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Xu YP, Qi RQ, Chen W, Shi Y, Cui ZZ, Gao XH, Chen HD, Zhou L, Mi QS. Aging affects epidermal Langerhans cell development and function and alters their miRNA gene expression profile. Aging (Albany NY) 2013. [PMID: 23178507 PMCID: PMC3560442 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunosenescence is a result of progressive decline in immune system function with advancing age. Epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs), belonging to the dendritic cell (DC) family, act as sentinels to play key roles in the skin immune responses. However, it has not been fully elucidated how aging affects development and function of LCs. Here, we systemically analyzed LC development and function during the aging process in C57BL/6J mice, and performed global microRNA (miRNA) gene expression profiles in aged and young LCs. We found that the frequency and maturation of epidermal LCs were significantly reduced in aged mice starting at 12 months of age, while the Langerin expression and ability to phagocytose Dextran in aged LCs were increased compared to LCs from < 6 month old mice. The migration of LCs to draining lymph nodes was comparable between aged and young mice. Functionally, aged LCs were impaired in their capacity to induce OVA-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation. Furthermore, the expression of miRNAs in aged epidermal LCs showed a distinct profile compared to young LCs. Most interestingly, aging-regulated miRNAs potentially target TGF-β-dependent and non- TGF-β-dependent signal pathways related to LCs. Overall, our data suggests that aging affects LCs development and function, and that age-regulated miRNAs may contribute to the LC developmental and functional changes in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ping Xu
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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202
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Langerin(neg) conventional dendritic cells produce IL-23 to drive psoriatic plaque formation in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:10723-8. [PMID: 23754427 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307569110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an autoinflammatory skin disease of unknown etiology. Topical application of Aldara cream containing the Toll-like receptor (TLR)7 agonist Imiquimod (IMQ) onto patients induces flares of psoriasis. Likewise, in mice IMQ triggers pathological changes closely resembling psoriatic plaque formation. Key cytokines like IL-23 and type-I IFN (IFN-I), both being produced mainly by dendritic cells (DCs), have been implicated in psoriasis. Although plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) are the main source of IFNα and thought to initiate disease, conventional DCs (cDCs) appear to maintain the psoriatic lesions. Any role of cDCs during lesion formation remains elusive. Here, we report that selective activation of TLR7 signaling specifically in CD11c(+) DCs was sufficient to induce psoriasiform skin disease in mice. Intriguingly, both pDCs and the IFN-I pathway were dispensable for the development of local skin inflammation. Selective TLR7 triggering of Langerin(+) DCs resulted in attenuated disease, whereas their depletion did not alter the severity of skin lesions. Moreover, after IMQ-painting, IL-23 was exclusively produced by Langerin(neg) DCs in vivo. In conclusion, TLR7-activated Langerin(neg) cDCs trigger psoriatic plaque formation via IL-23-mediated activation of innate IL-17/IL-22-producing lymphocytes, independently of pDCs or IFN-I. These results suggest therapeutic targeting of IL-23 production by cDCs to refine current treatment strategies for psoriasis.
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203
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Toll-like receptors 7, 8, and 9 expression and function in primary human cervical cancer Langerhans cells: evidence of anergy. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23:184-92. [PMID: 23221735 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0b013e31827a2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human papillomavirus oncoproteins E6 and E7 down modulate Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 expression in infected keratinocytes. We explored the status of expression and function of TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 in primary human Langerhans cells (LCs) isolated from cervical tumors. METHODOLOGY Single-cell suspensions were made from fresh tissues of squamous cell carcinoma (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IB2); myeloid dendritic cells were purified using CD1c magnetic activated cell separation kits. Langerhans cells were further flow sorted into CD1a*CD207* cells. Acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1-derived LCs (moLCs) formed the controls. mRNA from flow-sorted LCs was reverse transcribed to cDNA and TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 amplified. Monocyte-derived Langerhans cells and cervical tumor LCs were stimulated with TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 ligands. Culture supernatants were assayed for interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, interferon (IFN) α, interferon γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α by Luminex multiplex bead array. Human papillomavirus was genotyped. RESULTS We have for the first time demonstrated that the acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 can be differentiated into LCs in vitro. Although these moLCs expressed all the 3 TLRs, tumor LCs expressed TLR7 and TLR8, but uniformly lacked TLR9. Also, moLCs secreted IL-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor α to TLR8 ligand and interferon α in response to TLR9 ligand; in contrast, tumor LCs did not express any cytokine to any of the 3 TLR ligands. Human papillomavirus type 16 was one of the common human papillomavirus types in all cases. CONCLUSIONS Cervical tumor LCs lacked TLR9 expression and were functionally anergic to all the 3: TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 ligands, which may play a crucial role in immune tolerance. The exact location of block(s) in TLR7 and TLR8 signaling needs to be investigated, which would have important immunotherapeutic implications.
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204
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Dietz WM, Skinner NEB, Hamilton SE, Jund MD, Heitfeld SM, Litterman AJ, Hwu P, Chen ZY, Salazar AM, Ohlfest JR, Blazar BR, Pennell CA, Osborn MJ. Minicircle DNA is superior to plasmid DNA in eliciting antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1526-35. [PMID: 23689601 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials reveal that plasmid DNA (pDNA)-based gene delivery must be improved to realize its potential to treat human disease. Current pDNA platforms suffer from brief transgene expression, primarily due to the spread of transcriptionally repressive chromatin initially deposited on plasmid bacterial backbone sequences. Minicircle (MC) DNA lacks plasmid backbone sequences and correspondingly confers higher levels of sustained transgene expression upon delivery, accounting for its success in preclinical gene therapy models. In this study, we show for the first time that MC DNA also functions as a vaccine platform. We used a luciferase reporter transgene to demonstrate that intradermal delivery of MC DNA, relative to pDNA, resulted in significantly higher and persistent levels of luciferase expression in mouse skin. Next, we immunized mice intradermally with DNA encoding a peptide that, when presented by the appropriate major histocompatibility complex class I molecule, was recognized by endogenous CD8(+) T cells. Finally, immunization with peptide-encoding MC DNA, but not the corresponding full-length (FL) pDNA, conferred significant protection in mice challenged with Listeria monocytogenes expressing the model peptide. Together, our results suggest intradermal delivery of MC DNA may prove more efficacious for prophylaxis than traditional pDNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wynette M Dietz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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205
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The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor is involved in UVR-induced immunosuppression. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2763-2770. [PMID: 23652795 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
UVR suppresses the immune system through the induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs). UVR-induced DNA damage has been recognized as the major molecular trigger involved, as reduction of DNA damage by enhanced repair prevents the compromise to the immune system by UVR. Nevertheless, other signaling events may also be involved. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) was identified as another target for UVR, as UVR activates the AhR and certain UVR effects were not detected in AhR-deficient cells. We studied whether the AhR is involved in UVR-induced local immunosuppression and whether similar effects can be induced by AhR agonists. The AhR antagonist 3-methoxy-4-nitroflavone reduced UVR-mediated immunosuppression and the induction of Tregs in murine contact hypersensitivity (CHS). Conversely, activation of the AhR by the agonist 4-n-nonylphenol (NP) suppressed the induction of CHS and induced antigen-specific Tregs similar to UVR. This was further confirmed in AhR knockout mice in which UVR- and NP-induced immunosuppression were significantly reduced. Together, this indicates that the AhR is involved in mediating UVR-induced immunosuppression. Activation of the AhR might represent an alternative to modulate the immune system in a similar manner like UVR but without causing the adverse effects of UVR, including DNA damage.
