201
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Revisiting the BRCA-pathway through the lens of replication gap suppression: "Gaps determine therapy response in BRCA mutant cancer". DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 107:103209. [PMID: 34419699 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The toxic lesion emanating from chemotherapy that targets the DNA was initially debated, but eventually the DNA double strand break (DSB) ultimately prevailed. The reasoning was in part based on the perception that repairing a fractured chromosome necessitated intricate processing or condemned the cell to death. Genetic evidence for the DSB model was also provided by the extreme sensitivity of cells that were deficient in DSB repair. In particular, sensitivity characterized cells harboring mutations in the hereditary breast/ovarian cancer genes, BRCA1 or BRCA2, that function in the repair of DSBs by homologous recombination (HR). Along with functions in HR, BRCA proteins were found to prevent DSBs by protecting stalled replication forks from nuclease degradation. Coming full-circle, BRCA mutant cancer cells that gained resistance to genotoxic chemotherapy often displayed restored DNA repair by HR and/or restored fork protection (FP) implicating that the therapy was tolerated when DSB repair was intact or DSBs were prevented. Despite this well-supported paradigm that has been the impetus for targeted cancer therapy, here we argue that the toxic DNA lesion conferring response is instead single stranded DNA (ssDNA) gaps. We discuss the evidence that persistent ssDNA gaps formed in the wake of DNA replication rather than DSBs are responsible for cell killing following treatment with genotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. We also highlight that proteins, such as BRCA1, BRCA2, and RAD51 known for canonical DSB repair also have critical roles in normal replication as well as replication gap suppression (RGS) and repair. We review the literature that supports the idea that widespread gap induction proximal to treatment triggers apoptosis in a process that does not need or stem from DSB induction. Lastly, we discuss the clinical evidence for gaps and how to exploit them to enhance genotoxic chemotherapy response.
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202
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Beverley R, Snook ML, Brieño-Enríquez MA. Meiotic Cohesin and Variants Associated With Human Reproductive Aging and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:710033. [PMID: 34409039 PMCID: PMC8365356 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.710033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful human reproduction relies on the well-orchestrated development of competent gametes through the process of meiosis. The loading of cohesin, a multi-protein complex, is a key event in the initiation of mammalian meiosis. Establishment of sister chromatid cohesion via cohesin rings is essential for ensuring homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair and future proper chromosome segregation. Cohesin proteins loaded during female fetal life are not replenished over time, and therefore are a potential etiology of age-related aneuploidy in oocytes resulting in decreased fecundity and increased infertility and miscarriage rates with advancing maternal age. Herein, we provide a brief overview of meiotic cohesin and summarize the human genetic studies which have identified genetic variants of cohesin proteins and the associated reproductive phenotypes including primary ovarian insufficiency, trisomy in offspring, and non-obstructive azoospermia. The association of cohesion defects with cancer predisposition and potential impact on aging are also described. Expansion of genetic testing within clinical medicine, with a focus on cohesin protein-related genes, may provide additional insight to previously unknown etiologies of disorders contributing to gamete exhaustion in females, and infertility and reproductive aging in both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Beverley
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Meredith L Snook
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Miguel Angel Brieño-Enríquez
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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203
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Jeon HJ, Kang M, Kim JS, Oh JS. TCTP overexpression reverses age-associated telomere attrition by upregulating telomerase activity in mouse oocytes. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:833-845. [PMID: 34407217 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A prolonged time span between ovulation and fertilization can cause postovulatory aging of oocytes, which impairs oocyte quality and subsequent embryo development. Telomere attrition has long been considered as the primary hallmark of aging or the cause of age-associated diseases. However, the status of telomere and its regulation during postovulatory oocyte aging are poorly understood. Here we found that oocytes experience telomere shortening during postovulatory aging, although they have the capacity to maintain telomere length. However, translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) overexpression could reverse age-associated telomere shortening by upregulating telomerase activity in mouse oocytes. Telomere length in mature oocytes gradually decreased with postovulatory aging, which was associated with a marked reduction in TRF1 expression, decreased telomerase activity, and decreased homologous combination (HR)-based alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) with a concomitant increase in oxidative stress. Surprisingly, however, overexpression of TCTP led to a remarkable increase in telomere length during postovulatory aging. Notably, neither TRF1 nor BRCA1 level was altered by TCTP overexpression. Moreover, TCTP-mediated telomere lengthening was not blocked by HR inhibition. In striking contrast, telomerase activity, as well as TERT and TERC levels, increased after TCTP overexpression. Importantly, unlike the chromosome-wide distribution of endogenous TCTP, overexpressed TCTP was ectopically localized at telomeres, implying that TCTP overexpression is required to increase telomerase activity. Collectively, our results demonstrate that TCTP prevents telomere attrition during postovulatory aging by upregulating telomerase activity in mouse oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Joon Jeon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Minsung Kang
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Su Oh
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.,Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
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204
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Katerji M, Duerksen-Hughes PJ. DNA damage in cancer development: special implications in viral oncogenesis. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3956-3979. [PMID: 34522461 PMCID: PMC8414375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA lesions arise from a combination of physiological/metabolic sources and exogenous environmental influences. When left unrepaired, these alterations accumulate in the cells and can give rise to mutations that change the function of important proteins (i.e. tumor suppressors, oncoproteins), or cause chromosomal rearrangements (i.e. gene fusions) that also result in the deregulation of key cellular molecules. Progressive acquisition of such genetic changes promotes uncontrolled cell proliferation and evasion of cell death, and hence plays a key role in carcinogenesis. Another less-studied consequence of DNA damage accumulating in the host genome is the integration of oncogenic DNA viruses such as Human papillomavirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus, and Hepatitis B virus. This critical step of viral-induced carcinogenesis is thought to be particularly facilitated by DNA breaks in both viral and host genomes. Therefore, the impact of DNA damage on carcinogenesis is magnified in the case of such oncoviruses via the additional effect of increasing integration frequency. In this review, we briefly present the various endogenous and exogenous factors that cause different types of DNA damage. Next, we discuss the contribution of these lesions in cancer development. Finally, we examine the amplified effect of DNA damage in viral-induced oncogenesis and summarize the limited data existing in the literature related to DNA damage-induced viral integration. To conclude, additional research is needed to assess the DNA damage pathways involved in the transition from viral infection to cancer. Discovering that a certain DNA damaging agent increases the likelihood of viral integration will enable the development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies designed specifically to prevent such integration, with an ultimate goal of reducing or eliminating these viral-induced malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghri Katerji
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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205
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Le HP, Heyer WD, Liu J. Guardians of the Genome: BRCA2 and Its Partners. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081229. [PMID: 34440403 PMCID: PMC8394001 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor BRCA2 functions as a central caretaker of genome stability, and individuals who carry BRCA2 mutations are predisposed to breast, ovarian, and other cancers. Recent research advanced our mechanistic understanding of BRCA2 and its various interaction partners in DNA repair, DNA replication support, and DNA double-strand break repair pathway choice. In this review, we discuss the biochemical and structural properties of BRCA2 and examine how these fundamental properties contribute to DNA repair and replication fork stabilization in living cells. We highlight selected BRCA2 binding partners and discuss their role in BRCA2-mediated homologous recombination and fork protection. Improved mechanistic understanding of how BRCA2 functions in genome stability maintenance can enable experimental evidence-based evaluation of pathogenic BRCA2 mutations and BRCA2 pseudo-revertants to support targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Phuong Le
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (H.P.L.); (W.-D.H.)
