201
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Vora SR, Guo Y, Stephens DN, Salih E, Vu ED, Kirsch KH, Sonenshein GE, Trackman PC. Characterization of recombinant lysyl oxidase propeptide. Biochemistry 2010; 49:2962-72. [PMID: 20192271 DOI: 10.1021/bi902218p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase enzyme activity is critical for the biosynthesis of mature and functional collagens and elastin. In addition, lysyl oxidase has tumor suppressor activity that has been shown to depend on the propeptide region (LOX-PP) derived from pro-lysyl oxidase (Pro-LOX) and not on lysyl oxidase enzyme activity. Pro-LOX is secreted as a 50 kDa proenzyme and then undergoes biosynthetic proteolytic processing to active approximately 30 kDa LOX enzyme and LOX-PP. The present study reports the efficient recombinant expression and purification of rat LOX-PP. Moreover, using enzymatic deglycosylation and DTT derivatization combined with mass spectrometry technologies, it is shown for the first time that rLOX-PP and naturally occurring LOX-PP contain both N- and O-linked carbohydrates. Structure predictions furthermore suggest that LOX-PP is a mostly disordered protein, which was experimentally confirmed in circular dichroism studies. Due to its high isoelectric point and its disordered structure, we propose that LOX-PP can associate with extracellular and intracellular binding partners to affect its known biological activities as a tumor suppressor and inhibitor of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth R Vora
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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202
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Karch F, Hoffmann-Röder A. Synthesis of glycosylated β³-homo-threonine conjugates for mucin-like glycopeptide antigen analogues. Beilstein J Org Chem 2010; 6:47. [PMID: 20563275 PMCID: PMC2887299 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.6.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycopeptides from the mucin family decorated with tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA) have proven to be important target structures for the development of molecularly defined anti-cancer vaccines. The strategic incorporation of β-amino acid building blocks into such mucin-type sequences offers the potential to create pseudo-glycopeptide antigens with improved bioavailability for tumour immunotherapy. Towards this end, T(N) and TF antigen conjugates O-glycosidically linked to Fmoc-β³-homo-threonine were prepared in good yield via Arndt-Eistert homologation of the corresponding glycosyl α-amino acid derivative. By incorporation of T(N)-Fmoc-β³hThr conjugate into the 20 amino acid tandem repeat sequence of MUC1 using sequential solid-phase glycopeptide synthesis, a first example of a mixed α/β-hybrid glycopeptide building block was obtained. The latter is of interest for the development of novel glycoconjugate mimics and model structures for anti-cancer vaccines with increased biological half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Karch
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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203
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Ceaglio N, Etcheverrigaray M, Kratje R, Oggero M. Influence of carbohydrates on the stability and structure of a hyperglycosylated human interferon alpha mutein. Biochimie 2010; 92:971-8. [PMID: 20403411 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein physical and chemical instability is one of the major challenges in the development of biopharmaceuticals during every step of the process, ranging from production to final delivery. This is particularly applicable to human recombinant interferon alpha-2b (rhIFN-alpha2b), a pleiotropic cytokine currently used worldwide for the treatment of various cancer and chronic viral diseases, which presents a poor stability in solution. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that the introduction of four N-glycosylation sites in order to construct a heavily glycosylated IFN variant (4N-IFN) resulted in a markedly prolonged plasma half-life which was reflected in an enhanced therapeutic activity in mice in comparison with the commercial non-glycosylated rhIFN-alpha2b (NG-IFN). Herein, we evaluated the influence of glycosylation on the in vitro stability of 4N-IFN towards different environmental conditions. Interestingly, the hyperglycosylated cytokine showed enhanced stability against thermal stress, acid pH and repetitive freeze-thawing cycles in comparison with NG-IFN. Besides, microcalorimetric analysis indicated a much higher melting temperature of 4N-IFN, also demonstrating a higher solubility of this variant as denoted by the absence of precipitation at the end of the experiment, in contrast with the NG-IFN behaviour. Furthermore, far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of 4N-IFN was virtually superimposed with that of NG-IFN, indicating that the IFN structure was not altered by the addition of carbohydrate moieties. The same conclusion could be inferred from limited proteolysis studies. Our results suggest that glycoengineering could be a useful strategy for protecting rhIFN-alpha2b from inactivation by various external factors and for overcoming aggregation problems during the production process and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ceaglio
- Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, C.C. 242, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina.
