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Prazsák I, Tombácz D, Fülöp Á, Torma G, Gulyás G, Dörmő Á, Kakuk B, McKenzie Spires L, Toth Z, Boldogkői Z. KSHV 3.0: a state-of-the-art annotation of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus transcriptome using cross-platform sequencing. mSystems 2024; 9:e0100723. [PMID: 38206015 PMCID: PMC10878076 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01007-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a large, oncogenic DNA virus belonging to the gammaherpesvirus subfamily. KSHV has been extensively studied with various high-throughput RNA-sequencing approaches to map the transcription start and end sites, the splice junctions, and the translation initiation sites. Despite these efforts, the comprehensive annotation of the viral transcriptome remains incomplete. In the present study, we generated a long-read sequencing data set of the lytic and latent KSHV transcriptome using native RNA and direct cDNA-sequencing methods. This was supplemented with Cap Analysis of Gene Expression sequencing based on a short-read platform. We also utilized data sets from previous publications for our analysis. As a result of this combined approach, we have identified a number of novel viral transcripts and RNA isoforms and have either corroborated or improved the annotation of previously identified viral RNA molecules, thereby notably enhancing our comprehension of the transcriptomic architecture of the KSHV genome. We also evaluated the coding capability of transcripts previously thought to be non-coding by integrating our data on the viral transcripts with translatomic information from other publications.IMPORTANCEDeciphering the viral transcriptome of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is of great importance because we can gain insight into the molecular mechanism of viral replication and pathogenesis, which can help develop potential targets for antiviral interventions. Specifically, the identification of substantial transcriptional overlaps by this work suggests the existence of a genome-wide interference between transcriptional machineries. This finding indicates the presence of a novel regulatory layer, potentially controlling the expression of viral genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Prazsák
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dóra Tombácz
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ádám Fülöp
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Torma
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gulyás
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ákos Dörmő
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kakuk
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lauren McKenzie Spires
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zsolt Toth
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zsolt Boldogkői
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Chen L, Ding L, Wang X, Huang Y, Gao SJ. Activation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling inhibits KSHV-induced inflammation and tumorigenesis. mBio 2024; 15:e0301123. [PMID: 38117084 PMCID: PMC10790708 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03011-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most common cancer in HIV-infected patients caused by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection. Hyperinflammation is the hallmark of KS. In this study, we have shown that KSHV mediates hyperinflammation by inducing IL-1α and suppressing IL-1Ra. Mechanistically, KSHV miRNAs and vFLIP induce hyperinflammation by activating the NF-κB pathway. A common anti-inflammatory agent dexamethasone blocks KSHV-induced hyperinflammation and tumorigenesis by activating glucocorticoid receptor signaling to suppress IL-1α and induce IL-1Ra. This work has identified IL-1-mediated inflammation as a potential therapeutic target and dexamethasone as a potential therapeutic agent for KSHV-induced malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Chen
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ling Ding
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xian Wang
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yufei Huang
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Liapis K, Bouzani M, Petrakis V, Anagnostopoulos NI, Kotsianidis I. A variant of KSHV-associated inflammatory cytokine syndrome in elderly men of Mediterranean descent. Infection 2023:10.1007/s15010-023-02155-z. [PMID: 38113021 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The spectrum of HHV-8-associated disorders includes Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, multicentric Castleman's disease, and the recently described KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS), a life-threatening disorder complicating HIV infection. There have been no reports in the literature concerning non-immunosuppressed individuals affected with KICS. We report here a KICS-like illness occurring in two elderly Greek men without HIV infection or other recognizable cause of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Liapis
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Bouzani
- Department of Hematology, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileios Petrakis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second University Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, 681 00, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | | | - Ioannis Kotsianidis