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Heyer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (H.P.L.); (W.-D.H.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (H.P.L.); (W.-D.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-530-752-3016
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206
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Tang M, Pei G, Su D, Wang C, Feng X, Srivastava M, Chen Z, Zhao Z, Chen J. Genome-wide CRISPR screens reveal cyclin C as synthetic survival target of BRCA2. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:7476-7491. [PMID: 34197614 PMCID: PMC8287926 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi)-based therapies initially reduce tumor burden but eventually lead to acquired resistance in cancer patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. To understand the potential PARPi resistance mechanisms, we performed whole-genome CRISPR screens to discover genetic alterations that change the gene essentiality in cells with inducible depletion of BRCA2. We identified that several RNA Polymerase II transcription Mediator complex components, especially Cyclin C (CCNC) as synthetic survival targets upon BRCA2 loss. Total mRNA sequencing demonstrated that loss of CCNC could activate the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta signaling pathway and extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction pathway, however the inhibition of these pathways could not reverse cell survival in BRCA2 depleted CCNC-knockout cells, indicating that the activation of these pathways is not required for the resistance. Moreover, we showed that the improved survival is not due to restoration of homologous recombination repair although decreased DNA damage signaling was observed. Interestingly, loss of CCNC could restore replication fork stability in BRCA2 deficient cells, which may contribute to PARPi resistance. Taken together, our data reveal CCNC as a critical genetic determinant upon BRCA2 loss of function, which may help the development of novel therapeutic strategies that overcome PARPi resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Tang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Unit 1052, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guangsheng Pei
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dan Su
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Unit 1052, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Unit 1052, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Unit 1052, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mrinal Srivastava
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Unit 1052, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Unit 1052, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Unit 1052, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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207
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Peng H, Zhang S, Peng Y, Zhu S, Zhao X, Zhao X, Yang S, Liu G, Dong Y, Gan X, Li Q, Zhang X, Pei H, Chen X. Yeast Bromodomain Factor 1 and Its Human Homolog TAF1 Play Conserved Roles in Promoting Homologous Recombination. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100753. [PMID: 34056863 PMCID: PMC8336524 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Histone acetylation is a key histone post-translational modification that shapes chromatin structure, dynamics, and function. Bromodomain (BRD) proteins, the readers of acetyl-lysines, are located in the center of the histone acetylation-signaling network. How they regulate DNA repair and genome stability remains poorly understood. Here, a conserved function of the yeast Bromodomain Factor 1 (Bdf1) and its human counterpart TAF1 is reported in promoting DNA double-stranded break repair by homologous recombination (HR). Depletion of either yeast BDF1 or human TAF1, or disruption of their BRDs impairs DNA end resection, Replication Protein A (RPA) and Rad51 loading, and HR repair, causing genome instability and hypersensitivity to DNA damage. Mechanistically, it is shown that Bdf1 preferentially binds the DNA damage-induced histone H4 acetylation (H4Ac) via the BRD motifs, leading to its chromatin recruitment. Meanwhile, Bdf1 physically interacts with RPA, and this interaction facilitates RPA loading in the chromatin context and the subsequent HR repair. Similarly, TAF1 also interacts with H4Ac or RPA. Thus, Bdf1 and TAF1 appear to share a conserved mechanism in linking the HR repair to chromatin acetylation in preserving genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced StudiesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Simin Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced StudiesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Yihan Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health ScienceWashingtonDC20037USA
| | - Shuangyi Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced StudiesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced StudiesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Xiaocong Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced StudiesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Shuangshuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene ResearchSchool of Life Sciences and Peking‐Tsinghua Center for Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Guangxue Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced StudiesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Yang Dong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced StudiesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Xiaoli Gan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced StudiesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene ResearchSchool of Life Sciences and Peking‐Tsinghua Center for Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Xinghua Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced StudiesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Huadong Pei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health ScienceWashingtonDC20037USA
| | - Xuefeng Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced StudiesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
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208
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Wang X, Morton JA, Pellicer J, Leitch IJ, Leitch AR. Genome downsizing after polyploidy: mechanisms, rates and selection pressures. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1003-1015. [PMID: 34077584 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of over 10 000 plant genome sizes (GSs) indicates that most species have smaller genomes than expected given the incidence of polyploidy in their ancestries, suggesting selection for genome downsizing. However, comparing ancestral GS with the incidence of ancestral polyploidy suggests that the rate of DNA loss following polyploidy is likely to have been very low (4-70 Mb/million years, 4-482 bp/generation). This poses a problem. How might such small DNA losses be visible to selection, overcome the power of genetic drift and drive genome downsizing? Here we explore that problem, focussing on the role that double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways (non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination) may have played. We also explore two hypotheses that could explain how selection might favour genome downsizing following polyploidy: to reduce (i) nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P) costs associated with nucleic acid synthesis in the nucleus and the transcriptome and (ii) the impact of scaling effects of GS on cell size, which influences CO2 uptake and water loss. We explore the hypothesis that losses of DNA must be fastest in early polyploid generations. Alternatively, if DNA loss is a more continuous process over evolutionary time, then we propose it is a byproduct of selection elsewhere, such as limiting the damaging activity of repetitive DNA. If so, then the impact of GS on photosynthesis, water use efficiency and/or nutrient costs at the nucleus level may be emergent properties, which have advantages, but not ones that could have been selected for over generational timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Joseph A Morton
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Jaume Pellicer
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia sn, Barcelona, 08038, Spain
| | | | - Andrew R Leitch
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
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209
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Targeting DNA Damage Response and Repair to Enhance Therapeutic Index in Cisplatin-Based Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158199. [PMID: 34360968 PMCID: PMC8347825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapies, such as cisplatin, play a large role in cancer treatment. The development of resistance and treatment toxicity creates substantial barriers to disease control, yet. To enhance the therapeutic index of cisplatin-based chemotherapy, it is imperative to circumvent resistance and toxicity while optimizing tumor sensitization. One of the primary mechanisms by which cancer cells develop resistance to cisplatin is through upregulation of DNA repair pathways. In this review, we discuss the DNA damage response in the context of cisplatin-induced DNA damage. We describe the proteins involved in the pathways and their roles in resistance development. Common biomarkers for cisplatin resistance and their utilization to improve patient risk stratification and treatment personalization are addressed. Finally, we discuss some of the current treatments and future strategies to circumvent the development of cisplatin resistance.
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210
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Ghouil R, Miron S, Koornneef L, Veerman J, Paul MW, Le Du MH, Sleddens-Linkels E, van Rossum-Fikkert SE, van Loon Y, Felipe-Medina N, Pendas AM, Maas A, Essers J, Legrand P, Baarends WM, Kanaar R, Zinn-Justin S, Zelensky AN. BRCA2 binding through a cryptic repeated motif to HSF2BP oligomers does not impact meiotic recombination. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4605. [PMID: 34326328 PMCID: PMC8322138 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24871-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA2 and its interactors are required for meiotic homologous recombination (HR) and fertility. Loss of HSF2BP, a BRCA2 interactor, disrupts HR during spermatogenesis. We test the model postulating that HSF2BP localizes BRCA2 to meiotic HR sites, by solving the crystal structure of the BRCA2 fragment in complex with dimeric armadillo domain (ARM) of HSF2BP and disrupting this interaction in a mouse model. This reveals a repeated 23 amino acid motif in BRCA2, each binding the same conserved surface of one ARM domain. In the complex, two BRCA2 fragments hold together two ARM dimers, through a large interface responsible for the nanomolar affinity - the strongest interaction involving BRCA2 measured so far. Deleting exon 12, encoding the first repeat, from mBrca2 disrupts BRCA2 binding to HSF2BP, but does not phenocopy HSF2BP loss. Thus, results herein suggest that the high-affinity oligomerization-inducing BRCA2-HSF2BP interaction is not required for RAD51 and DMC1 recombinase localization in meiotic HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Ghouil
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Uni Paris-Sud, Uni Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Simona Miron
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Uni Paris-Sud, Uni Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lieke Koornneef
- Department of Developmental Biology, Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Veerman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten W Paul
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Hélène Le Du
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Uni Paris-Sud, Uni Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Esther Sleddens-Linkels
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sari E van Rossum-Fikkert
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Loon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Felipe-Medina
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto M Pendas
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alex Maas
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Essers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Legrand
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Willy M Baarends
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sophie Zinn-Justin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Uni Paris-Sud, Uni Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Alex N Zelensky
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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211
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Muraszko J, Kramarz K, Argunhan B, Ito K, Baranowska G, Kurokawa Y, Murayama Y, Tsubouchi H, Lambert S, Iwasaki H, Dziadkowiec D. Rrp1 translocase and ubiquitin ligase activities restrict the genome destabilising effects of Rad51 in fission yeast. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:6832-6848. [PMID: 34157114 PMCID: PMC8266636 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rad51 is the key protein in homologous recombination that plays important roles during DNA replication and repair. Auxiliary factors regulate Rad51 activity to facilitate productive recombination, and prevent inappropriate, untimely or excessive events, which could lead to genome instability. Previous genetic analyses identified a function for Rrp1 (a member of the Rad5/16-like group of SWI2/SNF2 translocases) in modulating Rad51 function, shared with the Rad51 mediator Swi5-Sfr1 and the Srs2 anti-recombinase. Here, we show that Rrp1 overproduction alleviates the toxicity associated with excessive Rad51 levels in a manner dependent on Rrp1 ATPase domain. Purified Rrp1 binds to DNA and has a DNA-dependent ATPase activity. Importantly, Rrp1 directly interacts with Rad51 and removes it from double-stranded DNA, confirming that Rrp1 is a translocase capable of modulating Rad51 function. Rrp1 affects Rad51 binding at centromeres. Additionally, we demonstrate in vivo and in vitro that Rrp1 possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase activity with Rad51 as a substrate, suggesting that Rrp1 regulates Rad51 in a multi-tiered fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karol Kramarz
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, 91400 Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Bilge Argunhan
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ito
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | | | - Yumiko Kurokawa
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Yasuto Murayama
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Hideo Tsubouchi
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Sarah Lambert
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, 91400 Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Hiroshi Iwasaki
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
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Palleschi M, Tedaldi G, Sirico M, Virga A, Ulivi P, De Giorgi U. Moving beyond PARP Inhibition: Current State and Future Perspectives in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157884. [PMID: 34360649 PMCID: PMC8346118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent and lethal tumor in women and finding the best therapeutic strategy for each patient is an important challenge. PARP inhibitors (PARPis) are the first, clinically approved drugs designed to exploit synthetic lethality in tumors harboring BRCA1/2 mutations. Recent evidence indicates that PARPis have the potential to be used both in monotherapy and combination strategies in breast cancer treatment. In this review, we show the mechanism of action of PARPis and discuss the latest clinical applications in different breast cancer treatment settings, including the use as neoadjuvant and adjuvant approaches. Furthermore, as a class, PARPis show many similarities but also certain critical differences which can have essential clinical implications. Finally, we report the current knowledge about the resistance mechanisms to PARPis. A systematic PubMed search, using the entry terms “PARP inhibitors” and “breast cancer”, was performed to identify all published clinical trials (Phase I-II-III) and ongoing trials (ClinicalTrials.gov), that have been reported and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Palleschi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (M.P.); (M.S.); (U.D.G.)
| | - Gianluca Tedaldi
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (A.V.); (P.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0543-739232; Fax: +39-0543-739221
| | - Marianna Sirico
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (M.P.); (M.S.); (U.D.G.)
| | - Alessandra Virga
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (A.V.); (P.U.)
| | - Paola Ulivi
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (A.V.); (P.U.)
| | - Ugo De Giorgi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (M.P.); (M.S.); (U.D.G.)
