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Johnson KA, McDaniel JT, Graham HK, Robertson ET, McIntosh S, Wallace JP, Albright DL. A Geospatial Analysis of Social and Structural Determinants of Health and High HIV Prevalence in Alabama, USA. J Community Health 2024; 49:385-393. [PMID: 38032459 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-023-01309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study utilizes geospatial analytic techniques to examine HIV hotspots in Alabama leveraging Medicaid utilization data. METHODS This cross-sectional study leveraged Medicaid utilization data from Alabama's 67 counties, averaging 9,861 Medicaid recipients aged > 18 years old per county. We used Alabama Medicaid administrative claims data from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2020, to identify individuals with HIV. Using Microsoft SQL Server, we obtained the average annual count of HIV Medicaid claims in each of the 67 Alabama counties (numerator) and the number of adult Medicaid recipients in each county (denominator), and standardized with a multiplier of 100,000. We also examined several other area-level summary variables (e.g., non-high school completion, income greater than four times the federal poverty level, social associations, urbanicity/rurality) as social and structural determinants of health. County-boundary choropleth maps were created representing the geographic distribution of HIV rates per 100,000 adult Medicaid recipients in Alabama. Leveraging ESRI ArcGIS and local indicators of spatial association (LISA), results were examined using local Moran's I to identify geographic hotspots. RESULTS Eleven counties had HIV rates higher than 100 per 100,000. Three were hotspots. Being an HIV hotspot was significantly associated with relatively low educational attainment and less severe poverty than other areas in the state. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggesting that the HIV clusters in Alabama were categorized by significantly less severe poverty and lower educational attainment can aid ongoing efforts to strategically target resources and end the HIV epidemic in U.S.' Deep South.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Johnson
- School of Social Work, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - J T McDaniel
- Public Health, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - H K Graham
- Educational Studies in Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - E T Robertson
- Department of Political Science, The University of Alabama, Box 870306, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0314, USA
| | - S McIntosh
- Department of Political Science, The University of Alabama, Box 870306, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0314, USA
| | - J P Wallace
- Public Health, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
- School of Human Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - David L Albright
- Department of Political Science, The University of Alabama, Box 870306, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0314, USA.
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2
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Johnson KA, Budicini MR, Bhattarai N, Sharma T, Urata S, Gerstman BS, Chapagain PP, Li S, Stahelin RV. PI(4,5)P 2 binding sites in the Ebola virus matrix protein VP40 modulate assembly and budding. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100512. [PMID: 38295986 PMCID: PMC10909612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and is lethal in a large percentage of those infected. The EBOV matrix protein viral protein 40 kDa (VP40) is a peripheral binding protein that forms a shell beneath the lipid bilayer in virions and virus-like particles (VLPs). VP40 is required for virus assembly and budding from the host cell plasma membrane. VP40 is a dimer that can rearrange into oligomers at the plasma membrane interface, but it is unclear how these structures form and how they are stabilized. We therefore investigated the ability of VP40 to form stable oligomers using in vitro and cellular assays. We characterized two lysine-rich regions in the VP40 C-terminal domain (CTD) that bind phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) and play distinct roles in lipid binding and the assembly of the EBOV matrix layer. The extensive analysis of VP40 with and without lipids by hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry revealed that VP40 oligomers become extremely stable when VP40 binds PI(4,5)P2. The PI(4,5)P2-induced stability of VP40 dimers and oligomers is a critical factor in VP40 oligomerization and release of VLPs from the plasma membrane. The two lysine-rich regions of the VP40 CTD have different roles with respect to interactions with plasma membrane phosphatidylserine (PS) and PI(4,5)P2. CTD region 1 (Lys221, Lys224, and Lys225) interacts with PI(4,5)P2 more favorably than PS and is important for VP40 extent of oligomerization. In contrast, region 2 (Lys270, Lys274, Lys275, and Lys279) mediates VP40 oligomer stability via lipid interactions and has a more prominent role in release of VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Melissa R Budicini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Nisha Bhattarai
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tej Sharma
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sarah Urata
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bernard S Gerstman
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Prem P Chapagain
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sheng Li
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Robert V Stahelin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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3
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Bulos ML, Grzelak EM, Li-Ma C, Chen E, Hull M, Johnson KA, Bollong MJ. Pharmacological inhibition of CLK2 activates YAP by promoting alternative splicing of AMOTL2. eLife 2023; 12:RP88508. [PMID: 38126343 PMCID: PMC10735217 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP), the downstream effector of the evolutionarily conserved Hippo pathway, promotes cellular proliferation and coordinates certain regenerative responses in mammals. Small molecule activators of YAP may, therefore, display therapeutic utility in treating disease states involving insufficient proliferative repair. From a high-throughput chemical screen of the comprehensive drug repurposing library ReFRAME, here we report the identification of SM04690, a clinical stage inhibitor of CLK2, as a potent activator of YAP-driven transcriptional activity in cells. CLK2 inhibition promotes alternative splicing of the Hippo pathway protein AMOTL2, producing an exon-skipped gene product that can no longer associate with membrane-bound proteins, resulting in decreased phosphorylation and membrane localization of YAP. This study reveals a novel mechanism by which pharmacological perturbation of alternative splicing inactivates the Hippo pathway and promotes YAP-dependent cellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya L Bulos
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Edyta M Grzelak
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Chloris Li-Ma
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Emily Chen
- Calibr, A Division of Scripps ResearchLa JollaUnited States
| | - Mitchell Hull
- Calibr, A Division of Scripps ResearchLa JollaUnited States
| | | | - Michael J Bollong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaUnited States
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4
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Kawata M, McClatchy DB, Diedrich JK, Olmer M, Johnson KA, Yates JR, Lotz MK. Mocetinostat activates Krüppel-like factor 4 and protects against tissue destruction and inflammation in osteoarthritis. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e170513. [PMID: 37681413 PMCID: PMC10544226 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.170513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder, and disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) represent a major need in OA management. Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a central transcription factor upregulating regenerative and protective functions in joint tissues. This study was aimed to identify small molecules activating KLF4 expression and to determine functions and mechanisms of the hit compounds. High-throughput screening (HTS) with 11,948 clinical-stage compounds was performed using a reporter cell line detecting endogenous KLF4 activation. Eighteen compounds were identified through the HTS and confirmed in a secondary screen. After testing in SW1353 chondrosarcoma cells and human chondrocytes, mocetinostat - a class I selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor - had the best profile of biological activities. Mocetinostat upregulated cartilage signature genes in human chondrocytes, meniscal cells, and BM-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and it downregulated hypertrophic, inflammatory, and catabolic genes in those cells and synoviocytes. I.p. administration of mocetinostat into mice reduced severity of OA-associated changes and improved pain behaviors. Global gene expression and proteomics analyses revealed that regenerative and protective effects of mocetinostat were dependent on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α. These findings show therapeutic and protective activities of mocetinostat against OA, qualifying it as a candidate to be used as a DMOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kawata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Daniel B. McClatchy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jolene K. Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Merissa Olmer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - John R. Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Martin K. Lotz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
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5
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Bulos ML, Grzelak EM, Li-Ma C, Chen E, Hull M, Johnson KA, Bollong MJ. Pharmacological inhibition of CLK2 activates YAP by promoting alternative splicing of AMOTL2. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.19.537449. [PMID: 37131806 PMCID: PMC10153145 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.19.537449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP), the downstream effector of the evolutionarily conserved Hippo pathway, promotes cellular proliferation and coordinates certain regenerative responses in mammals. Small molecule activators of YAP may therefore display therapeutic utility in treating disease states involving insufficient proliferative repair. From a high-throughput chemical screen of the comprehensive drug repurposing library ReFRAME, here we report the identification of SM04690, a clinical stage inhibitor of CLK2, as a potent activator of YAP driven transcriptional activity in cells. CLK2 inhibition promotes alternative splicing of the Hippo pathway protein AMOTL2, producing an exon-skipped gene product that can no longer associate with membrane-bound proteins, resulting in decreased phosphorylation and membrane localization of YAP. This study reveals a novel mechanism by which pharmacological perturbation of alternative splicing inactivates the Hippo pathway and promotes YAP dependent cellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya L. Bulos
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Edyta M. Grzelak
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Chloris Li-Ma
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Emily Chen
- Calibr, A Division of Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Mitchell Hull
- Calibr, A Division of Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Michael J. Bollong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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6
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Hu Y, Li K, Swahn H, Ordoukhanian P, Head SR, Natarajan P, Woods AK, Joseph SB, Johnson KA, Lotz MK. Transcriptomic analyses of joint tissues during osteoarthritis development in a rat model reveal dysregulated mechanotransduction and extracellular matrix pathways. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2023; 31:199-212. [PMID: 36354073 PMCID: PMC9892293 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transcriptomic changes in joint tissues during the development of osteoarthritis (OA) are of interest for the discovery of biomarkers and mechanisms of disease. The objective of this study was to use the rat medial meniscus transection (MMT) model to discover stage and tissue-specific transcriptomic changes. DESIGN Sham or MMT surgeries were performed in mature rats. Cartilage, menisci and synovium were scored for histopathological changes at 2, 4 and 6 weeks post-surgery and processed for RNA-sequencing. Differentially expressed genes (DEG) were used to identify pathways and mechanisms. Published transcriptomic datasets from animal models and human OA were used to confirm and extend present findings. RESULTS The total number of DEGs was already high at 2 weeks (723 in meniscus), followed by cartilage (259) and synovium (42) and declined to varying degrees in meniscus and synovium but increased in cartilage at 6 weeks. The most upregulated genes included tenascins. The 'response to mechanical stimulus' and extracellular matrix-related pathways were enriched in both cartilage and meniscus. Pathways that were enriched in synovium at 4 weeks indicate processes related to synovial hyperplasia and fibrosis. Synovium also showed upregulation of IL-11 and several MMPs. The mechanical stimulus pathway included upregulation of the mechanoreceptors PIEZO1, PIEZO2 and TRPV4 and nerve growth factor. Analysis of data from prior RNA-sequencing studies of animal models and human OA support these findings. CONCLUSION These results indicate several shared pathways that are affected during OA in cartilage and meniscus and support the role of mechanotransduction and other pathways in OA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - K Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - H Swahn
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - P Ordoukhanian
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics and Genomics Core, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - S R Head
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics and Genomics Core, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - P Natarajan
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics and Genomics Core, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - A K Woods
- Calibr, a Division of Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - S B Joseph
- Calibr, a Division of Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - K A Johnson
- Calibr, a Division of Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - M K Lotz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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7
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Ohzono H, Hu Y, Nagira K, Kanaya H, Okubo N, Olmer M, Gotoh M, Kurakazu I, Akasaki Y, Kawata M, Chen E, Chu AC, Johnson KA, Lotz MK. Targeting FoxO transcription factors with HDAC inhibitors for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:262-271. [PMID: 36109140 PMCID: PMC11005918 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2021-221269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Osteoarthritis (OA) features ageing-related defects in cellular homeostasis mechanisms in articular cartilage. These defects are associated with suppression of forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factors. FoxO1 or FoxO3 deficient mice show early onset OA while FoxO1 protects against oxidative stress in chondrocytes and promotes expression of autophagy genes and the essential joint lubricant proteoglycan 4 (PRG4). The objective of this study was to identify small molecules that can increase FoxO1 expression. METHODS We constructed a reporter cell line with FoxO1 promoter sequences and performed high-throughput screening (HTS) of the Repurposing, Focused Rescue and Accelerated Medchem (ReFRAME) library . Hits from the HTS were validated and function was assessed in human chondrocytes, meniscus cells and synoviocytes and following administration to mice. The most promising hit, the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACI) panobinostat was tested in a murine OA model. RESULTS Among the top hits were HDACI and testing in human chondrocytes, meniscus cells and synoviocytes showed that panobinostat was the most promising compound as it increased the expression of autophagy genes and PRG4 while suppressing the basal and IL-1β induced expression of inflammatory mediators and extracellular matrix degrading enzymes. Intraperitoneal administration of panobinostat also suppressed the expression of mediators of OA pathogenesis induced by intra-articular injection of IL-1β. In a murine OA model, panobinostat reduced the severity of histological changes in cartilage, synovium and subchondral bone and improved pain behaviours. CONCLUSION Panobinostat has a clinically relevant activity profile and is a candidate for OA symptom and structure modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ohzono
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yiwen Hu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Keita Nagira
