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Esmaeilsabzali H, Beischlag TV, Cox ME, Parameswaran AM, Park EJ. Detection and isolation of circulating tumor cells: principles and methods. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1063-84. [PMID: 23999357 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to improve the clinical management of several cancers include finding better methods for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). However, detection and isolation of CTCs from the blood circulation is not a trivial task given their scarcity and the lack of reliable markers to identify these cells. With a variety of emerging technologies, a thorough review of the exploited principles and techniques as well as the trends observed in the development of these technologies can assist researchers to recognize the potential improvements and alternative approaches. To help better understand the related biological concepts, a simplified framework explaining cancer formation and its spread to other organs as well as how CTCs contribute to this process has been presented first. Then, based on their basic working-principles, the existing methods for detection and isolation of CTCs have been classified and reviewed as nucleic acid-based, physical properties-based and antibody-based methods. The review of literature suggests that antibody-based methods, particularly in conjunction with a microfluidic lab-on-a-chip setting, offer the highest overall performance for detection and isolation of CTCs. Further biological and engineering-related research is required to improve the existing methods. These include finding more specific markers for CTCs as well as enhancing the throughput, sensitivity, and analytic functionality of current devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Esmaeilsabzali
- School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, 250-13450 102nd Avenue, Surrey, V3T 0A3, BC, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, BC, Canada; School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, BC, Canada
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202
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Essentials of circulating tumor cells for clinical research and practice. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 88:338-56. [PMID: 23830807 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The major cause of death due to cancer is its metastatic deposit in numerous tissues and organs. The metastatic process requires the migration of malignant cells from primary sites to distant environments. Even for tumors initially spreading through lymphatic vessels, hematogenous transport is the most common metastatic pathway. The detachment of cancer cells from a primary tumor into the blood stream is called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). As these cells circulate further in the bloodstream they are known as circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The CTC population is highly resilient, enabling the cells to colonize a foreign microenvironment. Alternatively, cancer stem cells (CSCs) may arise from differentiated cancer cells through EMT and an embryonic transdifferentiation process. The presence of CTCs/CSCs in blood seems to be a determining factor of metastasis. This paper reviews various methods of clinical cancer detection as well as the biology and molecular characterization of CTCs/CSCs. Our goal was to summarize clinical studies which used CTC/CSCs for prognosis in patients with breast, colorectal, prostate, lung, ovarian, and bladder cancer.
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203
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An observational study of circulating tumor cells and (18)F-FDG PET uptake in patients with treatment-naive non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67733. [PMID: 23861795 PMCID: PMC3702496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We investigated the relationship of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with tumor glucose metabolism as defined by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake since both have been associated with patient prognosis. Materials & Methods We performed a retrospective screen of patients at four medical centers who underwent FDG PET-CT imaging and phlebotomy prior to a therapeutic intervention for NSCLC. We used an Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) independent fluid biopsy based on cell morphology for CTC detection and enumeration (defined here as High Definition CTCs or “HD-CTCs”). We then correlated HD-CTCs with quantitative FDG uptake image data calibrated across centers in a cross-sectional analysis. Results We assessed seventy-one NSCLC patients whose median tumor size was 2.8 cm (interquartile range, IQR, 2.0–3.6) and median maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) was 7.2 (IQR 3.7–15.5). More than 2 HD-CTCs were detected in 63% of patients, whether across all stages (45 of 71) or in stage I disease (27 of 43). HD-CTCs were weakly correlated with partial volume corrected tumor SUVmax (r = 0.27, p-value = 0.03) and not correlated with tumor diameter (r = 0.07; p-value = 0.60). For a given partial volume corrected SUVmax or tumor diameter there was a wide range of detected HD-CTCs in circulation for both early and late stage disease. Conclusions CTCs are detected frequently in early-stage NSCLC using a non-EpCAM mediated approach with a wide range noted for a given level of FDG uptake or tumor size. Integrating potentially complementary biomarkers like these with traditional patient data may eventually enhance our understanding of clinical, in vivo tumor biology in the early stages of this deadly disease.
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204
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Boshuizen R, Kuhn P, van den Heuvel M. Circulating tumor cells in non-small cell lung carcinoma. J Thorac Dis 2013; 4:456-8. [PMID: 23050106 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2012.08.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are associated with survival of cancer patients. Several methods have been developed to detect circulating tumor cells. The number of CTCs in NSCLC is lower than in other solid tumors. To date, trials are ongoing for a better understanding of CTCs. Besides association with prognosis, CTCs can be used to assess the efficacy of treatment and they are important substrates for molecular profiling of the tumor..
