201
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Smith GN, Hasty KA, Yu LP, Lamberson KS, Mickler EA, Brandt KD. Cleavage of type XI collagen fibers by gelatinase and by extracts of osteoarthritic canine cartilage. MATRIX (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 1991; 11:36-42. [PMID: 1851245 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8832(11)80225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gelatinase (matrix metalloproteinase 2) purified from culture medium of MDCK cells by affinity chromatography on gelatin-sepharose was tested against type XI collagen. The purified enzyme-digested native type XI collagen in solution, and as reconstituted fibers, at 30, 34, and 37 degrees C. Both substrates yielded the same digestion products, as characterized by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but the soluble collagen was cleaved at a higher rate. The first major product seen was an 87-kDa peptide, which was usually associated with one or two peptides migrating between it and alpha 3(XI). With time, a second group of 3 peptides appeared at 78, 75, and 73 kDa. After continued digestion, a third group of peptides was detected with prominent 69- and 67-kDa peptides and minor peptides at 71, 65, and 62 kDa. In overnight (20 hour) digestions, the 60-kDa digestion product accumulated and most of the larger digestion products could no longer be detected. Minor products at 71, 55, and 50 kDa were also noted in these limited digestions. Under the same conditions, denatured type XI was digested to fragments smaller than 13.5 kDa. The enzyme was inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline or EDTA. Two purified components of cartilage matrix, type II collagen and proteoglycan subunit, as well as crude cartilage homogenates, were not effective inhibitors of the purified enzyme. Similar activity was extracted from canine articular cartilage, and the activity was much stronger in cartilage from osteoarthritic joints than from control joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Smith
- Specialized Center of Research in Osteoarthritis, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202
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202
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Stockwell RA. Cartilage failure in osteoarthritis: Relevance of normal structure and function. A review. Clin Anat 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.980040303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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203
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Wu LN, Genge BR, Wuthier RE. Association between proteoglycans and matrix vesicles in the extracellular matrix of growth plate cartilage. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)35300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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204
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Nakahara H, Watanabe K, Sugrue SP, Olsen BR, Caplan AI. Temporal and spatial distribution of type XII collagen in high cell density culture of periosteal-derived cells. Dev Biol 1990; 142:481-5. [PMID: 1701739 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(90)90370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Periosteal-derived cells of young chicks have been reported to possess the potential to undergo terminal differentiation into osteogenic or chondrogenic phenotypes under high cell density culture conditions. In this culture, the temporal and spatial distribution of type XII collagen was immunocytochemically assessed using a monoclonal antibody. These high-density plated cells first formed a multilayer of fibroblast-like cells, in which type I and XII collagen were evenly distributed throughout the full thickness of the culture. With time, the top portion of the culture differentiated into bone tissue, while cells below this top layer differentiated into hypertrophic chondrocytes. In this transition, type XII collagen was temporally and spatially colocalized primarily with type I collagen: the top portion of bone layer was positive for both type I and XII collagens, whereas their staining intensity in the bottom portion decreased with time in culture. Using this antibody, type XII collagen was also found in developing embryonic chick tibiotarsus. These observations, taken together, suggest that type XII collagen production is a characteristic property of bone-forming cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakahara
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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205
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Chandrasekhar S, Harvey AK, Higginbotham JD, Horton WE. Interleukin-1-induced suppression of type II collagen gene transcription involves DNA regulatory elements. Exp Cell Res 1990; 191:105-14. [PMID: 2226641 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(90)90042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 is a proinflammatory polypeptide that influences cartilage macromolecular degradation and synthesis. Since previous studies have suggested that interleukin-1 may inhibit type II collagen synthesis, we have studied the mechanism of inhibition of type II collagen synthesis by interleukin-1. When rabbit articular chondrocytes were treated with purified recombinant interleukin-1 beta or macrophage-conditioned medium, the synthesis and assembly of type II collagen into the extracellular matrix were greatly reduced. The inhibition was concentration-dependent and occurred within 10 h of treatment with interleukin-1, with greater inhibition occurring at 30 h. The reduced level of collagen synthesis correlated with a reduction in the steady-state mRNA levels coding for type II collagen, as measured by a Northern blot analysis. This further correlated with a reduction in the transcription of type II collagen gene, as determined by nuclear run-on experiments. Finally, transfection studies using plasmid constructs containing DNA regulatory sequences from the type II gene, coupled to a reporter gene (CAT), revealed that in comparison to control chondrocytes, interleukin-1 treated cells showed a reduced level of CAT activity. These studies demonstrate that the inhibition of collagen type II synthesis by interleukin-1 is due to a reduction in the transcription of the type II collagen gene and that the reduction in gene transcription involves DNA regulatory sequences that determine type II collagen gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chandrasekhar
- Department of Connective Tissue and Monoclonal Antibody Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
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206
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Neame PJ, Young CN, Treep JT. Isolation and primary structure of PARP, a 24-kDa proline- and arginine-rich protein from bovine cartilage closely related to the NH2-terminal domain in collagen alpha 1 (XI). J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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207
