201
|
Correlations between ictal propagation and response to electrical cortical stimulation: A cortico-cortical evoked potential study. Epilepsy Res 2012; 101:76-87. [PMID: 22459638 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
202
|
Morgan VL, Sonmezturk HH, Gore JC, Abou-Khalil B. Lateralization of temporal lobe epilepsy using resting functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity of hippocampal networks. Epilepsia 2012; 53:1628-35. [PMID: 22779926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Early surgical intervention can be advantageous in the treatment of refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The success of TLE surgery relies on accurate lateralization of the seizure onset. The purpose of this study was to determine whether resting functional MRI (fMRI) connectivity mapping of the hippocampus has the potential to complement conventional presurgical evaluations in distinguishing left from right TLE. In addition, we sought to determine whether this same network might separate patients with favorable from unfavorable postoperative outcomes. METHODS Resting fMRI acquisitions were performed on 21 patients with TLE and 15 healthy controls. The patients included seven patients with left TLE and seven patients with right TLE with seizure-free postoperative outcome, and five patients with left TLE and two patients with right TLE with recurring seizures after surgery. Functional connectivity maps to each hippocampus were determined for each subject and were compared between the controls and the seizure-free patients with left TLE and with right TLE. The one network identified was then quantified in the patients with TLE and recurring seizures. KEY FINDINGS The resting functional connectivity between the right hippocampus and the ventral lateral nucleus of the right thalamus was the most statistically significant network to distinguish between seizure-free patients with left TLE and with right TLE with high sensitivity and specificity. This connectivity was also significantly greater in the seizure-free patients with left TLE than the healthy controls. Finally, six of the seven patients in whom seizures recurred after surgery had connectivity values in this network unlike those who were seizure-free. SIGNIFICANCE This study identified a region in the ventral lateral nucleus of the right thalamus whose connectivity to the hippocampi separates left from right TLE subjects. This suggests that the quantification of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) connectivity across this network may be a potential indicator of lateralization of TLE that may be added to other presurgical MRI assessments. Further validation in a larger, independent cohort is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Morgan
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
203
|
Devergnas A, Piallat B, Prabhu S, Torres N, Louis Benabid A, David O, Chabardès S. The subcortical hidden side of focal motor seizures: evidence from micro-recordings and local field potentials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 135:2263-76. [PMID: 22710196 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Focal motor seizures are characterized by transient motor behaviour that occurs simultaneously with paroxystic activity in the controlateral motor cortex. The implication of the basal ganglia has already been shown for generalized seizure but the propagation pathways from the motor cortex towards the basal ganglia during focal motor seizures are largely unknown. With a better knowledge of those pathways, a therapeutic modulation for reducing drug resistant motor epilepsy could be considered. Here, we recorded single-unit activities and local field potentials in the basal ganglia of two Macaca fascicularis in which acute focal motor seizures were induced by the injection of penicillin over the arm motor cortex territory. Each neuron was characterized using its mean firing rate and its type of firing pattern during interictal periods and seizures. Time-frequency analyses of local field potentials and electroencephalographic signals were used to assess dynamic changes occurring during seizure at a larger spatial level. The firing rate of neurons of input stages of basal ganglia (subthalamic nucleus and putamen) and those from the external part of the globus pallidus were significantly higher during seizures as compared to interictal periods. During seizures, the proportion of oscillatory neurons in subthalamic nucleus (71%), external globus pallidus (45%) and putamen (53%) significantly increased in comparison to interictal periods. Rhythmic activity was synchronized with ictal cortical spikes in external globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus, but not in the putamen which oscillated faster than motor cortex. In contrast, no significant modification of the firing rate of the output stages of basal ganglia (internal part of the globus pallidus, substantia nigra pars reticulata) could be found during seizures. The local field potentials of subthalamic nucleus and external globus pallidus changed abruptly at the onset of the seizure, showing synchronization with the cortical activity throughout the seizure. In putamen, the synchronization appeared only by the end of seizures and for the two output structures, despite some increase of the oscillatory activity, the synchronization with the cortex was not significant. Our results suggest that the subthalamo-(external)-pallidal pathway is the main subcortical route involved during ictal motor seizures. Surprisingly, ictal activity did not propagate to the output structure of basal ganglia in that model. This finding may be important for clinical decisions of targeting when considering anti-epileptic neuromodulation in human beings suffering from disabling, drug resistant motor epilepsy.