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206
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Rinaldo CR. HIV-1 Trans Infection of CD4(+) T Cells by Professional Antigen Presenting Cells. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:164203. [PMID: 24278768 PMCID: PMC3820354 DOI: 10.1155/2013/164203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1990s we have known of the fascinating ability of a complex set of professional antigen presenting cells (APCs; dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, and B lymphocytes) to mediate HIV-1 trans infection of CD4(+) T cells. This results in a burst of virus replication in the T cells that is much greater than that resulting from direct, cis infection of either APC or T cells, or trans infection between T cells. Such APC-to-T cell trans infection first involves a complex set of virus subtype, attachment, entry, and replication patterns that have many similarities among APC, as well as distinct differences related to virus receptors, intracellular trafficking, and productive and nonproductive replication pathways. The end result is that HIV-1 can sequester within the APC for several days and be transmitted via membrane extensions intracellularly and extracellularly to T cells across the virologic synapse. Virus replication requires activated T cells that can develop concurrently with the events of virus transmission. Further research is essential to fill the many gaps in our understanding of these trans infection processes and their role in natural HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R. Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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207
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Tanyi JL, Chu CS. Dendritic cell-based tumor vaccinations in epithelial ovarian cancer: a systematic review. Immunotherapy 2013; 4:995-1009. [PMID: 23148752 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
After decades of extensive research, epithelial ovarian cancer still remains a lethal disease. Multiple new studies have reported that the immune system plays a critical role in the growth and spread of ovarian carcinoma. This review summarizes the development of dendritic cell (DC) vaccinations specific for ovarian cancer. So far, DC-based vaccines have induced effective antitumor responses in animal models, but only limited results from human clinical trials are available. Although DC-based immunotherapy has proven to be clinically safe and efficient at inducing tumor-specific immune responses, its clear role in the therapy of ovarian cancer still needs to be clarified. The relatively disappointing low-response rates in early clinical trials point to the need for the development of more effective and personalized DC-based anticancer vaccines. This article reviews the basic mechanisms, limitations and future directions of DC-based anti-ovarian cancer vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos L Tanyi
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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208
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Understanding dendritic cells and their role in cutaneous carcinoma and cancer immunotherapy. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:624123. [PMID: 23606870 PMCID: PMC3625554 DOI: 10.1155/2013/624123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) represent a diverse group of professional antigen-presenting cells that serve to link the innate and adaptive immune systems. Their capacity to initiate a robust and antigen-specific immune response has made them the ideal candidates for cancer immunotherapies. To date, the clinical impact of DC immunotherapy has been limited, which may, in part, be explained by the complex nature of DC biology. Multiple distinct subsets of DCs have been identified in the skin, where they can be broadly subcategorized into epidermal Langerhans cells (LC), myeloid-derived dermal dendritic cells (mDC) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). Each subset is functionally unique and may activate alternate branches of the immune system. This may be relevant for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma, where we have shown that the tumor microenvironment may preferentially suppress the activity of mDCs, while LCs remain potent stimulators of immunity. Here, we provide an in depth analysis of DC biology, with a particular focus on skin DCs and their role in cutaneous carcinoma. We further explore the current approaches to DC immunotherapy and provide evidence for the targeting of LCs as a promising new strategy in the treatment of skin cancer.
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209
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Doss ALN, Smith PG. Nerve-Langerhans cell interactions in diabetes and aging. Histol Histopathol 2013; 27:1589-98. [PMID: 23059889 DOI: 10.14670/hh-27.1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous infections are a leading cause of hospitalization of diabetic patients. Langerhans cells (LCs) are antigen-presenting cutaneous dendritic cells that protect against infections, and effects of diabetes and aging on these cells are unclear. We examined LCs in footpads of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes at 3 months of age following 4 weeks of diabetes, and at 6 months following 16 weeks of diabetes. Immunostaining of LCs using the selective marker protein langerin showed cutaneous LC composition increased between 3 and 6 months of age owing to increased LC numbers and size in control rats. In diabetic rats, LC numbers increased with age but, unlike 6 month old controls, cell size did not, suggesting that diabetes impairs the increase in cell size that is a hallmark of LC maturation. Diabetes reduced LC numbers after 4 weeks and numbers and sizes following 16 weeks. We examined the relation between LC and innervation and found that, while axon density decreased with aging, it was not affected by 16 weeks of diabetes. However, LCs expressing the neuronal marker PGP9.5 represented a source of error in axonal counts. These findings support the hypothesis that diabetes substantially impacts LC proliferation and maturation independent of effects on cutaneous innervation. Accordingly, the interactions of diabetes and aging on LCs may be important factors in predisposing diabetic patients to cutaneous ulcers and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L N Doss
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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210
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Jain R, Weninger W. Shedding light on cutaneous innate immune responses: the intravital microscopy approach. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:263-70. [PMID: 23459295 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The skin is under constant assault by environmental factors and microbes. Innate immune cells in epidermis and dermis regulate immune responses against pathogens while maintaining tolerance against commensal bacteria and autoantigens. The introduction of intravital imaging approaches, in particular multiphoton microscopy, has enabled studying the cellular and molecular regulation of cutaneous immunity in real time within intact skin. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of innate immune cell behaviour in the skin, as unravelled by intravital microscopy, with emphasis on the function of myeloid cells, including dendritic cells, neutrophils and monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Jain
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
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211