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier Boshuizen
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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205
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Cho EH. Circulating tumor cells as emerging tumor biomarkers in lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2013; 4:444-5. [PMID: 23050101 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2012.08.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Cho
- BioNano Genomics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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206
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Lee HJ, Oh JH, Oh JM, Park JM, Lee JG, Kim MS, Kim YJ, Kang HJ, Jeong J, Kim SI, Lee SS, Choi JW, Huh N. Efficient Isolation and Accurate In Situ Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells Using Detachable Beads and a High-Pore-Density Filter. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8337-40. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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207
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Lee HJ, Oh JH, Oh JM, Park JM, Lee JG, Kim MS, Kim YJ, Kang HJ, Jeong J, Kim SI, Lee SS, Choi JW, Huh N. Efficient Isolation and Accurate In Situ Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells Using Detachable Beads and a High-Pore-Density Filter. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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208
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Casavant BP, Mosher R, Warrick JW, Maccoux LJ, Berry SMF, Becker JT, Chen V, Lang JM, McNeel DG, Beebe DJ. A negative selection methodology using a microfluidic platform for the isolation and enumeration of circulating tumor cells. Methods 2013; 64:137-43. [PMID: 23806645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) exist in the peripheral blood stream of metastatic cancer patients at rates of approximately 1 CTC per billion background cells. In order to capture and analyze this rare cell population, various techniques exist that range from antibody-based surface marker positive selection to methods that use physical properties of CTCs to negatively exclude background cells from a CTC population. However, methods to capture cells for functional downstream analyses are limited due to inaccessibility of the captured sample or labeling techniques that may be prohibitive to cell function. Here, we present a negative selection method that leverages a Microfluidic Cell Concentrator (MCC) to allow collection and analysis of this rare cell population without needing cell adhesion or other labeling techniques to keep the cells within the chamber. Because the MCC is designed to allow collection and analysis of non-adherent cell populations, multiple staining steps can be applied in parallel to a given CTC population without losing any of the population. The ability of the MCC for patient sample processing of CTCs for enumeration was demonstrated with five patient samples, revealing an average of 0.31 CTCs/mL. The technique was compared to a previously published method - the ELISPOT - that showed similar CTC levels among the five patient samples tested. Because the MCC method does not use positive selection, the method can be applied across a variety of tumor types with no changes to the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Casavant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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209
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Hong B, Zu Y. Detecting circulating tumor cells: current challenges and new trends. Theranostics 2013; 3:377-94. [PMID: 23781285 PMCID: PMC3677409 DOI: 10.7150/thno.5195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the blood stream play a critical role in establishing metastases. The clinical value of CTCs as a biomarker for early cancer detection, diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, stratification, and pharmacodynamics have been widely explored in recent years. However, the clinical utility of current CTC tests is limited mainly due to methodological constraints. In this review, the pros and cons of the reported CTC assays are comprehensively discussed. In addition, the potential of tumor cell-derived materials as new targets for CTC detection, including circulating tumor microemboli, cell fragments, and circulating DNA, is evaluated. Finally, emerging approaches for CTC detection, including telomerase-based or aptamer-based assays and cell functional analysis, are also assessed. Expectantly, a thorough review of the current knowledge and technology of CTC detection will assist the scientific community in the development of more efficient CTC assay systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hong
- 1. TeloVISION, LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel Blvd. West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Youli Zu
- 2. Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, The Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin, MS205, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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210
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Matters GL, Clawson GA. A Speculative Role for Stromal Gastrin Signaling in Development and Dissemination of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Suppl 4:003. [PMID: 25346875 PMCID: PMC4208305 DOI: 10.4172/2165-7092.s4-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The peptide growth factor gastrin and its receptor, the G-protein coupled cholecystokinin receptor type B (CCKBR), play an integral role in the growth and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Gastrin immunoreactivity is found in the fetal pancreas but its expression is not detected in normal pancreas after birth, except when it is re-expressed in malignant lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail L Matters
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gary A Clawson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA ; Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation and Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USA
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211