Collapse
|
204
|
Functional recovery and neuronal regeneration of a rat model of epilepsy by transplantation of Hes1-down regulated bone marrow stromal cells. Neuroscience 2012; 212:214-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
205
|
Pattern classification of large-scale functional brain networks: identification of informative neuroimaging markers for epilepsy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36733. [PMID: 22615802 PMCID: PMC3355144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate prediction of general neuropsychiatric disorders, on an individual basis, using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a challenging task of great clinical significance. Despite the progress to chart the differences between the healthy controls and patients at the group level, the pattern classification of functional brain networks across individuals is still less developed. In this paper we identify two novel neuroimaging measures that prove to be strongly predictive neuroimaging markers in pattern classification between healthy controls and general epileptic patients. These measures characterize two important aspects of the functional brain network in a quantitative manner: (i) coordinated operation among spatially distributed brain regions, and (ii) the asymmetry of bilaterally homologous brain regions, in terms of their global patterns of functional connectivity. This second measure offers a unique understanding of brain asymmetry at the network level, and, to the best of our knowledge, has not been previously used in pattern classification of functional brain networks. Using modern pattern-recognition approaches like sparse regression and support vector machine, we have achieved a cross-validated classification accuracy of 83.9% (specificity: 82.5%; sensitivity: 85%) across individuals from a large dataset consisting of 180 healthy controls and epileptic patients. We identified significantly changed functional pathways and subnetworks in epileptic patients that underlie the pathophysiological mechanism of the impaired cognitive functions. Specifically, we find that the asymmetry of brain operation for epileptic patients is markedly enhanced in temporal lobe and limbic system, in comparison with healthy individuals. The present study indicates that with specifically designed informative neuroimaging markers, resting-state fMRI can serve as a most promising tool for clinical diagnosis, and also shed light onto the physiology behind complex neuropsychiatric disorders. The systematic approaches we present here are expected to have wider applications in general neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
|
206
|
White matter impairment in the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit of drug-naïve childhood absence epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2012; 99:267-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
207
|
Vinogradova LV, Shatskova AB. Lateral asymmetry of early seizure manifestations in experimental generalized epilepsy. Neuroscience 2012; 213:133-43. [PMID: 22525136 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Reorganization of seizure networks during epileptogenesis involves cortico-subcortical and interhemispheric interactions. In the audiogenic kindling (AK) model of generalized tonic-clonic seizures, upstream seizure propagation along ascending brainstem-to-forebrain pathways determines progressive intensification of repeated sound-induced convulsions. Full-blown audiogenic seizures are bilaterally symmetric and their repetition results in bisynchronous recruiting the cortex in secondary epileptogenesis. The present study describes lateral asymmetry of initial behavioral and EEG manifestations of audiogenic seizures and AK in Wistar and WAG/Rij rats with acoustic hypersensitivity. These rats exhibit consistent individual lateralization of running seizures (run directionality) induced by repeated binaural stimulation. Since this initial preconvulsive running reflects seizure onset in the auditory brainstem, the running asymmetry suggests non-symmetric early epileptic activation of brainstem substrates by sound in these rats. Repetition of the asymmetric brainstem seizures led to asynchronous recruiting the cortex into seizure network and lateralization of running seizures was predictive for asymmetry of early cortical seizure manifestations in Wistar and WAG/Rij rats. Both electrographic markers of AK, spreading depression (SD) and post-running afterdischarge, first appeared in the cortex ipsilateral to run direction, suggesting lateralized brainstem-to-forebrain seizure generalization during AK. At the population level, no bias in lateralization of running and SD was found in Wistar and WAG/Rij rats but incidence of secondary cortical seizures varied, depending on strain and run laterality. Among Wistar rats, cortical seizures developed more rarely in right-runners than in left-runners, suggesting enhanced resistance of the right hemisphere to epileptogenesis in rats of this strain. WAG/Rij rats with mixed (absence and audiogenic) epilepsy showed weak lateralization of early cortical seizures and no left-right difference in their incidence during AK. Present findings suggest (1) lateralized brainstem-to-forebrain seizure propagation and hemispheric difference in its facility in Wistar rats, (2) alterations of intra- and interhemispheric seizure propagation in WAG/Rij rats with genetic absence epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L V Vinogradova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences - RAS, Butlerova Street 5A, 117485 Moscow, Russia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
208
|
Gursahani R, Gupta N. The adolescent or adult with generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2012; 15:81-8. [PMID: 22566718 PMCID: PMC3345605 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.94988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary and secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCs) together constitute up to 50% of adolescent and adult patients with epilepsy as diagnosed by history and EEG. Syncope and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures are major differential diagnoses and must be carefully excluded in therapy-resistant cases. Individual episodes can have up to seven phases in secondarily generalized GTCs. The distinction between primary and secondary GTCs depends mainly on history and EEG, and yield can be improved with sleep deprivation or overnight recording. Epilepsies with primary or unclassified GTCs can respond to any one of the five broad-spectrum antiepileptic drugs (AEDs): valproate, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, topiramate and zonisamide. Unless a focal onset is clearly confirmed, a sodium-channel blocking AED should not be used in the initial treatment of these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roop Gursahani
- Department of Neurology, P.D. Hinduja National Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Namit Gupta
- Department of Neurology, Sir J.J. Hospital, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Smith SEP, Xu L, Kasten MR, Anderson MP. Mutant LGI1 inhibits seizure-induced trafficking of Kv4.2 potassium channels. J Neurochem 2012; 120:611-21. [PMID: 22122031 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Activity-dependent redistribution of ion channels mediates neuronal circuit plasticity and homeostasis, and could provide pro-epileptic or compensatory anti-epileptic responses to a seizure. Thalamocortical neurons transmit sensory information to the cerebral cortex and through reciprocal corticothalamic connections are intensely activated during a seizure. Therefore, we assessed whether a seizure alters ion channel surface expression and consequent neurophysiologic function of thalamocortical neurons. We report a seizure triggers a rapid (<2h) decrease of excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC)-like current-induced phasic firing associated with increased transient A-type K(+) current. Seizures also rapidly redistributed the A-type K(+) channel subunit Kv4.2 to the neuronal surface implicating a molecular substrate for the increased K(+) current. Glutamate applied in vitro mimicked the effect, suggesting a direct effect of glutamatergic transmission. Importantly, leucine-rich glioma-inactivated-1 (LGI1), a secreted synaptic protein mutated to cause human partial epilepsy, regulated this seizure-induced circuit response. Human epilepsy-associated dominant-negative-truncated mutant LGI1 inhibited the seizure-induced suppression of phasic firing, increase of A-type K(+) current, and recruitment of Kv4.2 surface expression (in vivo and in vitro). The results identify a response of thalamocortical neurons to seizures involving Kv4.2 surface recruitment associated with dampened phasic firing. The results also identify impaired seizure-induced increases of A-type K(+) current as an additional defect produced by the autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy gene mutant that might contribute to the seizure disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E P Smith
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
210
|