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213
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Abd El-hafeez AA, Sun N, Chakraborty A, Ear J, Roy S, Chamarthi P, Rajapakse N, Das S, Luker KE, Hazra TK, Luker GD, Ghosh P. Regulation of DNA damage response by trimeric G-protein Signaling.. [DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.21.452842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractUpon sensing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), eukaryotic cells either die or repair DSBs via one of two competing pathways, i.e., non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). We show that cell fate after DNA damage hinges on the guanine nucleotide-exchange modulator of heterotrimeric G-protein, Giα•βγ, GIV/Girdin. GIV suppresses HR by binding and sequestering BRCA1, a key coordinator of multiple steps within the HR pathway, away from DSBs; it does so using a C-terminal motif that binds BRCA1’s BRCT-modules via both phospho-dependent and -independent mechanisms. GIV promotes NHEJ, and binds and activates Gi and enhances the ‘free’ Gβγ→PI-3-kinase→Akt pathway, thus revealing the enigmatic origin of prosurvival Akt signals during dsDNA repair. Absence of GIV, or the loss of either of its two functions impaired DNA repair, and induced cell death when challenged with numerous cytotoxic agents. That GIV selectively binds few other BRCT-containing proteins suggests convergent signaling such that heterotrimeric G-proteins may finetune sensing, repair, and outcome after DNA damage.GRAPHIC ABSTRACTHIGHLIGHTSNon-receptor G protein modulator, GIV/Girdin binds BRCA1Binding occurs in both canonical and non-canonical modesGIV sequesters BRCA1 away from dsDNA breaks, suppresses HRActivation of Gi by GIV enhances Akt signals, favors NHEJIN BRIEFIn this work, the authors show that heterotrimeric G protein signaling that is triggered by non-receptor GEF, GIV/Girdin, in response to double-stranded DNA breaks is critical for decisive signaling events which favor non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and inhibit homologous recombination (HR).
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214
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Paul MW, Sidhu A, Liang Y, van Rossum-Fikkert SE, Odijk H, Zelensky AN, Kanaar R, Wyman C. Role of BRCA2 DNA-binding and C-terminal domain in its mobility and conformation in DNA repair. eLife 2021; 10:e67926. [PMID: 34254584 PMCID: PMC8324294 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer type two susceptibility protein (BRCA2) is an essential protein in genome maintenance, homologous recombination (HR), and replication fork protection. Its function includes multiple interaction partners and requires timely localization to relevant sites in the nucleus. We investigated the importance of the highly conserved DNA-binding domain (DBD) and C-terminal domain (CTD) of BRCA2. We generated BRCA2 variants missing one or both domains in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and defined their contribution in HR function and dynamic localization in the nucleus, by single-particle tracking of BRCA2 mobility. Changes in molecular architecture of BRCA2 induced by binding partners of purified BRCA2 were determined by scanning force microscopy. BRCA2 mobility and DNA-damage-induced increase in the immobile fraction were largely unaffected by C-terminal deletions. The purified proteins missing CTD and/or DBD were defective in architectural changes correlating with reduced HR function in cells. These results emphasize BRCA2 activity at sites of damage beyond promoting RAD51 delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten W Paul
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Arshdeep Sidhu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Yongxin Liang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Sarah E van Rossum-Fikkert
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Hanny Odijk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Alex N Zelensky
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Claire Wyman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
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215
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Prakash R, Sandoval T, Morati F, Zagelbaum JA, Lim PX, White T, Taylor B, Wang R, Desclos ECB, Sullivan MR, Rein HL, Bernstein KA, Krawczyk PM, Gautier J, Modesti M, Vanoli F, Jasin M. Distinct pathways of homologous recombination controlled by the SWS1-SWSAP1-SPIDR complex. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4255. [PMID: 34253720 PMCID: PMC8275761 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Homology-directed repair (HDR), a critical DNA repair pathway in mammalian cells, is complex, leading to multiple outcomes with different impacts on genomic integrity. However, the factors that control these different outcomes are often not well understood. Here we show that SWS1-SWSAP1-SPIDR controls distinct types of HDR. Despite their requirement for stable assembly of RAD51 recombinase at DNA damage sites, these proteins are not essential for intra-chromosomal HDR, providing insight into why patients and mice with mutations are viable. However, SWS1-SWSAP1-SPIDR is critical for inter-homolog HDR, the first mitotic factor identified specifically for this function. Furthermore, SWS1-SWSAP1-SPIDR drives the high level of sister-chromatid exchange, promotes long-range loss of heterozygosity often involved with cancer initiation, and impels the poor growth of BLM helicase-deficient cells. The relevance of these genetic interactions is evident as SWSAP1 loss prolongs Blm-mutant embryo survival, suggesting a possible druggable target for the treatment of Bloom syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Prakash
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Thomas Sandoval
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Morati
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Jennifer A Zagelbaum
- Department of Genetics and Development and Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pei-Xin Lim
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Travis White
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brett Taylor
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raymond Wang
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emilie C B Desclos
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meghan R Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hayley L Rein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kara A Bernstein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Przemek M Krawczyk
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean Gautier
- Department of Genetics and Development and Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mauro Modesti
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Fabio Vanoli
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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216
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Raimundo L, Calheiros J, Saraiva L. Exploiting DNA Damage Repair in Precision Cancer Therapy: BRCA1 as a Prime Therapeutic Target. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143438. [PMID: 34298653 PMCID: PMC8303227 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chemical inhibition of central DNA damage repair (DDR) proteins has become a promising approach in precision cancer therapy. In particular, BRCA1 and its DDR-associated proteins constitute important targets for developing DNA repair inhibiting drugs. This review provides relevant insights on DDR biology and pharmacology, aiming to boost the development of more effective DDR targeted therapies. Abstract Precision medicine aims to identify specific molecular alterations, such as driver mutations, allowing tailored and effective anticancer therapies. Poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are the prototypical example of targeted therapy, exploiting the inability of cancer cells to repair DNA damage. Following the concept of synthetic lethality, PARPi have gained great relevance, particularly in BRCA1 dysfunctional cancer cells. In fact, BRCA1 mutations culminate in DNA repair defects that can render cancer cells more vulnerable to therapy. However, the efficacy of these drugs has been greatly affected by the occurrence of resistance due to multi-connected DNA repair pathways that may compensate for each other. Hence, the search for additional effective agents targeting DNA damage repair (DDR) is of crucial importance. In this context, BRCA1 has assumed a central role in developing drugs aimed at inhibiting DNA repair activity. Collectively, this review provides an in-depth understanding of the biology and regulatory mechanisms of DDR pathways, highlighting the potential of DDR-associated molecules, particularly BRCA1 and its interconnected partners, in precision cancer medicine. It also affords an overview about what we have achieved and a reflection on how much remains to be done in this field, further addressing encouraging clues for the advance of DDR targeted therapy.
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217
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Wan Q, Chen Q, Cai D, Zhao Y, Wu X. OTUB2 Promotes Homologous Recombination Repair Through Stimulating Rad51 Expression in Endometrial Cancer. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720931433. [PMID: 32830515 PMCID: PMC7563931 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720931433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic instability, raised from dysregulation of DNA repair, is involved in tumor development. OTUB2 (ovarian tumor domain protease domain-containing ubiquitin aldehyde-binding protein 2), which is responsible for DNA double-strand break (DSB), is implicated in carcinogenesis of various tumors. The effect of OTUB2 on endometrial cancer progression was then investigated. First, OTUB2 was found to be upregulated in endometrial cancer tissues and cell lines, and was closely associated with overall survival of endometrial cancer patients. Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry assay results revealed that overexpression of OTUB2 enhanced cell viability of endometrial cancer cells, while knockdown of OTUB2 inhibited cell viability. Moreover, as demonstrated by promoting cell viability and suppression of cell apoptosis, cisplatin-induced cell damage was reversed by OTUB2. Mechanistically, OTUB2 could activate Yes-associated protein/transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) to promote homologous recombination repair via depletion of γH2AX (phosphorylation of histone H2AX) and accumulation of Rad51. In vivo xenograft model also showed that silence of OTUB2 suppressed the growth of endometrial cancer and increased tumor sensitivity to antitumor drugs. In conclusion, OTUB2 promoted homologous recombination repair in endometrial cancer via YAP/TAZ-mediated Rad51 expression, providing a potential therapeutic target for endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyuan Wan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Dongge Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province, PR China
- Xiaoling Wu, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
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218
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Par S, Vaides S, VanderVere-Carozza PS, Pawelczak KS, Stewart J, Turchi JJ. OB-Folds and Genome Maintenance: Targeting Protein-DNA Interactions for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3346. [PMID: 34283091 PMCID: PMC8269290 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome stability and maintenance pathways along with their requisite proteins are critical for the accurate duplication of genetic material, mutation avoidance, and suppression of human diseases including cancer. Many of these proteins participate in these pathways by binding directly to DNA, and a subset employ oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding folds (OB-fold) to facilitate the protein-DNA interactions. OB-fold motifs allow for sequence independent binding to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and can serve to position specific proteins at specific DNA structures and then, via protein-protein interaction motifs, assemble the machinery to catalyze the replication, repair, or recombination of DNA. This review provides an overview of the OB-fold structural organization of some of the most relevant OB-fold containing proteins for oncology and drug discovery. We discuss their individual roles in DNA metabolism, progress toward drugging these motifs and their utility as potential cancer therapeutics. While protein-DNA interactions were initially thought to be undruggable, recent reports of success with molecules targeting OB-fold containing proteins suggest otherwise. The potential for the development of agents targeting OB-folds is in its infancy, but if successful, would expand the opportunities to impinge on genome stability and maintenance pathways for more effective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui Par
- Indiana University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (S.P.); (S.V.)
| | - Sofia Vaides
- Indiana University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (S.P.); (S.V.)
| | | | | | - Jason Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - John J. Turchi
- Indiana University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (S.P.); (S.V.)