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Sabourin KR, Mugisha J, Asiki G, Nalwoga A, Labo N, Miley W, Beyer R, Rochford R, Johnston TW, Newton R, Whitby D. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibody changes over time in a general population cohort in rural Uganda, 1992-2008. Infect Agent Cancer 2023; 18:55. [PMID: 37775773 PMCID: PMC10543268 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-023-00534-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is ubiquitous and in sub-Saharan Africa, occurs early in life. In a population-based rural African cohort, we leveraged historical samples from the General Population Cohort (GPC) in Uganda to examine the epidemiology of infection with EBV over time, in the era of HIV. METHODS We used 9024 serum samples collected from the GPC in 1992, 2000, 2008, from 7576 participants across the age range (0-99 years of age) and tested for anti-EBV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to EAd, VCA, and EBNA-1 using a multiplex bead-based assay. The related gammaherpesvirus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) seropositivity was also determined by detection of anti-KSHV IgG antibodies to K8.1 or ORF73 measured by recombinant protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data on sex, age, and HIV serostatus were also collected. EBV seropositivity was modeled with age (excluding those under one year, who may have had maternal antibodies), sex, HIV serostatus, and KSHV serostatus using generalized linear mixed effects models to produce beta estimates. RESULTS More than 93% of children were EBV seropositive by one year of age. EBV seropositivity was significantly associated with KSHV seropositivity. Anti-EBNA-1 antibody levels decreased with increasing age and were lower on average in people living with HIV. In general, anti-EAd antibody levels increased with age, were higher in males and KSHV seropositive persons, but decreased over calendar time. Anti-VCA antibody levels increased with age and with calendar time and were higher in KSHV seropositive persons but lower in males. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to identify factors associated with EBV antibodies across the entire life-course in rural sub-Saharan Africa. Consistent with other studies, EBV was near ubiquitous in the population by age one year. Patterns of antibodies show changes by age, sex and calendar time, but no association with HIV was evident, suggesting no relationship between EBV sero-epidemiology and the spread of HIV in the population over time in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Sabourin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, CU School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, RC1N P18-9403D, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- UK Medical Research Council/ Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Health and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Joseph Mugisha
- UK Medical Research Council/ Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Health and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Gershim Asiki
- UK Medical Research Council/ Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Health and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- The African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Angela Nalwoga
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, CU School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, RC1N P18-9403D, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- UK Medical Research Council/ Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Health and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Wendell Miley
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rachel Beyer
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, CU School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, RC1N P18-9403D, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | | | - Robert Newton
- UK Medical Research Council/ Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Health and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- University of York, York, UK
| | - Denise Whitby
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
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Prazsák I, Tombácz D, Fülöp Á, Torma G, Gulyás G, Dörmő Á, Kakuk B, Spires LM, Toth Z, Boldogkői Z. KSHV 3.0: A State-of-the-Art Annotation of the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Transcriptome Using Cross-Platform Sequencing. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.21.558842. [PMID: 37790386 PMCID: PMC10542539 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.21.558842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a large, oncogenic DNA virus belonging to the gammaherpesvirus subfamily. KSHV has been extensively studied with various high-throughput RNA-sequencing approaches to map the transcription start and end sites, the splice junctions, and the translation initiation sites. Despite these efforts, the comprehensive annotation of the viral transcriptome remains incomplete. In the present study, we generated a long-read sequencing dataset of the lytic and latent KSHV transcriptome using native RNA and direct cDNA sequencing methods. This was supplemented with CAGE sequencing based on a short-read platform. We also utilized datasets from previous publications for our analysis. As a result of this combined approach, we have identified a number of novel viral transcripts and RNA isoforms and have either corroborated or improved the annotation of previously identified viral RNA molecules, thereby notably enhancing our comprehension of the transcriptomic architecture of the KSHV genome. We also evaluated the coding capability of transcripts previously thought to be non-coding, by integrating our data on the viral transcripts with translatomic information from other publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Prazsák
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dóra Tombácz
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ádám Fülöp
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Torma
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gulyás
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ákos Dörmő
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kakuk
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lauren McKenzie Spires
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zsolt Toth