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Kanaya
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Naoki Okubo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Merissa Olmer
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Masafumi Gotoh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kurakazu
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Yukio Akasaki
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kyushu University, Kyushu, UK
| | - Manabu Kawata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Emily Chen
- Calibr, a Division of Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alan C Chu
- Calibr, a Division of Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- Calibr, a Division of Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Martin K Lotz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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8
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Heisler DB, Johnson KA, Ma DH, Ohlson MB, Zhang L, Tran M, Corley CD, Abrams ME, McDonald JG, Schoggins JW, Alto NM, Radhakrishnan A. A concerted mechanism involving ACAT and SREBPs by which oxysterols deplete accessible cholesterol to restrict microbial infection. eLife 2023; 12:e83534. [PMID: 36695568 PMCID: PMC9925056 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the cholesterol in the plasma membranes (PMs) of animal cells is sequestered through interactions with phospholipids and transmembrane domains of proteins. However, as cholesterol concentration rises above the PM's sequestration capacity, a new pool of cholesterol, called accessible cholesterol, emerges. The transport of accessible cholesterol between the PM and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is critical to maintain cholesterol homeostasis. This pathway has also been implicated in the suppression of both bacterial and viral pathogens by immunomodulatory oxysterols. Here, we describe a mechanism of depletion of accessible cholesterol from PMs by the oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). We show that 25HC-mediated activation of acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) in the ER creates an imbalance in the equilibrium distribution of accessible cholesterol between the ER and PM. This imbalance triggers the rapid internalization of accessible cholesterol from the PM, and this depletion is sustained for long periods of time through 25HC-mediated suppression of SREBPs and continued activation of ACAT. In support of a physiological role for this mechanism, 25HC failed to suppress Zika virus and human coronavirus infection in ACAT-deficient cells, and Listeria monocytogenes infection in ACAT-deficient cells and mice. We propose that selective depletion of accessible PM cholesterol triggered by ACAT activation and sustained through SREBP suppression underpins the immunological activities of 25HC and a functionally related class of oxysterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Heisler
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Duo H Ma
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Maikke B Ohlson
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Lishu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Michelle Tran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Chase D Corley
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Michael E Abrams
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - John W Schoggins
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Neal M Alto
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
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9
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Zhao J, Tang Z, Selvaraju M, Johnson KA, Douglas JT, Gao PF, Petrassi HM, Wang MZ, Wang J. Cellular Target Deconvolution of Small Molecules Using a Selection-Based Genetic Screening Platform. ACS Cent Sci 2022; 8:1424-1434. [PMID: 36313155 PMCID: PMC9615120 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule drug target identification is an essential and often rate-limiting step in phenotypic drug discovery and remains a major challenge. Here, we report a novel platform for target identification of activators of signaling pathways by leveraging the power of a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) knockout library. This platform links the expression of a suicide gene to the small-molecule-activated signaling pathway to create a selection system. With this system, loss-of-function screening using a CRISPR single-guide (sg) RNA library positively enriches cells in which the target has been knocked out. The identities of the drug targets and other essential genes required for the activity of small molecules of interest are then uncovered by sequencing. We tested this platform on BDW568, a newly discovered type-I interferon signaling activator, and identified stimulator of interferon genes (STING) as its target and carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) to be a key metabolizing enzyme required to activate BDW568 for target engagement. The platform we present here can be a general method applicable for target identification for a wide range of small molecules that activate different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxing Zhao
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Zhichao Tang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Manikandan Selvaraju
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Kristen A. Johnson
- Calibr,
Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Justin T. Douglas
- Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, University
of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Philip F. Gao
- Protein
Production Group, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - H. Michael Petrassi
- Calibr,
Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michael Zhuo Wang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Jingxin Wang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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10
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Guijas C, To A, Montenegro-Burke JR, Domingo-Almenara X, Alipio-Gloria Z, Kok BP, Saez E, Alvarez NH, Johnson KA, Siuzdak G. Drug-Initiated Activity Metabolomics Identifies Myristoylglycine as a Potent Endogenous Metabolite for Human Brown Fat Differentiation. Metabolites 2022; 12:749. [PMID: 36005620 PMCID: PMC9415469 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, obesity rates have doubled since the 1980s and in the USA alone, almost 40% of adults are obese, which is closely associated with a myriad of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and arteriosclerosis. Obesity is derived from an imbalance between energy intake and consumption, therefore balancing energy homeostasis is an attractive target for metabolic diseases. One therapeutic approach consists of increasing the number of brown-like adipocytes in the white adipose tissue (WAT). Whereas WAT stores excess energy, brown adipose tissue (BAT) can dissipate this energy overload in the form of heat, increasing energy expenditure and thus inhibiting metabolic diseases. To facilitate BAT production a high-throughput screening approach was developed on previously known drugs using human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel Syndrome (SGBS) preadipocytes. The screening allowed us to discover that zafirlukast, an FDA-approved small molecule drug commonly used to treat asthma, was able to differentiate adipocyte precursors and white-biased adipocytes into functional brown adipocytes. However, zafirlukast is toxic to human cells at higher dosages. Drug-Initiated Activity Metabolomics (DIAM) was used to investigate zafirlukast as a BAT inducer, and the endogenous metabolite myristoylglycine was then discovered to mimic the browning properties of zafirlukast without impacting cell viability. Myristoylglycine was found to be bio-synthesized upon zafirlukast treatment and was unique in inducing brown adipocyte differentiation, raising the possibility of using endogenous metabolites and bypassing the exogenous drugs to potentially alleviate disease, in this case, obesity and other related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Guijas
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew To
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - J. Rafael Montenegro-Burke
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Xavier Domingo-Almenara
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Computational Metabolomics for Systems Biology Lab, Omics Sciences Unit, Eurecat—Technology Centre of Catalonia, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zaida Alipio-Gloria
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bernard P. Kok
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Enrique Saez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicole H. Alvarez
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristen A. Johnson
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gary Siuzdak
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular, and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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11
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Khayrullina G, Alipio‐Gloria ZA, Deguise M, Gagnon S, Chehade L, Stinson M, Belous N, Bergman EM, Lischka FW, Rotty J, Dalgard CL, Kothary R, Johnson KA, Burnett BG. Survival motor neuron protein deficiency alters microglia reactivity. Glia 2022; 70:1337-1358. [PMID: 35373853 PMCID: PMC9081169 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Survival motor neuron (SMN) protein deficiency results in loss of alpha motor neurons and subsequent muscle atrophy in patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Reactive microglia have been reported in SMA mice and depleting microglia rescues the number of proprioceptive synapses, suggesting a role in SMA pathology. Here, we explore the contribution of lymphocytes on microglia reactivity in SMA mice and investigate how SMN deficiency alters the reactive profile of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia. We show that microglia adopt a reactive morphology in spinal cords of SMA mice. Ablating lymphocytes did not alter the reactive morphology of SMA microglia and did not improve the survival or motor function of SMA mice, indicating limited impact of peripheral immune cells on the SMA phenotype. We found iPSC-derived SMA microglia adopted an amoeboid morphology and displayed a reactive transcriptome profile, increased cell migration, and enhanced phagocytic activity. Importantly, cell morphology and electrophysiological properties of motor neurons were altered when they were incubated with conditioned media from SMA microglia. Together, these data reveal that SMN-deficient microglia adopt a reactive profile and exhibit an exaggerated inflammatory response with potential impact on SMA neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzal Khayrullina
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and GeneticsUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hebert School of MedicineBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | | | - Marc‐Olivier Deguise
- Regenerative Medicine ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Centre for Neuromuscular DiseaseUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Eastern OntarioOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Sabrina Gagnon
- Regenerative Medicine ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Lucia Chehade
- Regenerative Medicine ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Centre for Neuromuscular DiseaseUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Matthew Stinson
- Department of BiochemistryUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hebert School of MedicineBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Natalya Belous
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and GeneticsUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hebert School of MedicineBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Elizabeth M. Bergman
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and GeneticsUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hebert School of MedicineBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Fritz W. Lischka
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and GeneticsUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hebert School of MedicineBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Jeremy Rotty
- Department of BiochemistryUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hebert School of MedicineBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Clifton L. Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and GeneticsUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hebert School of MedicineBethesdaMarylandUSA
- The American Genome CenterUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Regenerative Medicine ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Centre for Neuromuscular DiseaseUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | | | - Barrington G. Burnett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and GeneticsUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hebert School of MedicineBethesdaMarylandUSA
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12
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Bethlehem RAI, Seidlitz J, White SR, Vogel JW, Anderson KM, Adamson C, Adler S, Alexopoulos GS, Anagnostou E, Areces-Gonzalez A, Astle DE, Auyeung B, Ayub M, Bae J, Ball G, Baron-Cohen S, Beare R, Bedford SA, Benegal V, Beyer F, Blangero J, Blesa Cábez M, Boardman JP, Borzage M, Bosch-Bayard JF, Bourke N, Calhoun VD, Chakravarty MM, Chen C, Chertavian C, Chetelat G, Chong YS, Cole JH, Corvin A, Costantino M, Courchesne E, Crivello F, Cropley VL, Crosbie J, Crossley N, Delarue M, Delorme R, Desrivieres S, Devenyi GA, Di Biase MA, Dolan R, Donald KA, Donohoe G, Dunlop K, Edwards AD, Elison JT, Ellis CT, Elman JA, Eyler L, Fair DA, Feczko E, Fletcher PC, Fonagy P, Franz CE, Galan-Garcia L, Gholipour A, Giedd J, Gilmore JH, Glahn DC, Goodyer IM, Grant PE, Groenewold NA, Gunning FM, Gur RE, Gur RC, Hammill CF, Hansson O, Hedden T, Heinz A, Henson RN, Heuer K, Hoare J, Holla B, Holmes AJ, Holt R, Huang H, Im K, Ipser J, Jack CR, Jackowski AP, Jia T, Johnson KA, Jones PB, Jones DT, Kahn RS, Karlsson H, Karlsson L, Kawashima R, Kelley EA, Kern S, Kim KW, Kitzbichler MG, Kremen WS, Lalonde F, Landeau B, Lee S, Lerch J, Lewis JD, Li J, Liao W, Liston C, Lombardo MV, Lv J, Lynch C, Mallard TT, Marcelis M, Markello RD, Mathias SR, Mazoyer B, McGuire P, Meaney MJ, Mechelli A, Medic N, Misic B, Morgan SE, Mothersill D, Nigg J, Ong MQW, Ortinau C, Ossenkoppele R, Ouyang M, Palaniyappan L, Paly L, Pan PM, Pantelis C, Park MM, Paus T, Pausova Z, Paz-Linares D, Pichet Binette A, Pierce K, Qian X, Qiu J, Qiu A, Raznahan A, Rittman T, Rodrigue A, Rollins CK, Romero-Garcia R, Ronan L, Rosenberg MD, Rowitch DH, Salum GA, Satterthwaite TD, Schaare HL, Schachar RJ, Schultz AP, Schumann G, Schöll M, Sharp D, Shinohara RT, Skoog I, Smyser CD, Sperling RA, Stein DJ, Stolicyn A, Suckling J, Sullivan G, Taki Y, Thyreau B, Toro R, Traut N, Tsvetanov KA, Turk-Browne NB, Tuulari JJ, Tzourio C, Vachon-Presseau É, Valdes-Sosa MJ, Valdes-Sosa PA, Valk SL, van Amelsvoort T, Vandekar SN, Vasung L, Victoria LW, Villeneuve S, Villringer A, Vértes PE, Wagstyl K, Wang YS, Warfield SK, Warrier V, Westman E, Westwater ML, Whalley HC, Witte AV, Yang N, Yeo B, Yun H, Zalesky A, Zar HJ, Zettergren A, Zhou JH, Ziauddeen H, Zugman A, Zuo XN, Bullmore ET, Alexander-Bloch AF. Brain charts for the human lifespan. Nature 2022; 604:525-533. [PMID: 35388223 PMCID: PMC9021021 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 200.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, neuroimaging has become a ubiquitous tool in basic research and clinical studies of the human brain. However, no reference standards currently exist to quantify individual differences in neuroimaging metrics over time, in contrast to growth charts for anthropometric traits such as height and weight1. Here we assemble an interactive open resource to benchmark brain morphology derived from any current or future sample of MRI data ( http://www.brainchart.io/ ). With the goal of basing these reference charts on the largest and most inclusive dataset available, acknowledging limitations due to known biases of MRI studies relative to the diversity of the global population, we aggregated 123,984 MRI scans, across more than 100 primary studies, from 101,457 human participants between 115 days post-conception to 100 years of age. MRI metrics were quantified by centile scores, relative to non-linear trajectories2 of brain structural changes, and rates of change, over the lifespan. Brain charts identified previously unreported neurodevelopmental milestones3, showed high stability of individuals across longitudinal assessments, and demonstrated robustness to technical and methodological differences between primary studies. Centile scores showed increased heritability compared with non-centiled MRI phenotypes, and provided a standardized measure of atypical brain structure that revealed patterns of neuroanatomical variation across neurological and psychiatric disorders. In summary, brain charts are an essential step towards robust quantification of individual variation benchmarked to normative trajectories in multiple, commonly used neuroimaging phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A I Bethlehem