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- NERx Biosciences, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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219
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Tarekegn GM, Khayatzadeh N, Liu B, Osama S, Haile A, Rischkowsky B, Zhang W, Tesfaye K, Dessie T, Mwai OA, Djikeng A, Mwacharo JM. Ethiopian indigenous goats offer insights into past and recent demographic dynamics and local adaptation in sub-Saharan African goats. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1716-1731. [PMID: 34295359 PMCID: PMC8287980 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on how adaptive evolution and human socio-cultural and economic interests shaped livestock genomes particularly in sub-Saharan Africa remains limited. Ethiopia is in a geographic region that has been critical in the history of African agriculture with ancient and diverse human ethnicity and bio-climatic conditions. Using 52K genome-wide data analysed in 646 individuals from 13 Ethiopian indigenous goat populations, we observed high levels of genetic variation. Although runs of homozygosity (ROH) were ubiquitous genome-wide, there were clear differences in patterns of ROH length and abundance and in effective population sizes illustrating differences in genome homozygosity, evolutionary history, and management. Phylogenetic analysis incorporating patterns of genetic differentiation and gene flow with ancestry modelling highlighted past and recent intermixing and possible two deep ancient genetic ancestries that could have been brought by humans with the first introduction of goats in Africa. We observed four strong selection signatures that were specific to Arsi-Bale and Nubian goats. These signatures overlapped genomic regions with genes associated with morphological, adaptation, reproduction and production traits due possibly to selection under environmental constraints and/or human preferences. The regions also overlapped uncharacterized genes, calling for a comprehensive annotation of the goat genome. Our results provide insights into mechanisms leading to genome variation and differentiation in sub-Saharan Africa indigenous goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getinet M. Tarekegn
- Department of Animal Production and TechnologySchool of Animal Sciences and Veterinary MedicineBahir Dar UniversityBahir DarEthiopia
- Department of Animal Breeding and GeneticsSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)UppsalaSweden
| | - Negar Khayatzadeh
- Department of Sustainable Agricultural SystemsDivision of Livestock SciencesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Bin Liu
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Sarah Osama
- The University of QueenslandSaint LuciaQLDAustralia
| | - Aynalem Haile
- Small Ruminant GenomicsInternational Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)Addis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Barbara Rischkowsky
- Small Ruminant GenomicsInternational Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)Addis AbabaEthiopia
| | | | - Kassahun Tesfaye
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular BiologyAddis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Tadelle Dessie
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)Addis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Okeyo A. Mwai
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)NairobiKenya
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences Group, SRUC and Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH)The Roslin InstituteEaster BushMidlothianUK
| | - Joram M. Mwacharo
- Small Ruminant GenomicsInternational Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)Addis AbabaEthiopia
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences Group, SRUC and Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH)The Roslin InstituteEaster BushMidlothianUK
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220
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Brnich SE, Arteaga EC, Wang Y, Tan X, Berg JS. A Validated Functional Analysis of Partner and Localizer of BRCA2 Missense Variants for Use in Clinical Variant Interpretation. J Mol Diagn 2021; 23:847-864. [PMID: 33964450 PMCID: PMC8491091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical genetic testing readily detects germline genetic variants. Yet, the rarity of individual variants limits the evidence available for variant classification, leading to many variants of uncertain significance (VUS). VUS cannot guide clinical decisions, complicating counseling and management. In hereditary breast cancer gene PALB2, approximately 50% of clinically identified germline variants are VUS and approximately 90% of VUS are missense. Truncating PALB2 variants have homologous recombination (HR) defects and rely on error-prone nonhomologous end-joining for DNA damage repair (DDR). Recent reports show that some missense PALB2 variants may also be damaging, but most functional studies have lacked benchmarking controls required for sufficient predictive power for clinical use. Here, variant-level DDR capacity in hereditary breast cancer genes was assessed using the Traffic Light Reporter (TLR) to quantify cellular HR/nonhomologous end-joining with fluorescent markers. First, using BRCA2 missense variants of known significance as benchmarks, the TLR distinguished between normal/abnormal HR function. The TLR was then validated for PALB2 and used to test 37 PALB2 variants. Based on the TLR's ability to correctly classify PALB2 validation controls, these functional data where applied in subsequent germline variant interpretations at a moderate level of evidence toward a pathogenic interpretation (PS3_moderate) for 8 variants with abnormal DDR, or a supporting level of evidence toward a benign interpretation (BS3_supporting) for 13 variants with normal DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Brnich
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Eyla Cristina Arteaga
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Yueting Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xianming Tan
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jonathan S Berg
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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221
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Su YL, Ng CT, Jan YH, Hsieh YL, Wu CL, Tan KT. Remarkable Response to Olaparib in a Patient with Combined Hepatocellular-Cholangiocarcinoma Harboring a Biallelic BRCA2 Mutation. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:3895-3901. [PMID: 34234458 PMCID: PMC8254587 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s317514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CC) is a rare subtype of primary liver malignancy characterized by aggressive behavior and poor prognosis. Radial surgical resection is the standard curative treatment. However, effective therapeutic options for recurrent or metastatic cHCC-CC are still lacking, mainly because of an insufficient understanding of the molecular and genomic alterations of cHCC-CC, preventing the discovery of specialized targeting therapy. Here, we present the case of a patient with metastatic cHCC-CC on first-line treatment of gemcitabine, cisplatin, and nab-paclitaxel. A comprehensive genomic profile revealed four clinically relevant single nucleotide variants (BRCA2, PIK3C2G, RET, and TP53), two amplified genomic regions (CRKL and MAPK1), and 11 heterozygous genomic deletions (BAP1, CDKN2A, PTCH1, TSC1, BRCA2, RB1, RAD51, PALB2, TSC2, SMAD4, and STK11). The patient underwent olaparib treatment and achieved a remarkable and sustained tumor response. Our experience indicates that BRCA2 mutations could be a potential therapeutic target for patients with cHCC-CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Li Su
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Clinical Trial Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ca Tung Ng
- ACT Genomics Co., Ltd, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Jan
- ACT Genomics Co., Ltd, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Sun Y, Sun X, You C, Ma S, Luo Y, Peng S, Tang F, Tian X, Wang F, Huang Z, Yu H, Xiao Y, Wang X, Zhang J, Gong Y, Xie C. MUC3A promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression via activating the NFκB pathway and attenuates radiosensitivity. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2523-2536. [PMID: 34326691 PMCID: PMC8315024 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.59430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin 3A (MUC3A) is highly expressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but its functions and effects on clinical outcomes are not well understood. Tissue microarray of 92 NSCLC samples indicated that high levels of MUC3A were associated with poor prognosis, advanced staging, and low differentiation. MUC3A knockdown significantly suppressed NSCLC cell proliferation and induced G1/S accumulation via downregulating cell cycle checkpoints. MUC3A knockdown also inhibited tumor growth in vivo and had synergistic effects with radiation. MUC3A knockdown increased radiation-induced DNA double strain breaks and γ-H2AX phosphorylation in NSCLC cells. MUC3A downregulation inhibited the BRCA-1/RAD51 pathway and nucleus translocation of P53 and XCRR6, suggesting that MUC3A promoted DNA damage repair and attenuated radiation sensitivity. MUC3A knockdown also resulted in less nucleus translocation of RELA and P53 in vivo. Immunoprecipitation revealed that MUC3A interacted with RELA and activated the NFκB pathway via promoting RELA phosphorylation and interfering the binding of RELA to IκB. Our studies indicated that MUC3A was a potential oncogene and associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. NSCLC patients with a high MUC3A level, who should be more frequent follow-up and might benefit less from radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingming Sun
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Affiliated Sanming First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Sanming, China
| | - Xiaoge Sun
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chengcheng You
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, China Three Gorges University Medical College, Yichang, China
| | - Shijing Ma
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Peng
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Tang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoli Tian
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengrong Huang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongnv Yu
- Central Laboratory of Xinhua Hospital of Dalian University, Department of Medical Oncology, Xinhua Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Translational Medicine, Hubei Engineering Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Translational Medicine, Hubei Engineering Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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223
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Repair pathway choice for double-strand breaks. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:765-777. [PMID: 32648897 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is at a constant risk of damage from endogenous substances, environmental radiation, and chemical stressors. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) pose a significant threat to genomic integrity and cell survival. There are two major pathways for DSB repair: nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). The extent of DNA end resection, which determines the length of the 3' single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) overhang, is the primary factor that determines whether repair is carried out via NHEJ or HR. NHEJ, which does not require a 3' ssDNA tail, occurs throughout the cell cycle. 53BP1 and the cofactors PTIP or RIF1-shieldin protect the broken DNA end, inhibit long-range end resection and thus promote NHEJ. In contrast, HR mainly occurs during the S/G2 phase and requires DNA end processing to create a 3' tail that can invade a homologous region, ensuring faithful gene repair. BRCA1 and the cofactors CtIP, EXO1, BLM/DNA2, and the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex promote DNA end resection and thus HR. DNA resection is influenced by the cell cycle, the chromatin environment, and the complexity of the DNA end break. Herein, we summarize the key factors involved in repair pathway selection for DSBs and discuss recent related publications.