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zsolt Boldogkői
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Santiago JC, Westfall DH, Adams SV, Okuku F, Phipps W, Mullins JI. Variation within major internal repeats of KSHV in vivo. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead034. [PMID: 37325087 PMCID: PMC10266750 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), yet the viral genetic factors that lead to the development of KS in KSHV-infected individuals have not been fully elucidated. Nearly, all previous analyses of KSHV genomic evolution and diversity have excluded the three major internal repeat regions: the two origins of lytic replication, internal repeats 1 and 2 (IR1 and IR2), and the latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) repeat domain (LANAr). These regions encode protein domains that are essential to the KSHV infection cycle but have been rarely sequenced due to their extended repetitive nature and high guanine and cytosine (GC) content. The limited data available suggest that their sequences and repeat lengths are more heterogeneous across individuals than in the remainder of the KSHV genome. To assess their diversity, the full-length IR1, IR2, and LANAr sequences, tagged with unique molecular identifiers (UMIs), were obtained by Pacific Biosciences' single-molecule real-time sequencing (SMRT-UMI) from twenty-four tumors and six matching oral swabs from sixteen adults in Uganda with advanced KS. Intra-host single-nucleotide variation involved an average of 0.16 per cent of base positions in the repeat regions compared to a nearly identical average of 0.17 per cent of base positions in the remainder of the genome. Tandem repeat unit (TRU) counts varied by only one from the intra-host consensus in a majority of individuals. Including the TRU indels, the average intra-host pairwise identity was 98.3 per cent for IR1, 99.6 per cent for IR2 and 98.9 per cent for LANAr. More individuals had mismatches and variable TRU counts in IR1 (twelve/sixteen) than in IR2 (two/sixteen). There were no open reading frames in the Kaposin coding sequence inside IR2 in at least fifty-five of ninety-six sequences. In summary, the KSHV major internal repeats, like the rest of the genome in individuals with KS, have low diversity. IR1 was the most variable among the repeats, and no intact Kaposin reading frames were present in IR2 of the majority of genomes sampled.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dylan H Westfall
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, 960 Republican St, Seattle, WA 98109-4325, USA
| | - Scott V Adams
- Global Oncology and Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Eastlake Ave, Seattle, 98109-4487 WA, USA
| | - Fred Okuku
- Uganda Cancer Institute, Upper Mulago Hill Road, Kampala, Uganda
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Gam Ze Letova C, Kalt I, Shamay M, Sarid R. Latently KSHV-Infected Cells Promote Further Establishment of Latency upon Superinfection with KSHV. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11994. [PMID: 34769420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a cancer-related virus which engages in two forms of infection: latent and lytic. Latent infection allows the virus to establish long-term persistent infection, whereas the lytic cycle is needed for the maintenance of the viral reservoir and for virus spread. By using recombinant KSHV viruses encoding mNeonGreen and mCherry fluorescent proteins, we show that various cell types that are latently-infected with KSHV can be superinfected, and that the new incoming viruses establish latent infection. Moreover, we show that latency establishment is enhanced in superinfected cells compared to primary infected ones. Further analysis revealed that cells that ectopically express the major latency protein of KSHV, LANA-1, prior to and during infection exhibit enhanced establishment of latency, but not cells expressing LANA-1 fragments. This observation supports the notion that the expression level of LANA-1 following infection determines the efficiency of latency establishment and avoids loss of viral genomes. These findings imply that a host can be infected with more than a single viral genome and that superinfection may support the maintenance of long-term latency.
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Dünn-Kittenplon D, Ashkenazy-Titelman A, Kalt I, Lellouche JP, Shav-Tal Y, Sarid R. The Portal Vertex of KSHV Promotes Docking of Capsids at the Nuclear Pores. Viruses 2021; 13:597. [PMID: 33807444 DOI: 10.3390/v13040597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a cancer-related herpesvirus. Like other herpesviruses, the KSHV icosahedral capsid includes a portal vertex, composed of 12 protein subunits encoded by open reading frame (ORF) 43, which enables packaging and release of the viral genome into the nucleus through the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Capsid vertex-specific component (CVSC) tegument proteins, which directly mediate docking at the NPCs, are organized on the capsid vertices and are enriched on the portal vertex. Whether and how the portal vertex is selected for docking at the NPC is unknown. Here, we investigated the docking of incoming ORF43-null KSHV capsids at the NPCs, and describe a significantly lower fraction of capsids attached to the nuclear envelope compared to wild-type (WT) capsids. Like WT capsids, nuclear envelope-associated ORF43-null capsids co-localized with different nucleoporins (Nups) and did not detach upon salt treatment. Inhibition of nuclear export did not alter WT capsid docking. As ORF43-null capsids exhibit lower extent of association with the NPCs, we conclude that although not essential, the portal has a role in mediating the interaction of the CVSC proteins with Nups, and suggest a model whereby WT capsids can dock at the nuclear envelope through a non-portal penton vertex, resulting in an infection 'dead end'.
