1
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Chiu TY, Lazar DC, Wang WW, Wozniak JM, Jadhav AM, Li W, Gazaniga N, Theofilopoulos AN, Teijaro JR, Parker CG. Chemoproteomic development of SLC15A4 inhibitors with anti-inflammatory activity. Nat Chem Biol 2024:10.1038/s41589-023-01527-8. [PMID: 38191941 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
SLC15A4 is an endolysosome-resident transporter linked with autoinflammation and autoimmunity. Specifically, SLC15A4 is critical for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7-9 as well as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein (NOD) signaling in several immune cell subsets. Notably, SLC15A4 is essential for the development of systemic lupus erythematosus in murine models and is associated with autoimmune conditions in humans. Despite its therapeutic potential, the availability of quality chemical probes targeting SLC15A4 functions is limited. In this study, we used an integrated chemical proteomics approach to develop a suite of chemical tools, including first-in-class functional inhibitors, for SLC15A4. We demonstrate that these inhibitors suppress SLC15A4-mediated endolysosomal TLR and NOD functions in a variety of human and mouse immune cells; we provide evidence of their ability to suppress inflammation in vivo and in clinical settings; and we provide insights into their mechanism of action. Our findings establish SLC15A4 as a druggable target for the treatment of autoimmune and autoinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yuan Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel C Lazar
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wesley W Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacob M Wozniak
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Appaso M Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Weichao Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathalia Gazaniga
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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2
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Scott TA, O’Meally D, Grepo NA, Soemardy C, Lazar DC, Zheng Y, Weinberg MS, Planelles V, Morris KV. Broadly active zinc finger protein-guided transcriptional activation of HIV-1. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 20:18-29. [PMID: 33335944 PMCID: PMC7726486 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) causes a persistent viral infection resulting in the demise of immune regulatory cells. Clearance of HIV-1 infection results in integration of proviral DNA into the genome of host cells, which provides a means for evasion and long-term persistence. A therapeutic compound that specifically targets and sustainably activates a latent HIV-1 provirus could be transformative and is the goal for the "shock-and-kill" approach to a functional cure for HIV-1. Substantial progress has been made toward the development of recombinant proteins that target specific genomic loci for gene activation, repression, or inactivation by directed mutations. However, most of these modalities are too large or too complex for efficient therapeutic application. We describe here the development and testing of a novel recombinant zinc finger protein transactivator, ZFP-362-VPR, which specifically and potently enhances proviral HIV-1 transcription both in established latency models and activity across different viral clades. Additionally, ZFP-362-VPR-activated HIV-1 reporter gene expression in a well-established primary human CD4+ T cell latency model and off-target pathways were determined by transcriptome analyses. This study provides clear proof of concept for the application of a novel, therapeutically relevant, protein transactivator to purge cellular reservoirs of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan A. Scott
- Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope, Beckman Research Institute and Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute at the City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Denis O’Meally
- Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope, Beckman Research Institute and Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute at the City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Nicole Anne Grepo
- Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope, Beckman Research Institute and Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute at the City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Citradewi Soemardy
- Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope, Beckman Research Institute and Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute at the City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Daniel C. Lazar
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yue Zheng
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT 92037, USA
| | - Marc S. Weinberg
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Wits-SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Hematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Vicente Planelles
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT 92037, USA
| | - Kevin V. Morris
- Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope, Beckman Research Institute and Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute at the City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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3