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Raspanti M, Ottani V, Ruggeri A. Subfibrillar architecture and functional properties of collagen: a comparative study in rat tendons. J Anat 1990; 172:157-64. [PMID: 2272900 PMCID: PMC1257211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen fibrils from different rat tendons have been investigated by freeze-fracture and transmission electron microscopy. In all cases, marked differences in both fibril morphology and subfibrillar organisation have been consistently found between the tendon core (composed of large and heterogeneous fibrils comprising tightly-packed, straight, parallel molecules) and sheath (showing small, uniform collagen fibrils with a helical arrangement of the molecules). The bio-mechanical requirements to which these tissues are subjected suggest, as do previous observations on other tissues, that a causal correlation exists between substructure and collagen fibril function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raspanti
- Istituto di Anatomia Umana Normale, Bologna, Italy
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208
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Fleischmajer R, MacDonald ED, Perlish JS, Burgeson RE, Fisher LW. Dermal collagen fibrils are hybrids of type I and type III collagen molecules. J Struct Biol 1990; 105:162-9. [PMID: 2100147 DOI: 10.1016/1047-8477(90)90110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that dermal collagen fibrils with 67-nm periodicity consist of hybrids of type I and type III collagens. This is based on the assumption that all these banded fibrils are coated with type III collagen regardless of their diameter. However, conclusive evidence for this form of hybridization is lacking. In order to clarify this problem dermal collagen fibrils were disrupted into microfibrils using 8 M urea. Single and double indirect immunoelectron microscopy showed type III collagen at the periphery of intact collagen fibrils but no labeling with type I collagen antibodies, suggesting that the epitopes for this collagen were masked. Disrupted collagen fibrils revealed type I collagen throughout the fibril except for the periphery which was coated with type III collagen. Almost no type III collagen was noted in the interior of the collagen fibrils. Since type III collagen is present only at the periphery it suggests that this collagen has a different role than type I collagen and may have a regulatory function in fibrillogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fleischmajer
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
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209
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Muragaki Y, Kimura T, Ninomiya Y, Olsen BR. The complete primary structure of two distinct forms of human alpha 1 (IX) collagen chains. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 192:703-8. [PMID: 2209617 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Type IX collagen molecules contain three genetically distinct subunits. One of the subunits, alpha 2(IX), contains a covalently attached glycosaminoglycan side chain. A second subunit, alpha 1 (IX), has been found to be synthesized in two forms. The two forms are generated by the alternative use of two transcription start sites and splice patterns. The two forms have been found in chicken, mouse and human but cDNAs encoding both forms have only been reported for chicken. In the present report we describe the isolation of cDNA clones encoding the complete translated portion of both forms of human alpha 1(IX) collagen chains. Nucleotide sequence analysis has permitted the determination of the primary structure of both forms. These probes and sequences should prove useful in future studies of chondrodysplasias involving type IX collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Muragaki
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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210
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Gadher SJ, Eyre DR, Wotton SF, Schmid TM, Woolley DE. Degradation of cartilage collagens type II, IX, X and XI by enzymes derived from human articular chondrocytes. MATRIX (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 1990; 10:154-63. [PMID: 2170828 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8832(11)80164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Conditioned culture medium derived from Interleukin-I alpha-activated human articular chondrocytes contained both collagen- and proteoglycan-degrading activities. Preparations of soluble type I collagen and the cartilage collagens type II, IX, X and XI were all degraded when incubated with the conditioned culture medium at 35 degrees C. Fractionation of the enzymic activities using column chromatography with Ultragel AcA 34 and Heparin-Sepharose allowed the separation and identification of neutral proteinase, collagenolytic and proteoglycan-degrading activities. Eluant fractions which contained type I collagenase activity effectively degraded collagen type II, but these fractions did not correspond precisely with those which degraded collagen types IX, X and XI. These observations indicate that chondrocytes have the potential to produce a conventional interstitial type II collagenase together with other enzymes having some specificity for the minor collagens. Thus IL-1-activated chondrocytes produce a range of collagenolytic and proteoglycan-degrading enzymes which can process most of the structural components of the cartilage matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Gadher
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital of South Manchester, UK
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211
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Arima T, Lim DJ, Kawaguchi H, Shibata Y, Uemura T. An ultrastructural study of the guinea pig tectorial membrane 'type A' protofibril. Hear Res 1990; 46:289-92. [PMID: 1697571 DOI: 10.1016/0378-5955(90)90010-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fine structural features of the 'type A' protofibrils in the guinea pig tectorial membrane were examined using negative staining and deep-etching techniques. Negative-stained samples of fragmented tectorial membrane were composed of several fine filamentous subunits showing the clear banding pattern of the type A protofibrils. Deep-etched replicas of the EGTA (ethylene glycol bis-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid)-treated samples showed fine surface structure consisting of several linear arrays of filamentous elements on the extracellular fibrils, which is interpreted to be type A protofibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Arima
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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212