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204
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Rohmer M, Meyer B, Mank M, Stahl B, Bahr U, Karas M. 3-Aminoquinoline Acting as Matrix and Derivatizing Agent for MALDI MS Analysis of Oligosaccharides. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3719-26. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1001096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rohmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany and Danone Research Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Bahnstrasse 14−30, 61381 Friedrichsdorf, Germany
| | - Bjoern Meyer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany and Danone Research Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Bahnstrasse 14−30, 61381 Friedrichsdorf, Germany
| | - Marko Mank
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany and Danone Research Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Bahnstrasse 14−30, 61381 Friedrichsdorf, Germany
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany and Danone Research Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Bahnstrasse 14−30, 61381 Friedrichsdorf, Germany
| | - Ute Bahr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany and Danone Research Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Bahnstrasse 14−30, 61381 Friedrichsdorf, Germany
| | - Michael Karas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany and Danone Research Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Bahnstrasse 14−30, 61381 Friedrichsdorf, Germany
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205
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Weinrich D, Köhn M, Jonkheijm P, Westerlind U, Dehmelt L, Engelkamp H, Christianen PCM, Kuhlmann J, Maan JC, Nüsse D, Schröder H, Wacker R, Voges E, Breinbauer R, Kunz H, Niemeyer CM, Waldmann H. Preparation of biomolecule microstructures and microarrays by thiol-ene photoimmobilization. Chembiochem 2010; 11:235-47. [PMID: 20043307 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A mild, fast and flexible method for photoimmobilization of biomolecules based on the light-initiated thiol-ene reaction has been developed. After investigation and optimization of various surface materials, surface chemistries and reaction parameters, microstructures and microarrays of biotin, oligonucleotides, peptides, and MUC1 tandem repeat glycopeptides were prepared with this photoimmobilization method. Furthermore, MUC1 tandem repeat glycopeptide microarrays were successfully used to probe antibodies in mouse serum obtained from vaccinated mice. Dimensions of biomolecule microstructures were shown to be freely controllable through photolithographic techniques, and features down to 5 microm in size covering an area of up to 75x25 mm were created. Use of a confocal laser microscope with a UV laser as UV-light source enabled further reduction of biotin feature size opening access to nanostructured biochips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Weinrich
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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206
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Purification, characterization, structural analysis and protein chemistry of a buffalo heart galectin-1. Amino Acids 2010; 39:1321-32. [PMID: 20354738 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A soluble β-galactoside-binding lectin was purified by gel filtration chromatography from Bubalus bubalis heart. Its metal-independent nature, molecular weight of 14.5 kDa, preferential affinity for β-D-lactose, and 87-92% identity with carbohydrate recognition domain of previously reported galectin-1 confirmed its inclusion in galectin-1 subfamily. Stokes radii determination using gel filtration under reducing and non-reducing conditions revealed its homo-dimeric nature, further confirming its Gal-1 nomenclature. The purified lectin was found to be the most stable mammalian heart galectin purified till date, suggesting its preferential use in various recognition studies. Treatment of the purified lectin with oxidizing agent, thiol blocking reagents, denaturants, and detergents resulted in significant changes in UV-VIS, fluorescence, CD and FTIR spectra, which strongly emphasized the important aspect of regular secondary structure of galectins for the maintenance of their active conformation. Reduction of the activity of the purified lectin after oxidation by H2O2, with remarkable fluorescence quenching, may suggest potential role for galectin-1 in free radical-induced, oxidative stress-mediated cardiovascular disorders. The predictions of bioinformatics studies were found to be in accordance with the results obtained in wet lab.
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207
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Wohlgemuth J, Karas M, Jiang W, Hendriks R, Andrecht S. Enhanced glyco-profiling by specific glycopeptide enrichment and complementary monolithic nano-LC (ZIC-HILIC/RP18e)/ESI-MS analysis. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:880-90. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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208
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Solá RJ, Griebenow K. Glycosylation of therapeutic proteins: an effective strategy to optimize efficacy. BioDrugs 2010; 24:9-21. [PMID: 20055529 DOI: 10.2165/11530550-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During their development and administration, protein-based drugs routinely display suboptimal therapeutic efficacies due to their poor physicochemical and pharmacological properties. These innate liabilities have driven the development of molecular strategies to improve the therapeutic behavior of protein drugs. Among the currently developed approaches, glycoengineering is one of the most promising, because it has been shown to simultaneously afford improvements in most of the parameters necessary for optimization of in vivo efficacy while allowing for targeting to the desired site of action. These include increased in vitro and in vivo molecular stability (due to reduced oxidation, cross-linking, pH-, chemical-, heating-, and freezing-induced unfolding/denaturation, precipitation, kinetic inactivation, and aggregation), as well as modulated pharmacodynamic responses (due to altered potencies from diminished in vitro enzymatic activities and altered receptor binding affinities) and improved pharmacokinetic profiles (due to altered absorption and distribution behaviors, longer circulation lifetimes, and decreased clearance rates). This article provides an account of the effects that glycosylation has on the therapeutic efficacy of protein drugs and describes the current understanding of the mechanisms by which glycosylation leads to such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J Solá
- Laboratory for Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346, USA.