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Broussard G, Damania B. Regulation of KSHV Latency and Lytic Reactivation. Viruses 2020; 12:E1034. [PMID: 32957532 DOI: 10.3390/v12091034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with three malignancies— Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD). Central to the pathogenesis of these diseases is the KSHV viral life cycle, which is composed of a quiescent latent phase and a replicative lytic phase. While the establishment of latency enables persistent KSHV infection and evasion of the host immune system, lytic replication is essential for the dissemination of the virus between hosts and within the host itself. The transition between these phases, known as lytic reactivation, is controlled by a complex set of environmental, host, and viral factors. The effects of these various factors converge on the regulation of two KSHV proteins whose functions facilitate each phase of the viral life cycle—latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) and the master switch of KSHV reactivation, replication and transcription activator (RTA). This review presents the current understanding of how the transition between the phases of the KSHV life cycle is regulated, how the various phases contribute to KSHV pathogenesis, and how the viral life cycle can be exploited as a therapeutic target.
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10
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Abstract
Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors (TFs) govern diverse cellular processes and cell fate decisions. The hallmark of the leucine zipper domain is the heptad repeat, with leucine residues at every seventh position in the domain. These leucine residues enable homo- and heterodimerization between ZIP domain α-helices, generating coiled-coil structures that stabilize interactions between adjacent DNA-binding domains and target DNA substrates. Several cancer-causing viruses encode viral bZIP TFs, including human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the herpesviruses Marek’s disease virus (MDV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Here, we provide a comprehensive review of these viral bZIP TFs and their impact on viral replication, host cell responses and cell fate.
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11
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Campbell M, Yang WS, Yeh WW, Kao CH, Chang PC. Epigenetic Regulation of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:850. [PMID: 32508765 PMCID: PMC7248258 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic γ-herpesvirus that infects humans and exhibits a biphasic life cycle consisting of latent and lytic phases. Following entry into host cells, the KSHV genome undergoes circularization and chromatinization into an extrachromosomal episome ultimately leading to the establishment of latency. The KSHV episome is organized into distinct chromatin domains marked by variations in repressive or activating epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone methylation, and histone acetylation. Thus, the development of KSHV latency is believed to be governed by epigenetic regulation. In the past decade, interrogation of the KSHV epitome by genome-wide approaches has revealed a complex epigenetic mark landscape across KSHV genome and has uncovered the important regulatory roles of epigenetic modifications in governing the development of KSHV latency. Here, we highlight many of the findings regarding the role of DNA methylation, histone modification, post-translational modification (PTM) of chromatin remodeling proteins, the contribution of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in regulating KSHV latency development, and the role of higher-order episomal chromatin architecture in the maintenance of latency and the latent-to-lytic switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Campbell
- UC Davis Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Wan-Shan Yang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayne W Yeh
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsuan Kao
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ching Chang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Vescovo T, Pagni B, Piacentini M, Fimia GM, Antonioli M. Regulation of Autophagy in Cells Infected With Oncogenic Human Viruses and Its Impact on Cancer Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:47. [PMID: 32181249 PMCID: PMC7059124 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
About 20% of total cancer cases are associated to infections. To date, seven human viruses have been directly linked to cancer development: high-risk human papillomaviruses (hrHPVs), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1). These viruses impact on several molecular mechanisms in the host cells, often resulting in chronic inflammation, uncontrolled proliferation, and cell death inhibition, and mechanisms, which favor viral life cycle but may indirectly promote tumorigenesis. Recently, the ability of oncogenic viruses to alter autophagy, a catabolic process activated during the innate immune response to infections, is emerging as a key event for the onset of human cancers. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which human oncogenic viruses regulate autophagy and how this negative regulation impacts on cancer development. Finally, we highlight novel autophagy-related candidates for the treatment of virus-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Vescovo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Pagni