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - J Seidlitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - S R White
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J W Vogel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Informatics & Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K M Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C Adamson
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Adler
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, London, UK
| | - G S Alexopoulos
- Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - E Anagnostou
- Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - A Areces-Gonzalez
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- University of Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saiz Montes de Oca", Pinar del Río, Cuba
| | - D E Astle
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B Auyeung
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Ayub
- Queen's University, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- University College London, Mental Health Neuroscience Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - J Bae
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - G Ball
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Lifetime Asperger Syndrome Service (CLASS), Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Beare
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S A Bedford
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - V Benegal
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - F Beyer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics, South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - M Blesa Cábez
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J P Boardman
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Borzage
- Fetal and Neonatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J F Bosch-Bayard
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - N Bourke
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Care Research and Technology Centre, Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - V D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M M Chakravarty
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Computational Brain Anatomy (CoBrA) Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - C Chen
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C Chertavian
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - G Chetelat
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Y S Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J H Cole
- Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), University College London, London, UK
- Dementia Research Centre (DRC), University College London, London, UK
| | - A Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Costantino
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, Quebec, Canada
- Undergraduate program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - E Courchesne
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Autism Center of Excellence, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - F Crivello
- Institute of Neurodegenerative Disorders, CNRS UMR5293, CEA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - V L Cropley
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Crosbie
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - N Crossley
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Instituto Milenio Intelligent Healthcare Engineering, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Delarue
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - R Delorme
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - S Desrivieres
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G A Devenyi
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, McGill Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M A Di Biase
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Dolan
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, London, UK
| | - K A Donald
- Division of Developmental Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - G Donohoe
- Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG), School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - K Dunlop
- Weil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - A D Edwards
- Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, UK
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, London, UK
| | - J T Elison
- Institute of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C T Ellis
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J A Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - L Eyler
- Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D A Fair
- Institute of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - E Feczko
- Institute of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - P C Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, and Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - P Fonagy
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
- Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, UK
| | - C E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - A Gholipour
- Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Giedd
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - D C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I M Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - P E Grant
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Neuroradiology, Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N A Groenewold
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - F M Gunning
- Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - R E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C F Hammill
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - O Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - T Hedden
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Heinz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - R N Henson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Heuer
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - J Hoare
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B Holla
- Department of Integrative Medicine, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, India
- Accelerator Program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, India
| | - A J Holmes
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R Holt
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H Huang
- Radiology Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K Im
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Neuroradiology, Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Ipser
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A P Jackowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry, Beijing, China
| | - T Jia
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and BrainInspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K A Johnson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - D T Jones
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - H Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - L Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - R Kawashima
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - E A Kelley
- Queen's University, Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Kern
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Psychiatry, Cognition and Old Age Psychiatry Clinic, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K W Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, South Korea
| | - M G Kitzbichler
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - W S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - F Lalonde
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B Landeau
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - S Lee
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J Lerch
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J D Lewis
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - W Liao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - C Liston
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - M V Lombardo
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - J Lv
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Lynch
- Weil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - T T Mallard
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - M Marcelis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - R D Markello
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S R Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Mazoyer
- Institute of Neurodegenerative Disorders, CNRS UMR5293, CEA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - P McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M J Meaney
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A Mechelli
- Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - N Medic
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B Misic
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S E Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - D Mothersill
- Department of Psychology, School of Business, National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Psychology and Center for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - M Q W Ong
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - C Ortinau
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - R Ossenkoppele
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Lund University, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Ouyang
- Radiology Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L Palaniyappan
- Robarts Research Institute and The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Paly
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - P M Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Poalo (UNIFESP), Sao Poalo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), Sao Poalo, Brazil
| | - C Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - M M Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - T Paus
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Z Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Paz-Linares
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, Cuba
| | - A Pichet Binette
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - K Pierce
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - X Qian
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J Qiu
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - A Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T Rittman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Rodrigue
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C K Rollins
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Romero-Garcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) HUVR/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Dpto. de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Seville, Spain
| | - L Ronan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M D Rosenberg
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D H Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - G A Salum
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Informatics & Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H L Schaare
- Otto Hahn Group Cognitive Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - R J Schachar
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A P Schultz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - G Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Institute for Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- PONS-Centre, Charite Mental Health, Dept of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charite Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Schöll
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen's Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - D Sharp
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Care Research and Technology Centre, UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - R T Shinohara
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - I Skoog
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Psychiatry, Cognition and Old Age Psychiatry Clinic, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C D Smyser
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - R A Sperling
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D J Stein
- SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Dept of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Stolicyn
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Suckling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - G Sullivan
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Y Taki
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - B Thyreau
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - R Toro
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - N Traut
- Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity (CRI), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - K A Tsvetanov
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - N B Turk-Browne
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J J Tuulari
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Collegium for Science, Medicine and Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - C Tzourio
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, U1219, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - É Vachon-Presseau
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - P A Valdes-Sosa
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain (AECRP), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S L Valk
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine 7, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - T van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S N Vandekar
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - L Vasung
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - L W Victoria
- Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Villeneuve
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - A Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - P E Vértes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - K Wagstyl
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, London, UK
| | - Y S Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- National Basic Science Data Center, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Lifespan Development of Brain and Mind, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - S K Warfield
- Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - V Warrier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Westman
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M L Westwater
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A V Witte
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, CRC 1052 'Obesity Mechanisms', University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - N Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- National Basic Science Data Center, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Lifespan Development of Brain and Mind, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - B Yeo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition and Centre for Translational MR Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - H Yun
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Neuroradiology, Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - H J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Zettergren
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J H Zhou
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - H Ziauddeen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Zugman
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), Sao Poalo, Brazil
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - X N Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- National Basic Science Data Center, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Lifespan Development of Brain and Mind, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Education, School of Education Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, China
| | - E T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A F Alexander-Bloch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Yan NL, Nair R, Chu A, Wilson IA, Johnson KA, Morgan GJ, Kelly JW. Amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light chain kinetic stabilizers comprising a simple urea linker module reveal a novel binding sub-site. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 60:128571. [PMID: 35065233 PMCID: PMC8857066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In immunoglobulin light chain (LC) amyloidosis, the misfolding, or misfolding and misassembly of LC a protein or fragments thereof resulting from aberrant endoproteolysis, causes organ damage to patients. A small molecule "kinetic stabilizer" drug could slow or stop these processes and improve prognosis. We previously identified coumarin-based kinetic stabilizers of LCs that can be divided into four components, including a "linker module" and "distal substructure". Our prior studies focused on characterizing carbamate, hydantoin, and spirocyclic urea linker modules, which bind in a solvent-exposed site at the VL-VL domain interface of the LC dimer. Here, we report structure-activity relationship data on 7-diethylamino coumarin-based kinetic stabilizers. This substructure occupies the previously characterized "anchor cavity" and the "aromatic slit". The potencies of amide and urea linker modules terminating in a variety of distal substructures attached at the 3-position of this coumarin ring were assessed. Surprisingly, crystallographic data on a 7-diethylamino coumarin-based kinetic stabilizer reveals that the urea linker module and distal substructure attached at the 3-position bind a solvent-exposed region of the full-length LC dimer distinct from previously characterized sites. Our results further elaborate the small-molecule binding surface of LCs that could be occupied by potent and selective LC kinetic stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Reji Nair