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Scheiblhofer S, Thalhamer J, Weiss R. Laser microporation of the skin: prospects for painless application of protective and therapeutic vaccines. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:761-73. [PMID: 23425032 PMCID: PMC3667678 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.773970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In contrast to muscle and subcutaneous tissue, the skin is easily accessible and provides unique immunological properties. Increasing knowledge about the complex interplay of skin-associated cell types in the development of cutaneous immune responses has fueled efforts to target the skin for vaccination as well as for immunotherapy. Areas covered: This review provides an overview on skin layers and their resident immunocompetent cell types. Advantages and shortcomings of standard methods and innovative technologies to circumvent the outermost skin barrier are addressed. Studies employing fractional skin ablation by infrared lasers for cutaneous delivery of drugs, as well as high molecular weight molecules such as protein antigens or antibodies, are reviewed, and laserporation is introduced as a versatile transcutaneous vaccination platform. Specific targeting of the epidermis or the dermis by different laser settings, the resulting kinetics of uptake and transport and the immune response types elicited are discussed, and the potential of this transcutaneous delivery platform for allergen-specific immunotherapy is demonstrated. Expert opinion: Needle-free and painless vaccination approaches have the potential to replace standard methods due to their improved safety and optimal patient compliance. The use of fractional laser devices for stepwise ablation of skin layers might be advantageous for both vaccination against microbial pathogens, as well as immunotherapeutic approaches, such as allergen-specific immunotherapy. Thorough investigation of the underlying immunological mechanisms will help to provide the knowledge for a rational design of transcutaneous protective/therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Scheiblhofer
- University of Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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212
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Moore AJ, Anderson MK. Dendritic cell development: a choose-your-own-adventure story. Adv Hematol 2013; 2013:949513. [PMID: 23476654 PMCID: PMC3588201 DOI: 10.1155/2013/949513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential components of the immune system and contribute to immune responses by activating or tolerizing T cells. DCs comprise a heterogeneous mixture of subsets that are located throughout the body and possess distinct and specialized functions. Although numerous defined precursors from the bone marrow and spleen have been identified, emerging data in the field suggests many alternative routes of DC differentiation from precursors with multilineage potential. Here, we discuss how the combinatorial expression of transcription factors can promote one DC lineage over another as well as the integration of cytokine signaling in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Moore
- Division of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Michele K. Anderson
- Division of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
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213
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Guo L, Chen J, Qiu Y, Zhang S, Xu B, Gao Y. Enhanced transcutaneous immunization via dissolving microneedle array loaded with liposome encapsulated antigen and adjuvant. Int J Pharm 2013; 447:22-30. [PMID: 23410987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) with dissolving microneedle arrays (DMAs) is a promising vaccine administration method. In this work, we developed a TCI device consisting of dissolving polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) microneedles array, where in the tips are loaded with antigen and adjuvant encapsulated in liposomes. The microneedles could effectively be inserted into the skin and completely dissolve within 3 min. As a test-case, we selected ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen, CpG OND as adjuvant and cationic liposome (Lip) as a microparticulate vehicle for co-deliver antigens and adjuvant. Mice were immunized transcutaneously with DMAs containing OVA, OVA-CpG OND, OVA encapsulated in Lip, OVA-CpG OND encapsulated in Lip and conventional intramuscular injection (IM) with OVA solution, respectively. The results show that the anti-OVA IgG antibody level in the group immunized with the DMA containing OVA-CpG OND encapsulated in Lip was significantly higher than that of the other groups. Furthermore, it significantly increased the level of IgG2a (P<0.05) and achieved the shift of immune type from predominate Th2 type to a balance Th1/Th2 type. In conclusion, the DMA TCI device can effectively deliver the Lip encapsulating CpG OND-OVA into skin, enhancing the immune response and change the immune type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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214
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Abstract
It is unclear how the Langerhans cell (LC) network is maintained in adult epidermis. In this issue of Immunity, Seré et al. (2012) show that LCs are replenished in two waves. Monocyte-derived, short-lived LCs come first. A second wave follows, and these LCs of nonmonocytic origin are long-lived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Romani
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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215
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Hangalapura BN, Timares L, Oosterhoff D, Scheper RJ, Curiel DT, de Gruijl TD. CD40-targeted adenoviral cancer vaccines: the long and winding road to the clinic. J Gene Med 2012; 14:416-27. [PMID: 22228547 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses has been exploited to develop potent anti-cancer immunotherapies. Recent clinical trials exploring the efficacy of ex vivo modified autologous DC-based vaccines have reported some promising results. However, in vitro generation of autologous DCs for clinical administration, their loading with tumor associated antigens (TAAs) and their activation, is laborious and expensive, and, as a result of inter-individual variability in the personalized vaccines, remains poorly standardized. An attractive alternative approach is to load resident DCs in vivo by targeted delivery of TAAs, using viral vectors and activating them simultaneously. To this end, we have constructed genetically-modified adenoviral (Ad) vectors and bispecific adaptor molecules to retarget Ad vectors encoding TAAs to the CD40 receptor on DCs. Pre-clinical human and murine studies conducted so far have clearly demonstrated the suitability of a 'two-component' (i.e. Ad and adaptor molecule) configuration for targeted modification of DCs in vivo for cancer immunotherapy. This review summarizes recent progress in the development of CD40-targeted Ad-based cancer vaccines and highlights pre-clinical issues in the clinical translation of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basav N Hangalapura
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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216
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Igyártó BZ, Kaplan DH. Antigen presentation by Langerhans cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 25:115-9. [PMID: 23246038 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells and other skin-resident dendritic cells (DC) are required for the development of cutaneous adaptive immune responses. In vivo experiments using mice with selective DC-subset deficiencies and ex vivo experiments using isolated DC suggests that each subset makes a unique contribution to the adaptive response. This review focuses on the functional outcome of antigen presentation by Langerhans cells. Special attention is given to their ability to promote CD4 T cell differentiation in a variety of inflammatory contexts and whether this subset has the capacity to cross-prime CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botond Z Igyártó
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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217
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Abstract
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway has emerged as a critical regulator of dendritic cell (DC) development and function. The kinase mTOR is found in 2 distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. In this study, we show that mTORC1 but not mTORC2 is required for epidermal Langerhans cell (LC) homeostasis. Although the initial seeding of the epidermis with LCs is not affected, the lack of mTORC1 activity in DCs by conditional deletion of Raptor leads to a progressive loss of LCs in the skin of mice. Ablation of mTORC2 function by deletion of Rictor results in a modest reduction of LCs in skin draining lymph nodes. In young mice Raptor-deficient LCs show an increased tendency to leave the skin, leading to a higher frequency of migratory DCs in skin draining lymph nodes, indicating that the loss of LCs results from enhanced migration. LCs lacking Raptor are smaller and display reduced expression of Langerin, E-cadherin, β-catenin, and CCR7 but unchanged levels of MHC-II, ruling out enhanced spontaneous maturation. Ki-67 and annexin V stainings revealed a faster turnover rate and increased apoptosis of Raptor-deficient LCs, which might additionally affect the preservation of the LC network. Taken together our results show that the homeostasis of LCs strictly depends on mTORC1.