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza," Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Antonioli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Xu L, Yuan Y. Two microPeptides are translated from a KSHV polycistronic RNA in human cells by leaky scanning mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 522:568-573. [PMID: 31785817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes a 3.0 kb polyadenylated RNA (T3.0) in the opposite strand of the open reading frame 50 (RTA) gene. The T3.0 was mis-annotated as a noncoding RNA but found to be associated with ribosomes and carries at least four translatable sORFs. Two of them, namely vSP-1 and vSP-2, have been characterized. vSP-1 enhances RTA expression by blocking RTA self-ubiquitylation and proteasome-associated degradation. T3.0 RNA is a polycistronic RNA. Furthermore, polycistronic translation has been observed in most of the cases of small peptides (microPeptides) translated from previously annotated noncoding RNAs in eukaryotes. In an effort to elucidate the mechanism underlying polycistronic sORF translation in eukaryotic cells, we found that T3.0 RNA translates vSP-1 and vSP-2 through a leaky scanning mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Institute of Human Virology and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- Institute of Human Virology and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Herpesviruses usurp cellular stress responses to promote viral replication and avoid immune surveillance. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a conserved stress response that is activated when the protein load in the ER exceeds folding capacity and misfolded proteins accumulate. The UPR aims to restore protein homeostasis through translational and transcriptional reprogramming; if homeostasis cannot be restored, the UPR switches from "helper" to "executioner", triggering apoptosis. It is thought that the burst of herpesvirus glycoprotein synthesis during lytic replication causes ER stress, and that these viruses may have evolved mechanisms to manage UPR signaling to create an optimal niche for replication. The past decade has seen considerable progress in understanding how herpesviruses reprogram the UPR. Here we provide an overview of the molecular events of UPR activation, signaling and transcriptional outputs, and highlight key evidence that herpesviruses hijack the UPR to aid infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Johnston
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Craig McCormick
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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15
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Pringle ES, Wertman J, Melong N, Coombs AJ, Young AL, O’Leary D, Veinotte C, Robinson CA, Ha MN, Dellaire G, Druley TE, McCormick C, Berman JN. The Zebrafish Xenograft Platform-A Novel Tool for Modeling KSHV-Associated Diseases. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010012. [PMID: 31861850 PMCID: PMC7019925 DOI: 10.3390/v12010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma associated-herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as human herpesvirus-8) is a gammaherpesvirus that establishes life-long infection in human B lymphocytes. KSHV infection is typically asymptomatic, but immunosuppression can predispose KSHV-infected individuals to primary effusion lymphoma (PEL); a malignancy driven by aberrant proliferation of latently infected B lymphocytes, and supported by pro-inflammatory cytokines and angiogenic factors produced by cells that succumb to lytic viral replication. Here, we report the development of the first in vivo model for a virally induced lymphoma in zebrafish, whereby KSHV-infected PEL tumor cells engraft and proliferate in the yolk sac of zebrafish larvae. Using a PEL cell line engineered to produce the viral lytic switch protein RTA in the presence of doxycycline, we demonstrate drug-inducible reactivation from KSHV latency in vivo, which enabled real-time observation and evaluation of latent and lytic phases of KSHV infection. In addition, we developed a sensitive droplet digital PCR method to monitor latent and lytic viral gene expression and host cell gene expression in xenografts. The zebrafish yolk sac is not well vascularized, and by using fluorogenic assays, we confirmed that this site provides a hypoxic environment that may mimic the microenvironment of some human tumors. We found that PEL cell proliferation in xenografts was dependent on the host hypoxia-dependent translation initiation factor, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E2 (eIF4E2). This demonstrates that the zebrafish yolk sac is a functionally hypoxic environment, and xenografted cells must switch to dedicated hypoxic gene expression machinery to survive and proliferate. The establishment of the PEL xenograft model enables future studies that exploit the innate advantages of the zebrafish as a model for genetic and pharmacologic screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Pringle
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (E.S.P.); (C.V.); (C.-A.R.)
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
| | - Jaime Wertman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (E.S.P.); (C.V.); (C.-A.R.)
| | - Nicole Melong
- CHEO Research Institute/Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Coombs
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, 5980 University Ave, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada;
| | - Andrew L. Young
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA (D.O.)
| | - David O’Leary
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA (D.O.)
| | - Chansey Veinotte
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (E.S.P.); (C.V.); (C.-A.R.)
| | - Carolyn-Ann Robinson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (E.S.P.); (C.V.); (C.-A.R.)
| | - Michael N. Ha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, 5820 University Ave, Halifax, NS B3H 1V7, Canada;
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Todd E. Druley
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA (D.O.)
| | - Craig McCormick
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (E.S.P.); (C.V.); (C.-A.R.)
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (J.N.B.)
| | - Jason N. Berman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (E.S.P.); (C.V.); (C.-A.R.)