Yang L, Shklyar I, Lee HW, Ezeani CC, Anaya J, Balakirsky S, Han X, Enamandram S, Men C, Cheng JY, Nunn A, Mayer T, Francois C, Albrecht M, Hutchison AL, Yap EL, Ing K, Didebulidze G, Xiao B, Hamid H, Farooque P, Detyniecki K, Giacino JT, Blumenfeld H. Impaired consciousness in epilepsy investigated by a prospective responsiveness in epilepsy scale (RES). Epilepsia 2011; 53:437-47. [PMID: 22150524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Impaired consciousness in epileptic seizures has a major negative impact on patient quality of life. Prior work on epileptic unconsciousness has mainly used retrospective and nonstandardized methods. Our goal was to validate and to obtain initial data using a standardized prospective testing battery. METHODS The responsiveness in epilepsy scale (RES) was used on 52 patients during continuous video-electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring. RES begins with higher-level questions and commands, and switches adaptively to more basic sensorimotor responses depending on patient performance. RES continues after seizures and includes postictal memory testing. Scoring was conducted based on video review. KEY FINDINGS Testing on standardized seizure simulations yielded good intrarater and interrater reliability. We captured 59 seizures from 18 patients (35% of participants) during 1,420 h of RES monitoring. RES impairment was greatest during and after tonic-clonic seizures, less in partial seizures, and minimal in auras and subclinical seizures. In partial seizures, ictal RES impairment was significantly greater if EEG changes were present. Maximum RES impairment (lowest ictal score) was also significantly correlated with long postictal recovery time, and poor postictal memory. SIGNIFICANCE We found that prospective testing of responsiveness during seizures is feasible and reliable. RES impairment was related to EEG changes during seizures, as well as to postictal memory deficits and recovery time. With a larger patient sample it is hoped that this approach can identify brain networks underlying specific components of impaired consciousness in seizures. This may allow the development of improved treatments targeted at preventing dysfunction in these networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8018, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
211
|
Abstract
Recent advances have shown much in common between epilepsy and other disorders of consciousness. Behavior in epileptic seizures often resembles a transient vegetative or minimally conscious state. These disorders all converge on the "consciousness system" -the bilateral medial and lateral fronto-parietal association cortex and subcortical arousal systems. Epileptic unconsciousness has enormous clinical significance leading to accidental injuries, decreased work and school productivity, and social stigmatization. Ongoing research to better understand the mechanisms of impaired consciousness in epilepsy, including neuroimaging studies and fundamental animal models, will hopefully soon enable treatment trails to reduce epileptic unconsciousness and improve patient quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hal Blumenfeld
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Mohamed IS, Otsubo H, Ferrari P, Ochi A, Snead OC, Cheyne D. Neuromagnetic cerebellar activation during seizures arising from the motor cortex. Epilepsy Res 2011; 96:283-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
213
|
Vaudano AE, Di Bonaventura C, Carni M, Rodionov R, Lapenta L, Casciato S, Fattouch J, Egeo G, Pantano P, Nucciarelli V, Maraviglia B, Prencipe M, Lemieux L, Giallonardo AT. Ictal haemodynamic changes in a patient affected by "subtle" Epilepsia Partialis Continua. Seizure 2011; 21:65-9. [PMID: 21958459 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a 64 year-old woman presenting with Epilepsia Partialis Continua (EPC) affecting the left hand since the age of 24 without neurological deficit. Structural MRI showed a region of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) over the right central gyrus and lesions in the mesial frontal and occipital cortex secondary to perinatal hypoxic injury. Ictal spike haemodynamic mapping using simultaneous EEG-fMRI revealed significant BOLD signal changes prominent in the region of FCD (larger cluster), occipital cortex (global statistical maximum), prefrontal cortex and cerebellum. The cluster over FCD was in good agreement with the result of EEG source analysis. Our findings provide an interesting illustration of the ability of EEG-fMRI to reveal epileptogenic networks confirming the intrinsic epileptogenic properties of dysplastic neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Elisabetta Vaudano
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, Viale dell'Universita' 30, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
214
|
Zhang Z, Liao W, Chen H, Mantini D, Ding JR, Xu Q, Wang Z, Yuan C, Chen G, Jiao Q, Lu G. Altered functional–structural coupling of large-scale brain networks in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Brain 2011; 134:2912-28. [PMID: 21975588 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
215
|
Danielson NB, Guo JN, Blumenfeld H. The default mode network and altered consciousness in epilepsy. Behav Neurol 2011; 24:55-65. [PMID: 21447899 PMCID: PMC3150226 DOI: 10.3233/ben-2011-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The default mode network has been hypothesized based on the observation that specific regions of the brain are consistently activated during the resting state and deactivated during engagement with task. The primary nodes of this network, which typically include the precuneus/posterior cingulate, the medial frontal and lateral parietal cortices, are thought to be involved in introspective and social cognitive functions. Interestingly, this same network has been shown to be selectively impaired during epileptic seizures associated with loss of consciousness. Using a wide range of neuroimaging and electrophysiological modalities, decreased activity in the default mode network has been confirmed during complex partial, generalized tonic-clonic, and absence seizures. In this review we will discuss these three seizure types and will focus on possible mechanisms by which decreased default mode network activity occurs. Although the specific mechanisms of onset and propagation differ considerably across these seizure types, we propose that the resulting loss of consciousness in all three types of seizures is due to active inhibition of subcortical arousal systems that normally maintain default mode network activity in the awake state. Further, we suggest that these findings support a general “network inhibition hypothesis”, by which active inhibition of arousal systems by seizures in certain cortical regions leads to cortical deactivation in other cortical areas. This may represent a push-pull mechanism similar to that seen operating between cortical networks under normal conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan B Danielson
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8018, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
216
|
Abstract
Cortical and Subcortical Networks in Human Secondarily Generalized Tonic–Clonic Seizures. Blumenfeld H, Varghese GI, Purcaro MJ, Motelow JE, Enev M, McNally KA, Levin AR, Hirsch LJ, Tikofsky R, Zubal IG, Paige AL, Spencer SS. Brain 2009;132(Pt 4):999–1012. Generalized tonic–clonic seizures are among the most dramatic physiological events in the nervous system. The brain regions involved during partial seizures with secondary generalization have not been thoroughly investigated in humans. We used single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to image cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes in 59 secondarily generalized seizures from 53 patients. Images were analyzed using statistical parametric mapping to detect cortical and subcortical regions most commonly affected in three different time periods: 1) during the partial seizure phase prior to generalization; 2) during the generalization period; and 3) postictally. We found that in the pregeneralization period, there were focal CBF increases in the temporal lobe on group analysis, reflecting the most common region of partial seizure onset. During generalization, individual patients had focal CBF increases in variable regions of the cerebral cortex. Group analysis during generalization revealed that the most consistent increase occurred in the superior medial cerebellum, thalamus, and basal ganglia. Postictally, there was a marked progressive CBF increase in the cerebellum that spread to involve the bilateral lateral cerebellar hemispheres, as well as CBF increases in the midbrain and basal ganglia. CBF decreases were seen in the fronto-parietal association cortex, precuneus, and cingulate gyrus during and following seizures, similar to the “default mode” regions reported previously to show decreased activity in seizures and in normal behavioral tasks. Analysis of patient behavior during and following seizures showed impaired consciousness at the time of SPECT tracer injections. Correlation analysis across patients demonstrated that cerebellar CBF increases were related to increases in the upper brainstem and thalamus, and to decreases in the fronto-parietal association cortex. These results reveal a network of cortical and subcortical structures that are most consistently involved in secondarily generalized tonic–clonic seizures. Abnormal increased activity in subcortical structures (cerebellum, basal ganglia, brainstem, and thalamus), along with decreased activity in the association cortex may be crucial for motor manifestations and for impaired consciousness in tonic–clonic seizures. Understanding the networks involved in generalized tonic–clonic seizures can provide insights into mechanisms of behavioral changes, and may elucidate targets for improved therapies.