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209
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Kawazoe S, Izawa H, Nawaji M, Kaneko Y, Kadokawa JI. Phosphorylase-catalyzed N-formyl-α-glucosaminylation of maltooligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:631-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 12/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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210
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Chen J, Wang P, Zhu J, Wan Q, Danishefsky SJ. A program for ligation at threonine sites: application to the controlled total synthesis of glycopeptides. Tetrahedron 2010; 66:2277-2283. [PMID: 20798898 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A method by which to accomplish formal threonine ligation has been developed. The method accomplishes ligations of two peptide domains. We have also demonstrated the ability to successfully ligate two independent glycopeptide domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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211
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Cheng Y, Li M, Wang S, Peng H, Reid S, Ni N, Fang H, Xu W, Wang B. Carbohydrate biomarkers for future disease detection and treatment. Sci China Chem 2010; 53:3-20. [PMID: 32214994 PMCID: PMC7089153 DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-0021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are considered as one of the most important classes of biomarkers for cell types, disease states, protein functions, and developmental states. Carbohydrate "binders" that can specifically recognize a carbohydrate biomarker can be used for developing novel types of site specific delivery methods and imaging agents. In this review, we present selected examples of important carbohydrate biomarkers and how they can be targeted for the development of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Examples are arranged based on disease categories including (1) infectious diseases, (2) cancer, (3) inflammation and immune responses, (4) signal transduction, (5) stem cell transformation, (6) embryo development, and (7) cardiovascular diseases, though some issues cross therapeutic boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- YunFeng Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - MinYong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - ShaoRu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - HanJing Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Suazette Reid
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - NanTing Ni
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Hao Fang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - WenFang Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - BingHe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
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212
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Kulkarni AA, Weiss AA, Iyer SS. Glycan-based high-affinity ligands for toxins and pathogen receptors. Med Res Rev 2010; 30:327-93. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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213
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Parente A, Berisio R, Chambery A, Di Maro A. Type 1 Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins from the Ombú Tree (Phytolacca dioica L.). TOXIC PLANT PROTEINS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-12176-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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214
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Quantitative site-specific analysis of protein glycosylation by LC-MS using different glycopeptide-enrichment strategies. Anal Biochem 2009; 395:178-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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215
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Afonso-Oramas D, Cruz-Muros I, de la Rosa DÁ, Abreu P, Giráldez T, Castro-Hernández J, Salas-Hernández J, Lanciego JL, Rodríguez M, González-Hernández T. Dopamine transporter glycosylation correlates with the vulnerability of midbrain dopaminergic cells in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 36:494-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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216
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Nisic F, Andreini M, Bernardi A. Stereoselective Synthesis ofN-Glycosyl Amino Acids by Traceless Staudinger Ligation of Unprotected Glycosyl Azides. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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217
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Høiberg-Nielsen R, Westh P, Skov LK, Arleth L. Interrelationship of steric stabilization and self-crowding of a glycosylated protein. Biophys J 2009; 97:1445-53. [PMID: 19720033 PMCID: PMC2749739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the eukaryotic cell, protein glycosylation takes place in the crowded environment of the endoplasmatic reticulum. With the purpose of elucidating the impact of high concentration on the interactions of glycoproteins, we have conducted a series of small-angle x-ray scattering experiments on the heavily glycosylated enzyme Peniophora lycii phytase (Phy) and its deglycosylated counterpart (dgPhy). The small-angle x-ray scattering data were analyzed using an individual numerical form factor for each of the two glycoforms combined with two structure factors, a hard sphere and a screened coulomb potential structure factor, respectively, as determined by ab initio analysis. Based on this data analysis, three main conclusions could be drawn. First, at comparable protein concentrations (mg/ml), the relative excluded volume of Phy was approximately 75% higher than that of dgPhy, showing that the glycans significantly increase excluded-volume interactions. Second, the relative excluded volume of dgPhy increased with concentration, as expected; however, the opposite effect was observed for Phy, where the relative excluded volume decreased in response to increasing protein concentration. Third, a clear difference in the effect of salinity on the excluded-volume interactions was observed between the two glycol forms. Although the relative excluded volume of dgPhy decreased with increasing ionic strength, the relative excluded volume of Phy was basically insensitive to increased salinity. We suggest that protrusion forces from the glycans contribute to steric stabilization of the protein, and that glycosylation helps to sustain repulsive electrostatic interactions under crowded conditions. In combination, this aids in stabilizing high concentrations of glycosylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Høiberg-Nielsen
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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218
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Kumar P, Satyanarayana T. Microbial glucoamylases: characteristics and applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2009; 29:225-55. [DOI: 10.1080/07388550903136076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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219
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Jamal A, Ko K, Kim HS, Choo YK, Joung H, Ko K. Role of genetic factors and environmental conditions in recombinant protein production for molecular farming. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:914-923. [PMID: 19698776 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 07/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants are generally considered to represent a promising heterologous expression system for the production of valuable recombinant proteins. Minimal upstream plant production cost is a salient feature driving the development of plant expression systems used for the synthesis of recombinant proteins. For such a plant expression system to be fully effective, it is first essential to improve plant productivity by plant biomass after inserting genes of interest into a suitable plant. Plant productivity is related closely to its growth and development, both of which are affected directly by environmental factors. These environmental factors that affect the cultivation conditions mainly include temperature, light, salinity, drought, nutrition, insects and pests. In addition, genetic factors that affect gene expression at the transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels are considered to be important factors related to gene expression in plants. Thus, these factors influence both the quality and quantity of recombinant protein produced in transgenic plants. Among the genetic factors, the post-translational process is of particular interest as it influences subcellular localization, protein glycosylation, assembly and folding of therapeutic proteins, consequently affecting both protein quantity and biological quality. In this review, we discuss the effects of cultivation condition and genetic factors on recombinant protein production in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Jamal
- School of Food Science/Technology, College of Natural Resources, Yeungnam University, Gyeonbuk 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kinarm Ko
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hyun-Soon Kim
- Plant Genomics Research Center, KRIBB, 111 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kug Choo
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyouk Joung
- Plant Genomics Research Center, KRIBB, 111 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisung Ko
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea.