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218
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Duluc D, Gannevat J, Joo H, Ni L, Upchurch K, Boreham M, Carley M, Stecher J, Zurawski G, Oh S. Dendritic cells and vaccine design for sexually-transmitted diseases. Microb Pathog 2012. [PMID: 23201532 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are major antigen presenting cells (APCs) that can initiate and control host immune responses toward either immunity or tolerance. These features of DCs, as immune orchestrators, are well characterized by their tissue localizations as well as by their subset-dependent functional specialties and plasticity. Thus, the level of protective immunity to invading microbial pathogens can be dependent on the subsets of DCs taking up microbial antigens and their functional plasticity in response to microbial products, host cellular components and the cytokine milieu in the microenvironment. Vaccines are the most efficient and cost-effective preventive medicine against infectious diseases. However, major challenges still remain for the diseases caused by sexually-transmitted pathogens, including HIV, HPV, HSV and Chlamydia. We surmise that the establishment of protective immunity in the female genital mucosa, the major entry and transfer site of these pathogens, will bring significant benefit for the protection against sexually-transmitted diseases. Recent progresses made in DC biology suggest that vaccines designed to target proper DC subsets may permit us to establish protective immunity in the female genital mucosa against sexually-transmitted pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Duluc
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
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219
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Mi QS, Xu YP, Wang H, Qi RQ, Dong Z, Zhou L. Deletion of microRNA miR-223 increases Langerhans cell cross-presentation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 45:395-400. [PMID: 23153510 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are skin-residential dendritic cells that regulate skin immunity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators in the control of biological functions in a variety of cell types. Deletion of all miRNAs interrupts the homeostasis and function of epidermal LCs. However, the roles of individual miRNAs in regulating LC development and function are still completely unknown. MiRNA miR-223 is especially expressed in the myeloid compartment. Here, we reported that miR-223 is highly expressed in freshly isolated epidermal LCs, and tested whether miR-223 regulates LC development and function using miR-223 knockout (KO) mice. We found that the number, maturation, migration and phagocytic capacity of LCs were comparable between miR-223KO and wild-type mice. However, lack of miR-223 significantly increases LCs-mediated antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro, while LCs from KO and WT mice showed comparable stimulation for antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells. Our data suggest that miR-223 negatively regulates LC cross-presentation, but may not be required for normal LC homeostasis and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Sheng Mi
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States.
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Mi QS, Xu YP, Qi RQ, Shi YL, Zhou L. Lack of microRNA miR-150 reduces the capacity of epidermal Langerhans cell cross-presentation. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:876-7. [PMID: 23163655 PMCID: PMC3507423 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved small non-coding RNAs that repress target genes at post-transcriptional level. Langerhans cells (LCs) are skin-residential dendritic cells (DCs) with a life cycle distinct from other types of DCs. miRNA deficiency interrupts the homoeostasis and function of epidermal LCs, suggesting the critical roles of miRNAs in LC development and function. However, the roles of individual miRNAs in regulating LC development and function remain completely unknown. MiRNA miR-150 is highly expressed in mature lymphocytes and regulates T- and B-cell development and function. Here, we reported that miR-150 is also expressed in epidermal LCs, and its expression is significantly down-regulated during in vitro LC maturation. Using a miR-150 knockout mouse model, we found that lack of miR-150 reduces the capacity of LCs to cross-present a soluble antigen to antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, but does not disturb the development, maturation, migration and phagocytic capacity of LCs. Thus, our data indicate that miR-150 is required for LC cross-presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Sheng Mi
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Ying-Ping Xu
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Rui-Qun Qi
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Yu-Ling Shi
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Li Zhou
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Orr SL, Le D, Long JM, Sobieszczuk P, Ma B, Tian H, Fang X, Paulson JC, Marth JD, Varki N. A phenotype survey of 36 mutant mouse strains with gene-targeted defects in glycosyltransferases or glycan-binding proteins. Glycobiology 2012; 23:363-80. [PMID: 23118208 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The consortium for functional glycomics (CFG) was a large research initiative providing networking and resources for investigators studying the role of glycans and glycan-binding proteins in health and disease. Starting in 2001, six scientific cores were established to generate data, materials and new technologies. By the end of funding in 2011, the mouse phenotype core (MPC) submitted data to a website from the phenotype screen of 36 mutant mouse strains deficient in a gene for either a glycan-binding protein (GBP) or glycosyltransferase (GT). Each mutant strain was allotted three months for analysis and screened by standard phenotype assays used in the fields of immunology, histology, hematology, coagulation, serum chemistry, metabolism and behavior. Twenty of the deficient mouse strains had been studied in other laboratories, and additional tests were performed on these strains to confirm previous observations and discover new data. The CFG constructed 16 new homozygous mutant mouse strains and completed the initial phenotype screen of the majority of these new mutant strains. In total, >300 phenotype changes were observed, but considering the over 100 assays performed on each strain, most of the phenotypes were unchanged. Phenotype differences include abnormal testis morphology in GlcNAcT9- and Siglec-H-deficient mice and lethality in Pomgnt1-deficient mice. The numerous altered phenotypes discovered, along with the consideration of the significant findings of normality, will provide a platform for future characterization to understand the important roles of glycans and GBPs in the mechanisms of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally L Orr
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
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222
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Senba M, Mori N. Mechanisms of virus immune evasion lead to development from chronic inflammation to cancer formation associated with human papillomavirus infection. Oncol Rev 2012; 6:e17. [PMID: 25992215 PMCID: PMC4419623 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2012.e17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) has developed strategies to escape eradication by innate and adaptive immunity. Immune response evasion has been considered an important aspect of HPV persistence, which is the main contributing factor leading to HPV-related cancers. HPV-induced cancers expressing viral oncogenes E6 and E7 are potentially recognized by the immune system. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are patrolled by natural killer cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, respectively. This system of recognition is a main target for the strategies of immune evasion deployed by viruses. The viral immune evasion proteins constitute useful tools to block defined stages of the MHC class I presentation pathway, and in this way HPV avoids the host immune response. The long latency period from initial infection to persistence signifies that HPV evolves mechanisms to escape the immune response. It has now been established that there are oncogenic mechanisms by which E7 binds to and degrades tumor suppressor Rb, while E6 binds to and inactivates tumor suppressor p53. Therefore, interaction of p53 and pRb proteins can give rise to an increased immortalization and genomic instability. Overexpression of NF-κB in cervical and penile cancers suggests that NF-κB activation is a key modulator in driving chronic inflammation to cancer. HPV oncogene-mediated suppression of NF-κB activity contributes to HPV escape from the immune system. This review focuses on the diverse mechanisms of the virus immune evasion with HPV that leads to chronic inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masachika Senba