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alan Chu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Amyloidosis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Tang Z, Hegde S, Zhao J, Zhu S, Johnson KA, Lorson CL, Wang J. CRISPR-mediated Enzyme Fragment Complementation Assay for Quantification of the Stability of Splice Isoforms. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200012. [PMID: 35235240 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule splicing modulators exemplified by an FDA-approved drug, risdiplam, are a new pharmacological modality for regulating the expression and stability of splice isoforms. We report a CRISPR-mediated enzyme fragment complementation (EFC) assay to quantify the splice isoform stability. The EFC assay harnessed a 42 amino acid split of a β-galactosidase (designate α-tag), which could be fused at the termini of the target genes using CRISPR/cas9. The α-tagged splice isoform would be quantified by measuring the enzymatic activity upon complementation with the rest of β-galactosidase. This EFC assay retained all the sequences of introns and exons of the target gene in the native genomic environment that recapitulates the cell biology of the diseases of interest. For a proof-of-concept, we developed a CRISPR-mediated EFC assay targeting the exon 7 of the survival of motor neuron 2 (SMN2) gene. The EFC assay compatible with 384-well plates robustly quantified the splicing modulation activity of small molecules. In this study, we also discovered that a coumarin derivative, compound 4, potently modulate SMN2 splicing at as low as 1.1 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Tang
- University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Shalakha Hegde
- University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Junxing Zhao
- University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Shoutian Zhu
- PhenoTarget BioSciences, Inc., Biology, UNITED STATES
| | | | | | - Jingxin Wang
- University of Kansas, Medicinal Chemistry, 2034 Becker Dr, 1050, 66047, Lawrence, UNITED STATES
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Dubbelman MA, Sanchez J, Schultz AP, Rentz DM, Amariglio RE, Sikkes SAM, Sperling RA, Johnson KA, Marshall GA. Everyday Functioning and Entorhinal and Inferior Temporal Tau Burden in Cognitively Normal Older Adults. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2022; 9:801-808. [PMID: 36281685 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2022.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Performance of cognitively complex "instrumental activities of daily living" (IADL) has previously been related to amyloid deposition in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the relationship between IADL performance and cerebral tau accumulation in cognitively normal older adults. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Data was collected in the Anti-Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer's (A4) and Longitudinal Evaluation of Amyloid Risk and Neurodegeneration (LEARN) studies. PARTICIPANTS Participants (n = 447, age 71.9±4.9 years, 57.5% female) who underwent tau positron emission tomography were selected from the A4 and LEARN studies. MEASUREMENTS IADL performance was measured using the self- and study partner-reported versions of the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study Activities of Daily Living - Prevention Instrument (ADCS ADL-PI). We also investigated discordance between participants and their study partners. Cross-sectional associations between entorhinal and inferior temporal tau (independent variables) and ADCS ADL-PI total scores, item-level scores and discordance (dependent variables) were investigated in linear and logistic regressions. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex and education and a tau by amyloid interaction was also included. RESULTS Participants and their study partners reported high levels of IADL performance. Entorhinal and inferior temporal tau were related to study partner but not to self-reported total ADCS ADL-PI scores. The association was not retained after adjustment for global cerebral amyloid burden. At the item level, greater entorhinal tau was associated with study partner-reported difficulties remembering important dates (odds ratio (OR) = 1.24, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = [1.06, 1.45], p = 0.008) and difficulties remembering the details of TV programs and movies (OR = 1.32, 95%CI = [1.08, 1.61], p = 0.007). Greater inferior temporal tau was associated with self-reported difficulties managing to find personal belongings (OR = 1.23, 95%CI = [1.04, 1.46], p = 0.018) and study partner-reported difficulties remembering the details of TV programs and movies (OR = 1.39, 95%CI = [1.11, 1.75], p = 0.005). Discordance between participant and study partner-report was more likely with greater entorhinal (OR = 1.18, 95%CI = [1.05, 1.33], p = 0.005) and inferior temporal tau burden (OR = 1.29, 95%CI = [1.10, 1.51], p = 0.002). DISCUSSION We found a cross-sectional relationship between study partner-reported everyday functioning and tau in cognitively normal older adults. Participants were more likely to self-report difficulties differently from their study partners when tau burden was higher. This may hint at an altered early-disease awareness of functional changes and underscores the importance of self-report of IADL functioning in addition to collateral report by a study partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Dubbelman
- Gad A. Marshall, MD, Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, 9016P, Boston, MA 02115, P: 617-732-8085, F: 617-264-6831, E:
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Yaari R, Holdridge KC, Choi J, Donohue MC, Kantarci K, Jack CR, Zuk SM, Sims JR, Johnson KA, Aisen PS, Sperling RA. Amyloid-Related Imaging Abnormalities and Other MRI Findings in a Cognitively Unimpaired Population With and Without Cerebral Amyloid. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2022; 9:617-624. [PMID: 36281665 PMCID: PMC10966506 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2022.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening data from the Anti-Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer's Disease (A4) and Longitudinal Evaluation of Amyloid Risk and Neurodegeneration (LEARN) studies provide a unique opportunity to compare magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings such as amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) in cognitively unimpaired elderly with and without elevated cerebral amyloid. OBJECTIVES To compare screening MRI findings, such as ARIA, in the cognitively unimpaired potential participants of a clinical trial with and without elevated cerebral amyloid. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of structural MRI findings in screening data from the A4 and LEARN studies. SETTING The A4 Study is a multi-center international clinical trial. The LEARN Study is a multi center observational study in the United States. PARTICIPANTS Clinically normal older adults (65-85 years) with elevated cerebral amyloid (Aβ+; n = 1250, A4) and without elevated cerebral amyloid (Aβ-; n = 538, LEARN). MEASUREMENTS Participants underwent florbetapir positron emission tomography for Aβ+/- classification. A centrally read 3T MRI to assess for study eligibility was conducted on study qualified MRI scanners. RESULTS No ARIA-effusions (ARIA-E) was detected on screening MRI in the Aβ+ or Aβ- cohorts. At least one ARIA-H (microhemorrhages [MCH] or superficial siderosis [SS]) was present in 18% of the Aβ+ cohort compared with 8% in Aβ- (P < 0.001). In the Aβ+ cohort, approximately 2% of screening MRIs demonstrated MCH ≥4 compared with 0% in Aβ-. The presence of two apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOEε4) alleles (vs no ε4 alleles) in the Aβ+ cohort increased the odds for presence of MCH (odds ratio [OR] = 2.03; 95% CI, 1.23 to 3.27, P = 0.004). Cortical infarctions (4% vs 0%) and subcortical infarctions (10% vs 1%) were observed at statistically significantly higher prevalence in the Aβ+ cohort compared with Aβ- (P < 0.001). Females showed reduced odds of MCH in the Aβ+ cohort by a factor of 0.63 (95% CI, 0.47 to 0.84, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS ARIA-E is rare in cognitively unimpaired Aβ+ and Aβ- populations prior to anti-amyloid drug intervention. ARIA-H in Aβ+ was greater than in Aβ- populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yaari
- Roy Yaari, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA, , +1 317-416-0872
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Abstract
Cholesterol is an abundant lipid in mammalian plasma membranes that regulates the reception of the Hedgehog (Hh) signal in target cells. In vertebrates, cell-surface organelles called primary cilia function as compartments for the propagation of Hh signals. Recent structural, biochemical, and cell-biological studies have led to the model that Patched-1 (PTCH1), the receptor for Hh ligands, uses its transporter-like activity to lower cholesterol accessibility in the membrane surrounding primary cilia. Cholesterol restriction at cilia may represent the long-sought-after mechanism by which PTCH1 inhibits Smoothened (SMO), a cholesterol-responsive transmembrane protein of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily that transmits the Hh signal across the membrane.Protein probes based on microbial cholesterol-binding proteins revealed that PTCH1 controls only a subset of the total cholesterol molecules, a biochemically defined fraction called accessible cholesterol. The accessible cholesterol pool coexists (and exchanges) with a pool of sequestered cholesterol, which is bound to phospholipids like sphingomyelin. In this chapter, we describe how to measure the accessible and sequestered cholesterol pools in live cells with protein-based probes. We discuss how to purify and fluorescently label these probes for use in flow cytometry and microscopy-based measurements of the cholesterol pools. Additionally, we describe how to modulate accessible cholesterol levels to determine if this pool regulates Hh signaling (or any other cellular process of interest).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Kinnebrew
- Department of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Department of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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18
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Amariglio RE, Sikkes SAM, Marshall GA, Buckley RF, Gatchel JR, Johnson KA, Rentz DM, Donohue MC, Raman R, Sun CK, Yaari R, Holdridge KC, Sims JR, Grill JD, Aisen PS, Sperling RA. Item-Level Investigation of Participant and Study Partner Report on the Cognitive Function Index from the A4 Study Screening Data. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2021; 8:257-262. [PMID: 34101781 PMCID: PMC8240963 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2021.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Greater subjective cognitive changes on the Cognitive Function Index (CFI) was previously found to be associated with elevated amyloid (Aß) status in participants screening for the A4 Study, reported by study partners and the participants themselves. While the total score on the CFI related to amyloid for both sources respectively, potential differences in the specific types of cognitive changes reported by either participants or their study partners was not investigated. OBJECTIVES To determine the specific types of subjective cognitive changes endorsed by participants and their study partners that are associated with amyloid status in individuals screening for an AD prevention trial. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS Four thousand four hundred and eighty-six cognitively unimpaired (CDR=0; MMSE 25-30) participants (ages 65-85) screening for the A4 Study completed florbetapir (Aß) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging. Participants were classified as elevated amyloid (Aß+; n=1323) or non-elevated amyloid (Aß-; n=3163). MEASUREMENTS Prior to amyloid PET imaging, subjective report of changes in cognitive functioning were measured using the CFI (15 item questionnaire; Yes/Maybe/No response options) and administered separately to both participants and their study partners (i.e., a family member or friend in regular contact with the participant). The impact of demographic factors on CFI report was investigated. For each item of the CFI, the relationship between Aß and CFI response was investigated using an ordinal mixed effects model for participant and study partner report. RESULTS Independent of Aß status, participants were more likely to report 'Yes' or 'Maybe' compared to the study partners for nearly all CFI items. Older age (r= 0.06, p<0.001) and lower education (r=-0.08, p<0.001) of the participant were associated with higher CFI. Highest coincident odds ratios related to Aß+ for both respondents included items assessing whether 'a substantial decline in memory' had occurred in the last year (ORsp= 1.35 [95% CI 1.11, 1.63]; ORp= 1.55 [95% CI 1.34, 1.79]) and whether the participant had 'seen a doctor about memory' (ORsp= 1.56 [95% CI 1.25, 1.95]; ORp =1.71 [95% CI 1.37, 2.12]). For two items, associations were significant for only study partner report; whether the participant 'Repeats questions' (ORsp = 1.30 [95% CI 1.07, 1.57]) and has 'trouble following the news' (ORsp= 1.46[95% CI 1.12, 1.91]). One question was significant only for participant report; 'trouble driving' (ORp= 1.25 [95% CI 1.04, 1.49]). CONCLUSIONS Elevated Aβ is associated with greater reporting of subjective cognitive changes as measured by the CFI in this cognitively unimpaired population. While participants were more likely than study partners to endorse change on most CFI items, unique CFI items were associated with elevated Aß for participants and their study partners, supporting the value of both sources of information in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Amariglio
- R.E. Amariglio, Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA,
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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20
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Johnson KA, Bhattarai N, Budicini MR, LaBonia CM, Baker SCB, Gerstman BS, Chapagain PP, Stahelin RV. Cysteine Mutations in the Ebolavirus Matrix Protein VP40 Promote Phosphatidylserine Binding by Increasing the Flexibility of a Lipid-Binding Loop. Viruses 2021; 13:1375. [PMID: 34372582 PMCID: PMC8310056 DOI: 10.3390/v13071375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebolavirus (EBOV) is a negative-sense RNA virus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. The matrix protein VP40 facilitates viral budding by binding to lipids in the host cell plasma membrane and driving the formation of filamentous, pleomorphic virus particles. The C-terminal domain of VP40 contains two highly-conserved cysteine residues at positions 311 and 314, but their role in the viral life cycle is unknown. We therefore investigated the properties of VP40 mutants in which the conserved cysteine residues were replaced with alanine. The C311A mutation significantly increased the affinity of VP40 for membranes containing phosphatidylserine (PS), resulting in the assembly of longer virus-like particles (VLPs) compared to wild-type VP40. The C314A mutation also increased the affinity of VP40 for membranes containing PS, albeit to a lesser degree than C311A. The double mutant behaved in a similar manner to the individual mutants. Computer modeling revealed that both cysteine residues restrain a loop segment containing lysine residues that interact with the plasma membrane, but Cys311 has the dominant role. Accordingly, the C311A mutation increases the flexibility of this membrane-binding loop, changes the profile of hydrogen bonding within VP40 and therefore binds to PS with greater affinity. This is the first evidence that mutations in VP40 can increase its affinity for biological membranes and modify the length of Ebola VLPs. The Cys311 and Cys314 residues therefore play an important role in dynamic interactions at the plasma membrane by modulating the ability of VP40 to bind PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (K.A.J.); (M.R.B.); (C.M.L.); (S.C.B.B.)
| | - Nisha Bhattarai
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (N.B.); (B.S.G.); (P.P.C.)
| | - Melissa R. Budicini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (K.A.J.); (M.R.B.); (C.M.L.); (S.C.B.B.)
| | - Carolyn M. LaBonia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (K.A.J.); (M.R.B.); (C.M.L.); (S.C.B.B.)
| | - Sarah Catherine B. Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (K.A.J.); (M.R.B.); (C.M.L.); (S.C.B.B.)
| | - Bernard S. Gerstman
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (N.B.); (B.S.G.); (P.P.C.)
- The Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Prem P. Chapagain
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (N.B.); (B.S.G.); (P.P.C.)