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Santi PA, Lease MK, Harrison RG, Wicker EM. Ultrastructure of proteoglycans in the tectorial membrane. JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUE 1990; 15:293-300. [PMID: 2374036 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1060150308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ultrastructure of proteoglycans (PGs) in the tectorial membrane (TM) of the mature chinchilla cochlea was investigated using the cationic dye Cuprolinic blue. When used at a high critical electrolyte concentration, Cuprolinic blue has been shown specifically to bind to the glycosaminoglycan residues of sulfated PGs. After Cuprolinic blue treatment, PGs were observed in the TM which were represented as rod-shaped, electron-dense structures. A perifibrillar, primarily orthogonal, array of PGs was associated with the type A protofibrils. These PGs were distributed in 50 nm intervals along the length of the type A protofibrils. A less common orientation was parallel to the axis of the type A protofibrils. PGs did not appear to be associated with the type B protofibrils. Based upon previous results by other investigators, the TM contains types II and IX collagen, and it appears likely that the type A protofibrils are composed of collagen type II. PGs visualized in the TM in this study thus may represent the glycosaminoglycan residue of type IX collagen which is associated with the type II collagen fibrils. Alternatively, the TM PGs may be small dermatan or chondroitin sulfate PGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Santi
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55414
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213
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Abstract
The number of proteins known to contain collagen-like triple helical domains is rapidly increasing. The functions of these domains are to provide molecular rods that separate spatially non-triple helical domains with varied properties and structures and to permit lateral interactions between molecules. Two-thirds of the amino acids of the triple helical domains have their side-chains at the surface of the protein. The triple helix is also a structure that is easily predictable from the primary structure. The structure of several recently discovered collagens are discussed in terms of domains and functions. The triple helical domains have sizes varying from 33 to over 1,000 amino acid residues. The longest uninterrupted triple helices are involved in the formation of the classical quarter-staggered fibrils. Other triple helical domains permit varied molecular aggregates. A very broad spectrum of non-triple helical or globular domains are interspersed by triple helices. Only those located at the extremities of the molecules are large in size, sometimes several hundred kDa, while the domains separating 2 triple helices are small (less than 50 amino acids) and provide the molecules with hinges, proteolytic cleavage sites or other specialized functions like a glycosaminoglycan attachment site. If the assembly of the 3 chains required for the triple helix formation can be controlled in vitro, collagen-like molecules offer an as yet unexploited potential for protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van der Rest
- Institute of Biology and Chemistry of Proteins (CNRS-UPR 412), Lyon, France
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214
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Ronzière MC, Ricard-Blum S, Tiollier J, Hartmann DJ, Garrone R, Herbage D. Comparative analysis of collagens solubilized from human foetal, and normal and osteoarthritic adult articular cartilage, with emphasis on type VI collagen. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1038:222-30. [PMID: 2331486 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(90)90209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The different collagen types were extracted sequentially, by 4 M guanidinium chloride and pepsin, from human foetal and normal and osteoarthritic adult articular cartilage. They were characterized by electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Most of the collagenous proteins present in articular cartilage from young human foetuses were solubilized: almost 40% of the total collagen was extracted in the native form with 4 M guanidinium chloride. Type VI collagen was detected in this fraction as high-molecular-mass chains (185-220 kDa) and a low-molecular-mass chain (140 kDa). Type II, IX and XI collagens were also present, but were extracted more extensively by pepsin digestion. Comparative analysis of normal and osteoarthritic cartilage from adults reveals some major differences: an increase in the solubility of the collagen and modifications of soluble collagen types in osteoarthritic cartilage. Furthermore, type VI collagen was present at a higher concentration in guanidinium chloride extracts of osteoarthritic cartilage than those of normal tissue. This finding was corroborated by electron microscopic observations of the same samples: abundant (100 nm) periodic fibrils were observed in the disorganized pericellular capsule of cloned cells in osteoarthritic cartilage. In normal tissues the pericellular zone was more compact and contained only a few such banded fibrils. The differences in the collagen types solubilized from normal and osteoarthritic cartilage, although corresponding to a minor proportion of the total collagen, demonstrate that important modifications in chondrocyte metabolism and in the collagenous network do occur in degenerated cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Ronzière
- Laboratoire d'Histologie Expérimentale, UA CNRS 244, Université Claude Bernard, Villeurbanne, France
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215
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Occurrence in chick embryo vitreous humor of a type IX collagen proteoglycan with an extraordinarily large chondroitin sulfate chain and short alpha 1 polypeptide. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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216
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Muragaki Y, Nishimura I, Henney A, Ninomiya Y, Olsen BR. The alpha 1 (IX) collagen gene gives rise to two different transcripts in both mouse embryonic and human fetal RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:2400-4. [PMID: 1690886 PMCID: PMC53696 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.7.2400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated and characterized portions of the alpha 1 (IX) collagen gene from mouse and human DNA. Nucleotide sequence analysis and comparison with the chicken gene suggest that the mammalian genes contain an alternative exon that is located within the intron between exons 6 and 7. Using oligonucleotide primers specific for exons 4, 8, and the alternative exon (exon 1*), we demonstrated by the polymerase chain reaction that embryonic mouse and fetal human RNAs contain two types of alpha 1(IX) collagen transcripts. One type of transcript does not contain the sequence encoded by exon 1*; the second type of transcript contains this exon. Both mouse and human alpha 1(IX) collagen genes give rise, therefore, to (at least) two mRNA transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Muragaki
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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217