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220
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Darula Z, Medzihradszky KF. Affinity enrichment and characterization of mucin core-1 type glycopeptides from bovine serum. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:2515-26. [PMID: 19674964 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900211-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of consensus sequence, common core structure, and universal endoglycosidase for the release of O-linked oligosaccharides makes O-glycosylation more difficult to tackle than N-glycosylation. Structural elucidation by mass spectrometry is usually inconclusive as the CID spectra of most glycopeptides are dominated by carbohydrate-related fragments, preventing peptide identification. In addition, O-linked structures also undergo a gas-phase rearrangement reaction, which eliminates the sugar without leaving a telltale sign at its former attachment site. In the present study we report the enrichment and mass spectrometric analysis of proteins from bovine serum bearing Galbeta1-3GalNAcalpha (mucin core-1 type) structures and the analysis of O-linked glycopeptides utilizing electron transfer dissociation and high resolution, high mass accuracy precursor ion measurements. Electron transfer dissociation (ETD) analysis of intact glycopeptides provided sufficient information for the identification of several glycosylation sites. However, glycopeptides frequently feature precursor ions of low charge density (m/z > approximately 850) that will not undergo efficient ETD fragmentation. Exoglycosidase digestion was utilized to reduce the mass of the molecules while retaining their charge. ETD analysis of species modified by a single GalNAc at each site was significantly more successful in the characterization of multiply modified molecules. We report the unambiguous identification of 21 novel glycosylation sites. We also detail the limitations of the enrichment method as well as the ETD analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Darula
- Proteomics Research Group, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged P. O. Box 521, Szeged H-6701, Hungary
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221
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Pang J, Zeng X, Xiao RP, Lakatta EG, Lin L. Design, generation, and testing of mammalian expression modules that tag membrane proteins. Protein Sci 2009; 18:1261-71. [PMID: 19472344 DOI: 10.1002/pro.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The expression of mammalian membrane proteins in laboratory cell lines allows their biological functions to be characterized and carefully dissected. However, it is often difficult to design and generate effective antibodies for membrane proteins in the desired studies. As a result, expressed membrane proteins cannot be detected or characterized via common biochemical approaches such as western blotting, immunoprecipitation, or immunohistochemical analysis, and their cellular behaviors cannot be sufficiently investigated. To circumvent such roadblocks, we designed and generated two sets of expression modules that consist of sequences encoding for three essential components: (1) a signal peptide from human receptor for advanced glycation end products that targets the intended protein to the endoplasmic reticulum for cell surface expression; (2) an antigenic epitope tag that elicits specific antibody recognition; and (3) a series of restriction sites that facilitate subcloning of the target membrane protein. The modules were designed with the flexibility to change the epitope tag to suit the specific tagging needs. The modules were subcloned into expression vectors, and were successfully tested with both Type I and Type III human membrane proteins: the receptor for advanced glycation end products, the Toll-like receptor 4, and the angiotensin II receptor 1. These expressed membrane proteins are readily detected by western blotting, and are immunoprecipitated by antibodies to their relative epitope tags. Immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses also show that the expressed proteins are located at cell surface, and maintain their modifications and biological functions. Thus, the designed modules serve as an effective tool that facilitates biochemical studies of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Pang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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222
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Kresse GB. Biosimilars – Science, status, and strategic perspective. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 72:479-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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223
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Cummings RD. The repertoire of glycan determinants in the human glycome. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:1087-104. [PMID: 19756298 DOI: 10.1039/b907931a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The number of glycan determinants that comprise the human glycome is not known. This uncertainty arises from limited knowledge of the total number of distinct glycans and glycan structures in the human glycome, as well as limited information about the glycan determinants recognized by glycan-binding proteins (GBPs), which include lectins, receptors, toxins, microbial adhesins, antibodies, and enzymes. Available evidence indicates that GBP binding sites may accommodate glycan determinants made up of 2 to 6 linear monosaccharides, together with their potential side chains containing other sugars and modifications, such as sulfation, phosphorylation, and acetylation. Glycosaminoglycans, including heparin and heparan sulfate, comprise repeating disaccharide motifs, where a linear sequence of 5 to 6 monosaccharides may be required for recognition. Based on our current knowledge of the composition of the glycome and the size of GBP binding sites, glycoproteins and glycolipids may contain approximately 3000 glycan determinants with an additional approximately 4000 theoretical pentasaccharide sequences in glycosaminoglycans. These numbers provide an achievable target for new chemical and/or enzymatic syntheses, and raise new challenges for defining the total glycome and the determinants recognized by GBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd. #4001, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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224
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Rentmeister A, Hoh C, Weidner S, Dräger G, Elling L, Liese A, Wandrey C. Kinetic Examination and Simulation of GDP-β-l-fucose Synthetase Reaction Using NADPH or NADH. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420410001666362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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225
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Pinto A, Hoffmanns U, Ott M, Fricker G, Metzler-Nolte N. Modification with Organometallic Compounds Improves Crossing of the Blood-Brain Barrier of [Leu5]-Enkephalin Derivatives in an In Vitro Model System. Chembiochem 2009; 10:1852-60. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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226
