1
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Tuttle DJ, Castanha PMS, Nasser A, Wilkins MS, Galarza TG, Alaoui-El-Azher M, Cuff DE, Chhibbar P, Das J, Li Y, Barratt-Boyes SM, Mailliard RB, Sluis-Cremer N, Rinaldo CR, Marques ETA. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines Induce Greater Complement Activation and Decreased Viremia and Nef Antibodies in Men With HIV-1. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1147-1157. [PMID: 38035792 PMCID: PMC11011180 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune dysregulation in people with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (PWH) persists despite potent antiretroviral therapy and, consequently, PWH tend to have lower immune responses to licensed vaccines. However, limited information is available about the impact of mRNA vaccines in PWH. This study details the immunologic responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccines in PWH and their impact on HIV-1. METHODS We quantified anti-S immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding and neutralization of 3 SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and complement activation in blood from virally suppressed men with HIV-1 (MWH) and men without HIV-1 (MWOH), and the characteristics that may impact the vaccine immune responses. We also studied antibody levels against HIV-1 proteins and HIV-1 plasma RNA. RESULTS MWH had lower anti-S IgG binding and neutralizing antibodies against the 3 variants compared to MWOH. MWH also produced anti-S1 antibodies with a 10-fold greater ability to activate complement and exhibited higher C3a blood levels than MWOH. MWH had decreased residual HIV-1 plasma viremia and anti-Nef IgG approximately 100 days after immunization. CONCLUSIONS MWH respond to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines with lower antibody titers and with greater activation of complement, while exhibiting a decrease in HIV-1 viremia and anti-Nef antibodies. These results suggest an important role of complement activation mediating protection in MWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Tuttle
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Priscila M S Castanha
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amro Nasser
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maris S Wilkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tamara García Galarza
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mounia Alaoui-El-Azher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deirdre E Cuff
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Prabal Chhibbar
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jishnu Das
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yijia Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon M Barratt-Boyes
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robbie B Mailliard
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicolas Sluis-Cremer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ernesto T A Marques
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Virology and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto Aggeu, Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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2
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Anderko RR, DePuyt AE, Bronson R, Bullotta AC, Aga E, Bosch RJ, Jones RB, Eron JJ, Mellors JW, Gandhi RT, McMahon DK, Macatangay BJ, Rinaldo CR, Mailliard RB. Persistence of a Skewed Repertoire of NK Cells in People with HIV-1 on Long-Term Antiretroviral Therapy. J Immunol 2024:ji2300672. [PMID: 38551350 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection greatly alters the NK cell phenotypic and functional repertoire. This is highlighted by the expansion of a rare population of FcRγ- NK cells exhibiting characteristics of traditional immunologic memory in people with HIV (PWH). Although current antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively controls HIV-1 viremia and disease progression, its impact on HIV-1-associated NK cell abnormalities remains unclear. To address this, we performed a longitudinal analysis detailing conventional and memory-like NK cell characteristics in n = 60 PWH during the first 4 y of ART. Throughout this regimen, a skewed repertoire of cytokine unresponsive FcRγ- memory-like NK cells persisted and accompanied an overall increase in NK surface expression of CD57 and KLRG1, suggestive of progression toward immune senescence. These traits were linked to elevated serum inflammatory biomarkers and increasing Ab titers to human CMV, with human CMV viremia detected in approximately one-third of PWH at years 1-4 of ART. Interestingly, 40% of PWH displayed atypical NK cell subsets, representing intermediate stages of NK-poiesis based on single-cell multiomic trajectory analysis. Our findings indicate that NK cell irregularities persist in PWH despite long-term ART, underscoring the need to better understand the causative mechanisms that prevent full restoration of immune health in PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee R Anderko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Allison E DePuyt
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rhianna Bronson
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Arlene C Bullotta
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Evgenia Aga
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Ronald J Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - R Brad Jones
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Joseph J Eron
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - John W Mellors
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rajesh T Gandhi
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Deborah K McMahon
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Bernard J Macatangay
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Robbie B Mailliard
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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3
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Lin H, Chen Y, Abror G, Price M, Morris A, Sun J, Palella F, Chew KW, Brown TT, Rinaldo CR, Peddada SD. The effect of sexual behavior on HIV-1 seroconversion is mediated by the gut microbiome and proinflammatory cytokines. Res Sq 2024:rs.3.rs-3868545. [PMID: 38343862 PMCID: PMC10854284 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3868545/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The association between HIV-1 seroconversion and gut dysbiosis is well documented, and its association with sexual activity is also widely recognized. However, it is not known whether the gut dysbiosis mediates the effects of high-risk sexual behavior on HIV-1 seroconversion. In this report we focused on men who engaged in high-risk sexual behavior where they had receptive anal intercourse with multiple men. We demonstrate that proinflammatory cytokines, sCD14 and sCD163, and gut microbiota mediate the effects of this high-risk sexual behavior on subsequent HIV seroconversion. We discovered changes in the gut microbial ecology, prior to seroconversion, both in terms of the composition as well as inter-relationships among the commensal species. Furthermore, these changes correlate with future HIV seroconversion. Specifically, as the number of sexual partners increased, we discovered in a "dose-response" manner, a decrease in the abundance of commensal and short-chain fatty acid-producing species, A. muciniphila, B. caccae, B. fragilis, B. uniformis, Bacteroides spp., Butyricimonas spp., and Odoribacter spp, and an increase in proinflammatory species Dehalobacterium spp. and Methanobrevibacter spp. These changes were also observed among subsequent HIV seroconverters. Interestingly, we also discovered a reduction in correlations among these commensal and short-chain fatty acid producing bacteria in a "dose-response" manner with the number of sexual partners. Our mediation analysis not only provides a conceptual model for the disease process but also provides clues for future clinical interventions that will manipulate the gut microbiota to treat high-risk subjects to prevent HIV seroconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Lin
- Co-first authors
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIH), Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Yue Chen
- Co-first authors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Grace Abror
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Meaghan Price
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Alison Morris
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Frank Palella
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Kara W Chew
- School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Todd T Brown
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Co-senior authors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Shyamal D Peddada
- Co-senior authors
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIH), Research Triangle Park, NC USA
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4
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Borker PV, Macatangay BJ, Margolick JB, Punjabi NM, Rinaldo CR, Stosor V, Hyong-Jin Cho J, McKay H, Patel SR. Shorter total sleep time is associated with lower CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratios in virally suppressed men with HIV. Sleep Adv 2024; 5:zpae001. [PMID: 38420256 PMCID: PMC10901437 DOI: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Study Objectives Although poor sleep quality is associated with lower CD4+ T cell counts among people living with HIV (PLWH), the association between objective sleep metrics and T lymphocyte subset counts is unknown. We evaluated the association between polysomnography (PSG) derived sleep metrics and T lymphocyte subpopulations in a cohort of men living with HIV. Methods Virally suppressed men living with HIV participating in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study underwent home overnight PSG. We assessed the association of PSG parameters with CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts and the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio. Results Overall, 289 men with mean (±SD) age 55.3 ± 11.3 years and mean CD4+ T cell count 730 ± 308 cells/mm3 were evaluated. Total sleep time (TST) was significantly associated with CD8+ but not CD4+ T cell counts. After adjusting for age, race, depressive symptoms, antidepressant use, and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors use, every hour of shorter TST was associated with an additional 33 circulating CD8+ T cells/mm3 (p = 0.05) and a 5.6% (p = 0.0007) decline in CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio. In adjusted models, every hour of shorter rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was associated with an additional 113 CD8+ T cells/mm3 (p = 0.02) and a 15.1% lower CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio (p = 0.006). In contrast, measures of sleep efficiency and sleep-disordered breathing were not associated with differences in T lymphocyte subpopulations. Conclusions Our findings suggest that shorter TST and REM sleep durations are associated with differences in T lymphocyte subpopulations among men living with HIV. Addressing sleep may reflect a novel opportunity to improve immune function in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya V Borker
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PAUSA
| | | | - Joseph B Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Naresh M Punjabi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PAUSA
| | - Valentina Stosor
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua Hyong-Jin Cho
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CAUSA
| | - Heather McKay
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sanjay R Patel
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PAUSA
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5
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Okpaise D, Sluis-Cremer N, Rappocciolo G, Rinaldo CR. Cholesterol Metabolism in Antigen-Presenting Cells and HIV-1 Trans-Infection of CD4 + T Cells. Viruses 2023; 15:2347. [PMID: 38140588 PMCID: PMC10747884 DOI: 10.3390/v15122347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) provides an effective method for managing HIV-1 infection and preventing the onset of AIDS; however, it is ineffective against the reservoir of latent HIV-1 that persists predominantly in resting CD4+ T cells. Understanding the mechanisms that facilitate the persistence of the latent reservoir is key to developing an effective cure for HIV-1. Of particular importance in the establishment and maintenance of the latent viral reservoir is the intercellular transfer of HIV-1 from professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs-monocytes/macrophages, myeloid dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes) to CD4+ T cells, termed trans-infection. Whereas virus-to-cell HIV-1 cis infection is sensitive to ART, trans-infection is impervious to antiviral therapy. APCs from HIV-1-positive non-progressors (NPs) who control their HIV-1 infection in the absence of ART do not trans-infect CD4+ T cells. In this review, we focus on this unique property of NPs that we propose is driven by a genetically inherited, altered cholesterol metabolism in their APCs. We focus on cellular cholesterol homeostasis and the role of cholesterol metabolism in HIV-1 trans-infection, and notably, the link between cholesterol efflux and HIV-1 trans-infection in NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Charles R. Rinaldo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (D.O.); (N.S.-C.); (G.R.)