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224
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Fernandes SG, Shah P, Khattar E. Recent Advances in Therapeutic Application of DNA Damage Response Inhibitors against Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:469-484. [PMID: 34102988 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210608105735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA integrity is continuously challenged by intrinsic cellular processes and environmental agents. To overcome this genomic damage, cells have developed multiple signaling pathways collectively named as DNA damage response (DDR) and composed of three components: (i) sensor proteins, which detect DNA damage, (ii) mediators that relay the signal downstream and recruit the repair machinery, and (iii) the repair proteins, which restore the damaged DNA. A flawed DDR and failure to repair the damage lead to the accumulation of genetic lesions and increased genomic instability, which is recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Cancer cells tend to harbor increased mutations in DDR genes and often have fewer DDR pathways than normal cells. This makes cancer cells more dependent on particular DDR pathways and thus become more susceptible to compounds inhibiting those pathways compared to normal cells, which have all the DDR pathways intact. Understanding the roles of different DDR proteins in the DNA damage response and repair pathways and identification of their structures have paved the way for the development of their inhibitors as targeted cancer therapy. In this review, we describe the major participants of various DDR pathways, their significance in carcinogenesis, and focus on the inhibitors developed against several key DDR proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina George Fernandes
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be) University, Mumbai, India
| | - Prachi Shah
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be) University, Mumbai, India
| | - Ekta Khattar
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be) University, Mumbai, India
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225
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Kim KH, Kim HS, Kim SS, Shim HS, Yang AJ, Lee JJB, Yoon HI, Ahn JB, Chang JS. Increased Radiosensitivity of Solid Tumors Harboring ATM and BRCA1/2 Mutations. Cancer Res Treat 2021; 54:54-64. [PMID: 34082492 PMCID: PMC8756123 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2020.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Preclinical data indicate that response to radiotherapy (RT) depends on DNA damage repair. In this study, we investigated the role of mutations in genes related to DNA damage repair in treatment outcome after RT. Materials and Methods Patients with solid tumor who participated in next generation sequencing panel screening using biopsied tumor tissue between October 2013 and February 2019 were reviewed and 97 patients that received RT were included in this study. Best response to RT and the cumulative local recurrence rate (LRR) were compared according to absence or presence of missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutations in ATM and/or BRCA1/2. Results Of the 97 patients, five patients harbored mutation only in ATM, 22 in only BRCA1/2, and six in both ATM and BRCA1/2 (ATMmtBRCAmt). Propensity score matching was performed to select the control group without mutations (ATMwtBRCAwt, n=33). In total, 90 RT-treated target lesions were evaluated in 66 patients. Highest objective response rate of 80% was observed in ATMmtBRCAmt lesions (p=0.007), which was mostly durable. Furthermore, the cumulative 1-year LRR was the lowest in ATMmtBRCAmt lesions and the highest in ATMwtBRCAwt lesions (0% vs. 47.9%, p=0.008). RT-associated toxicities were observed in 10 treatments with no significant difference among the subgroups (p=0.680). Conclusion Tumors with ATM and BRCA1/2 mutations exhibited superior tumor response and local control after RT compared to tumors without these mutations. The results are hypothesis generating and suggest the need for integrating the tumor mutation profile of DNA repair genes during treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwan Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Sang Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Seob Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Sup Shim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Andrew Jihoon Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jason Joon Bock Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong In Yoon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong Bae Ahn
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Suk Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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226
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Ouyang J, Yadav T, Zhang JM, Yang H, Rheinbay E, Guo H, Haber DA, Lan L, Zou L. RNA transcripts stimulate homologous recombination by forming DR-loops. Nature 2021; 594:283-288. [PMID: 33981036 PMCID: PMC8855348 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) repairs DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle1-3. Several HR proteins are preferentially recruited to DSBs at transcriptionally active loci4-10, but how transcription promotes HR is poorly understood. Here we develop an assay to assess the effect of local transcription on HR. Using this assay, we find that transcription stimulates HR to a substantial extent. Tethering RNA transcripts to the vicinity of DSBs recapitulates the effects of local transcription, which suggests that transcription enhances HR through RNA transcripts. Tethered RNA transcripts stimulate HR in a sequence- and orientation-dependent manner, indicating that they function by forming DNA-RNA hybrids. In contrast to most HR proteins, RAD51-associated protein 1 (RAD51AP1) only promotes HR when local transcription is active. RAD51AP1 drives the formation of R-loops in vitro and is required for tethered RNAs to stimulate HR in cells. Notably, RAD51AP1 is necessary for the DSB-induced formation of DNA-RNA hybrids in donor DNA, linking R-loops to D-loops. In vitro, RAD51AP1-generated R-loops enhance the RAD51-mediated formation of D-loops locally and give rise to intermediates that we term 'DR-loops', which contain both DNA-DNA and DNA-RNA hybrids and favour RAD51 function. Thus, at DSBs in transcribed regions, RAD51AP1 promotes the invasion of RNA transcripts into donor DNA, and stimulates HR through the formation of DR-loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ouyang
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - Tribhuwan Yadav
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Jia-Min Zhang
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Haibo Yang
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Esther Rheinbay
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Hongshan Guo
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Daniel A Haber
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Li Lan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Lee Zou
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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227
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Dong J, LeBlanc C, Poulet A, Mermaz B, Villarino G, Webb KM, Joly V, Mendez J, Voigt P, Jacob Y. H3.1K27me1 maintains transcriptional silencing and genome stability by preventing GCN5-mediated histone acetylation. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:961-979. [PMID: 33793815 PMCID: PMC8226292 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms play diverse roles in the regulation of genome stability in eukaryotes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, genome stability is maintained during DNA replication by the H3.1K27 methyltransferases ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX-RELATED PROTEIN 5 (ATXR5) and ATXR6, which catalyze the deposition of K27me1 on replication-dependent H3.1 variants. The loss of H3.1K27me1 in atxr5 atxr6 double mutants leads to heterochromatin defects, including transcriptional de-repression and genomic instability, but the molecular mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified the transcriptional co-activator and conserved histone acetyltransferase GCN5 as a mediator of transcriptional de-repression and genomic instability in the absence of H3.1K27me1. GCN5 is part of a SAGA-like complex in plants that requires the GCN5-interacting protein ADA2b and the chromatin remodeler CHR6 to mediate the heterochromatic defects in atxr5 atxr6 mutants. Our results also indicate that Arabidopsis GCN5 acetylates multiple lysine residues on H3.1 variants, but H3.1K27 and H3.1K36 play essential functions in inducing genomic instability in the absence of H3.1K27me1. Finally, we show that H3.1K36 acetylation by GCN5 is negatively regulated by H3.1K27me1 in vitro. Overall, this work reveals a key molecular role for H3.1K27me1 in maintaining transcriptional silencing and genome stability in heterochromatin by restricting GCN5-mediated histone acetylation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CN 06511
| | - Chantal LeBlanc
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CN 06511
| | - Axel Poulet
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CN 06511
| | - Benoit Mermaz
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CN 06511
| | - Gonzalo Villarino
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CN 06511
| | - Kimberly M Webb
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF
| | - Valentin Joly
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CN 06511
| | - Josefina Mendez
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CN 06511
| | - Philipp Voigt
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF
| | - Yannick Jacob
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CN 06511
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228
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Hou JY, Zhou L, Li JL, Wang DP, Cao JM. Emerging roles of non-histone protein crotonylation in biomedicine. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:101. [PMID: 34059135 PMCID: PMC8166067 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Crotonylation of proteins is a newly found type of post-translational modifications (PTMs) which occurs leadingly on the lysine residue, namely, lysine crotonylation (Kcr). Kcr is conserved and is regulated by a series of enzymes and co-enzymes including lysine crotonyltransferase (writer), lysine decrotonylase (eraser), certain YEATS proteins (reader), and crotonyl-coenzyme A (donor). Histone Kcr has been substantially studied since 2011, but the Kcr of non-histone proteins is just an emerging field since its finding in 2017. Recent advances in the identification and quantification of non-histone protein Kcr by mass spectrometry have increased our understanding of Kcr. In this review, we summarized the main proteomic characteristics of non-histone protein Kcr and discussed its biological functions, including gene transcription, DNA damage response, enzymes regulation, metabolic pathways, cell cycle, and localization of heterochromatin in cells. We further proposed the performance of non-histone protein Kcr in diseases and the prospect of Kcr manipulators as potential therapeutic candidates in the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology At Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Shanxi Province, and the Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology At Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Shanxi Province, and the Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jia-Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology At Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Shanxi Province, and the Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - De-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology At Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Shanxi Province, and the Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ji-Min Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology At Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Shanxi Province, and the Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
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229
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Breast Cancer Predisposition Genes and Synthetic Lethality. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115614. [PMID: 34070674 PMCID: PMC8198377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes with pivotal roles in the development of breast and ovarian cancers. These genes are essential for DNA double-strand break repair via homologous recombination (HR), which is a virtually error-free DNA repair mechanism. Following BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, HR is compromised, forcing cells to adopt alternative error-prone repair pathways that often result in tumorigenesis. Synthetic lethality refers to cell death caused by simultaneous perturbations of two genes while change of any one of them alone is nonlethal. Therefore, synthetic lethality can be instrumental in identifying new therapeutic targets for BRCA1/2 mutations. PARP is an established synthetic lethal partner of the BRCA genes. Its role is imperative in the single-strand break DNA repair system. Recently, Olaparib (a PARP inhibitor) was approved for treatment of BRCA1/2 breast and ovarian cancer as the first successful synthetic lethality-based therapy, showing considerable success in the development of effective targeted cancer therapeutics. Nevertheless, the possibility of drug resistance to targeted cancer therapy based on synthetic lethality necessitates the development of additional therapeutic options. This literature review addresses cancer predisposition genes, including BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2, synthetic lethality in the context of DNA repair machinery, as well as available treatment options.
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230
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Chen J, Liu JY, Dong ZZ, Zou T, Wang Z, Shen Y, Zhuo W, Li XP, Xiao D, Liu HT, Chen X, Zhou HH, Liu ZQ, Zhang JT, Yin JY. The effect of eIF3a on anthracycline-based chemotherapy resistance by regulating DSB DNA repair. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 190:114616. [PMID: 34022189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthracycline are inhibitors of topoisomerase II leading to DNA double strand breaks, and it is widely used for treatment of breast cancer. eIF3a is the largest subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) and highly expressed in breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the role of eIF3a in DSB DNA repair and the response of breast cancer patients to anthracycline-based chemotherapy. METHODS MTT assay was used to detect anthracycline sensitivity in cell lines. Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence were performed to assess changes in gene expression levels. Cometassay and end-joining activity assay were conducted to explore the effect of eIF3a in NHEJ repair. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to detect LIG4 5'UTR activity. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect eIF3a, LIG4 and DNA-PKcs expression levels in breast cancer tissues. RESULTS The results showed that eIF3a increased cellular response to anthracyclines by regulating DSB repair activity via influencing the expression of LIG4 and DNA-PKcs at translational level. Breast cancer patients with high level of eIF3a or low level of LIG4 or low level of DNA-PKcs had better anthracycline-based chemotherapy prognosis compared. Moreover, Combined expressions of eIF3a, LIG4 and DNA-PKcs could be better to predict PFS in breast cancer patients with anthracycline-based chemotherapy. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that eIF3a effects anthracycline-based chemotherapy response by regulating DSB DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Jun-Yan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, PR China
| | - Zi-Zheng Dong
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, United States
| | - Ting Zou
- Department of National Institution of Drug Clinical Trial, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, PR China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer and Gastrointestinal Unit, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, PR China
| | - Yao Shen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Wei Zhuo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Xiang-Ping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Hai-Tao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, PR China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorder, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, PR China
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorder, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, PR China.
| | - Jian-Ting Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, United States.
| | - Ji-Ye Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorder, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Changsha 410078, PR China.