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Davies KG. Understanding the interaction between an obligate hyperparasitic bacterium, Pasteuria penetrans and its obligate plant-parasitic nematode host, Meloidogyne spp. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2009; 68:211-45. [PMID: 19289196 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)00609-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pasteuria penetrans is an endospore-forming bacterium, which is a hyperparasite of root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. that are economically important pests of a wide range of crops. The life cycle of the bacterium and nematode are described with emphasis on the bacterium's potential as a biocontrol agent. Two aspects that currently prohibit the commercial development of the bacterium as a biocontrol agent are the inability to culture it outside its host and its host specificity. Vegetative growth of the bacterium is possible in vitro; however, getting the vegetative stages of the bacterium to enter sporogenesis has been problematic. Insights from genomic survey sequences regarding the role of cation concentration and the phosphorylation of Spo0F have proved useful in inducing vegetative bacteria to sporulate. Similarly, genomic data have also proved useful in understanding the attachment of endospores to the cuticle of infective nematode juveniles, and a Velcro-like model of spore attachment is proposed that involves collagen-like fibres on the surface of the endospore interacting with mucins on the nematode cuticle. Ecological studies of the interactions between Daphnia and Pasteuria ramosa are examined and similarities are drawn between the co-evolution of virulence in the Daphnia system and that of plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith G Davies
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
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227
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Rasmussen TN, Plenge P, Bay T, Egebjerg J, Gether U. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the human serotonin transporter introduces a new site for N-linked glycosylation. Neuropharmacology 2009; 57:287-94. [PMID: 19500602 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The human serotonin transporter (hSERT) is responsible for reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) from the synaptic cleft and is target for antidepressant medicine. Differential hSERT activity caused by genetic polymorphisms is believed to affect the risk of developing depression and, moreover, to affect the response to antidepressant therapy. The hSERT contains in the second extracellular loop (EL2) two sites for N-linked glycosylation that are critical for functional transporter expression. Here we examine a non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in EL2 that gives rise to a potential third glycosylation site due to substitution of a lysine at position 201 with an asparagine (K201N). In agreement with introduction of an additional glycosylation site, western blot analysis showed migration of hSERT K201N corresponding to a higher molecular weight than wild type hSERT upon expression in both HEK293 cells and primary cultures of cortical neurons. An increase in molecular weight was not observed after removal of glycans with peptide N-glycosidase F (PNGase F). Quantitative analysis of western blots indicated significantly increased total transporter expression ( approximately 30%) for hSERT K201N as compared to hSERT in both cell systems. The increase in expression was accompanied by corresponding significant increases in the number of [(3)H]citalopram binding sites and in the V(max) for [(3)H]5-HT uptake. Characterization of mutants carrying all possible combinations of glycosylation sites demonstrated clear correlation between the number of glycosylation sites and the level of transporter activity, and showed that K201N could substitute for either one of the two original glycosylation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine N Rasmussen
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Group and Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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228
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Hossler P, Khattak SF, Li ZJ. Optimal and consistent protein glycosylation in mammalian cell culture. Glycobiology 2009; 19:936-49. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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229
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Nehmé R, Perrin C, Cottet H, Blanchin M, Fabre H. Influence of polyelectrolyte capillary coating conditions on protein analysis in CE. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1888-98. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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230
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Lazarevic D, Streicher H, Thiem J. En route to deoxygenated N-acetyllactosamine analogues employing uridyl and galactosyl transferases. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:1449-52. [PMID: 19560126 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
All monodeoxygenated galactoses were treated with galactokinase, and for the 2-, 3-, and 4-deoxy compounds, transformation into the corresponding galactopyranosyl phosphates could be observed. In case of the 2-deoxy derivative, further reaction via UDP-2-deoxy-D-lyxo-hexose (UDP-2-deoxygalactose), which was also obtained chemically, the multiple enzymatic system could be employed to prepare 2'-deoxy-N-acetyllactosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lazarevic
- University of Hamburg, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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231
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Kanie Y, Yamamoto-Hino M, Karino Y, Yokozawa H, Nishihara S, Ueda R, Goto S, Kanie O. Insight into the regulation of glycan synthesis in Drosophila chaoptin based on mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5434. [PMID: 19415110 PMCID: PMC2672165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A variety of N-glycans attached to protein are known to involve in many important biological functions. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi localized enzymes are responsible to this template-independent glycan synthesis resulting glycoforms at each asparagine residues. The regulation mechanism such glycan synthesis remains largely unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings In order to investigate the relationship between glycan structure and protein conformation, we analyzed a glycoprotein of Drosophila melanogaster, chaoptin (Chp), which is localized in photoreceptor cells and is bound to the cell membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. Detailed analysis based on mass spectrometry revealed the presence of 13 N-glycosylation sites and the composition of the glycoform at each site. The synthetic pathway of glycans was speculated from the observed glycan structures and the composition at each N-glycosylation site, where the presence of novel routes were suggested. The distribution of glycoforms on a Chp polypeptide suggested that various processing enzymes act on the exterior of Chp in the Golgi apparatus, although virtually no enzyme can gain access to the interior of the horseshoe-shaped scaffold, hence explaining the presence of longer glycans within the interior. Furthermore, analysis of Chp from a mutant (RNAi against dolichyl-phosphate α-d-mannosyltransferase), which affects N-glycan synthesis in the ER, revealed that truncated glycan structures were processed. As a result, the distribution of glycoforms was affected for the high-mannose-type glycans only, whereas other types of glycans remained similar to those observed in the control and wild-type. Conclusions/Significance These results indicate that glycan processing depends largely on the backbone structure of the parent polypeptide. The information we obtained can be applied to other members of the LRR family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Kanie