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University
| | - Naoki Mori
- Department of Microbiology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Japan
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Shi YL, Gu J, Park JJ, Xu YP, Yu FS, Zhou L, Mi QS. Histone deacetylases inhibitor Trichostatin A ameliorates DNFB-induced allergic contact dermatitis and reduces epidermal Langerhans cells in mice. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 68:99-107. [PMID: 22999682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone deacetylases (HDACs) influence chromatin organization, representing a key epigenetic regulatory mechanism in cells. Trichostatin A (TSA), a potent HDAC inhibitor, has anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a T-cell-mediated inflammatory reaction in skin and is regulated by epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate if TSA treatment prevents 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced ACD in mice and regulates epidermal LCs and other immune cells during ACD development. METHODS ACD was induced by sensitizing and challenging with DNFB topically. Mice were treated intraperitoneally with TSA or vehicle DMSO as a control every other day before and during induction of ACD. The ear swelling response was measured and skin biopsies from sensitized skin areas were obtained for histology. Epidermal cells, thymus, spleen and skin draining lymph nodes were collected for immune staining. RESULTS TSA treatment ameliorated skin lesion severity of DNFB-induced ACD. The percentages of epidermal LCs and splenic DCs as well as LC maturation were significantly reduced in TSA-treated mice. However, TSA treatment did not significantly affect the homeostasis of conventional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, Foxp3(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells, iNKT cells, and γδ T cells in thymus, spleen and draining lymph nodes (dLNs). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in IL-4 and IFN-γ-producing T cells and iNKT cells between TSA- and DMSO-treated mice. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that TSA may ameliorate ACD through the regulation of epidermal LCs and HDACs could serve as potential therapeutic targets for ACD and other LCs-related skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Shi
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
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224
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Functional RNA delivery targeted to dendritic cells by synthetic nanoparticles. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:1077-99. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential to many aspects of immune defense development and regulation. They provide important targets for prophylactic and therapeutic delivery. While protein delivery has had considerable success, RNA delivery is still expanding. Delivering RNA molecules for RNAi has shown particular success and there are reports on successful delivery of mRNA. Central, therein, is the application of cationic entities. Following endocytosis of the delivery vehicle for the RNA, cationic entities should promote vesicular membrane perturbation, facilitating cytosolic release. The present review explains the diversity of DC function in immune response development and control. Promotion of delivered RNA cytosolic release is discussed, relating to immunoprophylactic and therapeutic potential, and DC endocytic machinery is reviewed, showing how DC endocytic pathways influence the handling of internalized material. The potential advantages for application of replicating RNA are presented and discussed, in consideration of their value and development in the near future.
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225
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Badalian-Very G, Vergilio JA, Fleming M, Rollins BJ. Pathogenesis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2012; 8:1-20. [PMID: 22906202 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020712-163959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) combines in one nosological category a group of diseases that have widely disparate clinical manifestations but are all characterized by accumulation of proliferating cells with surface markers and ultrastructural features similar to cutaneous Langerhans cells (LCs). Despite this unified nosology, important questions about LCH remain unanswered. First, despite having phenotypic features of LCs, LCH cell gene-expression patterns differ from those in LCs. Although this observation suggests that LCH may arise from an earlier precursor, it is not necessarily inconsistent with the hypothesis that LCs are the cell of origin for LCH. Second, LCH's prominent inflammatory component and occasional benign clinical course suggest that LCH may not be a neoplasm. However, the demonstration that LCH cells are clonal, along with the recent discovery of activating BRAF mutations in LCH cells, strongly suggests that LCH is a neoplastic disease. These new observations point the way to rationally targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayane Badalian-Very
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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226
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Schwarz A, Navid F, Sparwasser T, Clausen BE, Schwarz T. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D exerts similar immunosuppressive effects as UVR but is dispensable for local UVR-induced immunosuppression. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:2762-9. [PMID: 22854622 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Low-dose UV radiation (UVR) inhibits the induction of contact hypersensitivity and induces regulatory T cells (Tregs), which because of their antigen specificity harbor therapeutic potential. Topical application of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) is known to induce Tregs as well, which implies that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) might be involved in UVR-induced immunosuppression. It was the aim of this study to clarify this issue, to further characterize 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-induced Tregs and to determine whether they differ from UVR-induced Tregs. Our data demonstrate that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-induced Tregs act in an antigen-specific manner and belong to the Foxp3-expressing subtype of Tregs as demonstrated by diphtheria toxin (DT)-mediated depletion of Foxp3(+) Tregs in DEREG (depletion of Tregs) mice. Using Langerin-DTR (DT receptor) knock-in mice, it was shown that Langerhans cells (LCs) are required for the induction of Tregs by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), as depletion of LCs but not Langerin(+) dermal dendritic cells abrogated the induction of Tregs. Taken together, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) affects the immune system in a similar manner as UVR, probably using the same pathways. However, vitamin D receptor knockout mice were equally susceptible to UVR-induced immunosupppression as wild-type controls. This indicates that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) exerts similar immunosuppressive effects as UVR but is dispensable for local UVR-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha Schwarz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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227
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Abstract
Since its discovery, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) has been recognized as a critical regulator of immune responses. While early studies focused on studying the role of NF-κB in the development and function of immune cells, more recently the function of the inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKK)/NF-κB pathway in non-immune cells has gained increased attention. Studies in genetic mouse models were instrumental in dissecting the cell-specific functions of NF-κB and provided experimental evidence that NF-κB signaling in epithelial cells is important for the maintenance of immune homeostasis in barrier tissues such as the skin and the intestine. Increased activation of IKK/NF-κB triggered cytokine expression by the epithelial cells, resulting in exacerbated tissue inflammatory responses. NF-κB inhibition in keratinocytes triggered severe tumor necrosis factor-dependent skin inflammation and epidermal hyperplasia, while inhibition of IKK/NF-κB signaling in intestinal epithelial cells disturbed the intestinal barrier and triggered severe chronic colon inflammation. Therefore, epithelial NF-κB signaling performs critical 'peace keeping' functions in barrier tissues at the interface with the environment by regulating cell survival, barrier integrity, and the immunological and anti-microbial responses of epithelial cells. Improved understanding of epithelial NF-κB functions may hold the key for elucidating the etiology and pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory diseases in epithelial tissues.