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231
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Ahmed M, Daoud GH, Mohamed A, Harati R. New Insights into the Therapeutic Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Breast Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050723. [PMID: 34066014 PMCID: PMC8150278 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer globally and is among the leading causes of death in women. Its heterogenic nature is a result of the involvement of numerous aberrant genes that contribute to the multi-step pathway of tumorigenesis. Despite the fact that several disease-causing mutations have been identified, therapy is often aimed at alleviating symptoms rather than rectifying the mutation in the DNA sequence. The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 is a groundbreaking tool that is being utilized for the identification and validation of genomic targets bearing tumorigenic potential. CRISPR/Cas9 supersedes its gene-editing predecessors through its unparalleled simplicity, efficiency and affordability. In this review, we provide an overview of the CRISPR/Cas9 mechanism and discuss genes that were edited using this system for the treatment of breast cancer. In addition, we shed light on the delivery methods—both viral and non-viral—that may be used to deliver the system and the barriers associated with each. Overall, the present review provides new insights into the potential therapeutic applications of CRISPR/Cas9 for the advancement of breast cancer treatment.
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Li Z, Marcel N, Devkota S, Auradkar A, Hedrick SM, Gantz VM, Bier E. CopyCatchers are versatile active genetic elements that detect and quantify inter-homolog somatic gene conversion. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2625. [PMID: 33976171 PMCID: PMC8113449 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22927-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-based active genetic elements, or gene-drives, copied via homology-directed repair (HDR) in the germline, are transmitted to progeny at super-Mendelian frequencies. Active genetic elements also can generate widespread somatic mutations, but the genetic basis for such phenotypes remains uncertain. It is generally assumed that such somatic mutations are generated by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), the predominant double stranded break repair pathway active in somatic cells. Here, we develop CopyCatcher systems in Drosophila to detect and quantify somatic gene conversion (SGC) events. CopyCatchers inserted into two independent genetic loci reveal unexpectedly high rates of SGC in the Drosophila eye and thoracic epidermis. Focused RNAi-based genetic screens identify several unanticipated loci altering SGC efficiency, one of which (c-MYC), when downregulated, promotes SGC mediated by both plasmid and homologous chromosome-templates in human HEK293T cells. Collectively, these studies suggest that CopyCatchers can serve as effective discovery platforms to inform potential gene therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Li
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nimi Marcel
- Section of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sushil Devkota
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ankush Auradkar
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephen M Hedrick
- Section of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Valentino M Gantz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ethan Bier
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society-UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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233
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Rosen MN, Goodwin RA, Vickers MM. BRCA mutated pancreatic cancer: A change is coming. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:1943-1958. [PMID: 34007132 PMCID: PMC8108028 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i17.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related death with few available therapies for advanced disease. Recently, patients with germline BRCA mutations have received increased attention due to advances in the management of BRCA mutated ovarian and breast tumors. Germline BRCA mutations significantly increase risk of developing pancreatic cancer and can be found in up to 8% of patients with sporadic pancreatic cancer. In patients with germline BRCA mutations, platinum-based chemotherapies and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors are effective treatment options which may offer survival benefits. This review will focus on the molecular biology, epidemiology, and management of BRCA-mutated pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, we will discuss future directions for this area of research and promising active areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Rosen
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8L6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel A Goodwin
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8L6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael M Vickers
- The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Center, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8L6, Ontario, Canada
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234
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Ababou M. Bloom syndrome and the underlying causes of genetic instability. Mol Genet Metab 2021; 133:35-48. [PMID: 33736941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal hereditary recessive diseases characterized by genetic instability are often associated with cancer predisposition. Bloom syndrome (BS), a rare genetic disorder, with <300 cases reported worldwide, combines both. Indeed, patients with Bloom's syndrome are 150 to 300 times more likely to develop cancers than normal individuals. The wide spectrum of cancers developed by BS patients suggests that early initial events occur in BS cells which may also be involved in the initiation of carcinogenesis in the general population and these may be common to several cancers. BS is caused by mutations of both copies of the BLM gene, encoding the RecQ BLM helicase. This review discusses the different aspects of BS and the different cellular functions of BLM in genome surveillance and maintenance through its major roles during DNA replication, repair, and transcription. BLM's activities are essential for the stabilization of centromeric, telomeric and ribosomal DNA sequences, and the regulation of innate immunity. One of the key objectives of this work is to establish a link between BLM functions and the main clinical phenotypes observed in BS patients, as well as to shed new light on the correlation between the genetic instability and diseases such as immunodeficiency and cancer. The different potential implications of the BLM helicase in the tumorigenic process and the use of BLM as new potential target in the field of cancer treatment are also debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Ababou
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco; Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco.
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235
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Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) fulfils essential roles to preserve genome integrity. Targeting the DDR in tumors has had remarkable success over the last decade, exemplified by the licensing of PARP inhibitors for cancer therapy. Recent studies suggest that the application of DDR inhibitors impacts on cellular innate and adaptive immune responses, wherein key DNA repair factors have roles in limiting chronic inflammatory signaling. Antitumor immunity plays an emerging part in cancer therapy, and extensive efforts have led to the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors overcoming immune suppressive signals in tumors. Here, we review the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying DNA damage-triggered immune responses, including cytosolic DNA sensing via the cGAS/STING pathway. We highlight the implications of DDR components for therapeutic outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitors or their use as biomarkers. Finally, we discuss the rationale for novel combinations of DDR inhibitors with antagonists of immune checkpoints and current hindrances limiting their broader therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenic Pilger
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | - Leonard W Seymour
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P Jackson
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
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236
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Bernardi A, Gobelli D, Serna J, Nawrocka P, March-Rosselló G, Orduña A, Kozlowski P, Simarro M, de la Fuente MA. Novel fluorescent-based reporter cell line engineered for monitoring homologous recombination events. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0237413. [PMID: 33930025 PMCID: PMC8087102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) faithfully restores DNA double-strand breaks. Defects in this HR repair pathway are associated with cancer predisposition. In genetic engineering, HR has been used extensively to study gene function and it represents an ideal method of gene therapy for single gene disorders. Here, we present a novel assay to measure HR in living cells. The HR substrate consisted of a non-fluorescent 3’ truncated form of the eGFP gene and was integrated into the AAVS1 locus, known as a safe harbor. The donor DNA template comprised a 5’ truncated eGFP copy and was delivered via AAV particles. HR mediated repair restored full-length eGFP coding sequence, resulting in eGFP+ cells. The utility of our assay in quantifying HR events was validated by exploring the impact of the overexpression of HR promoters and the siRNA-mediated silencing of genes known to play a role in DNA repair on the frequency of HR. We conclude that this novel assay represents a useful tool to further investigate the mechanisms that control HR and test continually emerging tools for HR-mediated genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Bernardi
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics (IBGM) of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Dino Gobelli
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics (IBGM) of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Julia Serna
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics (IBGM) of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Paulina Nawrocka
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Antonio Orduña
- Division of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Microbiology Department, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Piotr Kozlowski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - María Simarro
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics (IBGM) of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Department of Nursing-"Grupo de Investigación en Cuidados de Enfermería" GICE, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Miguel A de la Fuente
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics (IBGM) of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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237
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Ngu SF, Tse KY, Chu MMY, Ngan HYS, Chan KKL. Olaparib dose re-escalation in ovarian cancer patients who experienced severe and/or uncommon adverse events: A case series. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2021; 17 Suppl 3:3-11. [PMID: 33860646 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM Few real-world studies have reported detailed management and dose adjustment strategies of adverse events (AEs) of ovarian cancer (OC) patients treated with the poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitor olaparib. This case series aimed to describe olaparib AEs in Chinese OC patients in real-life settings and to explore dose modification strategies. METHODS We conducted a detailed examination of the clinical records of OC patients who were treated with olaparib at the Gynecologic Oncology Unit in Hong Kong from September 2015 to December 2019, including baseline characteristics, treatment outcomes, AEs, and management strategies, particularly dose modifications. RESULTS Nineteen patients were included, with a median olaparib treatment duration of 12 (range: 3-30) months. For recurrent platinum-sensitive cases (n = 16), the median progression-free survival was 16.0 months (95% confidence interval: 9.5-22.5). Eighteen (95%) patients experienced AE(s) of any grade, including four (21%) who experienced grade ≥3 AE(s). The most common AEs were as follows: nonhematologic fatigue (68%), nausea (42%), vomiting (26%), decreased appetite (26%), dyspepsia (21%), dizziness (21%), anemia (37%), neutropenia (26%), and thrombocytopenia (21%). Four specific cases involving anemia, lower limb lymphedema, myeloid neoplasm, and erythema nodosum are discussed separately. Eight patients required dose interruption or reduction due to AEs, of which five patients attempted and tolerated dose re-escalation. CONCLUSION In this study, most AEs were mild, but rare AEs were observed. In OC patients, olaparib AE management with dose reductions followed by re-escalations was feasible, including for anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew-Fei Ngu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Ka-Yu Tse
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Mandy M Y Chu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Hextan Y S Ngan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Karen K L Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
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238
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Li Q, Engebrecht J. BRCA1 and BRCA2 Tumor Suppressor Function in Meiosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:668309. [PMID: 33996823 PMCID: PMC8121103 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.668309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is a specialized cell cycle that results in the production of haploid gametes for sexual reproduction. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are connected by chiasmata, the physical manifestation of crossovers. Crossovers are formed by the repair of intentionally induced double strand breaks by homologous recombination and facilitate chromosome alignment on the meiotic spindle and proper chromosome segregation. While it is well established that the tumor suppressors BRCA1 and BRCA2 function in DNA repair and homologous recombination in somatic cells, the functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in meiosis have received less attention. Recent studies in both mice and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have provided insight into the roles of these tumor suppressors in a number of meiotic processes, revealing both conserved and organism-specific functions. BRCA1 forms an E3 ubiquitin ligase as a heterodimer with BARD1 and appears to have regulatory roles in a number of key meiotic processes. BRCA2 is a very large protein that plays an intimate role in homologous recombination. As women with no indication of cancer but carrying BRCA mutations show decreased ovarian reserve and accumulated oocyte DNA damage, studies in these systems may provide insight into why BRCA mutations impact reproductive success in addition to their established roles in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyan Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - JoAnne Engebrecht
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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239
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Zheng W, Chen Q, Liu H, Hu S, Zhou Y, Bai Y, Zhang J, Pan Y, Shao C. CD81 Enhances Radioresistance of Glioblastoma by Promoting Nuclear Translocation of Rad51. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13091998. [PMID: 33919192 PMCID: PMC8122253 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13091998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary CD81 is highly expressed in glioblastoma (GBM) as a transmembrane protein. The functional study demonstrated that CD81 contributed to radioresistance of GBM. Further evidence showed that CD81 expression was closely related to DNA damage response and homologous recombination repair (HRR) was responsible for the CD81 mediated radioresistance. Particularly, nuclear membrane protein CD81 assisted the nuclear transport of Rad51, a key protein involved in HRR process after irradiation. Overall, CD81 may be utility as a predictive biomarker and therapeutic target of radioresistant GBM. Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common type of primary tumor in central nervous system in adult with a 5-year survival rate of ≤5%. Despite of recent advances in tumor radiotherapy, the prognosis of GBM remains to be dismal due to radioresistance. In this study, we identified CD81 as a potential biomarker of GBM radioresistance with the analysis of upregulated genes in human glioma radioresistant cell lines U251R and T98G in comparison with U251 cells. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that suppressing CD81 by siRNA/shRNA enhanced radiation-induced cell killing and DNA damage of γ-H2AX formation, and delayed tumor xenograft growth of GBM. Mechanistically, we found that knockdown of CD81 significantly decreased radiation-induced expression of nuclear Rad51, a key protein involved in homologous recombination repair (HRR) of DNA, suggesting that CD81 is essential for DNA damage response. Meanwhile, when the cells were treated with B02, a Rad51 inhibitor, silencing CD81 would not sensitize GBM cells to radiation, which further illustrates that Rad51 acts as an effector protein of CD81 in tumor radioresistance. Dual immunofluorescence staining of CD81 and Rad51 illustrated that nuclear membrane CD81 contributed to the nuclear transport of Rad51 after irradiation. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time that CD81 not only played a vital role in DNA repair through regulating Rad51 nuclear transport, but also might serve as a potential target of GBM radiotherapy.