Collapse
|
217
|
Yang L, Wilke C, Brinkmann B, Worrell GA, He B. Dynamic imaging of ictal oscillations using non-invasive high-resolution EEG. Neuroimage 2011; 56:1908-17. [PMID: 21453776 PMCID: PMC3359824 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Scalp electroencephalography (EEG) has been established as a major component of the pre-surgical evaluation for epilepsy surgery. However, its ability to localize seizure onset zones (SOZ) has been significantly restricted by its low spatial resolution and indirect correlation with underlying brain activities. Here we report a novel non-invasive dynamic seizure imaging (DSI) approach based upon high-density EEG recordings. This novel approach was particularly designed to image the dynamic changes of ictal rhythmic discharges that evolve through time, space and frequency. This method was evaluated in a group of 8 epilepsy patients and results were rigorously validated using intracranial EEG (iEEG) (n=3) and surgical outcome (n=7). The DSI localized the ictal activity in concordance with surgically resected zones and ictal iEEG recordings in the cohort of patients. The present promising results support the ability to precisely and accurately image dynamic seizure activity from non-invasive measurements. The successful establishment of such a non-invasive seizure imaging modality for surgical evaluation will have a significant impact in the management of medically intractable epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Neuroengineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christopher Wilke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Benjamin Brinkmann
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Systems Electrophysiology Lab, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gregory A. Worrell
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Systems Electrophysiology Lab, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bin He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Neuroengineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Luo C, Li Q, Xia Y, Lei X, Xue K, Yao Z, Lai Y, Martínez-Montes E, Liao W, Zhou D, Valdes-Sosa PA, Gong Q, Yao D. Resting state basal ganglia network in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 33:1279-94. [PMID: 21520351 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia, a brain structure related to motor control, is implicated in the modulation of epileptic discharges generalization in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE). Using group independent component analysis (ICA) on resting-state fMRI data, this study identified a resting state functional network that predominantly consisted of the basal ganglia in both healthy controls and patients with IGE. In order to gain a better understanding of the basal ganglia network(BGN) in IGE patients, we compared the BGN functional connectivity of controls with that of epilepsy patients, either with interictal epileptic discharges (with-discharge period, WDP) or without epileptic discharge (nondischarge period, NDP) while scanning. Compared with controls, functional connectivity of BGN in IGE patients demonstrated significantly more integration within BGN except cerebellum and supplementary motor area (SMA) during both periods. Compared with the NDP group, the increased functional connectivity was found in bilateral caudate nucleus and the putamen, and decreases were observed in the bilateral cerebellum and SMA in WDP group. In accord with the proposal that the basal ganglia modulates epileptic discharge activity, the results showed that the modulation enhanced the integration in BGN of patients, and modulation during WDP was stronger than that during NDP. Furthermore, reduction of functional connectivity in cerebellum and SMA, the abnormality might be further aggravated during WDP, was consistent with the behavioral manifestations with disturbed motor function in IGE. These resting-state fMRI findings in the current study provided evidence confirming the role of the BGN as an important modulator in IGE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
219
|
|
220
|
Killory BD, Bai X, Negishi M, Vega C, Spann MN, Vestal M, Guo J, Berman R, Danielson N, Trejo J, Shisler D, Novotny EJ, Constable RT, Blumenfeld H. Impaired attention and network connectivity in childhood absence epilepsy. Neuroimage 2011; 56:2209-17. [PMID: 21421063 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) often demonstrate impaired interictal attention, even with control of their seizures. No previous study has investigated the brain networks involved in this impairment. We used the continuous performance task (CPT) of attentional vigilance and the repetitive tapping task (RTT), a control motor task, to examine interictal attention in 26 children with CAE and 22 matched healthy controls. Each subject underwent simultaneous 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging-electroencephalography (fMRI-EEG) and CPT/RTT testing. Areas of activation on fMRI during the CPT task were correlated with behavioral performance and used as seed regions for resting functional connectivity analysis. All behavioral measures reflecting inattention were significantly higher in patients. Correlation analysis revealed that impairment on all measures of inattention on the CPT task was associated with decreased medial frontal cortex (MFC) activation during CPT. In addition, analysis of resting functional connectivity revealed an overall decrease within an 'attention network' in patients relative to controls. Patients demonstrated significantly impaired connectivity between the right anterior insula/frontal operculum (In/FO) and MFC relative to controls. Our results suggest that there is impaired function in an attention network comprising anterior In/FO and MFC in patients with CAE. These findings provide an anatomical and functional basis for impaired interictal attention in CAE, which may allow the development of improved treatments targeted at these networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan D Killory
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurosurgical Institute, 350 Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85023, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
221
|
Huang W, Lu G, Zhang Z, Zhong Y, Wang Z, Yuan C, Jiao Q, Qian Z, Tan Q, Chen G, Zhang Z, Liu Y. Gray-matter volume reduction in the thalamus and frontal lobe in epileptic patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures. J Neuroradiol 2011; 38:298-303. [PMID: 21354624 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) comprise a common subsyndrome of idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE). Previous studies found that patients with GTCS had structural abnormalities in a few specific brain regions. However, the underlying clinical cause leading to these abnormalities remains unclear. The present study aimed to explore the relationship between changes in gray-matter (GM) volume and duration of epilepsy, based on GM volume differences observed between GTCS patients and healthy controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis with DARTEL (diffeomorphic anatomical registration through exponential Lie algebra) was used to investigate GM volume differences in 31 GTCS patients compared with 37 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Voxel-based correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between GM volume and duration of epilepsy in GTCS patients. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, GTCS patients showed significant decreases in GM volume in the bilateral thalami, frontal lobe, insula and cerebellum. In addition, GM volume in the bilateral thalami and left medial frontal gyrus had a negative correlation with duration of epilepsy. CONCLUSION GM volume changes in the thalamus and frontal lobe were associated with progressive epileptic seizures. The results indicate the presence of an abnormal thalamocortical network, which may reflect an underlying pathophysiological mechanism of GTCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305# Eastern Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing 210002, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