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Chin EN, Yu C, Vartabedian VF, Jia Y, Kumar M, Gamo AM, Vernier W, Ali SH, Kissai M, Lazar DC, Nguyen N, Pereira LE, Benish B, Woods AK, Joseph SB, Chu A, Johnson KA, Sander PN, Martínez-Peña F, Hampton EN, Young TS, Wolan DW, Chatterjee AK, Schultz PG, Petrassi HM, Teijaro JR, Lairson LL. Antitumor activity of a systemic STING-activating non-nucleotide cGAMP mimetic. Science 2020; 369:993-999. [PMID: 32820126 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb4255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) links innate immunity to biological processes ranging from antitumor immunity to microbiome homeostasis. Mechanistic understanding of the anticancer potential for STING receptor activation is currently limited by metabolic instability of the natural cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) ligands. From a pathway-targeted cell-based screen, we identified a non-nucleotide, small-molecule STING agonist, termed SR-717, that demonstrates broad interspecies and interallelic specificity. A 1.8-angstrom cocrystal structure revealed that SR-717 functions as a direct cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) mimetic that induces the same "closed" conformation of STING. SR-717 displayed antitumor activity; promoted the activation of CD8+ T, natural killer, and dendritic cells in relevant tissues; and facilitated antigen cross-priming. SR-717 also induced the expression of clinically relevant targets, including programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), in a STING-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Chin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chenguang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vincent F Vartabedian
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ying Jia
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ana M Gamo
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William Vernier
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sabrina H Ali
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mildred Kissai
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel C Lazar
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nhan Nguyen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laura E Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brent Benish
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ashley K Woods
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sean B Joseph
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alan Chu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Philipp N Sander
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Francisco Martínez-Peña
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eric N Hampton
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Travis S Young
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis W Wolan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Arnab K Chatterjee
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter G Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - H Michael Petrassi
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Luke L Lairson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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4
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Vinogradova EV, Zhang X, Remillard D, Lazar DC, Suciu RM, Wang Y, Bianco G, Yamashita Y, Crowley VM, Schafroth MA, Yokoyama M, Konrad DB, Lum KM, Simon GM, Kemper EK, Lazear MR, Yin S, Blewett MM, Dix MM, Nguyen N, Shokhirev MN, Chin EN, Lairson LL, Melillo B, Schreiber SL, Forli S, Teijaro JR, Cravatt BF. An Activity-Guided Map of Electrophile-Cysteine Interactions in Primary Human T Cells. Cell 2020; 182:1009-1026.e29. [PMID: 32730809 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic compounds originating from nature or chemical synthesis have profound effects on immune cells. These compounds are thought to act by cysteine modification to alter the functions of immune-relevant proteins; however, our understanding of electrophile-sensitive cysteines in the human immune proteome remains limited. Here, we present a global map of cysteines in primary human T cells that are susceptible to covalent modification by electrophilic small molecules. More than 3,000 covalently liganded cysteines were found on functionally and structurally diverse proteins, including many that play fundamental roles in immunology. We further show that electrophilic compounds can impair T cell activation by distinct mechanisms involving the direct functional perturbation and/or degradation of proteins. Our findings reveal a rich content of ligandable cysteines in human T cells and point to electrophilic small molecules as a fertile source for chemical probes and ultimately therapeutics that modulate immunological processes and their associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David Remillard
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel C Lazar
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Radu M Suciu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Giulia Bianco
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yu Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Vincent M Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael A Schafroth
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Minoru Yokoyama
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David B Konrad
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kenneth M Lum
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gabriel M Simon
- Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Esther K Kemper
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael R Lazear
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sifei Yin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Megan M Blewett
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Melissa M Dix
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nhan Nguyen
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maxim N Shokhirev
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emily N Chin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Luke L Lairson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stefano Forli
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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5