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Zhao M, Schiro PG, Kuo JS, Koehler KM, Sabath DE, Popov V, Feng Q, Chiu DT. An automated high-throughput counting method for screening circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2465-71. [PMID: 23387387 PMCID: PMC3586433 DOI: 10.1021/ac400193b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has proved valuable for early detection and prognosis in cancer treatment. This paper describes an automated high-throughput counting method for CTCs based on microfluidics and line-confocal microscopy. Peripheral blood was directly labeled with multiple antibodies, each conjugated with a different fluorophore, pneumatically pumped through a microfluidic channel, and interrogated by a line-confocal microscope. On the basis of the fluorescence signals and labeling schemes, the count of CTCs was automatically reported. Due to the high flow rate, 1 mL of whole blood can be analyzed in less than 30 min. We applied this method in analyzing CTCs from 90 stage IV breast cancer patient samples and performed a side-by-side comparison with the results of the CellSearch assay, which is the only method approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration at present for enumeration of CTCs. This method has a recovery rate for cultured breast cancer cells of 94% (n = 9), with an average of 1.2 counts/mL of background level of detected CTCs from healthy donors. It detected CTCs from breast cancer patients ranging from 15 to 3375 counts/7.5 mL. Using this method, we also demonstrate the ability to enumerate CTCs from breast cancer patients that were positive for Her2 or CD44(+)/CD24(-), which is a putative cancer stem cell marker. This automated method can enumerate CTCs from peripheral blood with high throughput and sensitivity. It could potentially benefit the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Perry G. Schiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Jason S. Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Karen M. Koehler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Daniel E. Sabath
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Viorica Popov
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Qinghua Feng
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Daniel T. Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
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212
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Hou HW, Warkiani ME, Khoo BL, Li ZR, Soo RA, Tan DSW, Lim WT, Han J, Bhagat AAS, Lim CT. Isolation and retrieval of circulating tumor cells using centrifugal forces. Sci Rep 2013. [PMID: 23405273 DOI: 10.1038/srep01259
] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Presence and frequency of rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in bloodstreams of cancer patients are pivotal to early cancer detection and treatment monitoring. Here, we use a spiral microchannel with inherent centrifugal forces for continuous, size-based separation of CTCs from blood (Dean Flow Fractionation (DFF)) which facilitates easy coupling with conventional downstream biological assays. Device performance was optimized using cancer cell lines (> 85% recovery), followed by clinical validation with positive CTCs enumeration in all samples from patients with metastatic lung cancer (n = 20; 5-88 CTCs per mL). The presence of CD133⁺ cells, a phenotypic marker characteristic of stem-like behavior in lung cancer cells was also identified in the isolated subpopulation of CTCs. The spiral biochip identifies and addresses key challenges of the next generation CTCs isolation assay including antibody independent isolation, high sensitivity and throughput (3 mL/hr); and single-step retrieval of viable CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wei Hou
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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213
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Hou HW, Warkiani ME, Khoo BL, Li ZR, Soo RA, Tan DSW, Lim WT, Han J, Bhagat AAS, Lim CT. Isolation and retrieval of circulating tumor cells using centrifugal forces. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1259. [PMID: 23405273 PMCID: PMC3569917 DOI: 10.1038/srep01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Presence and frequency of rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in bloodstreams of cancer patients are pivotal to early cancer detection and treatment monitoring. Here, we use a spiral microchannel with inherent centrifugal forces for continuous, size-based separation of CTCs from blood (Dean Flow Fractionation (DFF)) which facilitates easy coupling with conventional downstream biological assays. Device performance was optimized using cancer cell lines (> 85% recovery), followed by clinical validation with positive CTCs enumeration in all samples from patients with metastatic lung cancer (n = 20; 5-88 CTCs per mL). The presence of CD133⁺ cells, a phenotypic marker characteristic of stem-like behavior in lung cancer cells was also identified in the isolated subpopulation of CTCs. The spiral biochip identifies and addresses key challenges of the next generation CTCs isolation assay including antibody independent isolation, high sensitivity and throughput (3 mL/hr); and single-step retrieval of viable CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wei Hou
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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214
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Horm TM, Schroeder JA. MUC1 and metastatic cancer: expression, function and therapeutic targeting. Cell Adh Migr 2013; 7:187-98. [PMID: 23303343 DOI: 10.4161/cam.23131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MUC1 is a transmembrane mucin that is often overexpressed in metastatic cancers and often used as a diagnostic marker for metastatic progression. The extracellular domain of MUC1 can serve as a ligand for stromal and endothelial cell adhesion receptors, and the cytoplasmic domain engages in several interactions that can result in increased migration and invasion, as well as survival. In this review, we address the role of MUC1 in metastatic progression by assessing clinical studies reporting MUC1 levels at various disease stages, reviewing mouse models utilized to study the role of MUC1 in metastatic progression, discuss mechanisms of MUC1 upregulation, and detail MUC1 protein interactions and signaling events. We review interactions between MUC1 and the extracellular environment, with proteins colocalized in the plasma membrane and/or cytoplasmic proteins, and summarize the role of MUC1 in the nucleus as a transcriptional cofactor. Finally, we review recent publications describing current therapies targeting MUC1 in patients with advanced disease and the stage of these therapies in preclinical development or clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Horm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Arizona Cancer Center and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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215
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Abstract
The detection of circulating tumor cells (CTC) aids in diagnosis of disease, prognosis, disease recurrence, and therapeutic response. The molecular aspects of metastasis are reviewed including its relevance in the identification and characterization of putative markers that may be useful in the detection thereof. Also discussed are methods for CTC enrichment using molecular strategies. The clinical application of CTC in the metastatic disease process is also summarized.