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Schmid TM, Linsenmayer TF. Immunoelectron microscopy of type X collagen: supramolecular forms within embryonic chick cartilage. Dev Biol 1990; 138:53-62. [PMID: 2307289 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(90)90176-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To determine the supramolecular forms in which avian type X collagen molecules assemble within the matrix of hypertrophic cartilage, we performed immunoelectron microscopy with colloidal gold-labeled monoclonal antibodies. In addition double-labeled analyses were performed for the molecule and type II collagen, employing two monoclonal antibodies attached to different size gold particles. Both in situ limb cartilages and the extracellular matrix of chondrocyte cultures were examined. We observed in both systems that the type X collagen is present in two forms. One is as fine filaments (less than 5 nm in diameter) within mats which are found predominantly in the pericellular matrix of the hypertrophic chondrocytes. The second form is in association with the fibrils (10-20 nm in diameter) which also react with the antibody for type II collagen. It seems that the filamentous mats represent a form in which the type X collagen is initially secreted from the cell. The type X associated with the striated fibrils most likely represents a secondary association of the molecule with preexisting type II/IX/XI fibrils. The data are consistent with our previously proposed hypothesis that type X collagen is involved in, and perhaps even "targets," certain matrix components for degradation and removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Schmid
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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218
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Schmid TM, Popp RG, Linsenmayer TF. Hypertrophic cartilage matrix. Type X collagen, supramolecular assembly, and calcification. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 580:64-73. [PMID: 2186696 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb17918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T M Schmid
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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219
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Landis WJ, Hodgens KJ. Visualization of sulfur-containing components associated with proliferating chondrocytes from rat epiphyseal growth plate cartilage: possible proteoglycan and collagen co-migration. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1990; 226:153-67. [PMID: 2301735 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092260205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Electron microscopy of epiphyseal growth plate cartilage from normal 4-5-week-old rats has revealed extensive fibrillar aggregates and globules in the pericellular spaces of proliferating chondrocytes. These cells contained small globules and diffusely coiled, fine filaments located within large, membrane-invested vacuoles. All such structures were observed after a variety of different tissue fixation regimes, including glutaraldehyde, osmium tetroxide, and potassium pyroantimonate. The fibrillar aggregates and globules were often overlapping and intermeshed and extended to 0.5 micron in length from their point of origin at cell membranes. Vacuoles were usually found at the periphery of cells, and some, by membrane fusion with the cell envelope, appeared contiguous with extracellular spaces wherein their contents could be discharged. Fine filaments and globules were occasionally observed in the Golgi complex and cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum of the chondrocytes. Further characterization of the cellular and pericellular components by electron microscopic radioautography, electron probe microanalysis, and electron spectroscopic imaging indicated the presence of sulfur, a result suggesting these aggregates, filaments, and globules in part represent proteoglycans in various stages of synthesis, secretion, and assembly. Additional radioautography utilizing 3H-proline implied that filament bundles are also composed of collagen, a result posing the possibility that this protein and the putative proteoglycans may co-migrate both intracellularly and within pericellular matrices. In extracellular matrices adjacent to cell lacunae, the fibrillar aggregates appeared in close association with typical collagen type II fibrils, an observation providing evidence for proteoglycan-collagen network formation in this region of the rat epiphysis. These microscopic and analytical data in situ would support certain studies in vitro of proteoglycan-collagen type II and IX association and are important in describing the interaction of such cartilage components ultimately involved in matrix formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Landis
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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220
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Gordon MK, Gerecke DR, Dublet B, van der Rest M, Sugrue SP, Olsen BR. The structure of type XII collagen. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 580:8-16. [PMID: 2186698 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb17913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M K Gordon
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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221
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Shimokomaki M, Wright DW, Irwin MH, van der Rest M, Mayne R. The structure and macromolecular organization of type IX collagen in cartilage. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 580:1-7. [PMID: 2186687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb17912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Shimokomaki
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
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222
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EXPOSITO JEANYVES, VINCENT PIERRE, GARRONE ROBERT. A Miniature Collagen Discovered in Sponges by cDNA Cloning. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb17955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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223
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DUANCE VICTORC, WOTTON SANDRAF, YOUNG ROBERTD. Type IX Collagen Function in Articular Cartilage. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb17966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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224
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Nishimura I, Muragaki Y, Hayashi M, Ninomiya Y, Olsen BR. Tissue-specific expression of type IX collagen. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 580:112-9. [PMID: 2186688 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb17923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I Nishimura
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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225