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Yamamoto-Hino
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yayoi Karino
- Mitsubishi Chemical Group Science and Technology Research Center Inc., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yokozawa
- Mitsubishi Chemical Group Science and Technology Research Center Inc., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shoko Nishihara
- Division of Cell Biology, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryu Ueda
- Invertebrate Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Goto
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Kanie
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Machida, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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232
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Kwon HB, Itzstein MV, Jung KY. Facile synthesis of core intermediates toward sialyl nucleoside mimetics. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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233
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Kanie Y, Kanie O. Analysis of pyridylaminated oligosaccharides using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry with a monolithic capillary column. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4121-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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234
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Abstract
In recent decades, protein-based therapeutics have substantially expanded the field of molecular pharmacology due to their outstanding potential for the treatment of disease. Unfortunately, protein pharmaceuticals display a series of intrinsic physical and chemical instability problems during their production, purification, storage, and delivery that can adversely impact their final therapeutic efficacies. This has prompted an intense search for generalized strategies to engineer the long-term stability of proteins during their pharmaceutical employment. Due to the well known effect that glycans have in increasing the overall stability of glycoproteins, rational manipulation of the glycosylation parameters through glycoengineering could become a promising approach to improve both the in vitro and in vivo stability of protein pharmaceuticals. The intent of this review is therefore to further the field of protein glycoengineering by increasing the general understanding of the mechanisms by which glycosylation improves the molecular stability of protein pharmaceuticals. This is achieved by presenting a survey of the different instabilities displayed by protein pharmaceuticals, by addressing which of these instabilities can be improved by glycosylation, and by discussing the possible mechanisms by which glycans induce these stabilization effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J Solá
- Laboratory for Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Facundo Bueso Bldg., Lab-215, PO Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346
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235
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Di Maro A, Chambery A, Carafa V, Costantini S, Colonna G, Parente A. Structural characterization and comparative modeling of PD-Ls 1–3, type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins from summer leaves of Phytolacca dioica L. Biochimie 2009; 91:352-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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236
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Blomme B, Van Steenkiste C, Callewaert N, Van Vlierberghe H. Alteration of protein glycosylation in liver diseases. J Hepatol 2009; 50:592-603. [PMID: 19157620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases are a serious health problem worldwide. The current gold standard to assess structural liver damage is through a liver biopsy which has several disadvantages. A non-invasive, simple and non-expensive test to diagnose liver pathology would be highly desirable. Protein glycosylation has drawn the attention of many researchers in the search for an objective feature to achieve this goal. Glycosylation is a posttranslational modification of many secreted proteins and it has been known for decades that structural changes in the glycan structures of serum proteins are an indication for liver damage. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of this altered protein glycosylation in different etiologies of liver fibrosis / cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although individual liver diseases have their own specific markers, the same modifications seem to continuously reappear in all liver diseases: hyperfucosylation, increased branching and a bisecting N-acetylglucosamine. Analysis at mRNA and protein level of the corresponding glycosyltransferases confirm their altered status in liver pathology. The last part of this review deals with some recently developed glycomic techniques that could potentially be used in the diagnosis of liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Blomme
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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237
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Total synthesis of a unique tetrasaccharide present in the human clotting factor IX and mammalian Notch 1 receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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238
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Cellulase production from spent lignocellulose hydrolysates by recombinant Aspergillus niger. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:2366-74. [PMID: 19251882 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02479-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant Aspergillus niger strain expressing the Hypocrea jecorina endoglucanase Cel7B was grown on spent hydrolysates (stillage) from sugarcane bagasse and spruce wood. The spent hydrolysates served as excellent growth media for the Cel7B-producing strain, A. niger D15[egI], which displayed higher endoglucanase activities in the spent hydrolysates than in standard medium with a comparable monosaccharide content (e.g., 2,100 nkat/ml in spent bagasse hydrolysate compared to 480 nkat/ml in standard glucose-based medium). In addition, A. niger D15[egI] was also able to consume or convert other lignocellulose-derived compounds, such as acetic acid, furan aldehydes, and phenolic compounds, which are recognized as inhibitors of yeast during ethanolic fermentation. The results indicate that enzymes can be produced from the stillage stream as a high-value coproduct in second-generation bioethanol plants in a way that also facilitates recirculation of process water.