- The Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Robert V. Stahelin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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21
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Yan NL, Santos-Martins D, Nair R, Chu A, Wilson IA, Johnson KA, Forli S, Morgan GJ, Petrassi HM, Kelly JW. Discovery of Potent Coumarin-Based Kinetic Stabilizers of Amyloidogenic Immunoglobulin Light Chains Using Structure-Based Design. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6273-6299. [PMID: 33939422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In immunoglobulin light-chain (LC) amyloidosis, transient unfolding or unfolding and proteolysis enable aggregation of LC proteins, causing potentially fatal organ damage. A drug that kinetically stabilizes LCs could suppress aggregation; however, LC sequences are variable and have no natural ligands, hindering drug development efforts. We previously identified high-throughput screening hits that bind to a site at the interface between the two variable domains of the LC homodimer. We hypothesized that extending the stabilizers beyond this initially characterized binding site would improve affinity. Here, using protease sensitivity assays, we identified stabilizers that can be divided into four substructures. Some stabilizers exhibit nanomolar EC50 values, a 3000-fold enhancement over the screening hits. Crystal structures reveal a key π-π stacking interaction with a conserved tyrosine residue that was not utilized by the screening hits. These data provide a foundation for developing LC stabilizers with improved binding selectivity and enhanced physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Diogo Santos-Martins
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Reji Nair
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alan Chu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Stefano Forli
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States.,The Amyloidosis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - H Michael Petrassi
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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22
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George MR, Johnson KA, Childs JM, Dixon LR, Gratzinger DA, Hoffman RD, Holloman A, Karp JK, Knollmann-Ritschel BEC, Lofgreen A, Prieto VG, Timmons CF, McCloskey CB. The Impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic on the 2019-2020 Job Search for Newly Trained Pathologists. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2021; 145:261-262. [PMID: 33179038 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0688-le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R George
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | - John Michael Childs
- Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lisa R Dixon
- Graduate Medical Education, Physician Services Group, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Robert D Hoffman
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ashley Holloman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Julie Katz Karp
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Amanda Lofgreen
- Education, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois
| | | | | | - Cindy B McCloskey
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, OU Medical Center, Oklahoma City
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23
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Johnson KA, Radhakrishnan A. The use of anthrolysin O and ostreolysin A to study cholesterol in cell membranes. Methods Enzymol 2021; 649:543-566. [PMID: 33712199 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a major component of the plasma membranes (PMs) of animal cells, comprising 35-40mol% of total PM lipids. Recent studies using cholesterol-binding bacterial toxins such as domain 4 of Anthrolysin O (ALOD4) and fungal toxins such as Ostreolysin A (OlyA) have revealed new insights into the organization of PM cholesterol. These studies have defined three distinct pools of PM cholesterol-a fixed pool that is essential for membrane integrity, a sphingomyelin (SM)-sequestered pool that can be detected by OlyA, and a third pool that is accessible and can be detected by ALOD4. Accessible cholesterol is available to interact with proteins and transport to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and controls many cellular signaling processes including cholesterol homeostasis, Hedgehog signaling, and bacterial and viral infection. Here, we provide detailed descriptions for the use of ALOD4 and OlyA, both of which are soluble and non-lytic proteins, to study cholesterol organization in the PMs of animal cells. Furthermore, we describe two new versions of ALOD4 that we have developed to increase the versatility of this probe in cellular studies. One is a dual His6 and FLAG epitope-tagged version and the other is a fluorescent version where ALOD4 is fused to Neon, a monomeric fluorescent protein. These new forms of ALOD4 together with previously described OlyA provide an expanded collection of tools to sense, visualize, and modulate levels of accessible and SM-sequestered cholesterol on PMs and study the role of these cholesterol pools in diverse membrane signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Johnson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
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24
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Shyu I, Johnson KA, Gratzinger D, Brissette MD, Childs JM, Dixon LR, George MR, McCloskey CB, Prieto VG, Rojiani AM, Timmons CF, Hoffman RD. Positive Job Search Experience for New Pathologists Seeking First Employment Between 2017-2019. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2021; 145:1117-1122. [PMID: 33417677 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0455-cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— An aging population calls for an adequate response in the workforce of medical professionals. The field of pathology has seen a downward trend in numbers of graduating US allopathic medical students choosing the specialty. Concerns about the job market after residency and fellowship graduation may be a contributing factor. OBJECTIVE.— To provide an update on the trends emerging from a survey of pathology graduates' job search experience for their first nonfellowship position. DESIGN.— Data from an annual job search survey sent by The College of American Pathologists Graduate Medical Education Committee between 2017 and 2019 to The College of American Pathologists junior members and fellows in practice 3 years or less, actively looking for a nonfellowship position, was analyzed. Various indicators of the job search experience were compared year to year and with the previously published 2012 to 2016 benchmark data. RESULTS.— Analysis revealed positive trends between the 2017 to 2019 data and the 2012 to 2016 benchmark data, including participants' perceiving more ease in finding a position, improved availability of jobs in their subspecialty choice, and higher ratings of satisfaction with the position accepted, as well as a greater proportion of respondents finding a position within 6 months of initiating their job search. CONCLUSIONS.— The job market for pathology residents and fellows looking for their first nonfellowship position has improved with respect to multiple indicators, such as ease of finding a position, length of job search, and satisfaction with the position accepted when comparing 2017 to 2019 data with the 2012 to 2016 benchmark data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Shyu
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Shyu)
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Johnson)
| | - Dita Gratzinger
- the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Gratzinger)
| | | | - John M Childs
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Childs)
| | - Lisa R Dixon
- the Department of Pathology, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando (Dixon)
| | - Melissa R George
- the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania (George)
| | - Cindy B McCloskey
- the Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (McCloskey)
| | - Victor G Prieto
- the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Prieto)
| | - Amyn M Rojiani
- the Department of Pathology, Augusta University-Medical College of Georgia, Augusta (Rojiani)
| | - Charles F Timmons
- the Department of Pathology, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas, Texas (Timmons Jr)
| | - Robert D Hoffman
- the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (Hoffman)
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25
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Abstract
Abstract
The relationship between nutrition, production and environmental aspects of ruminant livestock production systems is a complex and highly nuanced subject that has long suffered from oversimplification and assumptions associated within these practices. However, with the advent of new and evolving models and a growing understanding of these complexities and their interactions with each other, there has been a large and welcome growth in recent literature regarding new and emerging technologies, and insights that will allow for appropriate and impactful changes in livestock management that will affect overall change for the benefit of society as a whole. The primary means through which environmental impacts may be modified are separated into four distinct, but interconnected mechanisms, which include 1) improvements in use of dietary nutrients, 2) use of dietary additives that impact certain functions in the digestive tracts of the animal, 3) improvements in genetics, and 4) improvements in productive efficiency. While it is obvious that there are significant overlaps between these practices, it is imperative to consider all these aspects to prevent “leakage” of impacts to other industries and processes. In this presentation, we will review recent developments in all of these areas with a specific emphasis on the use of energy in ruminant production systems.
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26
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Chin EN, Yu C, Vartabedian VF, Jia Y, Kumar M, Gamo AM, Vernier W, Ali SH, Kissai M, Lazar DC, Nguyen N, Pereira LE, Benish B, Woods AK, Joseph SB, Chu A, Johnson KA, Sander PN, Martínez-Peña F, Hampton EN, Young TS, Wolan DW, Chatterjee AK, Schultz PG, Petrassi HM, Teijaro JR, Lairson LL. Antitumor activity of a systemic STING-activating non-nucleotide cGAMP mimetic. Science 2020; 369:993-999. [PMID: 32820126 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb4255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) links innate immunity to biological processes ranging from antitumor immunity to microbiome homeostasis. Mechanistic understanding of the anticancer potential for STING receptor activation is currently limited by metabolic instability of the natural cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) ligands. From a pathway-targeted cell-based screen, we identified a non-nucleotide, small-molecule STING agonist, termed SR-717, that demonstrates broad interspecies and interallelic specificity. A 1.8-angstrom cocrystal structure revealed that SR-717 functions as a direct cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) mimetic that induces the same "closed" conformation of STING. SR-717 displayed antitumor activity; promoted the activation of CD8+ T, natural killer, and dendritic cells in relevant tissues; and facilitated antigen cross-priming. SR-717 also induced the expression of clinically relevant targets, including programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), in a STING-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Chin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chenguang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vincent F Vartabedian
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ying Jia
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ana M Gamo
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William Vernier
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sabrina H Ali
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mildred Kissai
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel C Lazar
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nhan Nguyen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laura E Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brent Benish
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ashley K Woods
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sean B Joseph
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alan Chu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Philipp N Sander
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Francisco Martínez-Peña
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eric N Hampton
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Travis S Young
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis W Wolan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Arnab K Chatterjee
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter G Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - H Michael Petrassi
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Luke L Lairson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Abrams
- Departments of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Neal M Alto
- Departments of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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28
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Abrams ME, Johnson KA, Perelman SS, Zhang LS, Endapally S, Mar KB, Thompson BM, McDonald JG, Schoggins JW, Radhakrishnan A, Alto NM. Oxysterols provide innate immunity to bacterial infection by mobilizing cell surface accessible cholesterol. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:929-942. [PMID: 32284563 PMCID: PMC7442315 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is an interferon-stimulated gene that converts cholesterol to the oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). Circulating 25HC modulates essential immunological processes including antiviral immunity, inflammasome activation and antibody class switching; and dysregulation of CH25H may contribute to chronic inflammatory disease and cancer. Although 25HC is a potent regulator of cholesterol storage, uptake, efflux and biosynthesis, how these metabolic activities reprogram the immunological state of target cells remains poorly understood. Here, we used recently designed toxin-based biosensors that discriminate between distinct pools of plasma membrane cholesterol to elucidate how 25HC prevents Listeria monocytogenes from traversing the plasma membrane of infected host cells. The 25HC-mediated activation of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) triggered rapid internalization of a biochemically defined fraction of cholesterol, termed 'accessible' cholesterol, from the plasma membrane while having little effect on cholesterol in complexes with sphingomyelin. We show that evolutionarily distinct bacterial species, L. monocytogenes and Shigella flexneri, exploit the accessible pool of cholesterol for infection and that acute mobilization of this pool by oxysterols confers immunity to these pathogens. The significance of this signal-mediated membrane remodelling pathway probably extends beyond host defence systems, as several other biologically active oxysterols also mobilize accessible cholesterol through an ACAT-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Abrams
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sofya S Perelman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, NY, NY, USA
| | - Li-Shu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shreya Endapally
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Katrina B Mar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bonne M Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John W Schoggins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Neal M Alto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Johnson KA. The future of animal science departments. Anim Front 2020; 10:4-5. [PMID: 32724712 PMCID: PMC7377513 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Johnson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Timmons CF, Black-Schaffer WS, Naritoku WY, Powell SZ, Johnson KA, Brissette MD, Childs JM, Conran RM, Dixon LR, George MR, Gratzinger D, McCloskey CB, Prieto VG, Roberts CA, Rojiani AM, Shyu I, Hoffman RD. Entry of Graduates of US Pathology Residency Programs Into the Workforce: Cohort Data Between 2008 and 2016 Remain Positive and Stable. Acad Pathol 2020; 7:2374289520901833. [PMID: 32083168 PMCID: PMC7005983 DOI: 10.1177/2374289520901833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathologist workforce in the United States is a topic of interest to the health-care community as a whole and to institutions responsible for the training of new pathologists in particular. Although a pathologist shortage has been projected, there has been a pervasive belief by medical students and their advisors that there are “no jobs in pathology.” In 2013 and again in 2017, the Program Directors Section of the Association of Pathology Chairs conducted surveys asking pathology residency directors to report the employment status of each of their residents graduating in the previous 5 years. The 2013 Program Directors Section survey indicated that 92% of those graduating in 2010 had obtained employment within 3 years, and 94% of residents graduating in 2008 obtained employment within 5 years. The 2017 survey indicated that 96% of those graduating in 2014 had obtained employment in 3 years, and 97% of residents graduating in 2012 obtained positions within 5 years. These findings are consistent with residents doing 1 or 2 years of fellowship before obtaining employment. Stratification of the data by regions of the country or by the size of the residency programs does not show large differences. The data also indicate a high percentage of employment for graduates of pathology residency programs and a stable job market over the years covered by the surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles F Timmons
- The Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Health, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - W Stephen Black-Schaffer
- MGH Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wesley Y Naritoku
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine at USC, LAC+USC Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne Z Powell
- The Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - John M Childs
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard M Conran
- The Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Lisa R Dixon
- The Department of Pathology, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Melissa R George
- The Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Dita Gratzinger
- The Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cindy B McCloskey
- The Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Victor G Prieto
- The Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Amyn M Rojiani
- The Department of Pathology, Augusta University-Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Irene Shyu
- The Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Robert D Hoffman
- The Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Scott JL, Frick CT, Johnson KA, Liu H, Yong SS, Varney AG, Wiest O, Stahelin RV. Molecular Analysis of Membrane Targeting by the C2 Domain of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Smurf1. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020229. [PMID: 32033048 PMCID: PMC7072158 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SMAD ubiquitination regulatory factor 1 (Smurf1) is a Nedd4 family E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates cell motility, polarity and TGFβ signaling. Smurf1 contains an N-terminal protein kinase C conserved 2 (C2) domain that targets cell membranes and is required for interactions with membrane-localized substrates such as RhoA. Here, we investigated the lipid-binding mechanism of Smurf1 C2, revealing a general affinity for anionic membranes in addition to a selective affinity for phosphoinositides (PIPs). We found that Smurf1 C2 localizes not only to the plasma membrane but also to negatively charged intracellular sites, acting as an anionic charge sensor and selective PIP-binding domain. Site-directed mutagenesis combined with docking/molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the Smurf1 C2 domain loop region primarily interacts with PIPs and cell membranes, as opposed to the β-surface cationic patch employed by other C2 domains. By depleting PIPs from the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, we found that PIP binding is necessary for plasma membrane localization. Finally, we used a Smurf1 cellular ubiquitination assay to show that the amount of ubiquitin at the plasma membrane interface depends on the lipid-binding properties of Smurf1. This study shows the mechanism by which Smurf1 C2 targets membrane-based substrates and reveals a novel interaction for non-calcium-dependent C2 domains and membrane lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L. Scott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (J.L.S.); (C.T.F.); (K.A.J.); (H.L.); (S.S.Y.); (A.G.V.); (O.W.)
| | - Cary T. Frick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (J.L.S.); (C.T.F.); (K.A.J.); (H.L.); (S.S.Y.); (A.G.V.); (O.W.)
| | - Kristen A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (J.L.S.); (C.T.F.); (K.A.J.); (H.L.); (S.S.Y.); (A.G.V.); (O.W.)
| | - Haining Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (J.L.S.); (C.T.F.); (K.A.J.); (H.L.); (S.S.Y.); (A.G.V.); (O.W.)
| | - Sylvia S. Yong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (J.L.S.); (C.T.F.); (K.A.J.); (H.L.); (S.S.Y.); (A.G.V.); (O.W.)
| | - Allyson G. Varney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (J.L.S.); (C.T.F.); (K.A.J.); (H.L.); (S.S.Y.); (A.G.V.); (O.W.)
| | - Olaf Wiest
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (J.L.S.); (C.T.F.); (K.A.J.); (H.L.); (S.S.Y.); (A.G.V.); (O.W.)
| | - Robert V. Stahelin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-765-494-4152
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Shyu I, Johnson KA, George MR, Gratzinger D, Brissette MD, Childs JM, Conran RM, Dixon LR, McCloskey CB, Prieto VG, Roberts CA, Rojiani AM, Timmons CF, Hoffman RD. Gender Parity in Gainful Employment and Other Gender Trends in the Job Market for Recent Pathology Graduates. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2019; 144:435-442. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2019-0354-cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context.—
Gender-based barriers to equal salary, career advancement, and leadership still exist in medicine. Herein we provide the first report of data comparing the experiences of men and women seeking their first nonfellowship position in pathology.