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240
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Panday A, Willis NA, Elango R, Menghi F, Duffey EE, Liu ET, Scully R. FANCM regulates repair pathway choice at stalled replication forks. Mol Cell 2021; 81:2428-2444.e6. [PMID: 33882298 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Repair pathway "choice" at stalled mammalian replication forks is an important determinant of genome stability; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. FANCM encodes a multi-domain scaffolding and motor protein that interacts with several distinct repair protein complexes at stalled forks. Here, we use defined mutations engineered within endogenous Fancm in mouse embryonic stem cells to study how Fancm regulates stalled fork repair. We find that distinct FANCM repair functions are enacted by molecularly separable scaffolding domains. These findings define FANCM as a key mediator of repair pathway choice at stalled replication forks and reveal its molecular mechanism. Notably, mutations that inactivate FANCM ATPase function disable all its repair functions and "trap" FANCM at stalled forks. We find that Brca1 hypomorphic mutants are synthetic lethal with Fancm null or Fancm ATPase-defective mutants. The ATPase function of FANCM may therefore represent a promising "druggable" target for therapy of BRCA1-linked cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Panday
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nicholas A Willis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rajula Elango
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Francesca Menghi
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Erin E Duffey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Edison T Liu
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Ralph Scully
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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241
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FEN1 Blockade for Platinum Chemo-Sensitization and Synthetic Lethality in Epithelial Ovarian Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081866. [PMID: 33919707 PMCID: PMC8070745 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Overall survival outcomes, despite platinum-based chemotherapy, for patients with advanced ovarian cancer remains poor. Increased DNA repair capacity is a key route to platinum resistance in ovarian cancer. In the current study, we show that FEN1, a key player in DNA repair, is overexpressed in ovarian cancer and associated with poor survival. Pre-clinically FEN1 blockade not only increased platinum sensitivity but was also synthetically lethal in BRCA2 and POLβ deficient ovarian cancer cells. Together the data provides evidence that FEN1 is a promising anti-cancer target in ovarian cancer. Abstract FEN1 plays critical roles in long patch base excision repair (LP-BER), Okazaki fragment maturation, and rescue of stalled replication forks. In a clinical cohort, FEN1 overexpression is associated with aggressive phenotype and poor progression-free survival after platinum chemotherapy. Pre-clinically, FEN1 is induced upon cisplatin treatment, and nuclear translocation of FEN1 is dependent on physical interaction with importin β. FEN1 depletion, gene inactivation, or inhibition re-sensitizes platinum-resistant ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin. BRCA2 deficient cells exhibited synthetic lethality upon treatment with a FEN1 inhibitor. FEN1 inhibitor-resistant PEO1R cells were generated, and these reactivated BRCA2 and overexpressed the key repair proteins, POLβ and XRCC1. FEN1i treatment was selectively toxic to POLβ deficient but not XRCC1 deficient ovarian cancer cells. High throughput screening of 391,275 compounds identified several FEN1 inhibitor hits that are suitable for further drug development. We conclude that FEN1 is a valid target for ovarian cancer therapy.
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242
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Willaume S, Rass E, Fontanilla-Ramirez P, Moussa A, Wanschoor P, Bertrand P. A Link between Replicative Stress, Lamin Proteins, and Inflammation. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040552. [PMID: 33918867 PMCID: PMC8070205 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded breaks (DSB), the most toxic DNA lesions, are either a consequence of cellular metabolism, programmed as in during V(D)J recombination, or induced by anti-tumoral therapies or accidental genotoxic exposure. One origin of DSB sources is replicative stress, a major source of genome instability, especially when the integrity of the replication forks is not properly guaranteed. To complete stalled replication, restarting the fork requires complex molecular mechanisms, such as protection, remodeling, and processing. Recently, a link has been made between DNA damage accumulation and inflammation. Indeed, defects in DNA repair or in replication can lead to the release of DNA fragments in the cytosol. The recognition of this self-DNA by DNA sensors leads to the production of inflammatory factors. This beneficial response activating an innate immune response and destruction of cells bearing DNA damage may be considered as a novel part of DNA damage response. However, upon accumulation of DNA damage, a chronic inflammatory cellular microenvironment may lead to inflammatory pathologies, aging, and progression of tumor cells. Progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of DNA damage repair, replication stress, and cytosolic DNA production would allow to propose new therapeutical strategies against cancer or inflammatory diseases associated with aging. In this review, we describe the mechanisms involved in DSB repair, the replicative stress management, and its consequences. We also focus on new emerging links between key components of the nuclear envelope, the lamins, and DNA repair, management of replicative stress, and inflammation.