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228
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Gros
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; University of Bonn; Bonn; Germany
| | - N. Novak
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; University of Bonn; Bonn; Germany
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A low-invasive and effective transcutaneous immunization system using a novel dissolving microneedle array for soluble and particulate antigens. J Control Release 2012; 161:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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IL-34 is a tissue-restricted ligand of CSF1R required for the development of Langerhans cells and microglia. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:753-60. [PMID: 22729249 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 695] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells into monocytes, tissue macrophages and some dendritic cell (DC) subtypes requires the growth factor CSF1 and its receptor, CSF1R. Langerhans cells (LCs) and microglia develop from embryonic myeloid precursor cells that populate the epidermis and central nervous system (CNS) before birth. Notably, LCs and microglia are present in CSF1-deficient mice but absent from CSF1R-deficient mice. Here we investigated whether an alternative CSF1R ligand, interleukin 34 (IL-34), is responsible for this discrepancy. Through the use of IL-34-deficient (Il34(LacZ/LacZ)) reporter mice, we found that keratinocytes and neurons were the main sources of IL-34. Il34(LacZ/LacZ) mice selectively lacked LCs and microglia and responded poorly to skin antigens and viral infection of the CNS. Thus, IL-34 specifically directs the differentiation of myeloid cells in the skin epidermis and CNS.
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231
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Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are skin-resident dendritic cells (DC) located in the epidermis that migrate to skin-draining lymph nodes during the steady state and in response to inflammatory stimuli. TGF-β1 is a critical immune regulator that is highly expressed by LCs. The ability to test the functional importance of LC-derived TGF-β1 is complicated by the requirement of TGF-β1 for LC development and by the absence of LCs in mice with an LC-specific ablation of TGF-β1 or its receptor. To overcome these problems, we have engineered transgenic huLangerin-CreER(T2) mice that allow for inducible LC-specific excision. Highly efficient and LC-specific expression was confirmed in mice bred onto a YFP Cre reporter strain. We next generated huLangerin-CreER(T2) × TGF-βRII(fl) and huLangerin-CreER(T2) × TGF-β1(fl) mice. Excision of the TGFβRII or TGFβ1 genes induced mass migration of LCs to the regional lymph node. Expression of costimulatory markers and inflammatory cytokines was unaffected, consistent with homeostatic migration. In addition, levels of p-SMAD2/3 were decreased in LCs from wild-type mice before inflammation-induced migration. We conclude that TGF-β1 acts directly on LCs in an autocrine/paracrine manner to inhibit steady-state and inflammation-induced migration. This is a readily targetable pathway with potential therapeutic implications for skin disease.
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232
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Lutz MB. Therapeutic potential of semi-mature dendritic cells for tolerance induction. Front Immunol 2012; 3:123. [PMID: 22629255 PMCID: PMC3355325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are major players in the control of adaptive tolerance and immunity. Therefore, their specific generation and adoptive transfer into patients or their in vivo targeting is attractive for clinical applications. While injections of mature immunogenic DCs are tested in clinical trials, tolerogenic DCs still are awaiting this step. Besides the tolerogenic potential of immature DCs, also semi-mature DCs can show tolerogenic activity but both types also bear unfavorable features. Optimal tolerogenic DCs, their molecular tool bar, and their use for specific diseases still have to be defined. Here, the usefulness of in vitro generated and adoptively transferred semi-mature DCs for tolerance induction is outlined. The in vivo targeting of semi-mature DCs as represented by steady state migratory DCs are discussed for treatment of autoimmune diseases and allergies. First clinical trials with transcutaneous allergen application may point to their therapeutic use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred B Lutz
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg Wuerzburg, Germany
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233
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Hoeffel G, Wang Y, Greter M, See P, Teo P, Malleret B, Leboeuf M, Low D, Oller G, Almeida F, Choy SHY, Grisotto M, Renia L, Conway SJ, Stanley ER, Chan JKY, Ng LG, Samokhvalov IM, Merad M, Ginhoux F. Adult Langerhans cells derive predominantly from embryonic fetal liver monocytes with a minor contribution of yolk sac-derived macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:1167-81. [PMID: 22565823 PMCID: PMC3371735 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20120340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are the dendritic cells (DCs) of the epidermis, forming one of the first hematopoietic lines of defense against skin pathogens. In contrast to other DCs, LCs arise from hematopoietic precursors that seed the skin before birth. However, the origin of these embryonic precursors remains unclear. Using in vivo lineage tracing, we identify a first wave of yolk sac (YS)-derived primitive myeloid progenitors that seed the skin before the onset of fetal liver hematopoiesis. YS progenitors migrate to the embryo proper, including the prospective skin, where they give rise to LC precursors, and the brain rudiment, where they give rise to microglial cells. However, in contrast to microglia, which remain of YS origin throughout life, YS-derived LC precursors are largely replaced by fetal liver monocytes during late embryogenesis. Consequently, adult LCs derive predominantly from fetal liver monocyte-derived cells with a minor contribution of YS-derived cells. Altogether, we establish that adult LCs have a dual origin, bridging early embryonic and late fetal myeloid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Hoeffel
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building #3-4, BIOPOLIS, 138648, Singapore
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Abstract
DCs have a vital role in the immune system by recognizing exogenous or self-antigens and eliciting appropriate stimulatory or tolerogenic adaptive immune responses. DCs also contribute to human autoimmune disease and, when depleted, to immunodeficiency. Moreover, DCs are being explored for potential use in clinical therapies including cancer treatment. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate DCs is crucial to improving treatments for human immune disease and cancer. DCs constitute a heterogeneous population including plasmacytoid (pDC) and classic (cDC) subsets; however, the majority of DCs residing in lymphoid organs and peripheral tissues in steady state share common progenitor populations, originating with hematopoietic stem cells. Like other hematopoietic lineages, DCs require extracellular factors including cytokines, as well as intrinsic transcription factors, to control lineage specification, commitment, and maturation. Here, we review recent findings on the roles for cytokines and cytokine-activated STAT transcription factors in DC subset development. We also discuss how cytokines and STATs intersect with lineage-regulatory transcription factors and how insight into the molecular basis of human disease has revealed transcriptional regulators of DCs. Whereas this is an emerging area with much work remaining, we anticipate that knowledge gained by delineating cytokine and transcription factor mechanisms will enable a better understanding of DC subset diversity, and the potential to manipulate these important immune cells for human benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan S Li
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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235
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Al-Zahrani S, Zaric M, McCrudden C, Scott C, Kissenpfennig A, Donnelly RF. Microneedle-mediated vaccine delivery: harnessing cutaneous immunobiology to improve efficacy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:541-50. [PMID: 22475249 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.676038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breaching the skin's stratum corneum barrier raises the possibility of the administration of vaccines, gene vectors, antibodies and even nanoparticles, all of which have at least their initial effect on populations of skin cells. AREAS COVERED Intradermal vaccine delivery holds enormous potential for improved therapeutic outcomes for patients, particularly those in the developing world. Various vaccine-delivery strategies have been employed, which are discussed in this review. The importance of cutaneous immunobiology on the effect produced by microneedle-mediated intradermal vaccination is also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Microneedle-mediated vaccines hold enormous potential for patient benefit. However, in order for microneedle vaccine strategies to fulfill their potential, the proportion of an immune response that is due to the local action of delivered vaccines on skin antigen-presenting cells, and what is due to a systemic effect from vaccines reaching the systemic circulation, must be determined. Moreover, industry will need to invest significantly in new equipment and instrumentation in order to mass-produce microneedle vaccines consistently. Finally, microneedles will need to demonstrate consistent dose delivery across patient groups and match this to reliable immune responses before they will replace tried-and-tested needle-and-syringe-based approaches.