222
|
Song M, Du H, Wu N, Hou B, Wu G, Wang J, Feng H, Jiang T. Impaired resting-state functional integrations within default mode network of generalized tonic-clonic seizures epilepsy. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17294. [PMID: 21364890 PMCID: PMC3045438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) are characterized by unresponsiveness and convulsions, which cause complete loss of consciousness. Many recent studies have found that the ictal alterations in brain activity of the GTCS epilepsy patients are focally involved in some brain regions, including thalamus, upper brainstem, medial prefrontal cortex, posterior midbrain regions, and lateral parietal cortex. Notably, many of these affected brain regions are the same and overlap considerably with the components of the so-called default mode network (DMN). Here, we hypothesize that the brain activity of the DMN of the GTCS epilepsy patients are different from normal controls, even in the resting state. To test this hypothesis, we compared the DMN of the GTCS epilepsy patients and the controls using the resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Thirteen brain areas in the DMN were extracted, and a complete undirected weighted graph was used to model the DMN for each participant. When directly comparing the edges of the graph, we found significant decreased functional connectivities within the DMN of the GTCS epilepsy patients comparing to the controls. As for the nodes of the graph, we found that the degree of some brain areas within the DMN was significantly reduced in the GTCS epilepsy patients, including the anterior medial prefrontal cortex, the bilateral superior frontal cortex, and the posterior cingulate cortex. Then we investigated into possible mechanisms of how GTCS epilepsy could cause the reduction of the functional integrations of DMN. We suggested the damaged functional integrations of the DMN in the GTCS epilepsy patients even during the resting state, which could help to understand the neural correlations of the impaired consciousness of GTCS epilepsy patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Song
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanjian Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bing Hou
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guocai Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Lee DH, Kim DW, Kim HJ. Movement-induced focal tonic-clonic seizure-like movements after ipsilateral basal ganglia hemorrhage. J Clin Neurosci 2010; 18:285-6. [PMID: 21163657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We present a 46-year-old man who developed repetitive focal tonic-clonic seizure-like involuntary movement in the left lower extremity after a left basal ganglia (BG) hemorrhage. His symptoms were induced only by voluntary movement of the left lower extremity and were followed by transient paralysis. Electroencephalography during an attack showed no epileptiform discharges. Carbamazepine completely abolished his symptoms. This report implies that damage to the BG and/or its connections might cause seizure-like involuntary movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ha Lee
- Department of Neurology, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
224
|
Wang Z, Lu G, Zhang Z, Zhong Y, Jiao Q, Zhang Z, Tan Q, Tian L, Chen G, Liao W, Li K, Liu Y. Altered resting state networks in epileptic patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Brain Res 2010; 1374:134-41. [PMID: 21167825 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have demonstrated that the resting state networks (RSNs) are impaired in various neuropsychiatric disorders. However, little is known about the changes in the functional architecture of the RSNs in idiopathic generalized epilepsy patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS). Resting state fMRI data were acquired from 16 GTCS patients and 16 healthy subjects. The data were acquired during interictal without combined EEG confirmation. Functional connectivity among the RSNs was examined using individual-based independent component analysis. Six RSNs were identified in both the GTCS and control groups. Compared with the healthy subjects, decreased functional connectivity in the self-referential, somatosensory, visual, and auditory networks, and both the decreased and increased functional connectivities in the classic default-mode and dorsal attention networks were found in the GTCS patients. Furthermore, the present study revealed a negative correlation between the seizure duration and functional connectivity changes in the medial prefrontal cortex in the GTCS patients. These results indicate that there are impairments in the RSNs and possible reorganization of the default-mode network and dorsal attention network in patients with GTCS. Our findings may also suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex and its associated network play a role in the development of GTCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengge Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, #305 Eastern Zhongshan Rd., Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
225
|
Englot DJ, Yang L, Hamid H, Danielson N, Bai X, Marfeo A, Yu L, Gordon A, Purcaro MJ, Motelow JE, Agarwal R, Ellens DJ, Golomb JD, Shamy MCF, Zhang H, Carlson C, Doyle W, Devinsky O, Vives K, Spencer DD, Spencer SS, Schevon C, Zaveri HP, Blumenfeld H. Impaired consciousness in temporal lobe seizures: role of cortical slow activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 133:3764-77. [PMID: 21081551 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Impaired consciousness requires altered cortical function. This can occur either directly from disorders that impair widespread bilateral regions of the cortex or indirectly through effects on subcortical arousal systems. It has therefore long been puzzling why focal temporal lobe seizures so often impair consciousness. Early work suggested that altered consciousness may occur with bilateral or dominant temporal lobe seizure involvement. However, other bilateral temporal lobe disorders do not impair consciousness. More recent work supports a 'network inhibition hypothesis' in which temporal lobe seizures disrupt brainstem-diencephalic arousal systems, leading indirectly to depressed cortical function and impaired consciousness. Indeed, prior studies show subcortical involvement in temporal lobe seizures and bilateral frontoparietal slow wave activity on intracranial electroencephalography. However, the relationships between frontoparietal slow waves and impaired consciousness and between cortical slowing and fast seizure activity have not been directly investigated. We analysed intracranial electroencephalography recordings during 63 partial seizures in 26 patients with surgically confirmed mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Behavioural responsiveness was determined based on blinded review of video during seizures and classified as impaired (complex-partial seizures) or unimpaired (simple-partial seizures). We observed significantly increased delta-range 1-2 Hz slow wave activity in the bilateral frontal and parietal neocortices during complex-partial compared with simple-partial seizures. In addition, we confirmed prior work suggesting that propagation of unilateral mesial temporal fast seizure activity to the bilateral temporal lobes was significantly greater in complex-partial than in simple-partial seizures. Interestingly, we found that the signal power of frontoparietal slow wave activity was significantly correlated with the temporal lobe fast seizure activity in each hemisphere. Finally, we observed that complex-partial seizures were somewhat more common with onset in the language-dominant temporal lobe. These findings provide direct evidence for cortical dysfunction in the form of bilateral frontoparietal slow waves associated with impaired consciousness in temporal lobe seizures. We hypothesize that bilateral temporal lobe seizures may exert a powerful inhibitory effect on subcortical arousal systems. Further investigations will be needed to fully determine the role of cortical-subcortical networks in ictal neocortical dysfunction and may reveal treatments to prevent this important negative consequence of temporal lobe epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario J Englot