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6
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Rinaldo CR. Cytomegalovirus: 40 years and still the major viral cofactor in HIV infection. AIDS 2022; 36:1311-1313. [PMID: 35833683 PMCID: PMC9298956 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Rinaldo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Cyktor J, Qin S, Staines B, Nouraie M, Fitzpatrick M, Kessinger C, DeSensi R, Huang L, Rinaldo CR, Kingsley L, Tien PC, Mellors JW, Morris A. Associations of HIV persistence, cigarette smoking, inflammation, and pulmonary dysfunction in people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29264. [PMID: 35801755 PMCID: PMC9259161 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the relationship between measures of HIV persistence with antiretroviral therapy (ART) and cigarette smoking, systemic markers of inflammation, and pulmonary function. Retrospective study of 82 people with HIV (PWH) on ART for a median of 6.9 years (5.6-7.8) and plasma HIV RNA levels <50 copies/mL. HIV DNA and cell-associated HIV RNA (CA-RNA) were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and plasma HIV RNA was measured by single-copy assay (SCA). Plasma levels of 17 inflammatory mediators were measured by Bio-Plex, and standard pulmonary function tests (PFT) were performed in all participants. Median age was 52 years and 41% were women. Most had preserved CD4+ T cell counts (median (IQR) 580 (361-895) cells/mm3). Median plasma HIV RNA was 1.3 (0.7-4.6) copies/mL, and median levels of HIV DNA and CA-RNA in PBMC were 346 (140-541) copies and 19 (3.7-49) copies per 1 million PBMC, respectively. HIV DNA was higher in smokers than in nonsmokers (R = 0.3, P < 0.05), and smoking pack-years positively correlated with HIV DNA and CA-RNA (R = 0.3, P < 0.05 and R = 0.4, P < 0.01, respectively). HIV DNA, CA-RNA, and plasma HIV RNA were not significantly associated with any measure of pulmonary function or inflammation. Cigarette smoking was associated with HIV DNA and CA-RNA levels in blood, but measures of HIV persistence were not associated with pulmonary function or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Cyktor
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- *Correspondence: Joshua Cyktor, 3550 Terrace St. Scaife Hall S814, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 (e-mail: )
| | - Shulin Qin
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Mehdi Nouraie
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Laurence Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles R. Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lawrence Kingsley
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Phyllis C. Tien
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Alison Morris
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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8
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Macatangay BJC, Landay AL, Garcia F, Rinaldo CR. Editorial: Advances in T Cell Therapeutic Vaccines for HIV. Front Immunol 2022; 13:905836. [PMID: 35572584 PMCID: PMC9094404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.905836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J C Macatangay
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Felipe Garcia
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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9
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D’Souza G, Tong W, Gustafson D, Alcaide ML, Lahiri CD, Sharma A, French AL, Palella FJ, Kempf MC, Mimiaga MJ, Ramirez C, Kassaye S, Rinaldo CR, Brown TT, Tien PC, Adimora AA. SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among People Living With HIV Compared With People Without HIV: Survey Results From the MACS-WIHS Combined Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2022; 89:1-8. [PMID: 34878431 PMCID: PMC8667184 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms among people living with HIV (PLWH) are not well described. SETTING Longitudinal survey within the MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study (MWCCS) of PLWH compared with similar HIV-seronegative (SN) individuals. METHODS Telephone-administered survey of MWCCS participants at 13 clinical research sites across the United States addressing COVID-19 symptoms, SARS-CoV-2 testing, and pandemic impact on social distancing and antiretroviral therapy (ART) use. Primary data collection occurred during May (wave 1), June-July (wave 2), and August-September, 2020 (wave 3). RESULTS One-third of MWCCS participants were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection; 10% was tested ≥2 times. Similar proportions of PLWH and SN participants were tested, but SARS-CoV-2 positivity was higher among PLWH than among SN individuals (9.4% vs 4.8%, P = 0.003). Odds of SARS-CoV-2 positivity remained higher among PLWH after adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and study site (adjusted odds ratio = 2.0, 95% confidence interval = 1.2 to 3.2). SARS-CoV-2 positivity was not associated with CD4 cell counts among PLWH. Among SARS-CoV-2 positive participants, 9% had no symptoms, 7% had 1-2 mild symptoms, and 84% had ≥3 symptoms. Most of the (98%) participants reported physical distancing during all survey waves; self-reported ART adherence among PLWH was not adversely affected during the pandemic compared with the previous year (similar adherence in 89% of participants, improved in 9% of participants, and decreased in 2% of participants). CONCLUSIONS Despite similar SARS-CoV-2 testing and physical distancing profiles by HIV serostatus among MWCCS participants, PLWH who reported SARS-CoV-2 testing were more likely to have a positive test result. Additional studies are needed to determine whether and why PLWH are at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gypsyamber D’Souza
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Weiqun Tong
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Deborah Gustafson
- Department of Neurology, State of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Maria L. Alcaide
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fl, USA
| | - Cecile D. Lahiri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Audrey L. French
- Department of Medicine, CORE Center/Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago IL
| | - Frank J Palella
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mirjam-Colette Kempf
- Schools of Nursing, Public Health and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Matthew J. Mimiaga
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles 90095-1772
| | - Catalina Ramirez
- Department of Medicine, UNC School Division of Medicine, The Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Seble Kassaye
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Charles R. Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Todd T. Brown
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Phyllis C. Tien
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco and Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adaora A. Adimora
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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10
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Chen Y, Lin H, Cole M, Morris A, Martinson J, Mckay H, Mimiaga M, Margolick J, Fitch A, Methe B, Srinivas VR, Peddada S, Rinaldo CR. Signature changes in gut microbiome are associated with increased susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in MSM. Microbiome 2021; 9:237. [PMID: 34879869 PMCID: PMC8656045 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01168-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men who have sex with men (MSM) have been disproportionately affected by HIV-1 since the beginning of the AIDS pandemic, particularly in the USA and Europe. Compared to men who have sex with women (MSW), MSM have a distinct fecal microbiome regardless of HIV-1 infection. However, it is unclear whether the MSM-associated gut microbiome affects the susceptibility and progression of HIV-1 infection. We studied fecal microbiome profiles, short-chain fatty acids, and blood plasma inflammatory cytokines of 109 HIV-1 seroconverters (SC) from the early, 1984-1985 phase of the HIV-1 pandemic in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) before and after HIV-1 infection compared to 156 HIV-1-negative MACS MSM (negative controls [NC]). RESULTS We found that family Succinivibrionaceae, S24-7, Mogibacteriaceae, Coriobacteriaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae were significantly higher (p<0.05), whereas Odoribacteraceae, Verucomicrobiaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Barnesiellaceae, and Rikenellaceae were significantly lower (p<0.05), in SC before HIV-1 infection compared to NC. At the species level, Prevotella stercorea, Eubacterium biforme, and Collinsella aerofaciens were significantly higher (p<0.05), and Eubacterium dolichum, Desulfovibrio D168, Alistipes onderdonkii, Ruminococcus torques, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides caccae, Alistipes putredinis, Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacteroides uniformis, and Bacteroides ovatus were significantly lower (p<0.05) in SC before HIV-1 infection compared to NC. After HIV-1 infection, family Prevotellaceae and Victivallaceae and species Bacteroides fragilis and Eubacterium cylindroides were significantly higher (p<0.05) in SC who developed AIDS within 5 years compared to the SC who were AIDS free for more than 10 years without antiretroviral therapy (ART). In addition, family Victivallaceae and species Prevotella stercorea, Coprococcus eutactus, and Butyrivibrio crossotus were significantly higher (p<0.05) and Gemmiger formicilis and Blautia obeum were significantly lower (p<0.05) after HIV-1 infection in SC who developed AIDS within 5-10 years compared to the SC who were AIDS-free for more than 10 years without ART. Furthermore, plasma inflammatory cytokine levels of sCD14, sCD163, interleukin 6, and lipopolysaccharide binding protein were significantly higher in SC with p<0.05 before HIV-1 infection compared to NC. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that pathogenic changes in the gut microbiome were present in MSM several months prior to infection with HIV-1 in the early phase of the AIDS pandemic in the USA. This was associated with increased inflammatory biomarkers in the blood and risk for development of AIDS. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Huang Lin
- Current address: Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Mariah Cole
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Present address: Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Alison Morris
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Jeremy Martinson
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Heather Mckay
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Matthew Mimiaga
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Joseph Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Adam Fitch
- Present address: Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Barbara Methe
- Present address: Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Vatsala Rangachar Srinivas
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Shyamal Peddada
- Current address: Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Charles R. Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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11
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Macatangay BJC, Jackson EK, Abebe KZ, Comer D, Cyktor J, Klamar-Blain C, Borowski L, Gillespie DG, Mellors JW, Rinaldo CR, Riddler SA. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Pilot Clinical Trial of Dipyridamole to Decrease Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Chronic Inflammation. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:1598-1606. [PMID: 31282542 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenosine is a potent immunoregulatory nucleoside produced during inflammatory states to limit tissue damage. We hypothesized that dipyridamole, which inhibits cellular adenosine uptake, could raise the extracellular adenosine concentration and dampen chronic inflammation associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1. METHODS Virally suppressed participants receiving antiretroviral therapy were randomized 1:1 for 12 weeks of dipyridamole (100 mg 4 times a day) versus placebo capsules. All participants took open-label dipyridamole during weeks 12-24. Study end points included changes in markers of systemic inflammation (soluble CD163 and CD14, and interleukin 6) and levels of T-cell immune activation (HLA-DR+CD38+). RESULTS Of 40 participants who were randomized, 17 dipyridamole and 18 placebo recipients had baseline and week 12 data available for analyses. There were no significant changes in soluble markers, apart from a trend toward decreased levels of soluble CD163 levels (P = .09). There was a modest decrease in CD8+ T-cell activation (-17.53% change for dipyridamole vs +13.31% for placebo; P = .03), but the significance was lost in the pooled analyses (P = .058). Dipyridamole also reduced CD4+ T-cell activation (-11.11% change; P = .006) in the pooled analyses. In post hoc analysis, detectable plasma dipyridamole levels were associated with higher levels of inosine, an adenosine surrogate, and of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. CONCLUSION Dipyridamole increased extracellular adenosine levels and decreased T-cell activation significantly among persons with HIV-1 infection receiving virally suppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J C Macatangay
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pennsylvania
| | - Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
| | - Kaleab Z Abebe
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
| | - Diane Comer
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua Cyktor
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
| | - Cynthia Klamar-Blain
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
| | - Luann Borowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pennsylvania
| | - Delbert G Gillespie
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
| | - John W Mellors
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
| | - Sharon A Riddler
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pennsylvania
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12