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216
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Nieva JJ, Kuhn P. Fluid biopsy for solid tumors: a patient's companion for lifelong characterization of their disease. Future Oncol 2012; 8:989-98. [PMID: 22894671 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is currently diagnosed and treated based on the results of a tissue biopsy of the primary tumor or a metastasis using invasive techniques such as surgical resection or needle biopsy. New technology for retrieving cancer cells from the circulation, developed in the last 5 years, has made it possible to obtain a 'fluid biopsy' from the bloodstream without the need for an invasive procedure. This technological development makes it possible to diagnose and manage cancer from a blood test rather than from a traditional biopsy. It also allows the repeated sampling of cancer cells from a patient, making it possible, in a practical manner, to interrogate the disease repeatedly in order to understand the mechanisms by which cancer cells evolve within a given individual. The ability to obtain cancer cells repeatedly also has the potential to substantially advance drug development by enabling early ex vivo validation of both targets and early-stage compounds, as well as creating new efficiencies in the drug development process during clinical trials.
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217
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Lim LS, Hu M, Huang MC, Cheong WC, Gan ATL, Looi XL, Leong SM, Koay ESC, Li MH. Microsieve lab-chip device for rapid enumeration and fluorescence in situ hybridization of circulating tumor cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4388-96. [PMID: 22930096 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc20750h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein we present a lab-chip device for highly efficient and rapid detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from whole blood samples. The device utilizes a microfabricated silicon microsieve with a densely packed pore array (10(5) pores per device) to rapidly separate tumor cells from whole blood, utilizing the size and deformability differences between the CTCs and normal blood cells. The whole process, including tumor cell capture, antibody staining, removal of unwanted contaminants and immunofluorescence imaging, was performed directly on the microsieve within an integrated microfluidic unit, interconnected to a peristaltic pump for fluid regulation and a fluorescence microscope for cell counting. The latter was equipped with a dedicated digital image processing program which was developed to automatically categorize the captured cells based on the immunofluorescence images. A high recovery rate of >80% was achieved with defined numbers of MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells spiked into human whole blood and filtered at a rapid flow rate of 1 mL min(-1). The device was further validated with blood drawn from various cancer patients (8 samples). The whole process, from sample input to result, was completed in 1.5 h. In addition, we have also successfully demonstrated on-microsieve fluorescence in situ hybridization for single cell molecular analysis. This simple method has great potential to supplant existing complex CTC detection schemes for cancer metastasis analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shi Lim
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore138669
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218
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Diamond E, Lee GY, Akhtar NH, Kirby BJ, Giannakakou P, Tagawa ST, Nanus DM. Isolation and characterization of circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer. Front Oncol 2012; 2:131. [PMID: 23087897 PMCID: PMC3468833 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are tumor cells found in the peripheral blood that putatively originate from established sites of malignancy and likely have metastatic potential. Analysis of CTCs has demonstrated promise as a prognostic marker as well as a source of identifying potential targets for novel therapeutics. Isolation and characterization of these cells for study, however, remain challenging owing to their rarity in comparison with other cellular components of the peripheral blood. Several techniques that exploit the unique biochemical properties of CTCs have been developed to facilitate their isolation. Positive selection of CTCs has been achieved using microfluidic surfaces coated with antibodies against epithelial cell markers or tumor-specific antigens such as EpCAM or prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Following isolation, characterization of CTCs may help guide clinical decision making. For instance, molecular and genetic characterization may shed light on the development of chemotherapy resistance and mechanisms of metastasis without the need for a tissue biopsy. This paper will review novel isolation techniques to capture CTCs from patients with advanced prostate cancer, as well as efforts to characterize the CTCs. We will also review how these analyzes can assist in clinical decision making. CONCLUSION The study of CTCs provides insight into the molecular biology of tumors of prostate origin that will eventually guide the development of tailored therapeutics. These advances are predicated on high yield and accurate isolation techniques that exploit the unique biochemical features of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan Diamond
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA
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219
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van Dalum G, Holland L, Terstappen LWMM. Metastasis and Circulating Tumor Cells. EJIFCC 2012; 23:87-97. [PMID: 27683421 PMCID: PMC4975257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a prominent cause of death worldwide. In most cases, it is not the primary tumor which causes death, but the metastases. Metastatic tumors are spread over the entire human body and are more difficult to remove or treat than the primary tumor. In a patient with metastatic disease, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can be found in venous blood. These circulating tumor cells are part of the metastatic cascade. Clinical studies have shown that these cells can be used to predict treatment response and their presence is strongly associated with poor survival prospects. Enumeration and characterization of CTCs is important as this can help clinicians make more informed decisions when choosing or evaluating treatment. CTC counts are being included in an increasing number of studies and thus are becoming a bigger part of disease diagnosis and therapy management. We present an overview of the most prominent CTC enumeration and characterization methods and discuss the assumptions made about the CTC phenotype. Extensive CTC characterization of for example the DNA, RNA and antigen expression may lead to more understanding of the metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leon WMM Terstappen