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
226
|
Hayward NMEA, Immonen R, Tuunanen PI, Ndode-Ekane XE, Gröhn O, Pitkänen A. Association of chronic vascular changes with functional outcome after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:2203-19. [PMID: 20839948 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that vascular remodeling in the cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus is associated with long-term functional recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We induced TBI with lateral fluid-percussion (LFP) injury in adult rats. Animals were followed-up for 9 months, during which we tested motor performance using a neuroscore test, spatial learning and memory with a Morris water maze, and seizure susceptibility with a pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) test. At 8 months, they underwent structural MRI, and cerebral blood flow (CBF) was assessed by arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI. Then, rats were perfused for histology to assess the density of blood vessels. In the perilesional cortex, the CBF decreased by 56% (p < 0.01 compared to controls), and vessel density increased by 28% (p < 0.01). There was a negative correlation between CBF in the perilesional cortex and vessel density (r = -0.75, p < 0.01). However, in the hippocampus, we found a 13% decrease in CBF ipsilaterally (p < 0.05) and 20% contralaterally (p < 0.01), and no change in vessel number. In the ipsilateral thalamus, the increase in CBF (34%, p < 0.01) was associated with a remarkable increase in vessel density (78%, p < 0.01). Animals showed motor impairment that was not associated with vascular changes. Instead, poor performance in the Morris water maze correlated with enhanced thalamic vessel density (r = -0.81, p < 0.01). Finally, enhanced seizure susceptibility was associated with reduced CBF in the ipsilateral hippocampus (r = 0.78, p < 0.05) and increased vascular density in the thalamus (r = 0.69, p < 0.05). There was little interaction between the behavioral measures. The present study demonstrates that each of the investigated brain areas has a unique pattern of vascular abnormalities. Chronic alterations in CBF could not be attributed to changes in vascular density. Association of thalamic hypervascularity to epileptogenesis warrants further studies. Finally, hippocampal hypoperfusion may predict later seizure susceptibility in the LFP injury model of TBI, which could be of value for pre-clinical antiepileptogenesis trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nick M E A Hayward
- Department of Neurobiology, Biomedical NMR Group, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
227
|
Yogarajah M, Focke NK, Bonelli SB, Thompson P, Vollmar C, McEvoy AW, Alexander DC, Symms MR, Koepp MJ, Duncan JS. The structural plasticity of white matter networks following anterior temporal lobe resection. Brain 2010; 133:2348-64. [PMID: 20826432 PMCID: PMC3198261 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior temporal lobe resection is an effective treatment for refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. The structural consequences of such surgery in the white matter, and how these relate to language function after surgery remain unknown. We carried out a longitudinal study with diffusion tensor imaging in 26 left and 20 right temporal lobe epilepsy patients before and a mean of 4.5 months after anterior temporal lobe resection. The whole-brain analysis technique tract-based spatial statistics was used to compare pre- and postoperative data in the left and right temporal lobe epilepsy groups separately. We observed widespread, significant, mean 7%, decreases in fractional anisotropy in white matter networks connected to the area of resection, following both left and right temporal lobe resections. However, we also observed a widespread, mean 8%, increase in fractional anisotropy after left anterior temporal lobe resection in the ipsilateral external capsule and posterior limb of the internal capsule, and corona radiata. These findings were confirmed on analysis of the native clusters and hand drawn regions of interest. Postoperative tractography seeded from this area suggests that this cluster is part of the ventro-medial language network. The mean pre- and postoperative fractional anisotropy and parallel diffusivity in this cluster were significantly correlated with postoperative verbal fluency and naming test scores. In addition, the percentage change in parallel diffusivity in this cluster was correlated with the percentage change in verbal fluency after anterior temporal lobe resection, such that the bigger the increase in parallel diffusivity, the smaller the fall in language proficiency after surgery. We suggest that the findings of increased fractional anisotropy in this ventro-medial language network represent structural reorganization in response to the anterior temporal lobe resection, which may damage the more susceptible dorso-lateral language pathway. These findings have important implications for our understanding of brain injury and rehabilitation, and may also prove useful in the prediction and minimization of postoperative language deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahinda Yogarajah
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
228
|
Hippocampal deep brain stimulation induces decreased rCBF in the hippocampal formation of the rat. Neuroimage 2010; 52:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
229
|
Girardi E, Auzmendi J, Charó N, Gori MB, Castro M. 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid-Induced Seizures Decrease NR2B Expression in Purkinje Cells: Cyclopentyladenosine Effect. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:985-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
230
|
Yang L, Morland TB, Schmits K, Rawson E, Narasimhan P, Motelow JE, Purcaro MJ, Peng K, Raouf S, DeSalvo MN, Oh T, Wilkerson J, Bod J, Srinivasan A, Kurashvili P, Anaya J, Manza P, Danielson N, Ransom CB, Huh L, Elrich S, Padin-Rosado J, Naidu Y, Detyniecki K, Hamid H, Fattahi P, Astur R, Xiao B, Duckrow RB, Blumenfeld H. A prospective study of loss of consciousness in epilepsy using virtual reality driving simulation and other video games. Epilepsy Behav 2010; 18:238-46. [PMID: 20537593 PMCID: PMC2914099 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with epilepsy are at risk of traffic accidents when they have seizures while driving. However, driving is an essential part of normal daily life in many communities, and depriving patients of driving privileges can have profound consequences for their economic and social well-being. In the current study, we collected ictal performance data from a driving simulator and two other video games in patients undergoing continuous video/EEG monitoring. We captured 22 seizures in 13 patients and found that driving impairment during seizures differed in terms of both magnitude and character, depending on the seizure type. Our study documents the feasibility of a prospective study of driving and other behaviors during seizures through the use of computer-based tasks. This methodology may be applied to further describe differential driving impairment in specific types of seizures and to gain data on anatomical networks disrupted in seizures that impair consciousness and driving safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiang Ya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Thomas B. Morland
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Kristen Schmits