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Fleischmajer R, Perlish JS, Burgeson RE, Shaikh-Bahai F, Timpl R. Type I and type III collagen interactions during fibrillogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 580:161-75. [PMID: 2186689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb17927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is some evidence that type I and type III collagens may be present in the same fibril. In order to demonstrate this, double labeling immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy were performed with antibodies directed against the collagen molecule and the aminopropeptide domains of type I and type III procollagens using embryonic (postabortion) and adult human skin. Double indirect and protein A immunoelectron microscopy were carried out with 5- and 15-nm gold particles. Skin extracts were also studied by immunoblotting. Double immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies against type I and type III collagen molecules revealed patterns of fluorescence that were identical in both fetal and adult skins. Immunofluorescence microscopy using an antibody directed against the aminopropeptide of type III procollagen labeled the entire dermis in both embryonic and adult skins. In contrast, although the aminopropeptide of type I procollagen was present throughout embryonic dermis, it was markedly reduced in adult dermis, except for the epidermo-dermal junction. Double immunoelectron microscopy of fetal skin revealed labeling of the aminopropeptide of type I and type III procollagens on the same thin (20-30 nm) fibrils. Large type I fibrils (90-100 nm) were coated with type III collagen molecules and their corresponding aminopropeptide but not with the aminopropeptide of type I procollagen. The aminopropeptide of type I procollagen was present on thin fibrils only at the epidermo-dermal junction in adult skin. Immunoblotting of skin extracts revealed the presence of both pN-type III procollagen (collagen plus the aminopropeptide) and pN-type I procollagen in fetal skin, but only pN-type III in adult skin. This study demonstrates that type I and type III collagens coexist within the same fibril and that the aminopropeptide of type III procollagen is present at the surface of type I collagen fibrils that apparently have reached full growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fleischmajer
- Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
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226
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Linsenmayer TF, Fitch JM, Birk DE. Heterotypic collagen fibrils and stabilizing collagens. Controlling elements in corneal morphogenesis? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 580:143-60. [PMID: 2159749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb17926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T F Linsenmayer
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts Schools of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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227
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Boissier MC, Chiocchia G, Ronziere MC, Herbage D, Fournier C. Arthritogenicity of minor cartilage collagens (types IX and XI) in mice. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1990; 33:1-8. [PMID: 2302260 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780330101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Native type II collagen, the major cartilage collagen, is immunogenic and arthritogenic in rodents. To investigate whether minor cartilage collagens are arthritogenic, we immunized DBA/1 mice with the pepsin-soluble fractions of type IX or type XI collagen emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant. Both collagens were arthritogenic in DBA/1 mice after only 1 injection. However, the incidence of the polyarthritis was lower and the severity was lesser than with that induced by bovine type II collagen, even when a booster injection was administered. All mice developed a humoral response to the immunizing antigen, without any relationship to the arthritic status. Interestingly, competition experiments showed that antibodies raised against type XI collagen also bound with high avidity to type II collagen. In contrast, sera from type IX collagen-immunized mice did not react with either type II or type XI collagen. We conclude that types IX and XI minor cartilage collagens are both arthritogenic and immunogenic in DBA/1 mice. Whether the recognition of epitopes common to different collagens is relevant to the articular pathology remains to be elucidated.
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228
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Bruckner P, Hörler I, Mendler M, Houze Y, Winterhalter KH, Eich-Bender SG, Spycher MA. Induction and prevention of chondrocyte hypertrophy in culture. J Cell Biol 1989; 109:2537-45. [PMID: 2808534 PMCID: PMC2115829 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.109.5.2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary chondrocytes from whole chick embryo sterna can be maintained in suspension culture stabilized with agarose for extended periods of time. In the absence of FBS, the cells remain viable only when seeded at high densities. They do not proliferate at a high rate but they deposit extracellular matrix with fibrils resembling those of authentic embryonic cartilage in their appearance and collagen composition. The cells exhibit many morphological and biochemical characteristics of resting chondrocytes and they do not produce collagen X, a marker for hypertrophic cartilage undergoing endochondral ossification. At low density, cells survive in culture without FBS when the media are conditioned by chondrocytes grown at high density. Thus, resting cartilage cells in agarose cultures can produce factors required for their own viability. Addition of FBS to the culture media leads to profound changes in the phenotype of chondrocytes seeded at low density. Cells form colonies at a high rate and assume properties of hypertrophic cells, including the synthesis of collagen X. They extensively deposit extracellular matrix resembling more closely that of adult rather than embryonic cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bruckner
- Laboratorium für Biochemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zürich, Switzerland
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229
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Nishimura I, Muragaki Y, Olsen BR. Tissue-specific Forms of Type IX Collagen-Proteoglycan Arise from the Use of Two Widely Separated Promoters. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)47214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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230
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231
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Tanzer
- Department of BioStructure and Function, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington
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232