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Gandhi RT, Cyktor JC, Bosch RJ, Mar H, Laird GM, Martin A, Collier AC, Riddler SA, Macatangay BJ, Rinaldo CR, Eron JJ, Siliciano JD, McMahon DK, Mellors JW. Selective Decay of Intact HIV-1 Proviral DNA on Antiretroviral Therapy. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:225-233. [PMID: 32823274 PMCID: PMC7857155 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 proviruses persist in people on antiretroviral therapy (ART) but most are defective and do not constitute a replication-competent reservoir. The decay of infected cells carrying intact compared with defective HIV-1 proviruses has not been well defined in people on ART. METHODS We separately quantified intact and defective proviruses, residual plasma viremia, and markers of inflammation and activation in people on long-term ART. RESULTS Among 40 participants tested longitudinally from a median of 7.1 years to 12 years after ART initiation, intact provirus levels declined significantly over time (median half-life, 7.1 years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.9-18), whereas defective provirus levels did not decrease. The median half-life of total HIV-1 DNA was 41.6 years (95% CI, 13.6-75). The proportion of all proviruses that were intact diminished over time on ART, from about 10% at the first on-ART time point to about 5% at the last. Intact provirus levels on ART correlated with total HIV-1 DNA and residual plasma viremia, but there was no evidence for associations between intact provirus levels and inflammation or immune activation. CONCLUSIONS Cells containing intact, replication-competent proviruses are selectively lost during suppressive ART. Defining the mechanisms involved should inform strategies to accelerate HIV-1 reservoir depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh T Gandhi
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua C Cyktor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald J Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hanna Mar
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Ann C Collier
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sharon A Riddler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bernard J Macatangay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph J Eron
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Janet D Siliciano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Deborah K McMahon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John W Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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13
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Garcia-Bates TM, Palma ML, Anderko RR, Hsu DC, Ananworanich J, Korber BT, Gaiha GD, Phanuphak N, Thomas R, Tovanabutra S, Walker BD, Mellors JW, Piazza PA, Kroon E, Riddler SA, Michael NL, Rinaldo CR, Mailliard RB. Dendritic cells focus CTL responses toward highly conserved and topologically important HIV-1 epitopes. EBioMedicine 2021; 63:103175. [PMID: 33450518 PMCID: PMC7811131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During early HIV-1 infection, immunodominant T cell responses to highly variable epitopes lead to the establishment of immune escape virus variants. Here we assessed a type 1-polarized monocyte-derived dendritic cell (MDC1)-based approach to selectively elicit cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against highly conserved and topologically important HIV-1 epitopes in HIV-1-infected individuals from the Thailand RV254/SEARCH 010 cohort who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) during early infection (Fiebig stages I-IV). Methods Autologous MDC1 were used as antigen presenting cells to induce in vitro CTL responses against HIV-1 Gag, Pol, Env, and Nef as determined by flow cytometry and ELISpot assay. Ultra-conserved or topologically important antigens were respectively identified using the Epigraph tool and a structure-based network analysis approach and compared to overlapping peptides spanning the Gag proteome. Findings MDC1 presenting either the overlapping Gag, Epigraph, or Network 14–21mer peptide pools consistently activated and expanded HIV-1-specific T cells to epitopes identified at the 9–13mer peptide level. Interestingly, some CTL responses occurred outside known or expected HLA associations, providing evidence of new HLA-associated CTL epitopes. Comparative analyses demonstrated more sequence conservation among Epigraph antigens but a higher magnitude of CTL responses to Network and Gag peptide groups. Importantly, CTL responses against topologically constrained Gag epitopes contained in both the Network and Gag peptide pools were selectively enhanced in the Network pool-initiated cultures. Interpretation Our study supports the use of MDC1 as a therapeutic strategy to induce and focus CTL responses toward putative fitness-constrained regions of HIV-1 to prevent immune escape and control HIV-1 infection. Funding A full list of the funding sources is detailed in the Acknowledgment section of the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana M Garcia-Bates
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mariana L Palma
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Renee R Anderko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Denise C Hsu
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring, MD, United States; SEARCH, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring, MD, United States; SEARCH, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bette T Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Gaurav D Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Rasmi Thomas
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - John W Mellors
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Paolo A Piazza
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Eugene Kroon
- SEARCH, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sharon A Riddler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nelson L Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Robbie B Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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14
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D'Souza G, Springer G, Gustafson D, Kassaye S, Alcaide ML, Ramirez C, Sharma A, Palella FJ, Tien PC, Detels R, Kempf MC, Lahiri CD, Rinaldo CR, French AL, Margolick JB, Adimora AA. COVID-19 symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 infection among people living with HIV in the US: the MACS/WIHS combined cohort study. HIV Res Clin Pract 2020; 21:130-139. [PMID: 33211636 PMCID: PMC7682380 DOI: 10.1080/25787489.2020.1844521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 infection among People Living With HIV (PLWH) is not well-described. OBJECTIVE To study COVID-19 symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 PCR-based swab testing among participants of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) and Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). METHODS A telephone survey was collected April-June 30, 2020. Symptom and testing prevalence were explored. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 positivity. RESULTS The survey was completed by 3411 participants, including 2078 (61%) PLWH and 1333 HIV-seronegative (SN) participants from across the US. Thirteen percent (n = 441) were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection (13.4% of PLWH vs 12.2% of SN). Among those tested, positivity was higher in PLWH than SN (11.2% vs 6.1%, p = 0.08). Reasons for not being tested included testing not being available (30% of participants) and not knowing where to get tested (16% of participants). Most symptoms reported since January 2020 were similar in PLWH and SN, including headache (23% vs. 24%), myalgias (19% vs 18%), shortness of breath (14% vs 13%), chills (12% vs 10%), fever (6% vs 6%) and loss of taste or smell (6% vs 7%). Among PLWH who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 DNA, the most common symptoms were headache (71%), myalgia (68%), cough (68%) and chills (65%). In multivariable analysis among those tested, the odds of SARS-CoV-2 positivity were higher among PLWH than SN (aOR = 2.22 95%CI = 01.01-4.85, p = 0.046) and among those living with others versus living alone (aOR = 2.95 95%CI = 1.18-7.40). CONCLUSION Prevalence and type of COVID-19 symptoms were similar in PLWH and SN. SARS-CoV-2 infection may be elevated among PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gypsyamber D'Souza
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gayle Springer
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deborah Gustafson
- Department of Neurology, State of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Seble Kassaye
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Maria L Alcaide
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fl, USA
| | - Catalina Ramirez
- Department of Medicine, UNC School Division of Medicine, The Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Frank J Palella
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Phyllis C Tien
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco and Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roger Detels
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mirjam-Colette Kempf
- Schools of Nursing, Public Health and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Cecile D Lahiri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Audrey L French
- Department of Medicine, CORE Center/Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph B Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ada A Adimora
- Department of Medicine, UNC School Division of Medicine, The Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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15
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Anderko RR, Rinaldo CR, Mailliard RB. IL-18 Responsiveness Defines Limitations in Immune Help for Specialized FcRγ - NK Cells. J Immunol 2020; 205:3429-3442. [PMID: 33188073 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite being prolific innate killers, NK cells are also key helper cells in antiviral defense, influencing adaptive immune responses via interactions with dendritic cells (DCs). In addition to causing NK cell dysfunction, HIV-1 infection contributes to the expansion of a rare population of NK cells deficient in FcRγ (FcRγ-), an intracellular adaptor protein that associates with CD16. The implications of this inflated NK cell subset in treated HIV-1 infection remain unclear. In this study, we explored the helper function of human NK cells in chronic HIV-1 infection, with a particular focus on characterizing FcRγ- NK cells. Exposure of NK cells to innate DC-derived costimulatory factors triggered their helper activity, defined by their ability to produce IFN-γ and to drive the maturation of high IL-12-producing DCs. In this setting, however, FcRγ- NK cells were defective at producing the dominant DC-polarizing agent IFN-γ. The reduced responsiveness of FcRγ- NK cells to IL-18 in particular, which was attributable to impaired inducible expression of IL-18Rα, extended beyond an inability to produce IFN-γ, as FcRγ- NK cells showed limited potential to differentiate into CD16-/CD25+/CD83+ helper cells. Notwithstanding their deficiencies in responsiveness to innate environmental cues, FcRγ- NK cells responded robustly to adaptive Ab-mediated signaling through CD16. The presence of an expanded population of FcRγ- NK cells with a diminished capacity to respond to IL-18 and to effectively modulate DC function may contribute to disturbances in proper immune homeostasis associated with HIV-1 infection and to defects in the initiation of optimal adaptive antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee R Anderko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Robbie B Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
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16
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Niksefat M, Guillen D, Moshayedi P, Rinaldo CR, Ojha A. Third time's a charm: diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis after two negative polymerase chain reaction results. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04247. [PMID: 32613121 PMCID: PMC7322049 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a sensitive and specific method in diagnosing herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis. However there are increasing reports of false negative HSV PCR. Case description We present a patient in the 9th decade of life with abnormal behavior and focal seizures with MRI showing a right temporal T2 hyperintense non-enhancing lesion with electrographic evidence of right lateralized periodic discharges. CSF analysis and PCR for HSV-1 and 2 yielded negative results twice, and therefore acyclovir was discontinued. Patient initially improved following correction of hyponatremia. Patient however deteriorated and imaging revealed a new right parietal lesion. Third CSF sample showed lymphocytic pleocytosis with positive HSV-1 PCR. Patient improved following antiviral treatment. Discussion Acyclovir treatment should continue in high clinical suspicion scenarios despite negative HSV PCR. We further discuss causes of PCR false negatives and challenges it poses for patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbobeh Niksefat
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Guillen
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pouria Moshayedi
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Charles R. Rinaldo
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ajitesh Ojha
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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17
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Anderko RR, Rinaldo CR, Mailliard RB. NK cells provide DC-mediated ‘help’ in cellular immunity to HIV. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.95.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are uniquely positioned to positively impact antiviral immunity to HIV-1 due to the pleiotropic nature of their effector functions, including the ability to respond directly to infected cells and to translate environmental cues into functional ‘help’ for other immune cells. In particular, their interplay with dendritic cells (DCs) is powerful in shaping the quality and character of the adaptive immune response. In this study, we explored the ‘helper’ function of NK cells in response to both innate and adaptive stimuli in chronic HIV-1 infection. Freshly isolated NK cells from virally suppressed HIV-1 seropositive individuals were co-cultured for 48h with autologous monocyte-derived immature DCs in the presence or absence of innate stimuli or opsonized target cells. Responding NK cells were assessed for their ability to produce DC-modulating cytokines; DCs harvested from the co-cultures were analyzed for their expression of maturation-associated surface markers, as well as their subsequent ability to produce IL-12p70 and to drive type 1 immunity. DC-derived co-stimulatory factors efficiently activated the ‘helper’ function of NK cells as evidenced by their robust production of IFNγ. Opsonizing antibodies also synergized with IFNα to promote NK ‘helper’ cell activity. Furthermore, interactions between NK cells and DCs induced the development of mature DCs with a heightened ability to produce IL-12p70 and to drive the development of Th1 and cytotoxic T cell responses. Our data demonstrate the capacity of NK cells to enhance DC-mediated immune responses to HIV-1 and, thus, highlight the potential for harnessing the reciprocal crosstalk between NK cells and DCs in the design of novel anti-HIV-1 therapies.