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rawson
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Poojitha Narasimhan
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Joshua E. Motelow
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Michael J. Purcaro
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Kathy Peng
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Saned Raouf
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Matthew N. DeSalvo
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Taemin Oh
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Jerome Wilkerson
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Jessica Bod
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Aditya Srinivasan
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Pimen Kurashvili
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Joseph Anaya
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Peter Manza
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Nathan Danielson
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Christopher B. Ransom
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Linda Huh
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Susan Elrich
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Jose Padin-Rosado
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Yamini Naidu
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Kamil Detyniecki
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Hamada Hamid
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Pooia Fattahi
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Robert Astur
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, 200 Retreat Avenue, Whitehall Building, Hartford, CT 06106
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiang Ya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Robert B. Duckrow
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
DeSalvo MN, Schridde U, Mishra AM, Motelow JE, Purcaro MJ, Danielson N, Bai X, Hyder F, Blumenfeld H. Focal BOLD fMRI changes in bicuculline-induced tonic-clonic seizures in the rat. Neuroimage 2010; 50:902-9. [PMID: 20079442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Generalized tonic-clonic seizures cause widespread physiological changes throughout the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures in the brain. Using combined blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 9.4 T and electroencephalography (EEG), these changes can be characterized with high spatiotemporal resolution. We studied BOLD changes in anesthetized Wistar rats during bicuculline-induced tonic-clonic seizures. Bicuculline, a GABA(A) receptor antagonist, was injected systemically and seizure activity was observed on EEG as high-amplitude, high-frequency polyspike discharges followed by clonic paroxysmal activity of lower frequency, with mean electrographic seizure duration of 349 s. Our aim was to characterize the spatial localization, direction, and timing of BOLD signal changes during the pre-ictal, ictal and post-ictal periods. Group analysis was performed across seizures using paired t-maps of BOLD signal superimposed on high-resolution anatomical images. Regional analysis was then performed using volumes of interest to quantify BOLD timecourses. In the pre-ictal period we found focal BOLD increases in specific areas of somatosensory cortex (S1, S2) and thalamus several seconds before seizure onset. During seizures we observed BOLD increases in cortex, brainstem and thalamus and BOLD decreases in the hippocampus. The largest ictal BOLD increases remained in the focal regions of somatosensory cortex showing pre-ictal increases. During the post-ictal period we observed widespread BOLD decreases. These findings support a model in which "generalized" tonic-clonic seizures begin with focal changes before electrographic seizure onset, which progress to non-uniform changes during seizures, possibly shedding light on the etiology and pathophysiology of similar seizures in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N DeSalvo
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
232
|
Liao W, Zhang Z, Pan Z, Mantini D, Ding J, Duan X, Luo C, Lu G, Chen H. Altered functional connectivity and small-world in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8525. [PMID: 20072616 PMCID: PMC2799523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The functional architecture of the human brain has been extensively described in terms of functional connectivity networks, detected from the low-frequency coherent neuronal fluctuations that can be observed in a resting state condition. Little is known, so far, about the changes in functional connectivity and in the topological properties of functional networks, associated with different brain diseases. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we investigated alterations related to mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE), using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging on 18 mTLE patients and 27 healthy controls. Functional connectivity among 90 cortical and subcortical regions was measured by temporal correlation. The related values were analyzed to construct a set of undirected graphs. Compared to controls, mTLE patients showed significantly increased connectivity within the medial temporal lobes, but also significantly decreased connectivity within the frontal and parietal lobes, and between frontal and parietal lobes. Our findings demonstrated that a large number of areas in the default-mode network of mTLE patients showed a significantly decreased number of connections to other regions. Furthermore, we observed altered small-world properties in patients, along with smaller degree of connectivity, increased n-to-1 connectivity, smaller absolute clustering coefficients and shorter absolute path length. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We suggest that the mTLE alterations observed in functional connectivity and topological properties may be used to define tentative disease markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liao
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Clinical School, Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyong Pan
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dante Mantini
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, G. D'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Bio-imaging, G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
- Laboratory of Neuro-psychophysiology, K. U. Leuven Medical School, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jurong Ding
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xujun Duan
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangming Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Clinical School, Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (GL); (HC)
| | - Huafu Chen
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (GL); (HC)
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
Glykys J, Dzhala VI, Kuchibhotla KV, Feng G, Kuner T, Augustine G, Bacskai BJ, Staley KJ. Differences in cortical versus subcortical GABAergic signaling: a candidate mechanism of electroclinical uncoupling of neonatal seizures. Neuron 2009; 63:657-72. [PMID: 19755108 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Electroclinical uncoupling of neonatal seizures refers to electrographic seizure activity that is not clinically manifest. Uncoupling increases after treatment with Phenobarbital, which enhances the GABA(A) receptor (GABA(A)R) conductance. The effects of GABA(A)R activation depend on the intracellular Cl(-) concentration ([Cl(-)](i)) that is determined by the inward Cl(-) transporter NKCC1 and the outward Cl(-) transporter KCC2. Differential maturation of Cl(-) transport observed in cortical versus subcortical regions should alter the efficacy of GABA-mediated inhibition. In perinatal rat pups, most thalamic neurons maintained low [Cl(-)](i) and were inhibited by GABA. Phenobarbital suppressed thalamic seizure activity. Most neocortical neurons maintained higher [Cl(-)](i), and were excited by GABA(A)R activation. Phenobarbital had insignificant anticonvulsant responses in the neocortex until NKCC1 was blocked. Regional differences in the ontogeny of Cl(-) transport may thus explain why seizure activity in the cortex is not suppressed by anticonvulsants that block the transmission of seizure activity through subcortical networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Glykys