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Ayad S, Marriott A, Morgan K, Grant ME. Bovine cartilage types VI and IX collagens. Characterization of their forms in vivo. Biochem J 1989; 262:753-61. [PMID: 2511833 PMCID: PMC1133338 DOI: 10.1042/bj2620753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. Collagens were extracted from bovine cartilage by 4 M-guanidinium chloride in the presence of proteinase inhibitors and identified by immunoblotting with specific anti-collagen sera. 2. The collagens retained their native conformations (shown by the resistance of their triple-helical domains to pepsin digestion), and the molecular masses of their component alpha-chains indicated that the chains were intact. 3. Type VI collagen was extracted as a large-molecular-mass disulphide-bonded aggregate composed of components of molecular mass 140 kDa and 200-240 kDa, and was therefore similar to type VI collagen identified in noncartilaginous tissues. Immunoblotting established the 200-240 kDa components as intact forms of the alpha 3(VI) chain. 4. Type IX collagen consisted of three clearly separable components of molecular mass 84 kDa, 72 kDa and 66 kDa, which were assigned to the alpha 1(IX)-, alpha 3(IX)- and alpha 2(IX)-chains respectively, and a large proportion of this collagen had no covalently bound glycosaminoglycan attached to the alpha 2(IX)-chain. 5. Differences between the type IX collagen extracted from bovine cartilage and that identified in biosynthetic studies on chick cartilage are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ayad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, University of Manchester, U.K
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233
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Swoboda B, Holmdahl R, Stöss H, von der Mark K. Cellular heterogeneity in cultured human chondrocytes identified by antibodies specific for alpha 2(XI) collagen chains. J Cell Biol 1989; 109:1363-9. [PMID: 2670958 PMCID: PMC2115754 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.109.3.1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen type XI is a component of hyaline cartilage consisting of alpha 1(XI), alpha 2(XI), and alpha 3(XI) chains; with 5-10% of the total collagen content, it is a minor but significant component next to type II collagen, but its function and precise localization in cartilaginous tissues is still unclear. Owing to the homology of the alpha 3(XI) and alpha 1(II) collagen chains, attempts to prepare specific antibodies to native type XI collagen have been unsuccessful in the past. In this study, we report on the preparation and use for immunohistochemistry of a polyclonal antibody specific for alpha 2(XI) denatured collagen chains. The antibody was prepared by immunization with the isolated alpha 2(XI) chain and reacts neither with native type XI collagen nor type I, II, V, or IX by ELISA or immunoblotting, nor with alpha 1(XI) or alpha 3(XI), but with alpha 2(XI) chains. Using this antibody, it was possible to specifically localize alpha 2(XI) in cartilage by pretreating tissue sections with 6 M urea. In double immunofluorescence staining experiments, the distribution of alpha 2(XI) as indicative for type XI collagen in fetal bovine and human cartilage was compared with that of type II collagen, using a monoclonal antibody to alpha 1(II). Type XI collagen was found throughout the matrix of hyaline cartilage. However, owing to cross-reactivity of the monoclonal anti-alpha 1(II) with alpha 3(XI), both antibodies produced the same staining pattern. Cellular heterogeneity was, however, detected in monolayer cultures of human chondrocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B Swoboda
- Clinical Research Unit for Rheumatology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Federal Republic of Germany
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234
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Dublet B, Oh S, Sugrue SP, Gordon MK, Gerecke DR, Olsen BR, van der Rest M. The Structure of Avian Type XII Collagen. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)51608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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235
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Sugrue SP, Gordon MK, Seyer J, Dublet B, van der Rest M, Olsen BR. Immunoidentification of type XII collagen in embryonic tissues. J Cell Biol 1989; 109:939-45. [PMID: 2668306 PMCID: PMC2115737 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.109.2.939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have generated a monoclonal antibody against a synthetic peptide whose sequence was derived from the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding alpha 1(XII) collagen. The antibody, 75d7, has been used to identify the alpha 1(XII) chain on immunoblots of SDS-PAGE tendon extracts as a 220-kD polypeptide, under reducing conditions. Amino-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of an immunopurified cyanogen bromide fragment of type XII collagen from embryonic chick tendons gave a single sequence identical to that predicted from the cDNA, thus confirming that the antibody recognizes the type XII protein. Immunofluorescence studies with the antibody demonstrate that type XII collagen is localized in type I-containing dense connective tissue structures such as tendons, ligaments, perichondrium, and periosteum. With these data, taken together with previous results showing that a portion of the sequence domains of type XII collagen is similar to domains of type IX, a nonfibrillar collagen associated with cross-striated fibrils in cartilage, we suggest that types IX and XII collagens are members of a distinct class of extracellular matrix proteins found in association with quarter-staggered collagen fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Sugrue
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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236
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Smith GN, Hasty KA, Brandt KD. Type XI collagen is associated with the chondrocyte surface in suspension culture. MATRIX (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 1989; 9:186-92. [PMID: 2506410 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8832(89)80049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chondrocytes from bovine articular cartilage were stripped of matrix, then allowed to reconstitute their pericellular matrix in suspension culture. After incubation, the cells were centrifuged through a Percoll (TM) cushion and separated into a cell fraction, a medium fraction, and an interface fraction. The collagen in each fraction was analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunolocation with antisera against type XI and type II. Under these conditions, type XI collagen was recovered in the cell fraction, but was not detectable by immunolocation in the medium fraction or the interface fraction. In contrast, type II collagen was found in all three of these fractions. Insoluble type XI fibers subjected to the same fractionation scheme in the absence of cells were recovered in the medium and interface fractions, but not in the cell fraction. Incubation of intact cells with collagenase digested the cell-associated collagen, indicating that it was outside of the cells. The type XI collagen was removed from the cells by extraction with 4 M guanidinium chloride. These results indicate that type XI collagen is preferentially retained at the chondrocyte surface, and are consistent with our proposal that it is involved in organization of the pericellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Smith
