48050101
| | - Hélène Adihou
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany) http://www.bio.uni-frankfurt.de/48050101
| | - Peter Grün
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany) http://www.bio.uni-frankfurt.de/48050101
| | - Laura Pöschel
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany) http://www.bio.uni-frankfurt.de/48050101
| | - Christian Richter
- Institut für Organische und Chemische Biologie, Zentrum für Biomolekulare Magnetische Resonanz, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany)
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institut für Organische und Chemische Biologie, Zentrum für Biomolekulare Magnetische Resonanz, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany)
| | - Helge B Bode
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany) http://www.bio.uni-frankfurt.de/48050101. .,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany).
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243
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Gao H, Ruan JQ, Chen J, Li N, Ke CQ, Ye Y, Lin G, Wang JY. Blood pyrrole-protein adducts as a diagnostic and prognostic index in pyrrolizidine alkaloid-hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:4861-8. [PMID: 26346783 PMCID: PMC4554430 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s87858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background The diagnosis of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS) induced by pyrrolizidine alkaloids is mainly based on clinical investigation. There is currently no prognostic index. This study evaluated the quantitative measurement of blood pyrrole-protein adducts (PPAs) as a diagnostic and prognostic index for pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced HSOS. Methods Suspected drug-induced liver injury patients were prospectively recruited. Blood PPAs were quantitatively measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Patients’ age, sex, biochemistry test results, and a detailed drug history were recorded. The patients were divided into two groups, ie, those with HSOS induced by pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing drugs and those with liver injury induced by drugs without pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The relationship between herb administration, clinical outcomes, blood sampling time, and blood PPA concentration in pyrrolizidine alkaloid-associated HSOS patients was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. Results Forty patients met the entry criteria, among whom 23 had pyrrolizidine alkaloid-associated HSOS and 17 had liver injury caused by drugs without pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Among the 23 patients with pyrrolizidine alkaloid-associated HSOS, ten recovered, four developed chronic disease, eight died, and one underwent liver transplantation within 6 months after onset. Blood PPAs were detectable in 24 of 40 patients with concentrations from 0.05 to 74.4 nM. Sensitivity and specificity of the test for diagnosis of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-associated HSOS were 100% (23/23) and 94.1% (23/24), respectively. The positive predictive value was 95.8% and the negative predictive value was 100%, whereas the positive likelihood ratio was 23.81. The level of blood PPAs in the severe group (died or received liver transplantation) was significantly higher than that in the recovery/chronicity group (P=0.004). Conclusion Blood PPAs measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry are highly sensitive and specific for pyrrolizidine alkaloid-associated HSOS. The blood PPA concentration is related to the severity and clinical outcome of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-associated HSOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqing Q Ruan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Changqiang Q Ke
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Ye
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China ; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ; Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China ; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyao Y Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Center of Evidence-Based Medicine Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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244
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Li YH, Tai WCS, Xue JY, Wong WY, Lu C, Ruan JQ, Li N, Wan TF, Chan WY, Hsiao WLW, Lin G. Proteomic Study of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid-Induced Hepatic Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome in Rats. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1715-27. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Li
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - William Chi-Shing Tai
- Centre
of Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun-Yi Xue
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Yan Wong
- Centre
of Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Centre
of Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Institute
of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Qing Ruan
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Na Li
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tai-Fung Wan
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wood-Yee Chan
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen-Luan Wendy Hsiao
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Ge Lin
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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245
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Bovee TFH, Helsdingen RJR, Hoogenboom RLAP, de Nijs MWCM, Liu X, Vrieling K, Klinkhamer PGL, Peijnenburg AACM, Mulder PPJ. Are effects of common ragwort in the Ames test caused by pyrrolizidine alkaloids? Mutat Res 2015; 778:1-10. [PMID: 26021695 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It has previously been demonstrated by others that acetone extracts of Senecio jacobaea (syn. Jacobaea vulgaris, common or tansy ragwort) test positive in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test (Ames test). Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are thought to be responsible for these mutagenic effects. However, it was also observed that the major PA present in common ragwort, jacobine, produced a negative response (with and without the addition of rat liver S9) in Salmonella test strains TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537. To investigate which compounds in the plant extracts were responsible for the positive outcome, the present study investigated the contents and mutagenic effects of methanol and acetone extracts prepared from dried ground S. jacobaea and Senecio inaequidens (narrow-leafed ragwort). Subsequently, a fractionation approach was set up in combination with LC-MS/MS analysis of the fractions. It was shown that the positive Ames test outcomes of S. jacobaea extracts are unlikely to be caused by PAs, but rather by the flavonoid quercetin. This study also demonstrates the importance of identifying compounds responsible for positive test results in bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toine F H Bovee
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Richard J R Helsdingen
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron L A P Hoogenboom
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Monique W C M de Nijs
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ad A C M Peijnenburg
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick P J Mulder
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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246
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Chizzola R. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Adenostyles alliariae and A. glabra from the Austrian Alps. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The alkaloid content of Adenostyles alliariae and A. glabra (Asteraceae) has been evaluated. Both species contain toxic macrocyclic unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids with seneciphylline as the main compound accounting for more than 90% of the alkaloid fraction in all above ground plant parts. Further alkaloids were spartioidine, acetyl-senciphylline and senecionine. Inflorescences showed the highest alkaloid contents with 21.1 and 13.4 mg/g in A. alliariae and A. glabra, respectively. Stems and leaves had 2–3 times lower contents. Therefore, these Adenostyles species must be considered as highly toxic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remigius Chizzola
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A – 1210 Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Austria