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
234
|
Varghese GI, Purcaro MJ, Motelow JE, Enev M, McNally KA, Levin AR, Hirsch LJ, Tikofsky R, Paige AL, Zubal IG, Spencer SS, Blumenfeld H. Clinical use of ictal SPECT in secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 132:2102-13. [PMID: 19339251 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Partial seizures produce increased cerebral blood flow in the region of seizure onset. These regional cerebral blood flow increases can be detected by single photon emission computed tomography (ictal SPECT), providing a useful clinical tool for seizure localization. However, when partial seizures secondarily generalize, there are often questions of interpretation since propagation of seizures could produce ambiguous results. Ictal SPECT from secondarily generalized seizures has not been thoroughly investigated. We analysed ictal SPECT from 59 secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures obtained during epilepsy surgery evaluation in 53 patients. Ictal versus baseline interictal SPECT difference analysis was performed using ISAS (http://spect.yale.edu). SPECT injection times were classified based on video/EEG review as either pre-generalization, during generalization or in the immediate post-ictal period. We found that in the pre-generalization and generalization phases, ictal SPECT showed significantly more regions of cerebral blood flow increases than in partial seizures without secondary generalization. This made identification of a single unambiguous region of seizure onset impossible 50% of the time with ictal SPECT in secondarily generalized seizures. However, cerebral blood flow increases on ictal SPECT correctly identified the hemisphere (left versus right) of seizure onset in 84% of cases. In addition, when a single unambiguous region of cerebral blood flow increase was seen on ictal SPECT, this was the correct localization 80% of the time. In agreement with findings from partial seizures without secondary generalization, cerebral blood flow increases in the post-ictal period and cerebral blood flow decreases during or following seizures were not useful for localizing seizure onset. Interestingly, however, cerebral blood flow hypoperfusion during the generalization phase (but not pre-generalization) was greater on the side opposite to seizure onset in 90% of patients. These findings suggest that, with appropriate cautious interpretation, ictal SPECT in secondarily generalized seizures can help localize the region of seizure onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G I Varghese
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8018, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
235
|
Abstract
Although the precise mechanisms for control of consciousness are not fully understood, emerging data show that conscious information processing depends on the activation of certain networks in the brain and that the impairment of consciousness is related to abnormal activity in these systems. Epilepsy can lead to transient impairment of consciousness, providing a window into the mechanisms necessary for normal consciousness. Thus, despite differences in behavioral manifestations, cause, and electrophysiology, generalized tonic-clonic, absence, and partial seizures engage similar anatomical structures and pathways. We review prior concepts of impaired consciousness in epilepsy, focusing especially on temporal lobe complex partial seizures, which are a common and debilitating form of epileptic unconsciousness. We discuss a "network inhibition hypothesis" in which focal temporal lobe seizure activity disrupts normal cortical-subcortical interactions, leading to depressed neocortical function and impaired consciousness. This review of the major prior theories of impaired consciousness in epilepsy allows us to put more recent data into context and to reach a better understanding of the mechanisms important for normal consciousness.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Consciousness Disorders/diagnosis
- Consciousness Disorders/etiology
- Consciousness Disorders/physiopathology
- Consciousness Disorders/psychology
- Epilepsy/complications
- Epilepsy/physiopathology
- Epilepsy/psychology
- Epilepsy, Complex Partial/complications
- Epilepsy, Complex Partial/physiopathology
- Epilepsy, Complex Partial/psychology
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/complications
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/physiopathology
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/psychology
- Functional Laterality/physiology
- Humans
- Models, Neurological
- Models, Psychological
- Neocortex/physiopathology
- Nerve Net/physiopathology
- Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lissa Yu
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Englot DJ, Blumenfeld H. Consciousness and epilepsy: why are complex-partial seizures complex? PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2009; 177:147-70. [PMID: 19818900 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17711-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Why do complex-partial seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) cause a loss of consciousness? Abnormal function of the medial temporal lobe is expected to cause memory loss, but it is unclear why profoundly impaired consciousness is so common in temporal lobe seizures. Recent exciting advances in behavioral, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging techniques spanning both human patients and animal models may allow new insights into this old question. While behavioral automatisms are often associated with diminished consciousness during temporal lobe seizures, impaired consciousness without ictal motor activity has also been described. Some have argued that electrographic lateralization of seizure activity to the left temporal lobe is most likely to cause impaired consciousness, but the evidence remains equivocal. Other data correlates ictal consciousness in TLE with bilateral temporal lobe involvement of seizure spiking. Nevertheless, it remains unclear why bilateral temporal seizures should impair responsiveness. Recent evidence has shown that impaired consciousness during temporal lobe seizures is correlated with large-amplitude slow EEG activity and neuroimaging signal decreases in the frontal and parietal association cortices. This abnormal decreased function in the neocortex contrasts with fast polyspike activity and elevated cerebral blood flow in limbic and other subcortical structures ictally. Our laboratory has thus proposed the "network inhibition hypothesis," in which seizure activity propagates to subcortical regions necessary for cortical activation, allowing the cortex to descend into an inhibited state of unconsciousness during complex-partial temporal lobe seizures. Supporting this hypothesis, recent rat studies during partial limbic seizures have shown that behavioral arrest is associated with frontal cortical slow waves, decreased neuronal firing, and hypometabolism. Animal studies further demonstrate that cortical deactivation and behavioral changes depend on seizure spread to subcortical structures including the lateral septum. Understanding the contributions of network inhibition to impaired consciousness in TLE is an important goal, as recurrent limbic seizures often result in cortical dysfunction during and between epileptic events that adversely affects patients' quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario J Englot
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|