- CHEO Research Institute/Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, 5980 University Ave, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada;
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (J.N.B.)
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16
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Yan L, Majerciak V, Zheng ZM, Lan K. Towards Better Understanding of KSHV Life Cycle: from Transcription and Posttranscriptional Regulations to Pathogenesis. Virol Sin 2019; 34:135-161. [PMID: 31025296 PMCID: PMC6513836 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), is etiologically linked to the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman’s disease. These malignancies often occur in immunosuppressed individuals, making KSHV infection-associated diseases an increasing global health concern with persistence of the AIDS epidemic. KSHV exhibits biphasic life cycles between latent and lytic infection and extensive transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. As a member of the herpesvirus family, KSHV has evolved many strategies to evade the host immune response, which help the virus establish a successful lifelong infection. In this review, we summarize the current research status on the biology of latent and lytic viral infection, the regulation of viral life cycles and the related pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Vladimir Majerciak
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Zheng
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Ke Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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17
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Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, human herpesvirus 8, or HHV-8) was firstly discovered in Kaposi's sarcoma tissue derived from patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. KSHV infection is associated with malignancies and certain inflammatory conditions. In addition to Kaposi's sarcoma, KSHV has been detected in primary effusion lymphoma, KSHV-associated lymphoma, and some cases of multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). Recently, KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS) was also defined as a KSHV-associated disease. In KSHV-associated malignancies, such as Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma, KSHV latently infects almost all tumor cells, and lytic proteins are rarely expressed. A high titer of KSHV is detected in the sera of patients with MCD and KICS, and the expression of lytic proteins such as ORF50, vIL-6, and vMIP-I and vMIP-II is frequently observed in the lesions of patients with these diseases. Immunohistochemistry of LANA-1 is an important diagnostic tool for KSHV infection. However, much of the pathogenesis of KSHV remains to be elucidated, especially regarding oncogenesis. Some viral proteins have been shown to have transforming activity in mammalian cells; however, these proteins are not expressed in latently KSHV-infected cells. KSHV encodes homologs of cellular proteins in its genome such as cyclin D, G-protein coupled protein, interleukin-6, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 and -2. Molecular mimicry by these viral proteins may contribute to the establishment of microenvironments suitable for tumor growth. In this review, the virus pathogenesis is discussed based on pathological and experimental findings and clinical aspects.
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18
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Hossain MG, Ohsaki E, Honda T, Ueda K. Importance of Promyelocytic Leukema Protein (PML) for Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Lytic Replication. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2324. [PMID: 30349510 PMCID: PMC6186782 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many DNA virus replication-related proteins are associated with promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML), a component of nuclear domain 10 (ND10), which has been investigated for its potential involvement in viral replication. In the case of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic gene products, K8 (K-bZIP), ORF59, and ORF75 have been shown to colocalize with PML, but its importance in KSHV lytic replication is still unclear. In this study, we analyzed the functional influence of PML on KSHV latency and lytic replication in KSHV-infected primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cell lines. Stable PML-knockout (BC3-PMLKO) and PML-overexpressing BC3 cells (BC3PML) were successfully generated and the latency and reactivation status were analyzed. The results demonstrated that neither KSHV latency nor the episome copy number was affected in BC3-PMLKO cells. In the reactivation phase, the expression dynamics of KSHV immediate-early or early lytic proteins such as RTA, K9 (vIRF1), K5, K3, ORF59, and K8 (K-bZIP) were comparable between wild-type, control BC3, and BC3-PMLKO cells. Interestingly, KSHV lytic replication, virion production, and expression of late genes were downregulated in BC3-PMLKO cells and upregulated in BC3PML cells, compared to those in control or wild-type BC3 cells. Moreover, exogenous PML increased the size of the PML dots and recruited additional K8 (K-bZIP) to PML-NBs as dots. Therefore, PML would function as a positive regulator for KSHV lytic DNA replication by recruiting KSHV replication factors such as 8 (K-bZIP) or ORF59 to the PML-NBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Golzar Hossain
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eriko Ohsaki
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Honda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiji Ueda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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19
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Wang Y, Banerjee S, Ding L, Cai C, Wei F, Cai Q. The regulatory role of protein phosphorylation in human gammaherpesvirus associated cancers. Virol Sin 2017; 32:357-68. [PMID: 29116588 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-4081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of specific sets of protein kinases by intracellular signal molecules
has become more and more apparent in the past decade. Phosphorylation, one of key
posttranslational modification events, is activated by kinase or regulatory protein
and is vital for controlling many physiological functions of eukaryotic cells such
as cell proliferation, differentiation, malignant transformation, and signal
transduction mediated by external stimuli. Moreovers, the reversible modification of
phosphorylation and dephosphorylation can result in different features of the target
substrate molecules including DNA binding, protein-protein interaction, subcellular
location and enzymatic activity, and is often hijacked by viral infection.