Objective.—
To identify gender trends regarding pathologists taking their first job after training and the relationship to various demographic factors, job search satisfaction, and outcome.
Design.—
Aggregate data from the College of American Pathologists Graduate Medical Education Committee Job Market surveys (2015–2018) were analyzed across multiple domains including residency focus, number and subspecialty of fellowships completed, and extent to which expectations were met in regard to work duties, geographic preference, benefits, and salary. These data were examined in the context of assessing gender-based differences.
Results.—
Comparable results were identified in all measured outcomes according to gender. There were no differences between gender and medical school type, relocation, residency training focus, number of fellowships completed, overall satisfaction with position accepted, salary, or extent to which the position met expectations. Similarly, there were also no discrepancies between gender and the geographic region in which positions were accepted, practice setting, practice subspecialty, partnership track, length of job search, or difficulty finding a position.
Conclusions.—
Analysis from 4 years of job market survey data shows equivalent results between men and women looking for their first nonfellowship position in pathology. There were no significant differences with regard to difficulty finding a position, overall satisfaction with the position accepted, salary, benefits, or access to partnership track.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Shyu
- From the Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond (Dr Shyu); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger)
| | - Kristen A. Johnson
- From the Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond (Dr Shyu); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger)
| | - Melissa R. George
- From the Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond (Dr Shyu); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger)
| | - Dita Gratzinger
- From the Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond (Dr Shyu); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger)
| | - Mark D. Brissette
- From the Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond (Dr Shyu); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger)
| | - John M. Childs
- From the Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond (Dr Shyu); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger)
| | - Richard M. Conran
- From the Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond (Dr Shyu); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger)
| | - Lisa R. Dixon
- From the Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond (Dr Shyu); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger)
| | - Cindy B. McCloskey
- From the Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond (Dr Shyu); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger)
| | - Victor G. Prieto
- From the Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond (Dr Shyu); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger)
| | - Cory A. Roberts
- From the Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond (Dr Shyu); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger)
| | - Amyn M. Rojiani
- From the Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond (Dr Shyu); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger)
| | - Charles F. Timmons
- From the Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond (Dr Shyu); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger)
| | - Robert D. Hoffman
- From the Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond (Dr Shyu); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger)
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Donnay MA, Michal JJ, Aksdal GJ, Lamb BK, Johnson KA. PSXI-4 Composting management to reduce greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from feedlot manure. J Anim Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz258.773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Management of livestock manure may recycle nutrients and decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia (NH3) emissions. The objectives were to ascertain effects of environmental conditions and turning on methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and NH3 emissions and if treatment with 8.5 g of dicyandiamide (DCD), a denitrification agent, altered GHG emissions. Manure and bedding were collected from feedlot pens and used to construct 3 piles (~1.9 m3 volume) each in winter (WI) and spring (SP). WI piles were turned once, and SP piles were turned twice. Methane, N2O, and NH3 emissions were collected. Methane and N2O flux measurements were collected from SP piles using a static chamber (3.7m L x 2.2m W x 0.9m H). Initial dry matter and nitrogen contents were 33.2 and 30.0% and 20.1 and 17.7 g/kg in WI and SP piles, respectively. Average ambient temperatures and wind speeds were 0.3oC and 10.7oC and 1.76 m/s and 1.97 m/s during WI and SP, respectively. Internal temperatures reached 51±3.9oC on d 4–11 and gradually decreased. Normalized CH4 averaged 2.19 mg٠s٠m-4 and N2O emissions averaged 0.84 mg٠s٠m-4, and were not different between the WI and SP piles. Turning did not affect CH4 emissions from WI piles, but were 55% greater (P < 0.05) when SP piles were turned a second time. Emissions of N2O increased 51% when WI and SP piles were turned (P < 0.05). Ammonia emissions were 83.5% greater from WI piles due to their higher initial concentrations of NH4+-N (2.21 vs. 1.11 g/kg; P < 0.05). Turning did not influence CH4 and N2O fluxes. Addition of DCD at pile formation appears to decrease N2O emissions and fluxes 3 and 10 d later. Turning management and season impacted overall CH4, N2O, and NH3 emissions. Fine-tuning manure handling and management during different seasons may effectively reduce GHG and NH3 emissions.
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Johnson JR, Carstens GE, Krueger WK, Lancaster PA, Brown EG, Tedeschi LO, Anderson RC, Johnson KA, Brosh A. Associations between residual feed intake and apparent nutrient digestibility, in vitro methane-producing activity, and volatile fatty acid concentrations in growing beef cattle1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:3550-3561. [PMID: 31175808 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between residual feed intake (RFI) and DM and nutrient digestibility, in vitro methane production, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in growing beef cattle. Residual feed intake was measured in growing Santa Gertrudis steers (Study 1; n = 57; initial BW = 291.1 ± 33.8 kg) and Brangus heifers (Study 2; n = 468; initial BW = 271.4 ± 26.1 kg) fed a high-roughage-based diet (ME = 2.1 Mcal/kg DM) for 70 d in a Calan-gate feeding barn. Animals were ranked by RFI based on performance and feed intake measured from day 0 to 70 (Study 1) or day 56 (Study 2) of the trial, and 20 animals with the lowest and highest RFI were identified for subsequent collections of fecal and feed refusal samples for DM and nutrient digestibility analysis. In Study 2, rumen fluid and feces were collected for in vitro methane-producing activity (MPA) and VFA analysis in trials 2, 3, and 4. Residual feed intake classification did not affect BW or BW gain (P > 0.05), but low-RFI steers and heifers both consumed 19% less (P < 0.01) DMI compared with high-RFI animals. Steers with low RFI tended (P < 0.1) to have higher DM digestibility (DMD) compared with high-RFI steers (70.3 vs. 66.5 ± 1.6% DM). Heifers with low RFI had 4% higher DMD (76.3 vs. 73.3 ± 1.0% DM) and 4 to 5% higher (P < 0.01) CP, NDF, and ADF digestibility compared with heifers with high RFI. Low-RFI heifers emitted 14% less (P < 0.01) methane (% GE intake; GEI) calculated according to Blaxter and Clapperton (1965) as modified by Wilkerson et al. (1995), and tended (P = 0.09) to have a higher rumen acetate:propionate ratio than heifers with high RFI (GEI = 5.58 vs. 6.51 ± 0.08%; A:P ratio = 5.02 vs. 4.82 ± 0.14%). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that apparent nutrient digestibilities (DMD and NDF digestibility) for Study 1 and Study 2 accounted for an additional 8 and 6%, respectively, of the variation in intake unaccounted for by ADG and mid-test BW0.75. When DMD, NDF digestibility, and total ruminal VFA were added to the base model for Study 2, trials 2, 3, and 4, the R2 increased from 0.33 to 0.47, explaining an additional 15% of the variation in DMI unrelated to growth and body size. On the basis of the results of these studies, differences in observed phenotypic RFI in growing beef animals may be a result of inter-animal variation in apparent nutrient digestibility and ruminal VFA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn R Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Gordon E Carstens
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | | | - Erin G Brown
- Department of Agriculture, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX
| | - Luis O Tedeschi
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Robin C Anderson
- USDA, ARS, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Arieh Brosh
- Beef Cattle Section, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, IL
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Kinnebrew M, Iverson EJ, Patel BB, Pusapati GV, Kong JH, Johnson KA, Luchetti G, Eckert KM, McDonald JG, Covey DF, Siebold C, Radhakrishnan A, Rohatgi R. Cholesterol accessibility at the ciliary membrane controls hedgehog signaling. eLife 2019; 8:e50051. [PMID: 31657721 PMCID: PMC6850779 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we proposed that transmission of the hedgehog signal across the plasma membrane by Smoothened is triggered by its interaction with cholesterol (Luchetti et al., 2016). But how is cholesterol, an abundant lipid, regulated tightly enough to control a signaling system that can cause birth defects and cancer? Using toxin-based sensors that distinguish between distinct pools of cholesterol, we find that Smoothened activation and Hedgehog signaling are driven by a biochemically-defined, small fraction of membrane cholesterol, termed accessible cholesterol. Increasing cholesterol accessibility by depletion of sphingomyelin, which sequesters cholesterol in complexes, amplifies Hedgehog signaling. Hedgehog ligands increase cholesterol accessibility in the membrane of the primary cilium by inactivating the transporter-like protein Patched 1. Trapping this accessible cholesterol blocks Hedgehog signal transmission across the membrane. Our work shows that the organization of cholesterol in the ciliary membrane can be modified by extracellular ligands to control the activity of cilia-localized signaling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Kinnebrew
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Ellen J Iverson
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Bhaven B Patel
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Ganesh V Pusapati
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Jennifer H Kong
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Giovanni Luchetti
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Kaitlyn M Eckert
- Center for Human NutritionUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Center for Human NutritionUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric ResearchWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Developmental BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of MedicineStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
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Johnson KA, Endapally S, Vazquez DC, Infante RE, Radhakrishnan A. Ostreolysin A and anthrolysin O use different mechanisms to control movement of cholesterol from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17289-17300. [PMID: 31597703 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies using two cholesterol-binding bacterial toxin proteins, perfringolysin O (PFO) and domain 4 of anthrolysin O (ALOD4), have shown that cholesterol in the plasma membranes (PMs) of animal cells resides in three distinct pools. The first pool comprises mobile cholesterol, accessible to both PFO and ALOD4, that is rapidly transported to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to signal cholesterol excess and maintain cholesterol homeostasis. The second is a sphingomyelin (SM)-sequestered pool inaccessible to PFO and ALOD4 but that becomes accessible by treatment with SM-degrading sphingomyelinase (SMase). The third is an essential pool also inaccessible to PFO and ALOD4 that cannot be liberated by SMase treatment. The accessible cholesterol pool can be trapped on PMs of live cells by nonlytic ALOD4, blocking its transport to the ER. However, studies of the two other pools have been hampered by a lack of available tools. Here, we used ostreolysin A (OlyA), which specifically binds SM/cholesterol complexes in membranes, to study the SM-sequestered cholesterol pool. Binding of nonlytic OlyA to SM/cholesterol complexes in PMs of live cells depleted the accessible PM cholesterol pool detectable by ALOD4. Consequently, transport of accessible cholesterol from PM to ER ceased, thereby activating SREBP transcription factors and increasing cholesterol synthesis. Thus, OlyA and ALOD4 both control movement of PM cholesterol, but through different lipid-binding mechanisms. We also found that PM-bound OlyA was rapidly internalized into cells, whereas PM-bound ALOD4 remained on the cell surface. Our findings establish OlyA and ALOD4 as complementary tools to investigate cellular cholesterol transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Johnson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Shreya Endapally
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Danya C Vazquez
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Rodney E Infante
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390.,Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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George MR, Johnson KA, Gratzinger DA, Brissette MD, McCloskey CB, Conran RM, Dixon LR, Roberts CA, Rojiani AM, Shyu I, Timmons CF, Hoffman RD. Will I Need to Move to Get My First Job?: Geographic Relocation and Other Trends in the Pathology Job Market. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2019; 144:427-434. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2019-0150-cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context.—
There is an ongoing perception that the pathology job market is poor, which may be discouraging medical students from pursuing the specialty. Academic pathologists believe that jobs are available but relocation may be necessary.