- Medical Cell BioPhysics group, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Hallenweg 23, 7522 NH, Enschede, The Netherlands
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220
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Tormoen GW, Cianchetti FA, Bock PE, McCarty OJT. Development of coagulation factor probes for the identification of procoagulant circulating tumor cells. Front Oncol 2012; 2:110. [PMID: 22973554 PMCID: PMC3434442 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancer is associated with a hypercoagulable state, and pathological venous thromboembolic disease is a significant source of morbidity and the second leading cause of death in patients with cancer. Here we aimed to develop a novel labeling strategy to detect and quantify procoagulant circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from patients with metastatic cancer. We hypothesize that the enumeration of procoagulant CTCs may be prognostic for the development of venous thrombosis in patients with cancer. Our approach is based on the observation that cancer cells are capable of initiating and facilitating cell-mediated coagulation in vitro, whereby activated coagulation factor complexes assemble upon cancer cell membrane surfaces. Binding of fluorescently labeled, active site-inhibited coagulation factors VIIa, Xa, and IIa to the metastatic breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, non-metastatic colorectal cell line, SW480, or metastatic colorectal cell line, SW620, was characterized in a purified system, in anticoagulated blood and plasma, and in plasma under conditions of coagulation. We conclude that a CTC labeling strategy that utilizes coagulation factor-based fluorescent probes may provide a functional assessment of the procoagulant potential of CTCs, and that this strategy is amenable to current CTC detection platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth W Tormoen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
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221
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Phillips KG, Kolatkar A, Rees KJ, Rigg R, Marrinucci D, Luttgen M, Bethel K, Kuhn P, McCarty OJT. Quantification of cellular volume and sub-cellular density fluctuations: comparison of normal peripheral blood cells and circulating tumor cells identified in a breast cancer patient. Front Oncol 2012; 2:96. [PMID: 22934287 PMCID: PMC3414893 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis, the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, is facilitated in part by the hematogenous transport of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) through the vasculature. Clinical studies have demonstrated that CTCs circulate in the blood of patients with metastatic disease across the major types of carcinomas, and that the number of CTCs in peripheral blood is correlated with overall survival in metastatic breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer. While the potential to monitor metastasis through CTC enumeration exists, the basic physical features of CTCs remain ill defined and moreover, the corresponding clinical utility of these physical parameters is unknown. To elucidate the basic physical features of CTCs we present a label-free imaging technique utilizing differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy to measure cell volume and to quantify sub-cellular mass-density variations as well as the size of subcellular constituents from mass-density spatial correlations. DIC measurements were carried out on CTCs identified in a breast cancer patient using the high-definition (HD) CTC detection assay. We compared the biophysical features of HD-CTC to normal blood cell subpopulations including leukocytes, platelets (PLT), and red blood cells (RBCs). HD-CTCs were found to possess larger volumes, decreased mass-density fluctuations, and shorter-range spatial density correlations in comparison to leukocytes. Our results suggest that HD-CTCs exhibit biophysical signatures that might be used to potentially aid in their detection and to monitor responses to treatment in a label-free fashion. The biophysical parameters reported here can be incorporated into computational models of CTC-vascular interactions and in vitro flow models to better understand metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
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222
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Berezhnyy IV, Berezhna SY. Fast multi-spectral imaging technique for detection of circulating endothelial cells in human blood samples. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:081404-1. [PMID: 23224165 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.8.081404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of non-blood cells circulating in human peripheral bloodstream indicates an abnormal condition. One important category of these cells is circulating endothelial cells (CECs) shed by compromised blood vessels. Clinical applications that measure the blood level of CECs are hindered due to a lack of standardized instruments. The major challenge in detecting circulating non-blood cells is their extreme scarcity; 1 in 106 to 107. Described here is a new method for detection of rare cells in blood samples deposited on the adhesive microscopic slides and immunostained with distinct fluorescent markers. The key novelty of the proposed approach is an intelligent search principle and a dual-mode scanner to implement this principle. To begin, a fast scanning that uses a single beam is performed in the spectral channel where only rare cells produce florescence. Once a target cell is registered, the scanner switches on the imaging mode, auto-focuses and then records images in multiple spectral channels at the selected area. The instrument runs in repetitive cycles until the entire slide is scanned. The technology has been validated via detection of human umbilical vein endothelial cells spiked into human blood samples. In addition, the operational principle can be adapted for detection of other types of rare cells in blood.