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236
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Förster R, Braun A, Worbs T. Lymph node homing of T cells and dendritic cells via afferent lymphatics. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:271-80. [PMID: 22459312 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The continuous migration of immune cells is of utmost importance for the induction of both protective immunity as well as immunological tolerance. However, relatively little is known about the molecular cues that regulate the entry of immune cells from peripheral, nonlymphoid tissues into afferent lymph vessels and, in particular, their subsequent transmigration from afferent lymphatics into the parenchyma of draining lymph nodes (LNs). Here, we review the requirements for T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) to enter initial afferent lymph vessels of the skin. We discuss how these cells subsequently gain access to the paracortex of draining lymph nodes; a location that allows for efficient interaction between both cell populations, providing the right environment for the induction of immunity as well as tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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237
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Mesman AW, Geijtenbeek TB. Pattern Recognition Receptors in HIV Transmission. Front Immunol 2012; 3:59. [PMID: 22566940 PMCID: PMC3341947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), Langerhans cells (LCs), and macrophages are innate immune cells that reside in genital and intestinal mucosal tissues susceptible to HIV-1 infection. These innate cells play distinct roles in initiation of HIV-1 infection and induction of anti-viral immunity. DCs are potent migratory cells that capture HIV-1 and transfer virus to CD4+ T cells in the lymph nodes, whereas LCs have a protective anti-viral function, and macrophages function as viral reservoirs since they produce viruses over prolonged times. These differences are due to the different immune functions of these cells partly dependent on the expression of specific pattern recognition receptors. Expression of Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and cell-specific machinery for antigen uptake and processing strongly influence the outcome of virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies W Mesman
- Department for Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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238
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Xu YP, Shi Y, Cui ZZ, Jiang HH, Li L, Wang XF, Zhou L, Mi QS. TGFβ/Smad3 signal pathway is not required for epidermal Langerhans cell development. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:2106-9. [PMID: 22437318 PMCID: PMC3398167 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Haley K, Igyártó BZ, Ortner D, Bobr A, Kashem S, Schenten D, Kaplan DH. Langerhans cells require MyD88-dependent signals for Candida albicans response but not for contact hypersensitivity or migration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4334-9. [PMID: 22442445 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) are a subset of skin-resident dendritic cells (DC) that reside in the epidermis as immature DC, where they acquire Ag. A key step in the life cycle of LC is their activation into mature DC in response to various stimuli, including epicutaneous sensitization with hapten and skin infection with Candida albicans. Mature LC migrate to the skin-draining LN, where they present Ag to CD4 T cells and modulate the adaptive immune response. LC migration is thought to require the direct action of IL-1β and IL-18 on LC. In addition, TLR ligands are present in C. albicans, and hapten sensitization produces endogenous TLR ligands. Both could contribute to LC activation. We generated Langerin-Cre MyD88(fl) mice in which LC are insensitive to IL-1 family members and most TLR ligands. LC migration in the steady state, after hapten sensitization and postinfection with C. albicans, was unaffected. Contact hypersensitivity in Langerin-Cre MyD88(fl) mice was similarly unaffected. Interestingly, in response to C. albicans infection, these mice displayed reduced proliferation of Ag-specific CD4 T cells and defective Th17 subset differentiation. Surface expression of costimulatory molecules was intact on LC, but expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-23 was reduced. Thus, sensitivity to MyD88-dependent signals is not required for LC migration, but is required for the full activation and function of LC in the setting of fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Haley
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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240
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Carroll-Portillo A, Surviladze Z, Cambi A, Lidke DS, Wilson BS. Mast cell synapses and exosomes: membrane contacts for information exchange. Front Immunol 2012; 3:46. [PMID: 22566928 PMCID: PMC3342342 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their central role in allergy, mast cells are involved in a wide variety of cellular interactions during homeostasis and disease. In this review, we discuss the ability of mast cells to extend their mechanisms for intercellular communication beyond the release of soluble mediators. These include formation of mast cell synapses on antigen presenting surfaces, as well as cell–cell contacts with dendritic cells and T cells. Release of membrane bound exosomes also provide for the transfer of antigen, mast cell proteins, and RNA to other leukocytes. With the recognition of the extended role mast cells have during immune modulation, further investigation of the processes in which mast cells are involved is necessary. This reopens mast cell research to exciting possibilities, demonstrating it to be an immunological frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Carroll-Portillo
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque, NM, USA
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241
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Schmid M, Wege AK, Ritter U. Characteristics of "Tip-DCs and MDSCs" and Their Potential Role in Leishmaniasis. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:74. [PMID: 22416241 PMCID: PMC3298847 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first description of dendritic cells (DCs) by Steinman and Cohn (1973), the myeloid lineage of leukocytes was investigated intensively. Nowadays it is obvious that myeloid cells, especially DCs, are crucial for the adaptive and innate immune response against intracellular pathogens such as Leishmania major parasites. Based on the overlapping expression of molecules that were commonly used to classify myeloid cells, it becomes difficult to denominate those cell types precisely. Of note, most of these markers used for myeloid cell identification are expressed on a broad range of myeloid cells, and should therefore be handled with care if used for subtyping of myeloid cells. In this mini-review we aim to discuss the relative impact of DCs that release TNF and nitric oxide (Tip-DCs) and myeloid cells with suppressive capacities (myeloid-derived suppressor cells, MDSCs) in infectious diseases such as experimental leishmaniasis. In our point of view it cannot be excluded that the novel subsets that were denominated as “Tip-DCs” and “MDSCs” might not be classical “subsets” but rather represent myeloid cells in a transient maturation stage expressing different genes, in response to the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schmid
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
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242
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Dendritic cells and regulation of graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-leukemia activity. Blood 2012; 119:5088-103. [PMID: 22403259 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-11-364091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only curative treatment for many malignant hematologic diseases, with an often critical graft-versus-leukemia effect. Despite peritransplant prophylaxis, GVHD remains a significant cause of posthematopoietic stem cell transplantation morbidity and mortality. Traditional therapies have targeted T cells, yet immunostimulatory dendritic cells (DCs) are critical in the pathogenesis of GVHD. Furthermore, DCs also have tolerogenic properties. Monitoring of DC characteristics may be predictive of outcome, and therapies that target DCs are innovative and promising. DCs may be targeted in vivo or tolerogenic (tol) DCs may be generated in vitro and given in the peritransplant period. Other cellular therapies, notably regulatory T cells (T(reg)) and mesenchymal stem cells, mediate important effects through DCs and show promise for the prevention and treatment of GVHD in early human studies. Therapies are likely to be more effective if they have synergistic effects or target both DCs and T cells in vivo, such as tolDCs or T(reg). Given the effectiveness of tolDCs in experimental models of GVHD and their safety in early human studies for type 1 diabetes, it is crucial that tolDCs be investigated in the prevention and treatment of human GVHD while ensuring conservation of graft-versus-leukemia effects.