Objective.—
To identify trends regarding the geographic relocation of pathologists taking their first job after training.
Design.—
The College of American Pathologists (CAP) Graduate Medical Education Committee has sent an annual job search survey from 2012–2016 to CAP junior members and fellows in practice for 3 years or less and seeking their first job. Data were analyzed across demographics and geographic domains consisting of the following: stayed at same institution/city, relocated within the same region, or relocated to a different region. Standard statistical methods were used.
Results.—
Of 501 respondents, 421 reported completing combined anatomic pathology (AP)/clinical pathology (CP) training, while 80 reported AP- or CP-only training. Of the 421 AP/CP respondents, 109 (26%) stayed at the same institution or city, while of the 80 AP- or CP-only respondents, 36 (45%) stayed at the same institution or city. One hundred ninety-nine respondents completed surgical pathology fellowships with 124 (62%) general/oncologic surgical pathology and 75 (38%) subspecialty surgical pathology trainees. Job seekers who completed general surgical pathology/surgical oncologic pathology fellowship accounted for 34 of 52 (65%) of those remaining at the same institution or city, while those with subspecialty training accounted for 40 of 77 (52%) of those relocating to a different region. Relocation did not demonstrate any significant trends in regard to other demographics studied.
Conclusions.—
The pathology job market appears stable with no precedent for geographic hardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. George
- From the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center and College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger); The Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Brissette); the Depart
| | - Kristen A. Johnson
- From the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center and College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger); The Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Brissette); the Depart
| | - Dita A. Gratzinger
- From the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center and College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger); The Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Brissette); the Depart
| | - Mark D. Brissette
- From the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center and College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger); The Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Brissette); the Depart
| | - Cindy B. McCloskey
- From the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center and College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger); The Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Brissette); the Depart
| | - Richard Michael Conran
- From the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center and College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger); The Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Brissette); the Depart
| | - Lisa R. Dixon
- From the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center and College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger); The Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Brissette); the Depart
| | - Cory Anthony Roberts
- From the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center and College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger); The Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Brissette); the Depart
| | - Amyn M. Rojiani
- From the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center and College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger); The Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Brissette); the Depart
| | - Irene Shyu
- From the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center and College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger); The Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Brissette); the Depart
| | - Charles Franklin Timmons
- From the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center and College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger); The Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Brissette); the Depart
| | - Robert D. Hoffman
- From the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center and College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr George); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger); The Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Brissette); the Depart
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Wang J, Hammond J, Johnson KA. Using In Vitro and In-cell SHAPE to Investigate Small Molecule Induced Pre-mRNA Structural Changes. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30774126 DOI: 10.3791/59021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the process of drug development of RNA-targeting small molecules, elucidating the structural changes upon their interactions with target RNA sequences is desired. We herein provide a detailed in vitro and in-cell selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) protocol to study the RNA structural change in the presence of an experimental drug for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), survival of motor neuron (SMN)-C2, and in exon 7 of the pre-mRNA of the SMN2 gene. In in vitro SHAPE, an RNA sequence of 140 nucleotides containing SMN2 exon 7 is transcribed by T7 RNA polymerase, folded in the presence of SMN-C2, and subsequently modified by a mild 2'-OH acylation reagent, 2-methylnicotinic acid imidazolide (NAI). This 2'-OH-NAI adduct is further probed by a 32P-labeled primer extension and resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Conversely, 2'-OH acylation in in-cell SHAPE takes place in situ with SMN-C2 bound cellular RNA in living cells. The pre-mRNA sequence of exon 7 in the SMN2 gene, along with SHAPE-induced mutations in the primer extension, was then amplified by PCR and subject to next-generation sequencing. Comparing the two methodologies, in vitro SHAPE is a more cost-effective method and does not require computational power to visualize results. However, the in vitro SHAPE-derived RNA model sometimes deviates from the secondary structure in a cellular context, likely due to the loss of all interactions with RNA-binding proteins. In-cell SHAPE does not need a radioactive material workplace and yields a more accurate RNA secondary structure in the cellular context. Furthermore, in-cell SHAPE is usually applicable for a larger range of RNA sequences (~1,000 nucleotides) by utilizing next-generation sequencing, compared to in vitro SHAPE (~200 nucleotides) that usually relies on PAGE analysis. In case of exon 7 in SMN2 pre-mRNA, the in vitro and in-cell SHAPE derived RNA models are similar to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Hammond
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
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Capelari M, Johnson KA, Latack B, Roth J, Powers W. The effect of encapsulated nitrate and monensin on ruminal fermentation using a semi-continuous culture system. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3446-3459. [PMID: 29800454 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Because enteric methane (CH4) production from ruminants represents a source of greenhouse gas emissions and an energy loss for the host animal alternatives to minimize emissions is a current research priority. Seven 37-d trials tested the effect of encapsulated nitrate (EN) and sodium monensin (MON) in diets commonly fed to dairy (DAIRY; 50:50 forage to concentrate; four trials) and beef cattle (BEEF; 15:85 forage to concentrate; three trials) on rumen fermentation and CH4 production using a semi-continuous fermentation system. A 3 × 2 factorial arrangement was used and additives (0, 1.25, and 2.5% of EN; 0 and 4 mg/L of MON) were tested alone and combined (EN + MON) totaling six treatments. Rumen fluid was pooled from five nonadapted lactating cows fed 50:50 forage to concentrate diet 3 h after morning feeding, and 1 L of processed inoculum was transferred to 2.2-L vessels. Treatment diets were added to nylon bags which remained in the anaerobic fermentation of mixed rumen microorganisms for 48 h. Nitrate decreased CH4 production in DAIRY (24.7 vs. 32.1 mM/d; P < 0.01) and BEEF trials (33.5 vs. 43.5 mM/d; P < 0.01). Methane production was decreased by MON in DAIRY (26.3 vs. 32.1; P < 0.01) and BEEF (26.6 vs. 43.5 mM/d; P < 0.01). The combination of EN + MON further decreased CH4 in DAIRY (21.3 vs. 32.1 mM/d; P = 0.03) and BEEF (19.3 vs. 43.5 mM/d; P = 0.01). Nitrate did not affect major VFA production in DAIRY and BEEF trials, but significantly decreased digestion of protein (96.8 vs. 97.6%; P < 0.01) and starch (79.0 vs. 80.4%; P < 0.01) in DAIRY and NDF (29.3 vs. 32.5%; P < 0.01) and starch (88.5 vs. 90.3%; P < 0.01) in BEEF. Monensin significantly affected VFA pattern with an increase in propionate (P < 0.01) and a decrease on acetate (P < 0.01) production with consequent decrease on acetate-to-propionate ratio in DAIRY (1.6 vs. 2.0; P < 0.01) and BEEF (1.6 vs. 1.9; P < 0.01). Monensin decreased NDF digestion in BEEF only (29.3 vs. 32.5 %; P < 0.01). Significant concentrations of nitrate and nitrite were detected only for EN and EN + MON (P < 0.01). Nitrate and MON effectively decreased CH4 production when fed separately and the combination of additives additively decreased CH4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Capelari
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Brooke Latack
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Jolene Roth
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Wendy Powers
- Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Oakland, CA
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Nganga R, Oleinik N, Kim J, Selvam SP, De Palma R, Johnson KA, Parikh RY, Gangaraju V, Peterson Y, Dany M, Stahelin RV, Voelkel-Johnson C, Szulc ZM, Bieberich E, Ogretmen B. Receptor-interacting Ser/Thr kinase 1 (RIPK1) and myosin IIA-dependent ceramidosomes form membrane pores that mediate blebbing and necroptosis. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:502-519. [PMID: 30420430 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of membrane pores/channels regulates various cellular processes, such as necroptosis or stem cell niche signaling. However, the roles of membrane lipids in the formation of pores and their biological functions are largely unknown. Here, using the cellular stress model evoked by the sphingolipid analog drug FTY720, we show that formation of ceramide-enriched membrane pores, referred to here as ceramidosomes, is initiated by a receptor-interacting Ser/Thr kinase 1 (RIPK1)-ceramide complex transported to the plasma membrane by nonmuscle myosin IIA-dependent trafficking in human lung cancer cells. Molecular modeling/simulation coupled with site-directed mutagenesis revealed that Asp147 or Asn169 of RIPK1 are key for ceramide binding and that Arg258 or Leu293 residues are involved in the myosin IIA interaction, leading to ceramidosome formation and necroptosis. Moreover, generation of ceramidosomes independently of any external drug/stress stimuli was also detected in the plasma membrane of germ line stem cells in ovaries during the early stages of oogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster Inhibition of ceramidosome formation via myosin IIA silencing limited germ line stem cell signaling and abrogated oogenesis. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the RIPK1-ceramide complex forms large membrane pores we named ceramidosomes. They further suggest that, in addition to their roles in stress-mediated necroptosis, these ceramide-enriched pores also regulate membrane integrity and signaling and might also play a role in D. melanogaster ovary development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Nganga
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Natalia Oleinik
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Jisun Kim
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Shanmugam Panneer Selvam
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Ryan De Palma
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, 46617
| | - Rasesh Y Parikh
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Vamsi Gangaraju
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Yuri Peterson
- the College of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425
| | - Mohammed Dany
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Robert V Stahelin
- the Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | | | | | - Erhard Bieberich
- the Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, and.,the Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and .,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
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Basa RM, Crowley AM, Johnson KA. Neurofibroma of the ulnar nerve in the carpal canal in a dog: treatment by marginal neurectomy. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 61:512-515. [PMID: 30338846 PMCID: PMC7496079 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve sheath tumours arising in the plexus or peripheral nerves can be treated by limb amputation. There are few reports of these tumours affecting peripheral nerves in the distal regions of the limbs. Here we describe a case of neurofibroma affecting the palmar branch of the ulnar nerve in an Irish setter. Surgical treatment in the region of the carpus by ulnar neurectomy resulted in resolution of chronic thoracic limb lameness. At 11 months following the surgery, clinical examination and MRI did not detect any evidence of recurrence. Neurectomy may be a feasible option for management of selected cases of distally located peripheral nerve sheath tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Basa
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - A M Crowley
- Anapath, PO Box 504, Newport, New South Wales, 2106, Australia
| | - K A Johnson
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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Abstract
RG-7916 is a first-in-class drug candidate for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) that functions by modulating pre-mRNA splicing of the SMN2 gene, resulting in a 2.5-fold increase in survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein level, a key protein lacking in SMA patients. RG-7916 is currently in three interventional phase 2 clinical trials for various types of SMA. In this report, we show that SMN-C2 and -C3, close analogs of RG-7916, act as selective RNA-binding ligands that modulate pre-mRNA splicing. Chemical proteomic and genomic techniques reveal that SMN-C2 directly binds to the AGGAAG motif on exon 7 of the SMN2 pre-mRNA, and promotes a conformational change in two to three unpaired nucleotides at the junction of intron 6 and exon 7 in both in vitro and in-cell models. This change creates a new functional binding surface that increases binding of the splicing modulators, far upstream element binding protein 1 (FUBP1) and its homolog, KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KHSRP), to the SMN-C2/C3-SMN2 pre-mRNA complex and enhances SMN2 splicing. These findings underscore the potential of small-molecule drugs to selectively bind RNA and modulate pre-mRNA splicing as an approach to the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Wang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Peter G Schultz
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037;
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Asher A, Shabtay A, Cohen-Zinder M, Aharoni Y, Miron J, Agmon R, Halachmi I, Orlov A, Haim A, Tedeschi LO, Carstens GE, Johnson KA, Brosh A. Consistency of feed efficiency ranking and mechanisms associated with inter-animal variation among growing calves. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:990-1009. [PMID: 29385602 PMCID: PMC6093583 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the possible mechanisms for explaining interanimal variation in efficiency of feed utilization in intact male Holstein calves. Additionally, we examined whether the feed efficiency (FE) ranking of calves (n = 26) changed due to age and/or diet quality. Calves were evaluated during three periods (P1, P2, and P3) while fed a high-quality diet (calculated mobilizable energy [ME] of 11.8 MJ/kg DM) during P1 and P3, and a low-quality diet (calculated ME of 7.7 MJ/kg DM) during P2. The study periods were 84, 119, and 127 d, respectively. Initial ages of the calves in P1, P2, and P3 were 7, 11, and 15 mo, respectively, and initial body weight (BW) were 245, 367, and 458 kg, respectively. Individual dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), diet digestibility, and heat production (HP) were measured in all periods. The measured FE indexes were: residual feed intake (RFI), the gain-to-feed ratio (G:F), residual gain (RG), residual gain and intake (RIG), the ratio of HP-to-ME intake (HP/MEI), and residual heat production (RHP). For statistical analysis, animals' performance data in each period, were ranked by RFI, and categorized into high-, medium-, and low-RFI groups (H-RFI, M-RFI, and L-RFI). RFI was not correlated with in vivo digestibility, age, BW, BCS, or ADG in all three periods. The L-RFI group had lowest DMI, MEI, HP, retained energy (RE), and RE/ADG. Chemical analysis of the longissimus dorsi muscle shows that the L-RFI group had a higher percentage of protein and a lower percentage of fat compared to the H-RFI group. We suggested that the main mechanism separating L- from H-RFI calves is the protein-to-fat ratio in the deposited tissues. When efficiency was related to kg/day (DMI and ADG) and not to daily retained energy, the selected efficient L-RFI calves deposited more protein and less fat per daily gain than less efficient H-RFI calves. However, when the significant greater heat increment and maintenance energy requirement of protein compared to fat deposition in tissue were considered, we could not exclude the hypothesis that variation in efficiency is partly explained by efficient energy utilization. The ranking classification of calves to groups according to their RFI efficiency was independent of diet quality and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Asher