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223
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Phillips KG, Velasco CR, Li J, Kolatkar A, Luttgen M, Bethel K, Duggan B, Kuhn P, McCarty OJT. Optical quantification of cellular mass, volume, and density of circulating tumor cells identified in an ovarian cancer patient. Front Oncol 2012; 2:72. [PMID: 22826822 PMCID: PMC3399133 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have demonstrated that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are present in the blood of cancer patients with known metastatic disease across the major types of epithelial malignancies. Recent studies have shown that the concentration of CTCs in the blood is prognostic of overall survival in breast, prostate, colorectal, and non-small cell lung cancer. This study characterizes CTCs identified using the high-definition (HD)-CTC assay in an ovarian cancer patient with stage IIIC disease. We characterized the physical properties of 31 HD-CTCs and 50 normal leukocytes from a single blood draw taken just prior to the initial debulking surgery. We utilized a non-interferometric quantitative phase microscopy technique using brightfield imagery to measure cellular dry mass. Next we used a quantitative differential interference contrast microscopy technique to measure cellular volume. These techniques were combined to determine cellular dry mass density. We found that HD-CTCs were more massive than leukocytes: 33.6 ± 3.2 pg (HD-CTC) compared to 18.7 ± 0.6 pg (leukocytes), p < 0.001; had greater volumes: 518.3 ± 24.5 fL (HD-CTC) compared to 230.9 ± 78.5 fL (leukocyte), p < 0.001; and possessed a decreased dry mass density with respect to leukocytes: 0.065 ± 0.006 pg/fL (HD-CTC) compared to 0.085 ± 0.004 pg/fL (leukocyte), p < 0.006. Quantification of HD-CTC dry mass content and volume provide key insights into the fluid dynamics of cancer, and may provide the rationale for strategies to isolate, monitor or target CTCs based on their physical properties. The parameters reported here can also be incorporated into blood cell flow models to better understand metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University Portland, OR, USA
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224
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Greene BT, Hughes AD, King MR. Circulating tumor cells: the substrate of personalized medicine? Front Oncol 2012; 2:69. [PMID: 22783545 PMCID: PMC3387782 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are believed to be responsible for the development of metastatic disease. Over the last several years there has been a great interest in understanding the biology of CTCs to understand metastasis, as well as for the development of companion diagnostics to predict patient response to anti-cancer targeted therapies. Understanding CTC biology requires innovative technologies for the isolation of these rare cells. Here we review several methods for the detection, capture, and analysis of CTCs and also provide insight on improvements for CTC capture amenable to cellular therapy applications.