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239
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Skropeta D. The effect of individual N-glycans on enzyme activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:2645-53. [PMID: 19285412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In a series of investigations, N-glycosylation has proven to be a key determinant of enzyme secretion, activity, binding affinity and substrate specificity, enabling a protein to fine-tune its activity. In the majority of cases elimination of all putative N-glycosylation sites of an enzyme results in significantly reduced protein secretion levels, while removal of individual N-glycosylation sites often leads to the expression of active enzymes showing markedly reduced catalytic activity, with the decreased activity often commensurate with the number of glycosylation sites available, and the fully deglycosylated enzymes showing only minimal activity relative to their glycosylated counterparts. On the other hand, several cases have also recently emerged where deglycosylation of an enzyme results in significantly increased catalytic activity, binding affinity and altered substrate specificity, highlighting the very unique and diverse roles that individual N-glycans play in regulating enzyme function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Skropeta
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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240
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Bridiau N, Cabanel S, Maugard T. Facile synthesis of pseudo-C-glycosyl p-amino-dl-phenylalanine building blocks via Amadori rearrangement. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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241
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Maenuma K, Yim M, Komatsu K, Hoshino M, Takahashi Y, Bovin N, Irimura T. Use of a library of mutated Maackia amurensis hemagglutinin for profiling the cell lineage and differentiation. Proteomics 2008; 8:3274-83. [PMID: 18690646 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-five variant lectins were prepared by mutations of two amino acids within the carbohydrate-recognition domain of Maackia amurensis hemagglutinin (MAH). Each lectin showed unique carbohydrate specificity according to their bindings to soluble polyacrylamide with various mono- and oligosaccharides and to glycophorin A. The relative intensity of the bindings of carcinoma, myeloid, fibroblastic, and melanoma cells to immobilized MAH variant lectins was examined. Each cell line showed distinct profiles regarding the number of cells bound to wild-type and 35 MAH variants and the differences and the similarities in these binding profiles were quantitatively documented by the cluster analysis. The cell lines were classified into several groups and these groups surprisingly corresponded to the lineage of the cells. These results indicated that a library of mutated MAH is useful as a tool for the profiling of various cells based on the variations of the surface glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Maenuma
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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242
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Zemła J, Lekka M, Wiltowska-Zuber J, Budkowski A, Rysz J, Raczkowska J. Integral geometry analysis of fluorescence micrographs for quantitative relative comparison of protein adsorption onto polymer surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:10253-10258. [PMID: 18707145 DOI: 10.1021/la801313u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Most methods developed to study protein binding to distinct surfaces can only determine the average amount of adsorbed protein or merely provide (qualitative) information on its spatial distribution. Both these features can be characterized rigorously by integral geometry analysis of fluorescence micrographs. This approach is introduced here to compare the relative protein adsorption onto various polymer surfaces: polystyrene (PS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly( n-butyl methacrylate) (PnBMA), poly( tert-butyl methacrylate) (PtBMA), and PS(PETA) and cross-linked poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO*(PETA)), admixed with pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA). The polymeric surfaces were incubated for 15 min in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) containing 125 mug/mL fluorescently labeled lectins, either lentil lectin (LcH) or concanavalin A (ConA). Fluorescence images were recorded at identical conditions (physiological buffer, same exposure time, magnification, gain). For each image, taken a few times for each polymer, the distribution and average value of the normalized intensity were determined. The results show that the binding of LcH to PS(PETA), PtBMA, PS, PnBMA, PMMA, and PEO*(PETA) can be expressed by the ratio of the following values (mean +/- 95% confidence interval): 0.356 +/- 0.022, 0.298 +/- 0.030, 0.241 +/- 0.014, 0.083 +/- 0.008, 0.039 +/- 0.008, and 0.010 +/- 0.006, respectively. In turn, the relative adsorption of ConA is described by the values 0.252 +/- 0.016, 0.217 +/- 0.014, 0.222 +/- 0.016, 0.046 +/- 0.006, 0.116 +/- 0.008, and 0.006 +/- 0.002, respectively. Low dispersions of fluorescence intensity around average values indicate homogeneous distribution of adsorbed proteins. The introduced approach enables a fast and easy way not only to quantify the relative amount of bound proteins but also to characterize quantitatively the organization of their surface distribution, as demonstrated for patchlike protein adsorption onto the polymer blend surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Zemła
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagellonian University, Reymonta 4, Kraków, Poland
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243
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O'Neill HG, Redelinghuys P, Schwager SL, Sturrock ED. The role of glycosylation and domain interactions in the thermal stability of human angiotensin-converting enzyme. Biol Chem 2008; 389:1153-61. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe N and C domains of somatic angiotensin-converting enzyme (sACE) differ in terms of their substrate specificity, inhibitor profiling, chloride dependency and thermal stability. The C domain is thermally less stable than sACE or the N domain. Since both domains are heavily glycosylated, the effect of glycosylation on their thermal stability was investigated by assessing their catalytic and physicochemical properties. Testis ACE (tACE) expressed in mammalian cells, mammalian cells in the presence of a glucosidase inhibitor and insect cells yielded proteins with altered catalytic and physicochemical properties, indicating that the more complex glycans confer greater thermal stabilization. Furthermore, a decrease in tACE and N-domain N-glycans using site-directed mutagenesis decreased their thermal stability, suggesting that certain N-glycans have an important effect on the protein's thermodynamic properties. Evaluation of the thermal stability of sACE domain swopover and domain duplication mutants, together with sACE expressed in insect cells, showed that the C domain contained in sACE is less dependent on glycosylation for thermal stabilization than a single C domain, indicating that stabilizing interactions between the two domains contribute to the thermal stability of sACE and are decreased in a C-domain-duplicating mutant.