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Zaro BW, Vinogradova EV, Lazar DC, Blewett MM, Suciu RM, Takaya J, Studer S, de la Torre JC, Casanova JL, Cravatt BF, Teijaro JR. Dimethyl Fumarate Disrupts Human Innate Immune Signaling by Targeting the IRAK4-MyD88 Complex. J Immunol 2019; 202:2737-2746. [PMID: 30885957 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a prescribed treatment for multiple sclerosis and has also been used to treat psoriasis. The electrophilicity of DMF suggests that its immunosuppressive activity is related to the covalent modification of cysteine residues in the human proteome. Nonetheless, our understanding of the proteins modified by DMF in human immune cells and the functional consequences of these reactions remains incomplete. In this study, we report that DMF inhibits human plasmacytoid dendritic cell function through a mechanism of action that is independent of the major electrophile sensor NRF2. Using chemical proteomics, we instead identify cysteine 13 of the innate immune kinase IRAK4 as a principal cellular target of DMF. We show that DMF blocks IRAK4-MyD88 interactions and IRAK4-mediated cytokine production in a cysteine 13-dependent manner. Our studies thus identify a proteomic hotspot for DMF action that constitutes a druggable protein-protein interface crucial for initiating innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balyn W Zaro
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Daniel C Lazar
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Megan M Blewett
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Radu M Suciu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Junichiro Takaya
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sean Studer
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037;
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
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6
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Saayman SM, Lazar DC, Scott TA, Hart JR, Takahashi M, Burnett JC, Planelles V, Morris KV, Weinberg MS. Potent and Targeted Activation of Latent HIV-1 Using the CRISPR/dCas9 Activator Complex. Mol Ther 2016; 24:488-98. [PMID: 26581162 PMCID: PMC4786915 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 provirus integration results in a persistent latently infected reservoir that is recalcitrant to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) with lifelong treatment being the only option. The "shock and kill" strategy aims to eradicate latent HIV by reactivating proviral gene expression in the context of cART treatment. Gene-specific transcriptional activation can be achieved using the RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas9 system comprising single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) with a nuclease-deficient Cas9 mutant (dCas9) fused to the VP64 transactivation domain (dCas9-VP64). We engineered this system to target 23 sites within the long terminal repeat promoter of HIV-1 and identified a "hotspot" for activation within the viral enhancer sequence. Activating sgRNAs transcriptionally modulated the latent proviral genome across multiple different in vitro latency cell models including T cells comprising a clonally integrated mCherry-IRES-Tat (LChIT) latency system. We detected consistent and effective activation of latent virus mediated by activator sgRNAs, whereas latency reversal agents produced variable activation responses. Transcriptomic analysis revealed dCas9-VP64/sgRNAs to be highly specific, while the well-characterized chemical activator TNFα induced widespread gene dysregulation. CRISPR-mediated gene activation represents a novel system which provides enhanced efficiency and specificity in a targeted latency reactivation strategy and represents a promising approach to a "functional cure" of HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena M Saayman
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Daniel C Lazar
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tristan A Scott
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jonathan R Hart
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mayumi Takahashi
- Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - John C Burnett
- Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kevin V Morris
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- School of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marc S Weinberg
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits/SA MRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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7
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Abstract
The discovery of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the elucidation of the mechanisms by which they affect different disease states are providing researchers with a better understanding of a wide array of disease pathways. Moreover, lncRNAs are presenting themselves as both unique diagnostic biomarkers as well as novel targets against which to develop new therapeutics. Here we will explore the intricate network of non-coding RNAs associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Non-coding RNAs derived from both the human host as well as those from HIV itself are emerging as important regulatory elements. We discuss here the various mechanisms through which both small and long non-coding RNAs impact viral replication, pathogenesis and disease progression. Given the lack of an effective vaccine or cure for HIV and the scale of the current pandemic, a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between non-coding RNAs and HIV will support the development of innovative strategies for the treatment of HIV/acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Lazar
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Kevin V Morris
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; School of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
| | - Sheena M Saayman
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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8