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225
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Lazar DC, Cho EH, Luttgen MS, Metzner TJ, Uson ML, Torrey M, Gross ME, Kuhn P. Cytometric comparisons between circulating tumor cells from prostate cancer patients and the prostate-tumor-derived LNCaP cell line. Phys Biol 2012; 9:016002. [PMID: 22306736 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/9/1/016002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Many important experiments in cancer research are initiated with cell line data analysis due to the ease of accessibility and utilization. Recently, the ability to capture and characterize circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has become more prevalent in the research setting. This ability to detect, isolate and analyze CTCs allows us to directly compare specific protein expression levels found in patient CTCs to cell lines. In this study, we use immunocytochemistry to compare the protein expression levels of total cytokeratin (CK) and androgen receptor (AR) in CTCs and cell lines from patients with prostate cancer to determine what translational insights might be gained through the use of cell line data. A non-enrichment CTC detection assay enables us to compare cytometric features and relative expression levels of CK and AR by indirect immunofluorescence from prostate cancer patients against the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. We measured physical characteristics of these two groups and observed significant differences in cell size, fluorescence intensity and nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. We hope that these experiments will initiate a foundation to allow cell line data to be compared against characteristics of primary cells from patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Lazar
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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226
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Cho EH, Wendel M, Luttgen M, Yoshioka C, Marrinucci D, Lazar D, Schram E, Nieva J, Bazhenova L, Morgan A, Ko AH, Korn WM, Kolatkar A, Bethel K, Kuhn P. Characterization of circulating tumor cell aggregates identified in patients with epithelial tumors. Phys Biol 2012; 9:016001. [PMID: 22306705 PMCID: PMC3387999 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/9/1/016001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been implicated as a population of cells that may seed metastasis and venous thromboembolism (VTE), two major causes of mortality in cancer patients. Thus far, existing CTC detection technologies have been unable to reproducibly detect CTC aggregates in order to address what contribution CTC aggregates may make to metastasis or VTE. We report here an enrichment-free immunofluorescence detection method that can reproducibly detect and enumerate homotypic CTC aggregates in patient samples. We identified CTC aggregates in 43% of 86 patient samples. The fraction of CTC aggregation was investigated in blood draws from 24 breast, 14 non-small cell lung, 18 pancreatic, 15 prostate stage IV cancer patients and 15 normal blood donors. Both single CTCs and CTC aggregates were measured to determine whether differences exist in the physical characteristics of these two populations. Cells contained in CTC aggregates had less area and length, on average, than single CTCs. Nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios between single CTCs and CTC aggregates were similar. This detection method may assist future studies in determining which population of cells is more physically likely to contribute to metastasis and VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H. Cho
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Marco Wendel
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Madelyn Luttgen
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Craig Yoshioka
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Dena Marrinucci
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Daniel Lazar
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Ethan Schram
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; ; ; ; ; ; ;
- Scripps Clinic, Department of Pathology, 10660 North Torrey Pines Road, MC211C, La Jolla, CA 92037;
| | - Jorge Nieva
- Billings Clinic, Division of Oncology & Hematology, 2825 Eighth Avenue North, Billings, Montana, 59106;
| | - Lyudmila Bazhenova
- The Regents of the University of California, University of California, San Diego – UCSD, Moore’s Cancer Center, Hematology & Oncology, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC-0987, La Jolla, CA 92093; ;
| | - Alison Morgan
- The Regents of the University of California, University of California, San Diego – UCSD, Moore’s Cancer Center, Hematology & Oncology, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC-0987, La Jolla, CA 92093; ;
| | - Andrew H. Ko
- University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, Division of Medical Oncology, 1600 Divisadero Street, Fourth Floor, Box 1705, San Francisco, CA 94143; ;
| | - W. Michael Korn
- University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, Division of Medical Oncology, 1600 Divisadero Street, Fourth Floor, Box 1705, San Francisco, CA 94143; ;
| | - Anand Kolatkar
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Kelly Bethel
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; ; ; ; ; ; ;
- Scripps Clinic, Department of Pathology, 10660 North Torrey Pines Road, MC211C, La Jolla, CA 92037;
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; ; ; ; ; ; ;
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227