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Balasubramani GK, Nowalk MP, Sax TM, Suyama J, Bobyock E, Rinaldo CR, Martin ET, Monto AS, Jackson ML, Gaglani MJ, Flannery B, Chung JR, Zimmerman RK. Influenza vaccine effectiveness among outpatients in the US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network by study site 2011-2016. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 14:380-390. [PMID: 32298048 PMCID: PMC7298285 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza vaccination is recommended for all US residents aged ≥6 months. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) varies by age, circulating influenza strains, and the presence of high‐risk medical conditions. We examined site‐specific VE in the US Influenza VE Network, which evaluates annual influenza VE at ambulatory clinics in geographically diverse sites. Methods Analyses were conducted on 27 180 outpatients ≥6 months old presenting with an acute respiratory infection (ARI) with cough of ≤7‐day duration during the 2011‐2016 influenza seasons. A test‐negative design was used with vaccination status defined as receipt of ≥1 dose of any influenza vaccine according to medical records, registries, and/or self‐report. Influenza infection was determined by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction. VE estimates were calculated using odds ratios from multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, time from illness onset to enrollment, high‐risk conditions, calendar time, and vaccination status‐site interaction. Results For all sites combined, VE was statistically significant every season against all influenza and against the predominant circulating strains (VE = 19%‐50%) Few differences among four sites in the US Flu VE Network were evident in five seasons. However, in 2015‐16, overall VE in one site was 24% (95% CI = −4%‐44%), while VE in two other sites was significantly higher (61%, 95% CI = 49%‐71%; P = .002, and 53%, 95% CI = 33,67; P = .034). Conclusion With few exceptions, site‐specific VE estimates aligned with each other and overall VE estimates. Observed VE may reflect inherent differences in community characteristics of the sites and highlights the importance of diverse settings for studying influenza vaccine effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goundappa K Balasubramani
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mary Patricia Nowalk
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Theresa M Sax
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joe Suyama
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Emily Bobyock
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Emily T Martin
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Arnold S Monto
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael L Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Manjusha J Gaglani
- Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | | | - Jessie R Chung
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard K Zimmerman
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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19
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Rocco JM, York Z, Shen C, Shiboski C, Cyriaque-Webster J, McLaughlin J, Borowski L, Chen H, Aberg JA, Dittmer DP, Ghannoum M, Rinaldo CR, Macatangay B. Oral Cytokine Levels Are More Linked to Levels of Plasma and Oral HIV-1 RNA Than to CD4 + T-Cell Counts in People With HIV. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa047. [PMID: 32158775 PMCID: PMC7051037 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We determined the levels of 11 soluble immune mediators in oral washings of AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5254 participants with varying degrees of plasma viremia and CD4 T-cell counts to characterize the mucosal immune response at different stages of HIV-1 infection. Methods A5254 was a multicenter, cross-sectional study in people with HIV (PWH) recruited into 4 strata based on CD4 count and levels of plasma viremia: stratum (St) A: CD4 ≤200 cells/mm3, HIV-1 RNA (viral load [VL]) >1000 cps/mL; St B: CD4 ≤200, VL ≤1000; St C: CD4 >200, VL >1000; St D: CD4 >200, VL ≤1000. Oral/throat washings were obtained from all participants. Soluble markers were tested in oral/throat washings using a multibead fluorescent platform and were compared across strata. Linear regression was used to determine the associations between cytokines and HIV-1 in plasma and oral fluid. Results St A participants had higher levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and interferon gamma (IFNγ) compared with St B and D (P = .02; P < .0001) but were not different from St C. IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12 were elevated in St A compared with the other 3 strata (P = .046; P < .0001). Linear regression demonstrated that oral HIV-1 levels were associated with IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα production (R > .40; P < .001) when controlling for CD4 count and opportunistic infections. Conclusions Our results show that high levels of oral HIV-1, rather than low CD4 counts, were linked to the production of oral immune mediators. Participants with AIDS and uncontrolled viremia demonstrated higher levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory soluble immune mediators compared with participants with lower HIV-1 RNA. The interplay of HIV-1 and these immune mediators could be important in the oral health of PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary York
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Chengli Shen
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Caroline Shiboski
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Huichao Chen
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Judith A Aberg
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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20
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Rappocciolo G, Sluis-Cremer N, Rinaldo CR. Efficient HIV-1 Trans Infection of CD4 + T Cells Occurs in the Presence of Antiretroviral Therapy. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz253. [PMID: 31304185 PMCID: PMC6613953 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically improved the quality of life of people with HIV-1 infection (PWH). However, it is not curative, and interruption of ART results in rapid viral rebound. Cell-to-cell transfer of HIV-1, or trans infection, is a highly efficient mechanism of virus infection of CD4+ T cells by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), that is, dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and B lymphocytes. Methods APC from HIV seronegative donors treated with ART in vitro (CCR5 agonist, NRTI, PI and NNRTI, alone or in combination), were loaded with HIV R5-tropic HIVBal and mixed with autologous or heterologous CD4+ T lymphocytes to assess trans infection. Ex vivo APC from chronic HIV-infected MACS participants before and after initiation of ART, were also loaded with HIV R5-tropic HIVBal and tested for trans infection against autologous or heterologous CD4+ T lymphocytes. Virus replication was measured by p24 ELISA. Results Here we show in vitro that antiretroviral drugs did not block the ability of DCs and B cells to trans-infect CD4+ T cells, although they were effective in blocking direct cis infection of CD4+ T cells. Moreover, ex vivo DCs and B cells from ART-suppressed PWH mediated efficient HIV-1 trans infection of CD4+ T cells, which were resistant to direct cis infection. Conclusions Our study supports a role for HIV-1 trans infection in maintenance of the HIV-1 reservoir during ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Rappocciolo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolas Sluis-Cremer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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21
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Anderko RR, Rinaldo CR, Mailliard RB. IL-18 defines exclusive ‘memory-like’ NK cell populations. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.76.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
While NK cells are well known for their killing effector function, they also play a critical role as immune helper cells, providing innate alarm signals that shape and regulate the adaptive immune response. In chronic HIV-1 infection, an expanded population of CD56dim FcRγ deficient NK cells persists, similar to the ‘memory-like’ FcRγ− NK cell type identified in cytomegalovirus infection. The purpose of this study was to explore the phenotypic and functional relationship between these FcRγ− NK cells and the previously described IL-18-induced ‘memory-like’ NK helper cells in the setting of HIV-1 infection. We utilized HIV-1 seropositive participants of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study to measure baseline frequencies of peripheral blood FcRγ− NK cells by flow cytometry. We also treated NK cells for 24h with IL-18 alone, or in combination with IL-12, and assessed the phenotypic and functional impact on the FcRγ− and FcRγ+ subsets by flow cytometry. The frequencies of FcRγ− NK cells varied widely in HIV-1 infected men. IL-18 drove the differentiation of CD25+/CD83+ NK helper cells, which produced IFNγ and strongly diminished CD16 expression in response to IL-12. In contrast, FcRγ− NK cells did not respond to IL-18, illustrated by failure to express CD25 or CD83, to downregulate CD16 expression, and to produce IFNγ. FcRγ deficiency was also characterized by an attenuated capacity to express IL18Rα upon IL-18 and IL-12 co-activation. Our results indicate that ‘memory-like’ NK helper cells and FcRγ− NK cells are exclusive populations and suggest that HIV-1 drives the development of cytokine-exhausted FcRγ− NK cells that are unable to provide proper immune ‘help’ in response to innate activation signals.
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22
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Kristoff J, Palma ML, Garcia-Bates TM, Shen C, Sluis-Cremer N, Gupta P, Rinaldo CR, Mailliard RB. Type 1-programmed dendritic cells drive antigen-specific latency reversal and immune elimination of persistent HIV-1. EBioMedicine 2019; 43:295-306. [PMID: 30952614 PMCID: PMC6557749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), latent HIV-1 continues to persist in a long-lived population of resting memory CD4+ T cells within those who are infected. Finding a safe and effective means to induce latency reversal (LR) during ART to specifically expose this latent HIV-1 cellular reservoir for immune elimination has been a major barrier to a functional cure. Methods In this study, we test the use of antigen-presenting type 1-polarized, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDC1) generated from chronic HIV-1-infected individuals on ART as a means to induce HIV-1 latency reversal in autologous CD4+ T cells harboring replication-competent provirus. We use the same MDC1 for ex-vivo generation of autologous HIV-1 antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and test their effector responses against the MDC1-exposed HIV-1- infected CD4+ T cell targets. Findings MDC1 presentation of either HIV-1 or cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens to CD4+ T cells facilitated HIV-1 LR. This antigen-driven MDC1-mediated LR was sharply diminished with blockade of the CD40L/CD40 ‘helper’ signaling pathway. Importantly, these antigen-presenting MDC1 also activated the expansion of CTL capable of killing the exposed HIV-1-infected targets. Interpretation Inclusion of virus-associated MHC class II ‘helper’ antigens in MDC1-based HIV-1 immunotherapies could serve both as a targeted means to safely unmask antigen-specific CD4+ T cells harboring HIV-1, and to support CTL responses that can effectively target the MDC1-exposed HIV-1 cellular reservoir as a functional cure strategy. Fund This study was supported by the NIH-NAID grants R21-AI131763, U01-AI35041, UM1-AI126603, and T32-AI065380.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kristoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Mariana L Palma
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Tatiana M Garcia-Bates
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Chengli Shen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Sluis-Cremer
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Phalguni Gupta
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Robbie B Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America.