- Northern R&D, MIGAL, Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - A Shabtay
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, Beef Cattle Section, Newe Yaar Resarch Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - M Cohen-Zinder
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, Beef Cattle Section, Newe Yaar Resarch Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Y Aharoni
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, Beef Cattle Section, Newe Yaar Resarch Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - J Miron
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, Beef Cattle Section, Newe Yaar Resarch Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - R Agmon
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, Beef Cattle Section, Newe Yaar Resarch Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - I Halachmi
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ARO, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - A Orlov
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, Beef Cattle Section, Newe Yaar Resarch Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - A Haim
- University of Haifa, Israeli Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Chronobiology, Haifa, Israel
| | - L O Tedeschi
- Texas A&M University, Department of Animal Science, College Station
| | - G E Carstens
- Texas A&M University, Department of Animal Science, College Station
| | - K A Johnson
- Washington State University, Department of Animal Science, Pullman
| | - A Brosh
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, Beef Cattle Section, Newe Yaar Resarch Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
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Gratzinger D, Johnson KA, Brissette MD, Cohen D, Rojiani AM, Conran RM, Hoffman RD, Post MD, McCloskey CB, Roberts CA, Domen RE, Talbert ML, Powell SZ. The Recent Pathology Residency Graduate Job Search Experience: A Synthesis of 5 Years of College of American Pathologists Job Market Surveys. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2017; 142:490-495. [PMID: 29210592 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2017-0207-cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT - Pathology residents and fellows tailor their training and job search strategies to an actively evolving specialty in the setting of scientific and technical advances and simultaneous changes in health care economics. OBJECTIVE - To assess the experience and outcome of the job search process of pathologists searching for their first non-fellowship position. DESIGN - The College of American Pathologists (CAP) Graduate Medical Education Committee has during the past 5 years sent an annual job search survey each June to CAP junior members and fellows in practice 3 years or less who have actively searched for a non-fellowship position. RESULTS - Job market indicators including job interviews, job offers, positions accepted, and job satisfaction have remained stable during the 5 years of the survey. Most survey respondents who had applied for at least 1 position had accepted a position at the time of the survey, and most applicants who had accepted a position were satisfied or very satisfied. However, most attested that finding a non-fellowship position was difficult. Despite a perceived push toward subspecialization in surgical pathology, the reported number of fellowships completed was stable. Respondent demographics were not associated with job search success with 1 significant exception: international medical school graduate respondents reported greater perceived difficulty in finding a position, and indeed, fewer reported having accepted a position. CONCLUSIONS - Pathology residents and fellows seeking their first position have faced a relatively stable job market during the last 5 years, with most accepting positions with which they were satisfied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Suzanne Z Powell
- From the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger); Learning, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Dr Johnson); The Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Brissette); the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Cohen and Powell); the Department of Pathology, Augusta University-Medical College of Georgia, Augusta (Dr Rojiani); the Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk (Dr Conran); the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (Dr Hoffman); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (Dr Post); the Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (Drs McCloskey and Talbert); ProPath Associates, Dallas, Texas (Dr Roberts); and the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center and College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Dr Domen)
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Abstract
Fracture treatment is an old endeavour intended to promote bone healing and to also enable early loading and regain of function in the injured limb. However, in today's clinical routine the healing potential of the initial fracture haematoma is still not fully recognized. The Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO) formed in Switzerland in 1956 formulated four AO principles of fracture treatment which are still valid today. Fracture treatment strategies have continued to evolve further, as for example the relatively new concept of minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO). This MIPO treatment strategy harbours the benefit of an undisturbed original fracture haematoma that supports the healing process. The extent of the supportive effect of this haematoma for the bone healing process has not been considered in clinical practice so far. The rising importance of osteoimmunological aspects in bone healing supports the essential role of the initial haematoma as a source for inflammatory cells that release the cytokine pattern that directs cell recruitment towards the injured tissue. In reviewing the potential benefits of the fracture haematoma, the early development of angiogenic and osteogenic potentials within the haematoma are striking. Removing the haematoma during surgery could negatively influence the fracture healing process. In an ovine open tibial fracture model the haematoma was removed 4 or 7 days after injury and the bone that formed during the first two weeks of healing was significantly reduced in comparison with an undisturbed control. These findings indicate that whenever possible the original haematoma formed upon injury should be conserved during clinical fracture treatment to benefit from the inherent healing potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schell
- Julius Wolff Institut and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - G N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institut and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Peters
- Julius Wolff Institut and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Tsitsilonis
- Julius Wolff Institut and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - K A Johnson
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - K Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institut and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Gc JB, Pokhrel R, Bhattarai N, Johnson KA, Gerstman BS, Stahelin RV, Chapagain PP. Graphene-VP40 interactions and potential disruption of the Ebola virus matrix filaments. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:176-181. [PMID: 28917841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus infections cause hemorrhagic fever that often results in very high fatality rates. In addition to exploring vaccines, development of drugs is also essential for treating the disease and preventing the spread of the infection. The Ebola virus matrix protein VP40 exists in various conformational and oligomeric forms and is a potential pharmacological target for disrupting the virus life-cycle. Here we explored graphene-VP40 interactions using molecular dynamics simulations and graphene pelleting assays. We found that graphene sheets associate strongly with VP40 at various interfaces. We also found that the graphene is able to disrupt the C-terminal domain (CTD-CTD) interface of VP40 hexamers. This VP40 hexamer-hexamer interface is crucial in forming the Ebola viral matrix and disruption of this interface may provide a method to use graphene or similar nanoparticle based solutions as a disinfectant that can significantly reduce the spread of the disease and prevent an Ebola epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevan B Gc
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Rudramani Pokhrel
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Nisha Bhattarai
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Eck Institute for Global Health, The Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Bernard S Gerstman
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Robert V Stahelin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Eck Institute for Global Health, The Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, IN 46617, United States
| | - Prem P Chapagain
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States.
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Kiser JN, White SN, Johnson KA, Hoff JL, Taylor JF, Neibergs HL. Identification of loci associated with susceptibility to subspecies () tissue infection in cattle. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:1080-1091. [PMID: 28380509 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease is a contagious bacterial infection of cattle caused by ssp. (). A previous genome-wide association analysis (GWAA) in Holstein cattle identified QTL on BTA3 and BTA9 that were highly associated (P < 5 × 10) and on BTA1, BTA16, and BTA21 that were moderately associated (P < 5 × 10) with Map tissue infection. The objectives of this study were to validate previous GWAA results in Jersey cattle ( = 57), Holstein cattle from the Pacific Northwest (PNW, = 205) and a combined Holstein population from the PNW and the Northeast (PNW + NE, = 423), and also identify new loci associated with tissue infection. DNA was genotyped using the Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip, and the PNW + NE data was also imputed to whole genome sequence level using Run4 of the 1000 Bull Genomes project with Beagle v 4.1 and FImpute. Cases were ileocecal node positive and controls were negative for by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Individuals were removed for SNP call rate < 90%, and SNP were removed for genotype call rate < 90% or minor allele frequency < 1%. For the Jersey, PNW, and PNW + NE, GWAA were conducted using an allelic dosage model. For the PNW and the PNW + NE, an additional efficient mixed-model association eXpedited (EMMAX) analysis was performed using additive, dominance and recessive models. Seven QTL on BTA22 were identified in the Jersey population with the most significant ( = 4.45 × 10) located at 21.7 megabases (Mb). Six QTL were associated in the PNW and the PNW + NE analyses, including a QTL previously identified on BTA16 in the NE population. The most significant locus for the PNW was located on BTA21 at 61 Mb ( = 8.61 × 10) while the most significant locus for the PNW + NE was on BTA12 at 90 Mb ( = 2.33 × 10). No additional QTL were identified with the imputed GWAA. Putative positional candidate genes were identified within 50 kb 5' and 3' of each QTL. Two positional candidate genes were identified in Jersey cattle, 1 identified in the PNW and 8 in the PNW + NE populations. Many identified positional candidate genes are involved in signal transduction, have immunological functions, or have putative functional relevance in entry into host cells. This study supported 2 previously identified SNP within a QTL on BTA16 and identified 16 new QTL, including 2 found in the PNW and the PNW+NE, associated with tissue infection.
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Brissette MD, Johnson KA, Raciti PM, McCloskey CB, Gratzinger DA, Conran RM, Domen RE, Hoffman RD, Post MD, Roberts CA, Rojiani AM, Powell SZE. Perceptions of Unprofessional Attitudes and Behaviors: Implications for Faculty Role Modeling and Teaching Professionalism During Pathology Residency. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2017; 141:1394-1401. [PMID: 28686498 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0477-cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT - Changes occurring in medicine have raised issues about medical professionalism. Professionalism is included in the Core Competencies and Milestones for all pathology residents. Previous studies have looked at resident professionalism attitudes and behaviors in primary care but none have looked specifically at pathology. OBJECTIVE - To examine behavior and attitudes toward professionalism within pathology and to determine how professionalism is taught in residency programs. DESIGN - Surveys were sent to all College of American Pathologists junior members and all pathology residency program directors, and responses were compared. RESULTS - Although no single behavior received the same professionalism rating among residents and program directors, both groups identified the same behaviors as being the most unprofessional: posting identifiable patient information or case images to social media, making a disparaging comment about a physician colleague or member of the support staff on social media or in a public hospital space, and missing work without reporting the time off. Faculty were observed displaying most of these behaviors as often or more often than residents by both groups. The most common means to teach professionalism in pathology residencies is providing feedback as situations arise and teaching by example. Age differences were found within each group and between groups for observed behaviors and attitudes. CONCLUSIONS - As teaching by example was identified as a common educational method, faculty must be aware of the role their behavior and attitudes have in shaping resident behavior and attitudes. These results suggest a need for additional resources to teach professionalism during pathology residency.
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Li C, Wang J, Barton LM, Yu S, Tian M, Peters DS, Kumar M, Yu AW, Johnson KA, Chatterjee AK, Yan M, Baran PS. Decarboxylative borylation. Science 2017; 356:eaam7355. [PMID: 28408721 PMCID: PMC5807063 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam7355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of alkyl boronic acids and esters is frequently hampered by the challenges associated with their preparation. We describe a simple and practical method to rapidly access densely functionalized alkyl boronate esters from abundant carboxylic substituents. This broad-scope nickel-catalyzed reaction uses the same activating principle as amide bond formation to replace a carboxylic acid moiety with a boronate ester. Application to peptides allowed expedient preparations of α-amino boronic acids, often with high stereoselectivity, thereby facilitating synthesis of the alkyl boronic acid drugs Velcade and Ninlaro as well as a boronic acid version of the iconic antibiotic vancomycin. The reaction also enabled the discovery and extensive biological characterization of potent human neutrophil elastase inhibitors, which offer reversible covalent binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lisa M Barton
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shan Yu
- Calibr, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maoqun Tian
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David S Peters
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Calibr, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Antony W Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- Calibr, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Arnab K Chatterjee
- Calibr, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ming Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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