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Saayman SM, Lazar DC, Scott TA, Burnett J, Takahashi M, Weinberg MS, Morris KV. 693. Potent and Targeted Activation of Latent HIV-1 Using Multiplexed Guide RNAs and the CRISPR/dCas9 Activator Complex. Mol Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(16)34302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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9
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Lazar DC, Zhou J, Saayman S, Rossi JJ, Morris KV, Weinburg MS. 62. Aptamer-siRNA Conjugate Directed Transcriptional Gene Silencing in HIV-1 Infected T Cells. Mol Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(16)33667-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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10
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Gross ME, Lazar DC, Cho EH, Luttgen M, Uson ML, Kuhn P, Torrey ML. Abstract 3630: Non-enrichment based method for analysis of androgen receptor expression in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients with metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-3630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: We have established a fluid phase biopsy approach that identifies CTCs which preserves cytologic features in high-definition (HD) for diagnostic pathology without using immune or surface receptor-based enrichment. HD-CTCs identified with this approach can be used for enumeration and molecular characterization. Methods: Blood was collected from metastatic prostate cancer patients and normal donors in Cyto-Chex® tubes (Streck, Omaha, NE) as part of IRB approved protocols at each site. Following erythrocyte lysis, 3 million nucleated cells were deposited on a glass slide. Samples were incubated with a pan-cytokeratin (CK), CD45, and androgen receptor (AR) antibodies and counter-stained with DAPI. LNCaP cells were spiked into normal blood. Images were obtained with a fluorescent scanning microscope and analyzed with a computer algorithm. Candidate HD-CTCs were subsequently verified by expert readers. Slides were re-imaged for quantitative analysis using at a fixed exposure and gain. Results: A total of 227 CTCs from ten patients were compared to 20 LNCaP cells. The median (range) HD-CTCs in this cohort was: 9 (1-62) cells/ml. The mean ± standard deviation measurements in HD-CTCs were observed: CK intensity 60.4±154; total cell area 89.0 ± 53.8 μm2; nuclear area 61.1 ± 36.0 μm2. LNCaP cells spiked into normal blood gave the following values: CK intensity 1166+/−306; total cell area 143 ± 48.1 μm2; nuclear area 63.1 ± 18.6 μm2. CTCs were additionally classified as either AR positive (AR+) or AR negative (AR-). 37 of the 227 (16.3%) HD-CTCs were AR+. The average CK intensity was significantly higher in AR+ versus AR- cells at 174.23 and 39.86, respectively (p<0.001). The AR expression intensity in AR+ HD-CTCs and LNCaP cells was comparable at 979.4 and 902.2, respectively (p=0.824). Conclusions: We find a positive association between AR and CK expression on a per cell basis. Further, we find AR is expressed at comparable levels in CTCs from patients and human prostate cancer cells in culture. The HD-CTC based approach may be used for enumeration and molecular interrogation of CTCs in patients with prostate cancer.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3630. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3630
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Kuhn
- 2The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
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Lazar DC, Cho EH, Luttgen MS, Metzner TJ, Uson ML, Torrey M, Gross ME, Kuhn P. Cytometric comparisons between circulating tumor cells from prostate cancer patients and the prostate-tumor-derived LNCaP cell line. Phys Biol 2012; 9:016002. [PMID: 22306736 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/9/1/016002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Many important experiments in cancer research are initiated with cell line data analysis due to the ease of accessibility and utilization. Recently, the ability to capture and characterize circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has become more prevalent in the research setting. This ability to detect, isolate and analyze CTCs allows us to directly compare specific protein expression levels found in patient CTCs to cell lines. In this study, we use immunocytochemistry to compare the protein expression levels of total cytokeratin (CK) and androgen receptor (AR) in CTCs and cell lines from patients with prostate cancer to determine what translational insights might be gained through the use of cell line data. A non-enrichment CTC detection assay enables us to compare cytometric features and relative expression levels of CK and AR by indirect immunofluorescence from prostate cancer patients against the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. We measured physical characteristics of these two groups and observed significant differences in cell size, fluorescence intensity and nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. We hope that these experiments will initiate a foundation to allow cell line data to be compared against characteristics of primary cells from patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Lazar
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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J. O’Leary D, E. Anderson C, J. Pickrell A, L. Sperry S, E. Vasquez T, G. Custer T, B. Fierman M, C. Lazar D, W. Brown Z, S. Iskenderian W, D. Hickstein D. NMR Detection of Intramolecular OH/OH Hydrogen Bond Networks: An Approach Using Isotopic Perturbation and Hydrogen Bond Mediated OH···OH J-Coupling. HETEROCYCLES 2007. [DOI: 10.3987/com-06-s(k)40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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