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23
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Stansfield SE, Mittler JE, Gottlieb GS, Murphy JT, Hamilton DT, Detels R, Wolinsky SM, Jacobson LP, Margolick JB, Rinaldo CR, Herbeck JT, Goodreau SM. Sexual role and HIV-1 set point viral load among men who have sex with men. Epidemics 2019; 26:68-76. [PMID: 30193771 PMCID: PMC6538391 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 set point viral load (SPVL) is a highly variable trait that influences disease progression and transmission risk. Men who are exclusively insertive (EI) during anal intercourse require more sexual contacts to become infected than exclusively receptive (ER) men. Thus, we hypothesize that EIs are more likely to acquire their viruses from highly infectious partners (i.e., with high SPVLs) and to have higher SPVLs than infected ERs. METHODS We used a one-generation Bernoulli model, a dynamic network model, and data from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) to examine whether and under what circumstances MSM differ in SPVL by sexual role. RESULTS Both models predicted higher SPVLs in EIs than role versatile (RV) or ER men, but only in scenarios where longer-term relationships predominated. ER and RV men displayed similar SPVLs. EI men remained far less likely than ER men to become infected, however. When the MACS data were limited by some estimates of lower sex partner counts (a proxy for longer relationships), EI men had higher SPVLs; these differences were clinically relevant (>0.3 log10 copies/mL) and statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Mode of acquisition may be an important aspect of SPVL evolution in MSM, with clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Stansfield
- Departments of Anthropology & Epidemiology, University of Washington, 314 Denny Hall, Box 353100, Seattle, WA 98195-3100, USA.
| | - John E Mittler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Gottlieb
- Departments of Medicine & Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - James T Murphy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Deven T Hamilton
- Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Roger Detels
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Steven M Wolinsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Lisa P Jacobson
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joseph B Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Joshua T Herbeck
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Steven M Goodreau
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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24
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Benson CA, Andersen JW, Macatangay BJC, Mailliard RB, Rinaldo CR, Read S, Bozzolo DR, Purdue L, Jennings C, Keefer MC, Glesby M, Tebas P, Russell AF, Martin J, Annunziato P, Popmihajlov Z, Lennox JL. Safety and Immunogenicity of Zoster Vaccine Live in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Adults With CD4+ Cell Counts >200 Cells/mL Virologically Suppressed on Antiretroviral Therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 67:1712-1719. [PMID: 29590326 PMCID: PMC6233680 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Herpes zoster (HZ) risk is increased in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons. Live attenuated zoster vaccine (ZV) reduces HZ incidence and severity in adults; safety and immunogenicity data in HIV-infected adults are limited. Methods We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in HIV-infected adults virally suppressed on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Participants, stratified by CD4+ count (200-349 or ≥350 cells/µL), were randomized 3:1 to receive ZV or placebo on day 0 and week 6. The primary endpoint was serious adverse event or grade 3/4 signs/symptoms within 6 weeks after each dose. Immunogenicity (varicella zoster virus [VZV]-specific glycoprotein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay responses) was assessed at 6 and 12 weeks postvaccination. Results Of 395 participants (296 ZV vs 99 placebo), 84% were male, 47% white, 29% black, and 22% Hispanic; median age was 49 years. Safety endpoints occurred in 15 ZV and 2 placebo recipients (5.1% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.9%-8.2%] vs 2.1% [95% CI, .3%-7.3%]; P = .26). Injection site reactions occurred in 42% of ZV (95% CI, 36.3%-47.9%) vs 12.4% of placebo recipients (95% CI, 6.6%-20.6%) (P < .001). Week 12 median natural log VZV antibody titer was higher for ZV (6.30 [Q1, Q3, 5.64, 6.96]) vs placebo (5.48 [Q1, Q3, 4.63, 6.44]; P < .001) overall and in the high CD4+ stratum (P = .003). VZV antibody titers were similar after 1 or 2 ZV doses. Polymerase chain reaction-confirmed HZ occurred in 2 participants (1 ZV; 1 placebo); none was vaccine strain related. Conclusions Two doses of ZV in HIV-infected adults suppressed on ART with CD4+ counts ≥200 cells/µL were safe and immunogenic. Clinical Trials Registration NCT00851786.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet W Andersen
- Statistical and Data Analysis Center, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bernard J C Macatangay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robbie B Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah Read
- Therapeutics Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIAID/NIH), Rockville
| | | | - Lynette Purdue
- Pharmaceutical Affairs Branch, Division of AIDS, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Cheryl Jennings
- Clinical Retrovirology Research Laboratory, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael C Keefer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, New York, New York
| | - Marshall Glesby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Pablo Tebas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Amy Falk Russell
- Clinical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Jason Martin
- Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Paula Annunziato
- Clinical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Zoran Popmihajlov
- Clinical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Jeffrey L Lennox
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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25
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Stram MN, Suciu CN, Seheult JN, McCullough MA, Kader M, Wells A, William Pasculle A, Rinaldo CR, Ismail N. Herpes Simplex Virus-1 qPCR in the Diagnosis of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Organ Transplant Recipients and Critically Ill Patients. Am J Clin Pathol 2018; 150:522-532. [PMID: 30212869 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqy088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine a quantitative herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA threshold in lower respiratory tract specimens that correlates with positive viral culture and clinical outcomes. METHODS Bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial wash samples from 53 HSV culture-positive and 61 culture-negative matched controls were tested using HSV-1 and HSV-2 quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS Median viral culture turnaround time was 21.8 days and 9.9 days for culture-negative and culture-positive specimens, respectively. Using an HSV-1 viral load threshold of 1.62 × 103 copies/mL, there was 93% agreement with viral culture. An HSV-1 viral load ≥1.3 × 104 copies/mL was associated with worse clinical outcome compared to a viral load <1.3 × 104 copies/mL (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.27, P = .017), and there was a trend of worse outcome compared to patients with undetectable HSV-1 DNA (HR = 1.60, P = .056). CONCLUSIONS qPCR has clinical utility for rapid accurate identification of HSV-1 in lower respiratory tract specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Stram
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Christopher N Suciu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jansen N Seheult
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Melissa A McCullough
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Muhamuda Kader
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - A William Pasculle
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nahed Ismail
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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26
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Linn A, Wang L, Silveira FP, Williams JV, Zimmerman R, Rinaldo CR, Michaels M. When to Order a Respiratory Viral Panel (RVP): Physician Use in Clinical Practice. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017. [PMCID: PMC5631003 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx163.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiplex RVP assays are frequently offered at medical centers to screen for viruses using nucleic acid technology. The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) uses the Genmark eSensor RVP detecting 14 virus types/subtypes. This study evaluated how RVPs are used in a large medical center to better understand physician practices. Methods A 32 question, descriptive survey, created using the Qualtrics survey database, was sent via email to pediatric, emergency, internal, and family physicians at large academic hospitals in the UPMC network. The anonymous survey was sent 3 times between January 2017 and March 2017. Survey data were analyzed using the SPSS statistics software. Results 543/1,265 (43%) survey responses were received; 492 were evaluable. 56% were female; 42% see children, 45% see adults, 13% see both; 16% see patients in the ED. Training levels included 51% residents/fellows and 49% attendings. Of doctors responding, 87% order RVPs. Most (85%) have changed treatment decisions based on a RVP result; 53% changed management ~50% of the time. Conclusion Physicians order RVPs most frequently if they believe the results will change treatment. RVPs are ordered more for young and elderly patients, and those with underlying immunosuppression or chronic illness. Cost does not limit physician ordering and most are unaware of it. Suspected influenza or specific virus is also considered. Disclosures J. V. Williams, Quidel: Scientific Advisor, Consulting fee GlaxoSmithKline: Scientific Advisor, Consulting fee R. Zimmerman, Sanofi: Grant Investigator, Grant recipient
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Linn
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Li Wang
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marian Michaels
- Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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27
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Lepone LM, Rappocciolo G, Piazza PA, Campbell DM, Jenkins FJ, Rinaldo CR. Regulatory T Cell Effect on CD8 + T Cell Responses to Human Herpesvirus 8 Infection and Development of Kaposi's Sarcoma. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:668-674. [PMID: 28121161 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed CD8+ T cell reactivity to human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8; Kaposi's sarcoma [KS]-associated herpesvirus) and the role of CD4+CD25hiFoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) in HHV-8- and HIV-coinfected participants of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study who did or did not develop KS. There were similarly low CD8+ T cell interferon-γ responses to MHC class I-restricted epitopes of HHV-8 lytic and latent proteins over 5.7 years before KS in participants who developed KS compared to those who did not. T cell reactivity to HHV-8 antigens was low relative to responses to a combination of cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and influenza A virus (CEF) peptide epitopes, and dominant HIV peptide epitopes. There was no change in %Treg in the HHV-8- and HIV-coinfected participants who did not develop KS, whereas there was a significant increase in %Treg in HHV-8- and HIV-coinfected participants who developed KS beginning 1.8 years before development of KS. Removal of Treg enhanced HHV-8-specific T cell responses in HHV-8- and HIV-coinfected participants who did or did not develop KS, with a similar pattern observed in response to CEF and HIV peptides. Thus, long-term, low levels of anti-HHV-8 CD8+ T cell reactivity were present in both HHV-8- and HIV-coinfected men who did and did not develop KS. This was related to moderately enhanced Treg function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Lepone
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Giovanna Rappocciolo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Paolo A. Piazza
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Diana M. Campbell
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Frank J. Jenkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles R. Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Sanyal A, Mailliard RB, Rinaldo CR, Ratner D, Ding M, Chen Y, Zerbato JM, Giacobbi NS, Venkatachari NJ, Patterson BK, Chargin A, Sluis-Cremer N, Gupta P. Novel assay reveals a large, inducible, replication-competent HIV-1 reservoir in resting CD4 + T cells. Nat Med 2017; 23:885-889. [PMID: 28553933 PMCID: PMC5505781 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy can suppress HIV-1 infection to undetectable levels of plasma viremia, integrated latent HIV-1 genomes that encode replication competent virus persist in resting CD4+ T cells. This latent HIV-1 reservoir represents a major barrier to a cure. Currently, there are substantial ongoing efforts to identify therapeutic approaches that will eliminate or reduce the size of this latent HIV-1 reservoir. In this regard, a sensitive assay which can accurately and rapidly quantify inducible replication competent latent HIV-1 from resting CD4+ T cells is essential for HIV-1 eradication studies. Here we describe a reporter cell-based assay to quantify inducible replication competent latent HIV-1. This assay has several advantages over existing technology in that it: (i) is sensitive; (ii) requires only a small blood volume; (iii) is faster, less labor intensive, and less expensive, and (iv) can be readily adapted to a high-throughput format. Using this assay we show that the size of the inducible latent HIV-1 reservoir in aviremic participants on therapy is approximately 70-fold larger than previous estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Sanyal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robbie B Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deena Ratner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ming Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer M Zerbato
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas S Giacobbi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Narasimhan J Venkatachari
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Nicolas Sluis-Cremer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Phalguni Gupta