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247
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Luckert C, Hessel S, Lenze D, Lampen A. Disturbance of gene expression in primary human hepatocytes by hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids: A whole genome transcriptome analysis. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1669-82. [PMID: 26100227 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1,2-unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are plant metabolites predominantly occurring in the plant families Asteraceae and Boraginaceae. Acute and chronic PA poisoning causes severe hepatotoxicity. So far, the molecular mechanisms of PA toxicity are not well understood. To analyze its mode of action, primary human hepatocytes were exposed to a non-cytotoxic dose of 100 μM of four structurally different PA: echimidine, heliotrine, senecionine, senkirkine. Changes in mRNA expression were analyzed by a whole genome microarray. Employing cut-off values with a |fold change| of 2 and a q-value of 0.01, data analysis revealed numerous changes in gene expression. In total, 4556, 1806, 3406 and 8623 genes were regulated by echimidine, heliotrine, senecione and senkirkine, respectively. 1304 genes were identified as commonly regulated. PA affected pathways related to cell cycle regulation, cell death and cancer development. The transcription factors TP53, MYC, NFκB and NUPR1 were predicted to be activated upon PA treatment. Furthermore, gene expression data showed a considerable interference with lipid metabolism and bile acid flow. The associated transcription factors FXR, LXR, SREBF1/2, and PPARα/γ/δ were predicted to be inhibited. In conclusion, though structurally different, all four PA significantly regulated a great number of genes in common. This proposes similar molecular mechanisms, although the extent seems to differ between the analyzed PA as reflected by the potential hepatotoxicity and individual PA structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Luckert
- Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hessel
- Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dido Lenze
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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248
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Seitz T, Stalmann R, Dalila N, Chen J, Pojar S, Dos Santos Pereira JN, Krätzner R, Brockmöller J, Tzvetkov MV. Global genetic analyses reveal strong inter-ethnic variability in the loss of activity of the organic cation transporter OCT1. Genome Med 2015; 7:56. [PMID: 26157489 PMCID: PMC4495841 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The organic cation transporter OCT1 (SLC22A1) mediates the uptake of vitamin B1, cationic drugs, and xenobiotics into hepatocytes. Nine percent of Caucasians lack or have very low OCT1 activity due to loss-of-function polymorphisms in OCT1 gene. Here we analyzed the global genetic variability in OCT1 to estimate the therapeutic relevance of OCT1 polymorphisms in populations beyond Caucasians and to identify evolutionary patterns of the common loss of OCT1 activity in humans. METHODS We applied massively parallel sequencing to screen for coding polymorphisms in 1,079 unrelated individuals from 53 populations worldwide. The obtained data was combined with the existing 1000 Genomes data comprising an additional 1,092 individuals from 14 populations. The identified OCT1 variants were characterized in vitro regarding their cellular localization and their ability to transport 10 known OCT1 substrates. Both the population genetics data and transport data were used in tandem to generate a world map of loss of OCT1 activity. RESULTS We identified 16 amino acid substitutions potentially causing loss of OCT1 function and analyzed them together with five amino acid substitutions that were not expected to affect OCT1 function. The variants constituted 16 major alleles and 14 sub-alleles. Six major alleles showed improper subcellular localization leading to substrate-wide loss in activity. Five major alleles showed correct subcellular localization, but substrate-specific loss of activity. Striking differences were observed in the frequency of loss of OCT1 activity worldwide. While most East Asian and Oceanian individuals had completely functional OCT1, 80 % of native South American Indians lacked functional OCT1 alleles. In East Asia and Oceania the average nucleotide diversity of the loss-of-function variants was much lower than that of the variants that do not affect OCT1 function (ratio of 0.03) and was significantly lower than the theoretically expected heterozygosity (Tajima's D = -1.64, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive genetic analyses showed strong global variations in the frequency of loss of OCT1 activity with selection pressure for maintaining OCT1 activity in East Asia and Oceania. These results not only enable pharmacogenetically-based optimization of drug treatment worldwide, but may help elucidate the functional role of human OCT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Seitz
- />Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, DE-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Stalmann
- />Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, DE-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nawar Dalila
- />Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, DE-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jiayin Chen
- />Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, DE-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sherin Pojar
- />Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, DE-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joao N. Dos Santos Pereira
- />Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, DE-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Krätzner
- />Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, DE-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brockmöller
- />Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, DE-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mladen V. Tzvetkov
- />Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, DE-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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249
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Abstract
A wide variety of toxins cause diseases in the horse and are investigated routinely by veterinarians and veterinary pathologists to identify the cause of illness and death. A complete investigation involves performing a thorough necropsy and requires macroscopic and microscopic examination of lesions and a variety of laboratory testing to obtain an accurate diagnosis. The identification of gross lesions by equine practitioners is often the first step in formulating a diagnostic plan. This article provides a description of selected common toxins producing detectable gross lesions in horses in North America. The article is useful to equine practitioners and veterinary pathologists investigating a toxicology-related death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Al-Dissi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada.
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250
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Absolute configuration, stability, and interconversion of 6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine valine adducts and their phenylthiohydantoin derivatives. J Food Drug Anal 2015; 23:318-326. [PMID: 28911388 PMCID: PMC9351779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants are widespread in the world and probably the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock, wildlife, and humans. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids require metabolic activation to form dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids that bind to cellular proteins and DNA leading to hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, and tumorigenicity. At present, it is not clear how dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids bind to cellular amino acids and proteins to induced toxicity. We previously reported that reaction of dehydromonocrotaline with valine generated four highly unstable 6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP)-derived valine (DHP-valine) adducts that upon reaction with phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC) formed four DHP-valine-PITC adduct isomers. In this study, we report the absolute configuration and stability of DHP-valine and DHP-valine-PITC adducts, and the mechanism of interconversion between DHP-valine-PITC adducts.
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