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46223
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237
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Hedbom E, Heinegård D. Interaction of a 59-kDa Connective Tissue Matrix Protein with Collagen I and Collagen II. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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238
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Mayne R. Cartilage collagens. What is their function, and are they involved in articular disease? ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1989; 32:241-6. [PMID: 2649109 DOI: 10.1002/anr.1780320302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Mayne
- University of Alabama, Birmingham Medical Center, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy 35294
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239
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Okada Y, Konomi H, Yada T, Kimata K, Nagase H. Degradation of type IX collagen by matrix metalloproteinase 3 (stromelysin) from human rheumatoid synovial cells. FEBS Lett 1989; 244:473-6. [PMID: 2920840 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)80586-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of type IX collagen, a minor collagen in cartilage, was examined by treatment with three different types of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) purified from the culture medium of rheumatoid synovial cells. Neither MMP-1 (collagenase) nor MMP-2 (so-called 'gelatinase') could digest type IX collagen, but MMP-3 (stromelysin) readily degraded it into smaller fragments. This suggests that MMP-3 may be responsible for the pathological degradation and/or normal turnover of type IX collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Okada
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
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240
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Kimura T, Mattei MG, Stevens JW, Goldring MB, Ninomiya Y, Olsen BR. Molecular cloning of rat and human type IX collagen cDNA and localization of the alpha 1(IX) gene on the human chromosome 6. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 179:71-8. [PMID: 2465149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Type IX collagen is found in hyaline cartilage, where it is associated with type II collagen in quarter-staggered collagen fibrils. Chicken type IX collagen has been extensively characterized and shown to contain molecules with three triple-helical domains, interspersed with non-triple-helical sequences. The molecule contains three, genetically distinct, subunits and one of these subunits carries a covalently bound glycosaminoglycan side chain. In the present report, we describe for the first time the primary structure of mammalian type IX collagen chains, based on cloning and sequencing of cDNA from rat and human cDNA libraries. The results suggest that mammalian alpha 1(IX) chains have the same multi-domain structure as the avian protein. We also demonstrate, by in situ hybridization of chromosome spreads, that the human alpha 1(IX) collagen gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 6. The cloning of human type IX collagen cDNA provides a probe for molecular studies of human chondrodysplasias that may involve abnormalities in this extracellular collagen-proteoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kimura
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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241
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Abstract
TEM stereoscopy of thick sections has been used to reconstruct the 3-dimensional relationships of collagen fibrils in the general matrix of articular cartilage in its relaxed and deformed states. As well as identifying a variety of fibril interactions involving direct physical entwinement which are assumed to provide matrix cohesion the study also highlights the functional importance of the repeatedly kinked morphology exhibited by the radial fibrils. It is suggested that these fibril kinks, in accommodating local compressive strains that approach 100%, function as macro-molecular hinges and permit the collagen elements to undergo large spatial rearrangement without risk to their structural integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Broom
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Auckland, Private Bag, New Zealand
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242
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Mendler M, Eich-Bender SG, Vaughan L, Winterhalter KH, Bruckner P. Cartilage contains mixed fibrils of collagen types II, IX, and XI. J Cell Biol 1989; 108:191-7. [PMID: 2463256 PMCID: PMC2115367 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.108.1.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The distribution of collagen XI in fibril fragments from 17-d chick embryo sternal cartilage was determined by immunoelectron microscopy using specific polyclonal antibodies. The protein was distributed throughout the fibril fragments but was antigenically masked due to the tight packing of collagen molecules and could be identified only at sites where the fibril structure was partially disrupted. Collagens II and IX were also distributed uniformly along fibrils but, in contrast to collagen XI, were accessible to the antibodies in intact fibrils. Therefore, cartilage fibrils are heterotypically assembled from collagens II, IX, and XI. This implies that collagen XI is an integral component of the cartilage fibrillar network and homogeneously distributed throughout the tissue. This was confirmed by immunofluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mendler
- Laboratorium für Biochemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zürich, Switzerland
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243
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Gordon MK, Gerecke DR, Nishimura I, Ninomiya Y, Olsen BR. A new dimension in the extracellular matrix. Connect Tissue Res 1989; 20:179-86. [PMID: 2692954 DOI: 10.3109/03008208909023886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M K Gordon
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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244