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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McKay HS, Bream JH, Margolick JB, Martínez-Maza O, Magpantay LI, Phair JP, Rinaldo CR, Abraham AG, Jacobson LP. Data on serologic inflammatory biomarkers assessed using multiplex assays and host characteristics in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Data Brief 2016; 9:262-70. [PMID: 27668272 PMCID: PMC5024314 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This article contains data on the associations between fixed and modifiable host characteristics and twenty-three biomarkers of inflammation and immune activation measured longitudinally in a cohort of 250 HIV-uninfected men from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (1984-2009) after adjusting for age, study site, and blood draw time of day using generalized gamma regression. This article also presents associations between each biomarker and each host characteristic in a sample restricted to 2001-2009. These data are supplemental to our original research article entitled "Host factors associated with serologic inflammatory markers assessed using multiplex assays" (McKay, S. Heather, Bream, H. Jay, Margolick, B. Joseph, Martínez-Maza, Otoniel, Phair, P. John, Rinaldo, R. Charles, Abraham, G. Alison, L.P. Jacobson, 2016) [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather S McKay
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jay H Bream
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph B Margolick
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Larry I Magpantay
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John P Phair
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, CA, USA
| | - Alison G Abraham
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lisa P Jacobson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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McKay HS, Bream JH, Margolick JB, Martínez-Maza O, Phair JP, Rinaldo CR, Abraham AG, Jacobson LP. Host factors associated with serologic inflammatory markers assessed using multiplex assays. Cytokine 2016; 85:71-9. [PMID: 27295613 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic systemic inflammation contributes to the development of adverse health conditions, yet the influence of fixed and modifiable risk factors on many serologic biomarkers of inflammation remains largely unknown. Serum concentrations of twenty-three biomarkers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), cytokines (CXCL11, CXCL8, CXCL10, CCL2, CCL13, CCL4, CCL17, CXCL13, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-1β, GM-CSF, BAFF), and soluble immune receptors (sCD14, sIL-2Rα, sCD27, sgp130, sTNF-R2) were measured longitudinally using multiplexed immunometric assays in 250 HIV-uninfected men followed in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (1984-2009). Generalized gamma regression was used to determine the statistical significance of factors associated with each biomarker. After accounting for age, race, and education, and for analysis of multiple biomarkers, higher concentrations of specific individual biomarkers were significantly (P<0.002) associated with hypertension, obesity, hepatitis C infection, stimulant use, and diabetes and lower concentrations with hypercholesterolemia. These associations should be taken into account in epidemiological studies of these biomarkers, and may provide potential targets for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather S McKay
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Jay H Bream
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph B Margolick
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John P Phair
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, CA, USA
| | - Alison G Abraham
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lisa P Jacobson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Gearhart TL, Montelaro RC, Schurdak ME, Pilcher CD, Rinaldo CR, Kodadek T, Park Y, Islam K, Yurko R, Marques ETA, Burke DS. Selection of a potential diagnostic biomarker for HIV infection from a random library of non-biological synthetic peptoid oligomers. J Immunol Methods 2016; 435:85-9. [PMID: 27182050 PMCID: PMC4947968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Non-biological synthetic oligomers can serve as ligands for antibodies. We hypothesized that a random combinatorial library of synthetic poly-N-substituted glycine oligomers, or peptoids, could represent a random “shape library” in antigen space, and that some of these peptoids would be recognized by the antigen-binding pocket of disease-specific antibodies. We synthesized and screened a one bead one compound combinatorial library of peptoids, in which each bead displayed an 8-mer peptoid with ten possible different amines at each position (108 theoretical variants). By screening one million peptoid/beads we found 112 (approximately 1 in 10,000) that preferentially bound immunoglobulins from human sera known to be positive for anti-HIV antibodies. Reactive peptoids were then re-synthesized and rigorously evaluated in plate-based ELISAs. Four peptoids showed very good, and one showed excellent, properties for establishing a sero-diagnosis of HIV. These results demonstrate the feasibility of constructing sero-diagnostic assays for infectious diseases from libraries of random molecular shapes. In this study we sought a proof-of-principle that we could identify a potential diagnostic antibody ligand biomarker for an infectious disease in a random combinatorial library of 100 million peptoids. We believe that this is the first evidence that it is possible to develop sero-diagnostic assays – for any infectious disease – based on screening random libraries of non-biological molecular shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia L Gearhart
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States
| | - Ronald C Montelaro
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States
| | - Mark E Schurdak
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Chris D Pilcher
- Center for AIDS Research, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, SFGH 80, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Thomas Kodadek
- The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Yongseok Park
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kazi Islam
- Peptide Synthesis Facility, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Raymond Yurko
- Peptide Synthesis Facility, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Ernesto T A Marques
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States; Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Donald S Burke
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States; Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Garcia-Bates TM, Kim E, Gambotto A, Rinaldo CR, Mailliard RB. PD-1 inhibition results in reduced dendritic cell (DC) activation of HIV-1-specific de novo CTL and enhancement of DC-induced CTL memory recall responses. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.148.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Combination strategies consisting of DC vaccines and suppression of immunoregulatory pathways such as PD-1 blockade have been advocated to elicit optimal CTL responses in chronic diseases including cancer and HIV infection. We have shown that inactivated HIV-1 virus loaded, high IL-12 producing, mature, type-1 polarized DC (DC1) can activate CTL from naïve CD8+ T cell precursors that more effectively kill HIV-1-infected cells than CTL derived from memory CD8+ T cells. Here we tested DC1 transfected with an adenoviral (Ad) vector encoding anti-PD-1 antibody (DC.αPD1) enhancement of both primary as well as memory CTL responses to HIV-1. Ad-αPD1-transduced DC1 (DC.αPD1) secreted high levels of functional anti-PD1 Ab without affecting their phenotype or IL-12p70-producing capacity. We next compared HIV Gag peptide epitope-loaded DC.αPD1 to DC1 that were transfected with an empty vector for their ability to activate either purified, autologous naïve or memory HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells from chronic HIV-1-infected participants of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. When compared to the control DC1, antigen-loaded DC.αPD1 enhanced the overall magnitude of HIV-1-specific CTL responses induced, as determined by the expansion of HIV-1-peptide responsive CD107a and IFNγ expressing T cells. In contrast, the overall number HIV-1 antigen-reactive CTL derived from the naïve CD8+ T cell fraction sharply decreased when using the DC.αPD1-based approach. These results suggest previously unrecognized, opposing roles of the inhibitory receptor PD-1 in DC1-induced primary versus memory recall CD8+ T cell responses to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eun Kim
- 2Univ. of Pittsburgh Sch. of Med
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Abstract
Membrane nanotubes, also termed tunneling nanotubes, are F-actin-based structures that can form direct cytoplasmic connections and support rapid communication between distant cells. These nanoscale conduits have been observed in diverse cell types, including immune, neuronal, stromal, cancer, and stem cells. Until recently, little was known about the mechanisms involved in membrane nanotube development in myeloid origin APCs or how membrane nanotube networks support their ability to bridge innate and adaptive immunity. New research has provided insight into the modes of induction and regulation of the immune process of "reticulation" or the development of multicellular membrane nanotube networks in dendritic cells. Preprogramming by acute type 1 inflammatory mediators at their immature stage licenses mature type 1-polarized dendritic cells to reticulate upon subsequent interaction with CD40 ligand-expressing CD4(+) Th cells. Dendritic cell reticulation can support direct antigen transfer for amplification of specific T cell responses and can be positively or negatively regulated by signals from distinct Th cell subsets. Membrane nanotubes not only enhance the ability of immature dendritic cells to sense pathogens and rapidly mobilize nearby antigen-presenting cells in the peripheral tissues but also likely support communication of pathogen-related information from mature migratory dendritic cells to resident dendritic cells in lymph nodes. Therefore, the reticulation process facilitates a coordinated multicellular response for the efficient initiation of cell-mediated adaptive immune responses. Herein, we discuss studies focused on the molecular mechanisms of membrane nanotube formation, structure, and function in the context of immunity and how pathogens, such as HIV-1, may use dendritic cell reticulation to circumvent host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Zaccard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA and
| | - C R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - R B Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA and
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Macatangay BJC, Riddler SA, Wheeler ND, Spindler J, Lawani M, Hong F, Buffo MJ, Whiteside TL, Kearney MF, Mellors JW, Rinaldo CR. Therapeutic Vaccination With Dendritic Cells Loaded With Autologous HIV Type 1-Infected Apoptotic Cells. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:1400-9. [PMID: 26647281 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report the results of a phase I/II, open-label, single-arm clinical trial to evaluate the safety and anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) efficacy of an autologous dendritic cell (DC)-based HIV-1 vaccine loaded with autologous HIV-1-infected apoptotic cells. METHODS Antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive individuals were enrolled, and viremia was suppressed by ART prior to delivery of 4 doses of DC-based vaccine. Participants underwent treatment interruption 6 weeks after the third vaccine dose. The plasma HIV-1 RNA level 12 weeks after treatment interruption was compared to the pre-ART (ie, baseline) level. RESULTS The vaccine was safe and well tolerated but did not prevent viral rebound during treatment interruption. Vaccination resulted in a modest but significant decrease in plasma viremia from the baseline level (from 4.53 log10 copies/mL to 4.27 log10 copies/mL;P= .05). Four of 10 participants had a >0.70 log10 increase in the HIV-1 RNA load in plasma following vaccination, despite continuous ART. Single-molecule sequencing of HIV-1 RNA in plasma before and after vaccination revealed increases in G>A hypermutants in gag and pol after vaccination, which suggests cytolysis of infected cells. CONCLUSIONS A therapeutic HIV-1 vaccine based on DCs loaded with apoptotic bodies was safe and induced T-cell activation and cytolysis, including HIV-1-infected cells, in a subset of study participants. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT00510497.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon A Riddler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Nicole D Wheeler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Jonathan Spindler
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mariam Lawani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Feiyu Hong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Mary J Buffo
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | | | - Mary F Kearney
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John W Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pennsylvania
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Falade-Nwulia O, Seaberg EC, Snider AE, Rinaldo CR, Phair J, Witt MD, Thio CL. Incident Hepatitis B Virus Infection in HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Men Who Have Sex With Men From Pre-HAART to HAART Periods: A Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med 2015; 163:673-80. [PMID: 26457744 PMCID: PMC4630157 DOI: 10.7326/m15-0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Data on the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on incident HBV infection in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected MSM are limited. OBJECTIVE To determine predictors of incident HBV infection in MSM during pre-HAART and HAART periods. DESIGN Observational cohort study. SETTING Cohort of MSM who have, or are at risk for, HIV infection. PATIENTS 2375 HBV-uninfected MSM in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. MEASUREMENTS Poisson regression was used to compare incidence rates of HBV infection in the pre-HAART and HAART eras and to identify factors associated with incidence of HBV infection. RESULTS In 25,322 person-years of follow-up, 244 incident HBV infections occurred. The unadjusted incidence rate was higher in HIV-infected MSM than in HIV-uninfected MSM (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.9 [95% CI, 1.5 to 2.4]) and was significantly lower in the HAART era than in the pre-HAART era among HIV-infected (IRR, 0.2 [CI, 0.1 to 0.4]) and HIV-uninfected (IRR, 0.3 [CI, 0.2 to 0.4]) MSM. Age younger than 40 years (IRR, 2.3 [CI, 1.7 to 3.0]), more than 1 recent sexual partner (IRR, 3.1 [CI, 2.3 to 4.2]), and HIV infection (IRR, 2.4 [CI, 1.8 to 3.1]) were independently associated with higher incidence of HBV infection, whereas HBV vaccination was protective (IRR, 0.3 [CI, 0.2 to 0.4]). Highly active antiretroviral therapy with HIV RNA levels less than 400 copies/mL was associated with protection (IRR, 0.2 [CI, 0.1 to 0.5]), but HAART in those with HIV RNA levels of 400 copies/mL or greater was not. LIMITATION The observational nature limits inferences about causality. CONCLUSION Effective HAART is associated with lower incidence of HBV infection; however, even in the HAART era, incidence of HBV infection remains high among MSM. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Falade-Nwulia