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243
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244
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Migratory sub-populations of afferent lymphatic dendritic cells differ in their interactions with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette Guerin. Vaccine 2012; 30:2357-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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245
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Di Meglio P, Perera GK, Nestle FO. The multitasking organ: recent insights into skin immune function. Immunity 2012; 35:857-69. [PMID: 22195743 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The skin provides the first line defense of the human body against injury and infection. By integrating recent findings in cutaneous immunology with fundamental concepts of skin biology, we portray the skin as a multitasking organ ensuring body homeostasis. Crosstalk between the skin and its microbial environment is also highlighted as influencing the response to injury, infection, and autoimmunity. The importance of the skin immune network is emphasized by the identification of several skin-resident cell subsets, each with its unique functions. Lessons learned from targeted therapy in inflammatory skin conditions, such as psoriasis, provide further insights into skin immune function. Finally, we look at the skin as an interacting network of immune signaling pathways exemplified by the development of a disease interactome for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Di Meglio
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London & National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center, Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize novel insights into the immunological mechanisms of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT). Within the recent decades, several alternative noninvasive allergen application strategies have been investigated in allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT), of which intra-oral allergen application to sublingual mucosa has been proven to be well tolerated and effective. RECENT FINDINGS To date, SLIT is widely accepted by most allergists as an alternative option to conventional subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT). Although detailed immunological mechanisms remain to be elucidated, much scientific effort has been made to shed some light on local and systemic immunological responses to SLIT in mice as well as humans. Only a few studies focused on the detailed mechanisms following allergen application to the oral mucosa as part of the sophisticated mucosal immunological network. Within this network, the pro-tolerogenic properties of local antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells - which are able to enforce tolerogenic mechanisms and to induce T-cell immune responses - play a central role. Further on, basic research focused not only on the immune response in nasal and bronchial mucosa but also on the systemic T-cell immune response. SUMMARY Thus, much exiting data have been published providing a better understanding of immunological features of SLIT but far more investigations are necessary to uncover further exciting details on the key mechanisms of SLIT.
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Temme S, Bönner F, Schrader J, Flögel U. 19
F magnetic resonance imaging of endogenous macrophages in inflammation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 4:329-43. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Elnekave M, Furmanov K, Hovav AH. Intradermal naked plasmid DNA immunization: mechanisms of action. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 10:1169-82. [PMID: 21854310 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA is a promising vaccine modality that is regularly examined in prime-boost immunization regimens. Recent advances in skin immunity increased our understanding of the sophisticated cutaneous immune network, which revived scientific interest in delivering vaccines to the skin. Intradermal administration of plasmid DNA via needle injection is a simple and inexpensive procedure that exposes the plasmid and its encoded antigen to the dermal immune surveillance system. This triggers unique mechanisms for eliciting local and systemic immunity that can confer protection against pathogens and tumors. Understanding the mechanisms of intradermal plasmid DNA immunization is essential for enhancing and modulating its immunogenicity. With regard to vaccination, this is of greater importance as this routine injection technique is highly desirable for worldwide immunization. This article will focus on the current understanding of the mechanisms involved in antigen expression and presentation during primary and secondary syringe and needle intradermal plasmid DNA immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazal Elnekave
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, PO Box 122722, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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249
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Cools N, Petrizzo A, Smits E, Buonaguro FM, Tornesello ML, Berneman Z, Buonaguro L. Dendritic cells in the pathogenesis and treatment of human diseases: a Janus Bifrons? Immunotherapy 2012; 3:1203-22. [PMID: 21995572 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) represent the bridging cell compartment between a variety of nonself antigens (i.e., microbial, cancer and vaccine antigens) and adaptive immunity, orchestrating the quality and potency of downstream immune responses. Because of the central role of DCs in the generation and regulation of immunity, the modulation of DC function in order to shape immune responses is gaining momentum. In this respect, recent advances in understanding DC biology, as well as the required molecular signals for induction of T-cell immunity, have spurred many experimental strategies to use DCs for therapeutic immunological approaches for infections and cancer. However, when DCs lose control over such 'protective' responses - by alterations in their number, phenotype and/or function - undesired effects leading to allergy and autoimmune clinical manifestations may occur. Novel therapeutic approaches have been designed and currently evaluated in order to address DCs and silence these immunopathological processes. In this article we present recent concepts of DC biology and some medical implications in view of therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Flacher V, Tripp CH, Haid B, Kissenpfennig A, Malissen B, Stoitzner P, Idoyaga J, Romani N. Skin langerin+ dendritic cells transport intradermally injected anti-DEC-205 antibodies but are not essential for subsequent cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2146-55. [PMID: 22291181 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of Ags by dendritic cells (DCs) increases when Ags are targeted to endocytic receptors by mAbs. We have previously demonstrated in the mouse that mAbs against C-type lectins administered intradermally are taken up by epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs), dermal Langerin(neg) DCs, and dermal Langerin(+) DCs in situ. However, the relative contribution of these skin DC subsets to the induction of immune responses after Ag targeting has not been addressed in vivo. We show in this study that murine epidermal LCs and dermal DCs transport intradermally injected mAbs against the lectin receptor DEC-205/CD205 in vivo. Skin DCs targeted in situ with mAbs migrated through lymphatic vessels in steady state and inflammation. In the skin-draining lymph nodes, targeting mAbs were found in resident CD8α(+) DCs and in migrating skin DCs. More than 70% of targeted DCs expressed Langerin, including dermal Langerin(+) DCs and LCs. Numbers of targeted skin DCs in the nodes increased 2-3-fold when skin was topically inflamed by the TLR7 agonist imiquimod. Complete removal of the site where OVA-coupled anti-DEC-205 had been injected decreased endogenous cytotoxic responses against OVA peptide-loaded target cells by 40-50%. Surprisingly, selective ablation of all Langerin(+) skin DCs in Langerin-DTR knock-in mice did not affect such responses independently of the adjuvant chosen. Thus, in cutaneous immunization strategies where Ag is targeted to DCs, Langerin(+) skin DCs play a major role in transport of anti-DEC-205 mAb, although Langerin(neg) dermal DCs and CD8α(+) DCs are sufficient to subsequent CD8(+) T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Flacher
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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