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Vilamitjana J, Barge A, Julliard AK, Herbage D, Baltz T, Garrone R, Harmand MF. Problems in the immunolocalization of type IX collagen in fetal calf cartilage using a monoclonal antibody. Connect Tissue Res 1989; 18:277-92. [PMID: 2472927 DOI: 10.3109/03008208909019077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies were prepared against the pepsin-resistant fragments (X1-X3) of bovine type IX collagen. One of the five hybridomas that gave a positive reaction in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was selected (H1a) for structural analysis and immunolocalization of type IX collagen. The location of the epitope for H1a was deducted from immunoblots and electron microscopic observations after rotary shadowing. The H1a antibody binds to one end of the longest X2, X3, X4 molecules, and preferentially 40-55nm from one end of X1 molecules thus, on or near the noncollagenous domain, NC2. Different immunolocalizations of type IX collagen in the superficial, middle and deep zones of fetal calf epiphyseal cartilage were observed depending on the thickness of the section and on hyaluronidase digestion conditions. In the middle and deep zones, staining with H1a throughout the matrix was obtained only with thin sections (5 microns) and digestion for 1 h at 37 degrees C. With thick sections (15 microns) or with digestion for 1 h at 24 degrees C, staining was restricted to the pericellular regions. Staining throughout the matrix was obtained in the superficial zone under all experimental conditions. Without hyaluronidase treatment, no immunofluorescent staining was seen with either H1a or polyclonal antibody to type II collagen, indicating that type IX collagen is present throughout the matrix in the different zones of fetal calf cartilage. This result is in good accordance with the recent demonstration of common cross-links between type II and type IX collagen in chicken and bovine cartilage. However, the preferential unmasking of type IX collagen antigenic sites in the pericellular regions of middle and deep zones of fetal calf cartilage does not preclude the presence in that region of a special pericellular organization of the collagenous network.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vilamitjana
- INSERM-U 306/CEEMASI Universite de Bordeaux II, France
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245
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Olsen
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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246
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Bruckner P, Mendler M, Steinmann B, Huber S, Winterhalter KH. The structure of human collagen type IX and its organization in fetal and infant cartilage fibrils. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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247
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Svoboda KK, Nishimura I, Sugrue SP, Ninomiya Y, Olsen BR. Embryonic chicken cornea and cartilage synthesize type IX collagen molecules with different amino-terminal domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:7496-7500. [PMID: 3050996 PMCID: PMC282218 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.20.7496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed embryonic chicken cornea for the presence of type IX collagen mRNA and protein. Using RNA transfer blot analysis, we demonstrate that alpha 1(IX) and alpha 2(IX) mRNAs are expressed by corneal epithelial cells at the time that the primary stromal components are synthesized. The levels of the mRNAs decrease with increasing developmental age and are barely detectable at day 11 of development. In contrast, type IX collagen protein is detectable by immunofluorescence at days 5 and 6 and undetectable by day 8. Using probes specific for alpha 1(IX) and alpha 2(IX) mRNAs, we demonstrate that the size of alpha 2(IX) mRNA is the same in cornea as in chondrocytes, the major source of type IX collagen. However, the alpha 1(IX) mRNA is about 700 nucleotides shorter in the cornea than in cartilage because the corneal form of the mRNA does not contain the 5' region that encodes the non-triple-helical amino-terminal globular domain of cartilage type IX collagen. Therefore, corneal type IX collagen must lack this domain. This structural modulation of an extracellular matrix protein is likely to contribute to the functional differences between cartilage matrix and the early corneal stroma, both of which are rich in type II collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Svoboda
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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248
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Wright DW, Mayne R. Vitreous humor of chicken contains two fibrillar systems: an analysis of their structure. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE RESEARCH 1988; 100:224-34. [PMID: 2468720 DOI: 10.1016/0889-1605(88)90039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of the structure of chicken vitreous humor after brief homogenization of the tissue was performed. Electron micrographs prepared after rotary shadowing with platinum showed the presence of two distinct fibrils. The collagen fibril was coated by glycosaminoglycan which could be removed by chondroitinase ABC digestion. In addition, individual molecules of tenascin were observed wrapped around some of the collagen fibrils. A second beaded fibril was present and several fine filaments were observed to extend from each bead. The beaded fibril is formed by the overlap of these filaments, and beaded fibrils were observed in either a "closed" or an "open" form dependent on whether all of the filaments are brought together to form the overlap. A schematic diagram is presented for the structure of the beaded fibril. The potential relationship of the beaded fibril to the zonular fibrils and the elastin microfibrils is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Wright
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
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249
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Fitch JM, Mentzer A, Mayne R, Linsenmayer TF. Acquisition of type IX collagen by the developing avian primary corneal stroma and vitreous. Dev Biol 1988; 128:396-405. [PMID: 3294062 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(88)90301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous investigations from our laboratory and others have demonstrated that type II collagen, once thought to be a cartilage-specific molecule, is also a component of both the primary corneal stroma and the vitreous of embryonic chickens. In the present immunohistochemical study we have examined the expression in these embryonic matrices of another "cartilage-specific" collagen, type IX, along with type II. In the cornea, type IX collagen is in the primary stroma, but is not detectable in the mature, secondary stroma. Even within the primary stroma this collagen has a brief, transitory existence. It first appears in the peripheral stroma at the time the endothelial cells begin to migrate along its posterior surface, and spreads throughout the stroma during the following 24-36 hr. The epitopes on type IX collagen then suddenly become undetectable just before this matrix swells and becomes populated by the periocular mesenchymal cells (future keratocytes). In comparison, collagen type II (along with type I) is present in the stroma before and long after these events. Deposition of immunodetectable type IX collagen in the developing corneal stroma thus seems to be independent of type II. In the vitreous, we observed type IX collagen along with type II as soon as authentic vitreous could be identified and at all subsequent stages of development. In this tissue, therefore, the expression of collagen types IX and II appears to be coordinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Fitch
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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