- From Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor–University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Eric C. Seaberg
- From Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor–University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Anna E. Snider
- From Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor–University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Charles R. Rinaldo
- From Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor–University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - John Phair
- From Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor–University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Mallory D. Witt
- From Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor–University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Chloe L. Thio
- From Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor–University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California
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36
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Seaberg EC, Witt MD, Jacobson LP, Detels R, Rinaldo CR, Margolick JB, Young S, Phair JP, Thio CL. Spontaneous Clearance of the Hepatitis C Virus Among Men Who Have Sex With Men. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61:1381-8. [PMID: 26175521 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The probability of spontaneous hepatitis C virus (HCV) clearance ranges from 11% to 49%. Our previous cross-sectional study suggests that mode of acquisition explains some of this heterogeneity. We performed this prospective study to determine factors associated with spontaneous HCV clearance among men who have sex with men (MSM). METHODS A mixture-cure model was used to evaluate the probability of spontaneous HCV clearance among 101 MSM in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study with acute HCV infection between 1984 and 2012. RESULTS Spontaneous HCV clearance occurred in 46% of MSM (49% in non-injection drug users [IDUs] and 23% in IDUs). In the multivariable analysis, age <30 years (clearance ratio [CR] = 2.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-3.87) and being human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uninfected (CR = 2.97; 95% CI, 1.98-4.46) were independently associated with spontaneous clearance. Among men aged ≥30 years, being HIV uninfected, not having unprotected anal intercourse, older age, and being on highly active antiretroviral therapy were independently associated with higher clearance. The interferon lambda rs12979860 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was not associated with spontaneous clearance among the 88 MSM who were not active IDUs (CR = 0.74; 95% CI, .46-1.21 for CC vs CT/TT genotype). CONCLUSIONS The high probability of spontaneous HCV clearance together with the lack of an association between the rs12979860 SNP and spontaneous clearance among MSM who do not use injection drugs suggests that the immune mechanisms involved with a successful response to acute HCV differ by mode of virus acquisition. Understanding potential mechanistic differences could be important for HCV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Seaberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mallory D Witt
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor University of California-Los Angeles, Torrance
| | - Lisa P Jacobson
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Roger Detels
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California-Los Angeles, School of Public Health, California
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph B Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephen Young
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico HSC, Albuquerque
| | - John P Phair
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Chloe L Thio
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Abraham AG, Darilay A, McKay H, Margolick JB, Estrella MM, Palella FJ, Bolan R, Rinaldo CR, Jacobson LP. Kidney Dysfunction and Markers of Inflammation in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1100-10. [PMID: 25762788 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals are at higher risk for chronic kidney disease than HIV-uninfected individuals. We investigated whether the inflammation present in treated HIV infection contributes to kidney dysfunction among HIV-infected men receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. METHODS The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was directly measured (using iohexol) along with 12 markers of inflammation in Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study participants. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify inflammatory processes related to kidney dysfunction. The estimated levels of these inflammatory processes were used in adjusted logistic regression analyses evaluating cross-sectional associations with kidney function outcomes. RESULTS There were 434 HIV-infected men receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy and 200 HIV-uninfected men. HIV-infected men were younger (median age, 51 vs 53 years) and had higher urine protein-creatinine ratios (median, 98 vs 66 mg/g) but comparable GFRs (median, 109 vs 106 mL/min|1.73 m(2)). We found an inflammatory process dominated by markers: soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2, soluble interleukin 2 receptor α, soluble gp130, soluble CD27, and soluble CD14. An increase of 1 standard deviation in that inflammatory process was associated with significantly greater odds of GFR ≤90 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (odds ratio, 2.0) and urine protein >200 mg/g (odds ratio, 2.3). CONCLUSIONS Higher circulating levels of immune activation markers among treated HIV-infected men may partially explain their higher burden of kidney dysfunction compared with uninfected men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joseph B Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | | | - Frank J Palella
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pennsylvania
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38
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Herbeck J, Ghorai S, Chen L, Rinaldo CR, Margolick JB, Detels R, Jacobson L, Wolinsky S, Mullins JI. p21(WAF1/CIP1) RNA expression in highly HIV-1 exposed, uninfected individuals. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119218. [PMID: 25746435 PMCID: PMC4352077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Some individuals remain HIV-1 antibody and PCR negative after repeated exposures to the virus, and are referred to as HIV-exposed seronegatives (HESN). However, the causes of resistance to HIV-1 infection in cases other than those with a homozygous CCR5Δ32 deletion are unclear. We hypothesized that human p21WAF1/CIP1 (a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor) could play a role in resistance to HIV-1 infection in HESN, as p21 expression has been associated with suppression of HIV-1 in elite controllers and reported to block HIV-1 integration in cell culture. We measured p21 RNA expression in PBMC from 40 HESN and 40 low exposure HIV-1 seroconverters (LESC) prior to their infection using a real-time PCR assay. Comparing the 20 HESN with the highest exposure risk (median = 111 partners/2.5 years prior to the 20 LESC with the lowest exposure risk (median = 1 partner/2.5 years prior), p21 expression trended higher in HESN in only one of two experiments (P = 0.11 vs. P = 0.80). Additionally, comparison of p21 expression in the top 40 HESN (median = 73 partners/year) and lowest 40 LESC (median = 2 partners/year) showed no difference between the groups (P = 0.84). There was a weak linear trend between risk of infection after exposure and increasing p21 gene expression (R2 = 0.02, P = 0.12), but again only in one experiment. Hence, if p21 expression contributes to the resistance to viral infection in HESN, it likely plays a minor role evident only in those with extremely high levels of exposure to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Herbeck
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Suvankar Ghorai
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lennie Chen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Charles R. Rinaldo
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joseph B. Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Roger Detels
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Jacobson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven Wolinsky
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - James I. Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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Zimmerman RK, Rinaldo CR, Nowalk MP, Balasubramani GK, Moehling KK, Bullotta A, Eng HF, Raviotta JM, Sax TM, Wisniewski S. Viral infections in outpatients with medically attended acute respiratory illness during the 2012-2013 influenza season. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:87. [PMID: 25887948 PMCID: PMC4344779 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0806-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While it is known that acute respiratory illness (ARI) is caused by an array of viruses, less is known about co-detections and the resultant comparative symptoms and illness burden. This study examined the co-detections, the distribution of viruses, symptoms, and illness burden associated with ARI between December 2012 and March 2013. METHODS Outpatients with ARI were assayed for presence of 18 viruses using multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (MRT-PCR) to simultaneously detect multiple viruses. RESULTS Among 935 patients, 60% tested positive for a single virus, 9% tested positive for ≥1 virus and 287 (31%) tested negative. Among children (<18 years), the respective distributions were 63%, 14%, and 23%; whereas for younger adults (18-49 years), the distributions were 58%, 8%, and 34% and for older adults (≥50 years) the distributions were 61%, 5%, and 32% (P < 0.001). Co-detections were more common in children than older adults (P = 0.01), and less frequent in households without children (P = 0.003). Most frequently co-detected viruses were coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza A virus. Compared with single viral infections, those with co-detections less frequently reported sore throat (P = 0.01), missed fewer days of school (1.1 vs. 2 days; P = 0.04), or work (2 vs. 3 days; P = 0.03); other measures of illness severity did not vary. CONCLUSIONS Among outpatients with ARI, 69% of visits were associated with a viral etiology. Co-detections of specific clusters of viruses were observed in 9% of ARI cases particularly in children, were less frequent in households without children, and were less symptomatic (e.g., lower fever) than single infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Zimmerman
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Departments of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, and Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Mary Patricia Nowalk
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - G K Balasubramani
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Krissy K Moehling
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Arlene Bullotta
- Departments of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, and Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Heather F Eng
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Jonathan M Raviotta
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Theresa M Sax
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Stephen Wisniewski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Abstract
Despite the success of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), a latent viral reservoir persists in HIV-1-infected persons. Unfortunately, endogenous cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are unable to control viral rebound when patients are removed from cART. A "kick and kill" strategy has been proposed to eradicate this reservoir, whereby infected T cells are induced to express viral proteins via latency-inducing drugs followed by their elimination by CTLs. It has yet to be determined if stimulation of existing HIV-1-specific CTL will be sufficient, or if new CTLs should be primed from naïve T cells. In this review, we propose that dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent antigen presenting cells, act as dog trainers and can induce T cells (the dogs) to do magnificent tricks. We propose the hypothesis that an HIV-1 cure will require targeting of naïve T cells and will necessitate "teaching new dogs new tricks" while avoiding activation of potentially dysfunctional endogenous memory CTLs (letting the sleeping dogs lie).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie N Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Robbie B Mailliard
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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41
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Zaccard CR, Watkins SC, Kalinski P, Fecek RJ, Yates AL, Salter RD, Ayyavoo V, Rinaldo CR, Mailliard RB. CD40L induces functional tunneling nanotube networks exclusively in dendritic cells programmed by mediators of type 1 immunity. J Immunol 2014; 194:1047-56. [PMID: 25548234 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of dendritic cells (DC) to mediate CD4(+) T cell help for cellular immunity is guided by instructive signals received during DC maturation, as well as the resulting pattern of DC responsiveness to the Th signal, CD40L. Furthermore, the professional transfer of antigenic information from migratory DC to lymph node-residing DC is critical for the effective induction of cellular immune responses. In this study we report that, in addition to their enhanced IL-12p70 producing capacity, human DC matured in the presence of inflammatory mediators of type 1 immunity are uniquely programmed to form networks of tunneling nanotube-like structures in response to CD40L-expressing Th cells or rCD40L. This immunologic process of DC reticulation facilitates intercellular trafficking of endosome-associated vesicles and Ag, but also pathogens such HIV-1, and is regulated by the opposing roles of IFN-γ and IL-4. The initiation of DC reticulation represents a novel helper function of CD40L and a superior mechanism of intercellular communication possessed by type 1 polarized DC, as well as a target for exploitation by pathogens to enhance direct cell-to-cell spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen R Zaccard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - Ronald J Fecek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Aarika L Yates