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcomaassociated herpesvirus (KSHV), two
human oncogenic gamma-herpesviruses, are shown to tightly associate with many
malignancies. In this review, we summarize the recent progresses on understanding of
molecular properties and regulatory modes of cellular and viral proteins
phosphorylation influenced by these two tumor viruses, and highlight the potential
therapeutic targets and strategies against their related cancers. ![]()
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20
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Fang Q, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Zeng Y, Zhang T. Prevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus among intravenous drug users: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Virol Sin 2017; 32:415-22. [PMID: 29038977 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-4051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenous drug users (IDUs) have been demonstrated to be highly vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. Nevertheless, the prevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV), an important co-infected agent with HIV, among this population remained obscure. We conducted a systematic review on the epidemiological features of KSHV among IDUs worldwide. Eligible studies were retrieved from 6 electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CBM, CNKI and Wanfang). We calculated the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI) overall and among subgroups using either random-effects model or fixed-effects model depending on between-study heterogeneity. The potential publication bias was assessed by the Egger's test. A meta-regression analysis was performed to explore the sources of heterogeneity. Finally, twenty-two studies with a total sample of 7881 IDUs were included in the analysis. The pooled prevalence of KSHV was 14.71% (95% CI 11.12%-19.46%) among IDUs. Specifically, KSHV prevalence was 10.86% (95% CI 6.95%-16.96%) in HIV-negative IDUs, and 13.56% (95% CI 10.57%-17.38%) in HIV-positive IDUs. Moreover, prevalence among IDUs from the three continents involved in the current study was similar: 16.10% (95%CI 7.73%-33.54%) in Asia; 14.22% (95%CI 8.96%-22.57%) in Europe and 14.06% (95%CI 11.38%-17.37%) in America. Globally, IDUs are at higher risk of the KSHV infection when compared with the general population, regardless of geographical region or HIV-infection status.
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Dai L, Lin Z, Jiang W, Flemington EK, Qin Z. Lipids, lipid metabolism and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus pathogenesis. Virol Sin 2017; 32:369-75. [PMID: 29019168 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-4027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are essential for mammalian cells to maintain many physiological functions. Emerging evidence has shown that cancer cells can develop specific alterations in lipid biosynthesis and metabolism to facilitate their survival and various malignant behaviors. To date, the precise role of cellular lipids and lipid metabolism in viral oncogenesis is still largely unclear with only a handful of literature covering this topic to implicate lipid metabolism in oncogenic virus associated pathogenesis. In this review, we focus on the role of lipid biosynthesis and metabolism in the pathogenesis of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, a common causative factor for cancers arising in the immunocompromised settings.