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Wendel M, Bazhenova L, Boshuizen R, Kolatkar A, Honnatti M, Cho EH, Marrinucci D, Sandhu A, Perricone A, Thistlethwaite P, Bethel K, Nieva J, van den Heuvel M, Kuhn P. Fluid biopsy for circulating tumor cell identification in patients with early-and late-stage non-small cell lung cancer: a glimpse into lung cancer biology. Phys Biol 2012; 9:016005. [PMID: 22307026 PMCID: PMC3387995 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3967/9/1/016005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cell (CTC) counts are an established prognostic marker in metastatic prostate, breast and colorectal cancer, and recent data suggest a similar role in late stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, due to sensitivity constraints in current enrichment-based CTC detection technologies, there are few published data about CTC prevalence rates and morphologic heterogeneity in early-stage NSCLC, or the correlation of CTCs with disease progression and their usability for clinical staging. We investigated CTC counts, morphology and aggregation in early stage, locally advanced and metastatic NSCLC patients by using a fluid-phase biopsy approach that identifies CTCs without relying on surface-receptor-based enrichment and presents them in sufficiently high definition (HD) to satisfy diagnostic pathology image quality requirements. HD-CTCs were analyzed in blood samples from 78 chemotherapy-naïve NSCLC patients. 73% of the total population had a positive HD-CTC count (>0 CTC in 1 mL of blood) with a median of 4.4 HD-CTCs mL⁻¹ (range 0-515.6) and a mean of 44.7 (±95.2) HD-CTCs mL⁻¹. No significant difference in the medians of HD-CTC counts was detected between stage IV (n = 31, range 0-178.2), stage III (n = 34, range 0-515.6) and stages I/II (n = 13, range 0-442.3). Furthermore, HD-CTCs exhibited a uniformity in terms of molecular and physical characteristics such as fluorescent cytokeratin intensity, nuclear size, frequency of apoptosis and aggregate formation across the spectrum of staging. Our results demonstrate that despite stringent morphologic inclusion criteria for the definition of HD-CTCs, the HD-CTC assay shows high sensitivity in the detection and characterization of both early- and late-stage lung cancer CTCs. Extensive studies are warranted to investigate the prognostic value of CTC profiling in early-stage lung cancer. This finding has implications for the design of extensive studies examining screening, therapy and surveillance in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Wendel
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; Telephone 858-784-9114; Fax: 858-784-8996; ; ; ; ;
| | - Lyudmila Bazhenova
- UC San Diego, Moores Cancer center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, CA; Telephone 858-822-6189; Fax 858-822-6190;
| | - Rogier Boshuizen
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ;
| | - Anand Kolatkar
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; Telephone 858-784-9114; Fax: 858-784-8996; ; ; ; ;
| | - Meghana Honnatti
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; Telephone 858-784-9114; Fax: 858-784-8996; ; ; ; ;
| | - Edward H. Cho
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; Telephone 858-784-9114; Fax: 858-784-8996; ; ; ; ;
| | - Dena Marrinucci
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; Telephone 858-784-9114; Fax: 858-784-8996; ; ; ; ;
| | - Ajay Sandhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UC San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, CA;
| | - Anthony Perricone
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 200 W. Arbor Dr., San Diego, CA; ;
| | - Patricia Thistlethwaite
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 200 W. Arbor Dr., San Diego, CA; ;
| | - Kelly Bethel
- Scripps Clinic, Department of Pathology, 10660 North Torrey Pines Road, MC211C, La Jolla, CA 92037, Telephone 85805548605;
| | - Jorge Nieva
- Billings Clinic Cancer Center 801 N. 29 Street, Billings, MT 59107-7000; Telephone 406-238-2690; Fax 406-435-7396;
| | - Michel van den Heuvel
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ;
| | - Peter Kuhn
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; Telephone 858-784-9114; Fax: 858-784-8996; ; ; ; ;
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228
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Bell K, McKenzie HA, Shaw DC. Haemoglobin, serum albumin and transferrin variants of Bali (Banteng) cattle, Bos (Bibos) javanicus. Int J Cancer 1990; 134:1-8. [PMID: 2344736 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
1. Individual blood samples from 144 Bali (Banteng) cattle [Bos (Bibos) javanicus] in the Northern Territory of Australia and from 61 Bali cross cattle, were examined by zone electrophoresis to determine the variants of haemoglobin, serum albumin and transferrin that are present. 2. Of the common cattle haemoglobin variants (A and B) only variant B occurs in the Bali cattle samples. A second variant, designated CBali, occurs in Bali cattle either as the heterozygote (B CBali) or as the homozygote, the frequencies of occurrence indicating a two-allele system of inheritance without dominance. The CBali cross samples may exhibit the homozygous or heterozygous A variant. 3. The CBali variant has an electrophoretic mobility intermediate between those of the A and B variants at pH 8.6 and 9.1 but closer to B than to A (B greater than C greater than A). It appears to be similar in mobility to the C variants found in Indian Khillan (CKhillan) by Naik, Sukumaran and Sanghvi (Anim. Prodn, 1965 I, 275-277), and in Asian cattle by Oishi, Abe and Namikama (Immunogenet. Lett., 1968 5, 170-173) and Abe, Mogi, Oishi, Tanaka and Suzuki (Proc. XIIth Europ. Conf. Anim. Blood Groups Biochem. Polymorphisms 1972, pp. 225-228), but appreciably different from those in Kenyan and Rhodesian cattle (CRhodesia) found by Braend (Anim. Blood Grps Biochem. Genet., 1971 2, 15-21) and Carr (Rhod. J. agric. Res., 1964 3, 62-62A), respectively. It is also different in mobility from the C variant found by Winter, Mayr, Schleger, Dworak, Krutzler and Burger (Res. vet. Sci., 1984 36, 276-283) in the mithun.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bell
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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