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Russell D Salter
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Velpandi Ayyavoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Robbie B Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261;
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42
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Zimmerman RK, Rinaldo CR, Nowalk MP, K BG, Moehling K, Bullotta A, Wisniewski S. 1125Viral Infections In Outpatients With Medically Attended Acute Respiratory Illness During the 2012-13 Influenza Season. Open Forum Infect Dis 2014. [PMCID: PMC5781443 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu052.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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43
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Zaccard CR, Watkins SC, Ayyavoo V, Rinaldo CR, Mailliard RB. HIV's ticket to ride: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-activated dendritic cells exploited for virus intercellular transfer. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:1023-4. [PMID: 25354022 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen R. Zaccard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Velpandi Ayyavoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles R. Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robbie B. Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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44
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Seaberg EC, Witt MD, Jacobson LP, Detels R, Rinaldo CR, Young S, Phair JP, Thio CL. Differences in hepatitis C virus prevalence and clearance by mode of acquisition among men who have sex with men. J Viral Hepat 2014; 21:696-705. [PMID: 25280229 PMCID: PMC4187219 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We examined the characteristics associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody (anti-HCV) prevalence and HCV clearance between injection drug using (IDU) and non-IDU men who have sex with men (MSM). Stored serum and plasma samples were tested for anti-HCV and HCV RNA to determine the HCV status of 6925 MSM at enrolment into the Multicentre AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Prevalence and clearance ratios were calculated to determine the characteristics associated with HCV prevalence and clearance. Multivariable analyses were performed using Poisson regression methods with robust variance estimation. Anti-HCV prevalence was significantly higher among IDU than among non-IDU MSM (42.9% vs 4.0%), while clearance was significantly lower among IDU MSM (11.5% vs 34.5% among non-IDU MSM). HIV infection, Black race, and older age were independently associated with higher prevalence in both groups, while smoking, transfusion history, and syphilis were significantly associated with prevalence only among non-IDU MSM. The rs12979860-C/C genotype was the only characteristic independently associated with HCV clearance in both groups, but the effects of both rs12979860-C/C genotype [clearance ratio (CR) = 4.16 IDUs vs 1.71 non-IDUs; P = 0.03] and HBsAg positivity (CR = 5.06 IDUs vs 1.62 non-IDUs; P = 0.03) were significantly larger among IDU MSM. HIV infection was independently associated with lower HCV clearance only among non-IDU MSM (CR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.40-0.87). IDU MSM have higher anti-HCV prevalence and lower HCV clearance than non-IDU MSM. Differences in the factors associated with HCV clearance suggest that the mechanisms driving the response to HCV may differ according to the mode of acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Seaberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205 USA
| | - Mallory D Witt
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, California, 90509 USA
| | - Lisa P Jacobson
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205 USA
| | - Roger Detels
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, 90095 USA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261 USA
| | - Steve Young
- TriCore Reference Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131 USA
| | - John P Phair
- Howard Brown Health Center and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611 USA
| | - Chloe L Thio
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205 USA
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45
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Piazza P, Campbell D, Marques E, Hildebrand WH, Buchli R, Mailliard R, Rinaldo CR. Dengue virus-infected human dendritic cells reveal hierarchies of naturally expressed novel NS3 CD8 T cell epitopes. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:696-702. [PMID: 24816171 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed knowledge of dengue virus (DENV) cell-mediated immunity is limited. In this study we characterize CD8(+) T lymphocytes recognizing three novel and two known non-structural protein 3 peptide epitopes in DENV-infected dendritic cells. Three epitopes displayed high conservation (75-100%), compared to the others (0-50%). A hierarchy ranking based on magnitude and polyfunctionality of the antigen-specific response showed that dominant epitopes were both highly conserved and cross-reactive against multiple DENV serotypes. These results are relevant to DENV pathogenesis and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Piazza
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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46
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Campbell DM, Rappocciolo G, Jenkins FJ, Rinaldo CR. Dendritic cells: key players in human herpesvirus 8 infection and pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:452. [PMID: 25221546 PMCID: PMC4148009 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8; Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) is an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus that primarily infects cells of the immune and vascular systems. HHV-8 interacts with and targets professional antigen presenting cells and influences their function. Infection alters the maturation, antigen presentation, and immune activation capabilities of certain dendritic cells (DC) despite non-robust lytic replication in these cells. DC sustains a low level of antiviral functionality during HHV-8 infection in vitro. This may explain the ability of healthy individuals to effectively control this virus without disease. Following an immune compromising event, such as organ transplantation or human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, a reduced cellular antiviral response against HHV-8 compounded with skewed DC cytokine production and antigen presentation likely contributes to the development of HHV-8 associated diseases, i.e., Kaposi's sarcoma and certain B cell lymphomas. In this review we focus on the role of DC in the establishment of HHV-8 primary and latent infection, the functional state of DC during HHV-8 infection, and the current understanding of the factors influencing virus-DC interactions in the context of HHV-8-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Campbell
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Giovanna Rappocciolo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Frank J Jenkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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47
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Hensler HR, Tomaszewski MJ, Rappocciolo G, Rinaldo CR, Jenkins FJ. Human herpesvirus 8 glycoprotein B binds the entry receptor DC-SIGN. Virus Res 2014; 190:97-103. [PMID: 25018023 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) uses DC-SIGN as an entry receptor for dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells. The viral attachment protein for DC-SIGN is unknown. HHV-8 virions contain five conserved herpesvirus glycoproteins, a single unique glycoprotein, and two predicted glycoproteins. Previous studies have shown that DC-SIGN binds highly mannosylated glycoproteins. The HHV-8 glycoprotein B (gB) has been reported to be highly mannosylated, and therefore we hypothesized that gB will bind to DC-SIGN. In this report we confirm that gB has a high mannose carbohydrate structure and demonstrate for the first time that it binds DC-SIGN in a dose-dependent manner. We also identify key amino acids in the DC-SIGN carbohydrate recognition domain that are required for HHV-8 infection and compare these results with published binding regions for ICAM-2/3 and HIV-1 gp120. These results clarify some of the initial events in HHV-8 entry and can be used for the design of targeted preventive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R Hensler
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Parran Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Monica J Tomaszewski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Parran Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Giovanna Rappocciolo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Parran Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Parran Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Frank J Jenkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Parran Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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48
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Nolen BM, Breen EC, Bream JH, Jenkins FJ, Kingsley LA, Rinaldo CR, Lokshin AE. Circulating mediators of inflammation and immune activation in AIDS-related non-hodgkin lymphoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99144. [PMID: 24922518 PMCID: PMC4055650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is the most common AIDS-related malignancy in developed countries. An elevated risk of developing NHL persists among HIV-infected individuals in comparison to the general population despite the advent of effective antiretroviral therapy. The mechanisms underlying the development of AIDS-related NHL (A-NHL) are not fully understood, but likely involve persistent B-cell activation and inflammation. METHODS This was a nested case-control study within the ongoing prospective Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Cases included 47 HIV-positive male subjects diagnosed with high-grade B-cell NHL. Controls were matched to each case from among participating HIV-positive males who did not develop any malignancy. Matching criteria included time HIV+ or since AIDS diagnosis, age, race and CD4+ cell count. Sera were tested for 161 serum biomarkers using multiplexed bead-based immunoassays. RESULTS A subset of 17 biomarkers, including cytokines, chemokines, acute phase proteins, tissue remodeling agents and bone metabolic mediators was identified to be significantly altered in A-NHL cases in comparison to controls. Many of the biomarkers included in this subset were positively correlated with HIV viral load. A pathway analysis of our results revealed an extensive network of interactions between current and previously identified biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the current hypothesis that A-NHL develops in the context of persistent immune stimulation and inflammation. Further analysis of the biomarkers identified in this report should enhance our ability to diagnose, monitor and treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Nolen
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Crabb Breen
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jay H. Bream
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Frank J. Jenkins
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lawrence A. Kingsley
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Charles R. Rinaldo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anna E. Lokshin
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Ob/Gyn, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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49
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Zimmerman RK, Rinaldo CR, Nowalk MP, Gk B, Thompson MG, Moehling KK, Bullotta A, Wisniewski S. Influenza and other respiratory virus infections in outpatients with medically attended acute respiratory infection during the 2011-12 influenza season. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 8:397-405. [PMID: 24852890 PMCID: PMC4057994 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory tract infections are a major cause of outpatient visits, yet only a portion is tested to determine the etiologic organism. Multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (MRT-PCR) assays for detection of multiple viruses are being used increasingly in clinical settings. METHODS During January-April 2012, outpatients with acute respiratory illness (≤ 7 days) were tested for influenza using singleplex RT-PCR (SRT-PCR). A subset was assayed for 18 viruses using MRT-PCR to compare detection of influenza and examine the distribution of viruses and characteristics of patients using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS Among 662 participants (6 months-82 years), detection of influenza was similar between the MRT-PCR and SRT-PCR (κ = 0.83). No virus was identified in 267 (40.3%) samples. Commonly detected viruses were human rhinovirus (HRV, 15.4%), coronavirus (CoV, 10.4%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, 8.4%), human metapneumovirus (hMPV, 8.3%), and influenza (6%). Co-detections were infrequent (6.9%) and most commonly occurred among those <18 years old. In regression analyses, compared with non-viral illnesses, RSV and hMPV were significantly more frequent in children and less frequent in 18- to 49-year-olds than in those ≥ 50 years (P = 0.01), fever was more common in hMPV and influenza infections (P = 0.008), nasal congestion was more frequent in CoV, HRV, hMPV, influenza and RSV infections (P = 0.001), and body mass index was higher among those with influenza (P = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS Using MRT-PCR, a viral etiology was found in three-fifths of patients with medically attended outpatient visits for acute respiratory illness during the influenza season; co-detected viruses were infrequent. Symptoms varied by viral etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Zimmerman
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Rinaldo CR, Kunin CM. Monto Ho, in memoriam. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58:1780-1. [PMID: 24668126 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
| | - Calvin M Kunin
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson
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