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Abstract
The life cycle of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) consists of two phases, latent and lytic. The virus establishes latency as a strategy for avoiding host immune surveillance and fusing symbiotically with the host for lifetime persistent infection. However, latency can be disrupted and KSHV is reactivated for entry into the lytic replication. Viral lytic replication is crucial for efficient dissemination from its long-term reservoir to the sites of disease and for the spread of the virus to new hosts. The balance of these two phases in the KSHV life cycle is important for both the virus and the host and control of the switch between these two phases is extremely complex. Various environmental factors such as oxidative stress, hypoxia, and certain chemicals have been shown to switch KSHV from latency to lytic reactivation. Immunosuppression, unbalanced inflammatory cytokines, and other viral co-infections also lead to the reactivation of KSHV. This review article summarizes the current understanding of the initiation and regulation of KSHV reactivation and the mechanisms underlying the process of viral lytic replication. In particular, the central role of an immediate-early gene product RTA in KSHV reactivation has been extensively investigated. These studies revealed multiple layers of regulation in activation of RTA as well as the multifunctional roles of RTA in the lytic replication cascade. Epigenetic regulation is known as a critical layer of control for the switch of KSHV between latency and lytic replication. The viral non-coding RNA, PAN, was demonstrated to play a central role in the epigenetic regulation by serving as a guide RNA that brought chromatin remodeling enzymes to the promoters of RTA and other lytic genes. In addition, a novel dimension of regulation by microPeptides emerged and has been shown to regulate RTA expression at the protein level. Overall, extensive investigation of KSHV reactivation and lytic replication has revealed a sophisticated regulation network that controls the important events in KSHV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawalpreet K Aneja
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, PhiladelphiaPA, USA
| | - Yan Yuan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, PhiladelphiaPA, USA
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23
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Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), namely, human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), is considered as the pathogen of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), the most frequent cancer in untreated HIV-infected individuals. Patients infected with HIV have a much higher possibility developing KS than average individual. Researchers have found that HIV, which functions as a cofactor of KS, contributes a lot to the development of KS. In this article, we will give a brief introduction of KS and KSHV and how the interaction between KSHV and HIV contributes to the development of KS. Also we will take a glance at the development of treatment in KS, especially AIDS-KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qin
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
The innate immune system utilizes pattern recognition receptors cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) to sense cytosolic double-stranded (ds) DNA and initiate type 1 interferon signaling and autophagy pathway, which collaborate to limit pathogen infections as well as alarm the adaptive immune response. The genomes of herpesviruses are large dsDNA, which represent a major class of pathogen signatures recognized by cellular DNA sensor cGAS. However, to successfully establish the persistent infection, herpesviruses have evolved their viral genes to modulate different aspects of host immune signaling. This review summarizes the evasion strategies of host cGAS DNA sensing pathway by Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) and their contributions to KSHV life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Gao
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yanyan Song
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Chengrong Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qiming Liang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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25
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Wei F, Zhu Q, Ding L, Liang Q, Cai Q. Manipulation of the host cell membrane by human γ-herpesviruses EBV and KSHV for pathogenesis. Virol Sin 2016; 31:395-405. [PMID: 27624182 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3817-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane regulates many physiological processes including cellular communication, homing and metabolism. It is therefore not surprising that the composition of the host cell membrane is manipulated by intracellular pathogens. Among these, the human oncogenic herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) exploit the host cell membrane to avoid immune surveillance and promote viral replication. Accumulating evidence has shown that both EBV and KSHV directly encode several similar membrane-associated proteins, including receptors and receptor-specific ligands (cytokines and chemokines), to increase virus fitness in spite of host antiviral immune responses. These proteins are expressed individually at different phases of the EBV/KSHV life cycle and employ various mechanisms to manipulate the host cell membrane. In recent decades, much effort has been made to address how these membrane-based signals contribute to viral tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize and highlight the recent understanding of how EBV and KSHV similarly manipulate host cell membrane signals, particularly how remodeling of the cell membrane allows EBV and KSHV to avoid host antiviral immune responses and favors their latent and lytic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wei
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministries of Education and Health), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ling Ding
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministries of Education and Health), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministries of Education and Health), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiliang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministries of Education and Health), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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26
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Campbell DM, Rappocciolo G, Jenkins FJ, Rinaldo CR. Dendritic cells: key players in human herpesvirus 8 infection and pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:452. [PMID: 25221546 PMCID: PMC4148009 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8; Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) is an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus that primarily infects cells of the immune and vascular systems. HHV-8 interacts with and targets professional antigen presenting cells and influences their function. Infection alters the maturation, antigen presentation, and immune activation capabilities of certain dendritic cells (DC) despite non-robust lytic replication in these cells. DC sustains a low level of antiviral functionality during HHV-8 infection in vitro. This may explain the ability of healthy individuals to effectively control this virus without disease. Following an immune compromising event, such as organ transplantation or human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, a reduced cellular antiviral response against HHV-8 compounded with skewed DC cytokine production and antigen presentation likely contributes to the development of HHV-8 associated diseases, i.e., Kaposi's sarcoma and certain B cell lymphomas. In this review we focus on the role of DC in the establishment of HHV-8 primary and latent infection, the functional state of DC during HHV-8 infection, and the current understanding of the factors influencing virus-DC interactions in the context of HHV-8-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Campbell
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Giovanna Rappocciolo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Frank J Jenkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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