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243
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Sullivan MR, Prakash R, Rawal Y, Wang W, Sung P, Radke MR, Kaufmann SH, Swisher EM, Bernstein KA, Jasin M. Long-term survival of an ovarian cancer patient harboring a RAD51C missense mutation. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2021; 7:mcs.a006083. [PMID: 33832919 PMCID: PMC8040731 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a006083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in homologous recombination (HR) genes predispose to cancer but also sensitize to chemotherapeutics. Although therapy can initially be effective, cancers frequently cease responding, leading to recurrence and poor prognosis. Here we identify a germline mutation in RAD51C, a critical HR factor and known tumor suppressor, in an ovarian cancer patient with exceptionally long, progression-free survival. The RAD51C–T132P mutation is in a highly conserved residue within the nucleotide-binding site and interferes with single-strand DNA binding of the RAD51 paralog complex RAD51B–RAD51C–RAD51D–XRCC2 and association with another RAD51 paralog XRCC3. These biochemical defects lead to highly defective HR and drug sensitivity in tumor cells, ascribing RAD51C–T132P as a deleterious mutation that was likely causal for tumor formation. Conversely, its position within a critical site suggests that it is refractory to secondary mutations that would restore RAD51C gene function and lead to therapy resistance. A need for a greater understanding of the relationship between mutation position and reversion potential of HR genes is underscored, as it may help predict the effectiveness of therapies in patients with HR-deficient cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan R Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Rohit Prakash
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Yashpal Rawal
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Weibin Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Patrick Sung
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Marc R Radke
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Departments of Oncology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Swisher
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Kara A Bernstein
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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244
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Ehlén Å, Sessa G, Zinn-Justin S, Carreira A. The phospho-dependent role of BRCA2 on the maintenance of chromosome integrity. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:731-741. [PMID: 33691600 PMCID: PMC8098065 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1892994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability is a hallmark of cancer. The tumor suppressor protein BRCA2 performs an important role in the maintenance of genome integrity particularly in interphase; as a mediator of homologous recombination DNA repair pathway, it participates in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks, inter-strand crosslinks and replicative DNA lesions. BRCA2 also protects stalled replication forks from aberrant degradation. Defects in these functions lead to structural chromosomal aberrations. BRCA2 is a large protein containing highly disordered regions that are heavily phosphorylated particularly in mitosis. The functions of these modifications are getting elucidated and reveal emerging activities in chromosome alignment, chromosome segregation and abscission during cell division. Defects in these activities result in numerical chromosomal aberrations. In addition to BRCA2, other factors of the DNA damage response (DDR) participate in mitosis in close association with cell cycle kinases and phosphatases suggesting that the maintenance of genome integrity functions of these factors extends beyond DNA repair. Here we will discuss the regulation of BRCA2 functions through phosphorylation by cell cycle kinases particularly in mitosis, and illustrate with some examples how BRCA2 and other DDR proteins partially rewire their interactions, essentially via phosphorylation, to fulfill mitotic specific functions that ensure chromosome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Ehlén
- Institut Curie, PSL University, CNRS, UMR3348, Orsay, France
- Paris-Saclay University CNRS, UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Gaetana Sessa
- Institut Curie, PSL University, CNRS, UMR3348, Orsay, France
- Paris-Saclay University CNRS, UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Zinn-Justin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Aura Carreira
- Institut Curie, PSL University, CNRS, UMR3348, Orsay, France
- Paris-Saclay University CNRS, UMR3348, Orsay, France
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Yamaguchi H, Kitami K, Wu X, He L, Wang J, Wang B, Komatsu Y. Alteration of DNA Damage Response Causes Cleft Palate. Front Physiol 2021; 12:649492. [PMID: 33854442 PMCID: PMC8039291 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.649492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate is one of the most common craniofacial birth defects, however, little is known about how changes in the DNA damage response (DDR) cause cleft palate. To determine the role of DDR during palatogenesis, the DDR process was altered using a pharmacological intervention approach. A compromised DDR caused by a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzyme inhibitor resulted in cleft palate in wild-type mouse embryos, with increased DNA damage and apoptosis. In addition, a mouse genetic approach was employed to disrupt breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer 2 (BRCA2), known as key players in DDR. An ectomesenchymal-specific deletion of Brca1 or Brca2 resulted in cleft palate due to attenuation of cell survival. This was supported by the phenotypes of the ectomesenchymal-specific Brca1/Brca2 double-knockout mice. The cleft palate phenotype was rescued by superimposing p53 null alleles, demonstrating that the BRCA1/2-p53 DDR pathway is critical for palatogenesis. Our study highlights the importance of DDR in palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kohei Kitami
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xiao Wu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Li He
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Graduate Program in Genetics & Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yoshihiro Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Graduate Program in Genetics & Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
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246
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Germline Mutations in Other Homologous Recombination Repair-Related Genes Than BRCA1/2: Predictive or Prognostic Factors? J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11040245. [PMID: 33800556 PMCID: PMC8066561 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11040245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway repairs double-strand DNA breaks, mostly by BRCA1 and BRCA2, although other proteins such as ATM, CHEK2, and PALB2 are also involved. BRCA1/2 germline mutations are targeted by PARP inhibitors. The aim of this commentary is to explore whether germline mutations in HRR-related genes other than BRCA1/2 have to be considered as prognostic factors or predictive to therapies by discussing the results of two articles published in December 2020. The TBCRC 048 trial published by Tung et al. showed an impressive objective response rate to olaparib in metastatic breast cancer patients with germline PALB2 mutation compared to germline ATM and CHEK2 mutation carriers. Additionally, Yadav et al. observed a significantly longer overall survival in pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients with germline HRR mutations compared to non-carriers. In our opinion, assuming that PALB2 is a high-penetrant gene with a key role in the HRR system, PALB2 mutations are predictive factors for response to treatment. Moreover, germline mutations in the ATM gene provide a better outcome in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, being more often associated to wild-type KRAS. In conclusion, sequencing of HRR-related genes other than BRCA1/2 should be routinely offered as part of a biological characterization of pancreatic and breast cancers.
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247
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Ismagilov AK, Khuzina DR, Vanesyan AS, Zaysteva VV. The role of biomarkers in the early diagnostics of breast cancer. TUMORS OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 2021. [DOI: 10.17650/1994-4098-2020-16-4-35-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
One of the main priorities in modern oncology is the identification and clinical application of biomarkers that can be helpful in the diagnostics and prognostication of cancer. The aim of this article was to review biomarkers for early diagnosis and prediction of prognosis of breast cancer. There were reviewed three main groups of biomarkers in this article: familial breast cancer biomarkers with high and low penetration (BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, etc.), biomarkers of breast cancer molecular subtypes (luminal A and luminal B, HER2/neu, basal and low in claudine) and biomarkers of early stage breast cancer progression (multigenic panels).
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kh. Ismagilov
- Kazan State Medical Academy – branch of Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education of Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education of Ministry of Healthcare Russia;Tatarstan Regional Clinical Cancer Center
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248
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Roy U, Kwon Y, Marie L, Symington L, Sung P, Lisby M, Greene EC. The Rad51 paralog complex Rad55-Rad57 acts as a molecular chaperone during homologous recombination. Mol Cell 2021; 81:1043-1057.e8. [PMID: 33421364 PMCID: PMC8262405 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is essential for maintenance of genome integrity. Rad51 paralogs fulfill a conserved but undefined role in HR, and their mutations are associated with increased cancer risk in humans. Here, we use single-molecule imaging to reveal that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51 paralog complex Rad55-Rad57 promotes assembly of Rad51 recombinase filament through transient interactions, providing evidence that it acts like a classical molecular chaperone. Srs2 is an ATP-dependent anti-recombinase that downregulates HR by actively dismantling Rad51 filaments. Contrary to the current model, we find that Rad55-Rad57 does not physically block the movement of Srs2. Instead, Rad55-Rad57 promotes rapid re-assembly of Rad51 filaments after their disruption by Srs2. Our findings support a model in which Rad51 is in flux between free and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-bound states, the rate of which is controlled dynamically though the opposing actions of Rad55-Rad57 and Srs2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Youngho Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Lea Marie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lorraine Symington
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Patrick Sung
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Michael Lisby
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Eric C Greene
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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249
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Xing P, Dong Y, Zhao J, Zhou Z, Li Z, Wang Y, Li M, Zhang X, Chen X. Mrc1-Dependent Chromatin Compaction Represses DNA Double-Stranded Break Repair by Homologous Recombination Upon Replication Stress. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:630777. [PMID: 33681209 PMCID: PMC7928320 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.630777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordination of DNA replication and repair is critical for the maintenance of genome stability. It has been shown that the Mrc1-mediated S phase checkpoint inhibits DNA double-stranded break (DSB) repair through homologous recombination (HR). How the replication checkpoint inhibits HR remains only partially understood. Here we show that replication stress induces the suppression of both Sgs1/Dna2- and Exo1-mediated resection pathways in an Mrc1-dependent manner. As a result, the loading of the single-stranded DNA binding factor replication protein A (RPA) and Rad51 and DSB repair by HR were severely impaired under replication stress. Notably, the deletion of MRC1 partially restored the recruitment of resection enzymes, DSB end resection, and the loading of RPA and Rad51. The role of Mrc1 in inhibiting DSB end resection is independent of Csm3, Tof1, or Ctf4. Mechanistically, we reveal that replication stress induces global chromatin compaction in a manner partially dependent on Mrc1, and this chromatin compaction limits the access of chromatin remodeling factors and HR proteins, leading to the suppression of HR. Our study reveals a critical role of the Mrc1-dependent chromatin structure change in coordinating DNA replication and recombination under replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poyuan Xing
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and the Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Dong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and the Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyu Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and the Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and the Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and the Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and the Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengfei Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and the Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinghua Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and the Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuefeng Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and the Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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250
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Patel PS, Abraham KJ, Guturi KKN, Halaby MJ, Khan Z, Palomero L, Ho B, Duan S, St-Germain J, Algouneh A, Mateo F, El Ghamrasni S, Barbour H, Barnes DR, Beesley J, Sanchez O, Berman HK, Brown GW, El Bachir Affar, Chenevix-Trench G, Antoniou AC, Arrowsmith CH, Raught B, Pujana MA, Mekhail K, Hakem A, Hakem R. RNF168 regulates R-loop resolution and genomic stability in BRCA1/2-deficient tumors. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:140105. [PMID: 33529165 PMCID: PMC7843228 DOI: 10.1172/jci140105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) genes considerably increase breast and ovarian cancer risk. Given that tumors with these mutations have elevated genomic instability, they exhibit relative vulnerability to certain chemotherapies and targeted treatments based on poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition. However, the molecular mechanisms that influence cancer risk and therapeutic benefit or resistance remain only partially understood. BRCA1 and BRCA2 have also been implicated in the suppression of R-loops, triple-stranded nucleic acid structures composed of a DNA:RNA hybrid and a displaced ssDNA strand. Here, we report that loss of RNF168, an E3 ubiquitin ligase and DNA double-strand break (DSB) responder, remarkably protected Brca1-mutant mice against mammary tumorigenesis. We demonstrate that RNF168 deficiency resulted in accumulation of R-loops in BRCA1/2-mutant breast and ovarian cancer cells, leading to DSBs, senescence, and subsequent cell death. Using interactome assays, we identified RNF168 interaction with DHX9, a helicase involved in the resolution and removal of R-loops. Mechanistically, RNF168 directly ubiquitylated DHX9 to facilitate its recruitment to R-loop-prone genomic loci. Consequently, loss of RNF168 impaired DHX9 recruitment to R-loops, thereby abrogating its ability to resolve R-loops. The data presented in this study highlight a dependence of BRCA1/2-defective tumors on factors that suppress R-loops and reveal a fundamental RNF168-mediated molecular mechanism that governs cancer development and vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parasvi S. Patel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, and
| | - Karan Joshua Abraham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kiran Kumar Naidu Guturi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, and
| | - Marie-Jo Halaby
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, and
| | - Zahra Khan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, and
| | - Luis Palomero
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Brandon Ho
- Department of Biochemistry and Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shili Duan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, and
| | - Jonathan St-Germain
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, and
| | - Arash Algouneh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francesca Mateo
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Samah El Ghamrasni
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, and
| | - Haithem Barbour
- Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel R. Barnes
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Beesley
- Cancer Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Otto Sanchez
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hal K. Berman
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grant W. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - El Bachir Affar
- Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Antonis C. Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl H. Arrowsmith
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, and
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, and
| | - Miquel Angel Pujana
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Karim Mekhail
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne Hakem
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, and
| | - Razqallah Hakem
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, and
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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