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244
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Babič A, Gobec S, Gravier-Pelletier C, Le Merrer Y, Pečar S. Synthesis of 1-C-linked diphosphate analogues of UDP-N-Ac-glucosamine and UDP-N-Ac-muramic acid. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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245
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Porcine pancreatic alpha amylase and its isoforms—Effect of deglycosylation by peptide-N-glycosidase F. Int J Biol Macromol 2008; 43:100-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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246
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Chambery A, Di Maro A, Parente A. Primary structure and glycan moiety characterization of PD-Ss, type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins from Phytolacca dioica L. seeds, by precursor ion discovery on a Q-TOF mass spectrometer. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:1973-1982. [PMID: 18514239 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Seeds from Phytolacca dioica L. contain at least three N-glycosylated PD-Ss, type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), which were separated and purified to homogeneity by conventional chromatographic techniques. ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometry provided the accurate M(r) of native PD-S1 and PD-S3 (30957.1 and 29785.1, respectively) and the major form PD-S2 (30753.8). As the amino acid sequence of PD-S2 was already known, its disulfide pairing was determined and found to be Cys34-Cys262 and Cys88-Cys110. Further structural characterization of PD-S1 and PD-S3 (N-terminal sequence determination up to residue 30, amino acid analysis and tryptic peptide mapping) showed that the three PD-Ss shared the entire protein sequence. To explain the different chromatographic behaviour, their glycosylation patterns were characterized by a fast and sensitive mass spectrometry-based approach, applying a precursor ion discovery mode on a Q-TOF mass spectrometer. A standard plant paucidomannosidic N-glycosylation pattern [Hex(3), HexNAc(2), deoxyhexose(1), pentose(1)] was found for PD-S1 and PD-S2 on Asn120. Furthermore, a glycosylation site carrying only a HexNAc residue was identified on Asn112 in PD-S1 and PD-S3. Finally, considering the two disulfide bridges and the glycan moieties, the experimental M(r) values were in agreement with the mass values calculated from the primary structure. The complete characterization of PD-Ss shows the high potential of mass spectrometry to rapidly characterize proteins, widespread in eukaryotes, differing only in their glycosylation motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Chambery
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy
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247
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Linden R, Martins VR, Prado MAM, Cammarota M, Izquierdo I, Brentani RR. Physiology of the prion protein. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:673-728. [PMID: 18391177 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), attributed to conformational conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into an abnormal conformer that accumulates in the brain. Understanding the pathogenesis of TSEs requires the identification of functional properties of PrP(C). Here we examine the physiological functions of PrP(C) at the systemic, cellular, and molecular level. Current data show that both the expression and the engagement of PrP(C) with a variety of ligands modulate the following: 1) functions of the nervous and immune systems, including memory and inflammatory reactions; 2) cell proliferation, differentiation, and sensitivity to programmed cell death both in the nervous and immune systems, as well as in various cell lines; 3) the activity of numerous signal transduction pathways, including cAMP/protein kinase A, mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathways, as well as soluble non-receptor tyrosine kinases; and 4) trafficking of PrP(C) both laterally among distinct plasma membrane domains, and along endocytic pathways, on top of continuous, rapid recycling. A unified view of these functional properties indicates that the prion protein is a dynamic cell surface platform for the assembly of signaling modules, based on which selective interactions with many ligands and transmembrane signaling pathways translate into wide-range consequences upon both physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Linden
- Instituto de Biofísica da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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248
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Effect of glycosylation on protein folding: a close look at thermodynamic stabilization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:8256-61. [PMID: 18550810 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801340105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most common posttranslational modifications to occur in protein biosynthesis, yet its effect on the thermodynamics and kinetics of proteins is poorly understood. A minimalist model based on the native protein topology, in which each amino acid and sugar ring was represented by a single bead, was used to study the effect of glycosylation on protein folding. We studied in silico the folding of 63 engineered SH3 domain variants that had been glycosylated with different numbers of conjugated polysaccharide chains at different sites on the protein's surface. Thermal stabilization of the protein by the polysaccharide chains was observed in proportion to the number of attached chains. Consistent with recent experimental data, the degree of thermal stabilization depended on the position of the glycosylation sites, but only very weakly on the size of the glycans. A thermodynamic analysis showed that the origin of the enhanced protein stabilization by glycosylation is destabilization of the unfolded state rather than stabilization of the folded state. The higher free energy of the unfolded state is enthalpic in origin because the bulky polysaccharide chains force the unfolded ensemble to adopt more extended conformations by prohibiting formation of a residual structure. The thermodynamic stabilization induced by glycosylation is coupled with kinetic stabilization. The effects introduced by the glycans on the biophysical properties of proteins are likely to be relevant to other protein polymeric conjugate systems that regularly occur in the cell as posttranslational modifications or for biotechnological purposes.
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249
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Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) in proteomics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:151-9. [PMID: 18264818 PMCID: PMC2324128 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1865-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In proteomics, nanoflow multidimensional chromatography is now the gold standard for the separation of complex mixtures of peptides as generated by in-solution digestion of whole-cell lysates. Ideally, the different stationary phases used in multidimensional chromatography should provide orthogonal separation characteristics. For this reason, the combination of strong cation exchange chromatography (SCX) and reversed-phase (RP) chromatography is the most widely used combination for the separation of peptides. Here, we review the potential of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) as a separation tool in the multidimensional separation of peptides in proteomics applications. Recent work has revealed that HILIC may provide an excellent alternative to SCX, possessing several advantages in the area of separation power and targeted analysis of protein post-translational modifications. [figure: see text]
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250
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Mayato C, Dorta RL, Vázquez JT. Methyl esters: an alternative protecting group for the synthesis of O-glycosyl amino acid building blocks. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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