1
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Kerschbaumer B, Totaro MG, Friess M, Breinbauer R, Bijelic A, Macheroux P. Loop 6 and the β-hairpin flap are structural hotspots that determine cofactor specificity in the FMN-dependent family of ene-reductases. FEBS J 2024; 291:1560-1574. [PMID: 38263933 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-dependent ene-reductases constitute a large family of oxidoreductases that catalyze the enantiospecific reduction of carbon-carbon double bonds. The reducing equivalents required for substrate reduction are obtained from reduced nicotinamide by hydride transfer. Most ene-reductases significantly prefer, or exclusively accept, either NADPH or NADH. Despite their usefulness in biocatalytic applications, the structural determinants for cofactor preference remain elusive. We employed the NADPH-preferring 12-oxophytodienoic acid reductase 3 from Solanum lycopersicum (SlOPR3) as a model enzyme of the ene-reductase family and applied computational and structural methods to investigate the binding specificity of the reducing coenzymes. Initial docking results indicated that the arginine triad R283, R343, and R366 residing on and close to a critical loop at the active site (loop 6) are the main contributors to NADPH binding. In contrast, NADH binds unfavorably in the opposite direction toward the β-hairpin flap within a largely hydrophobic region. Notably, the crystal structures of SlOPR3 in complex with either NADPH4 or NADH4 corroborated these different binding modes. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed NADH binding near the β-hairpin flap and provided structural explanations for the low binding affinity of NADH to SlOPR3. We postulate that cofactor specificity is determined by the arginine triad/loop 6 and the residue(s) controlling access to a hydrophobic cleft formed by the β-hairpin flap. Thus, NADPH preference depends on a properly positioned arginine triad, whereas granting access to the hydrophobic cleft at the β-hairpin flap favors NADH binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo G Totaro
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria
| | - Michael Friess
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria
| | | | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria
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2
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Kriegesmann J, Schlatzer T, Che K, Altdorf C, Huhmann S, Kählig H, Kurzbach D, Breinbauer R, Becker CFW. Constraining and Modifying Peptides Using Pd-Mediated Cysteine Allylation. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300098. [PMID: 36917494 PMCID: PMC10947015 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, several strategies for inducing and stabilizing secondary structure formation in peptides have been developed to increase their proteolytic stability and their binding affinity to specific interaction partners. Here, we report how our recently introduced chemoselective Pd-catalyzed cysteine allylation reaction can be extended to stapling and how the resulting alkene-containing staples themselves can be further modified to introduce additional probes into such stabilized peptides. The latter is demonstrated by introducing a fluorophore as well as a PEG moiety into different stapled peptides using bioorthogonal thiol-ene and Diels-Alder reactions. Furthermore, we investigated structural implications of our allyl staples when used to replace conformationally relevant disulfide bridges. To this end, we chose a selective binder of integrin α3 β1 (LXY3), which is only active in its cyclic disulfide form. We replaced the disulfide bridge by different stapling reagents in order to increase stability and binding affinity towards integrin α3 β1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kriegesmann
- Institute of Biological ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Thomas Schlatzer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of Technology8010GrazAustria
| | - Kateryna Che
- Institute of Biological ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Claudia Altdorf
- Syntab Therapeutics GmbHPauwelstrasse 17post code?AachenGermany
| | - Susanne Huhmann
- Institute of Biological ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Hanspeter Kählig
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Dennis Kurzbach
- Institute of Biological ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of Technology8010GrazAustria
| | - Christian F. W. Becker
- Institute of Biological ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
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3
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Grajchen E, Loix M, Baeten P, Côrte-Real BF, Hamad I, Vanherle S, Haidar M, Dehairs J, Broos JY, Ntambi JM, Zimmermann R, Breinbauer R, Stinissen P, Hellings N, Verberk SGS, Kooij G, Giera M, Swinnen JV, Broux B, Kleinewietfeld M, Hendriks JJA, Bogie JFJ. Fatty acid desaturation by stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 controls regulatory T cell differentiation and autoimmunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:666-679. [PMID: 37041314 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The imbalance between pathogenic and protective T cell subsets is a cardinal feature of autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Emerging evidence indicates that endogenous and dietary-induced changes in fatty acid metabolism have a major impact on both T cell fate and autoimmunity. To date, however, the molecular mechanisms that underlie the impact of fatty acid metabolism on T cell physiology and autoimmunity remain poorly understood. Here, we report that stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), an enzyme essential for the desaturation of fatty acids and highly regulated by dietary factors, acts as an endogenous brake on regulatory T-cell (Treg) differentiation and augments autoimmunity in an animal model of MS in a T cell-dependent manner. Guided by RNA sequencing and lipidomics analysis, we found that the absence of Scd1 in T cells promotes the hydrolysis of triglycerides and phosphatidylcholine through adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). ATGL-dependent release of docosahexaenoic acid enhanced Treg differentiation by activating the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Our findings identify fatty acid desaturation by SCD1 as an essential determinant of Treg differentiation and autoimmunity, with potentially broad implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies and dietary interventions for autoimmune disorders such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elien Grajchen
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University MS Center Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium
| | - Melanie Loix
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University MS Center Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium
| | - Paulien Baeten
- University MS Center Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium
- Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Beatriz F Côrte-Real
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University MS Center Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ibrahim Hamad
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University MS Center Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sam Vanherle
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University MS Center Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium
| | - Mansour Haidar
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University MS Center Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium
| | - Jonas Dehairs
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, LKI - Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle Y Broos
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - James M Ntambi
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Piet Stinissen
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University MS Center Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium
| | - Niels Hellings
- University MS Center Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium
- Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sanne G S Verberk
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University MS Center Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium
| | - Gijs Kooij
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes V Swinnen
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, LKI - Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bieke Broux
- University MS Center Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium
- Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University MS Center Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jerome J A Hendriks
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University MS Center Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium
| | - Jeroen F J Bogie
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
- University MS Center Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium.
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4
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Li T, Borg AJE, Krammer L, Breinbauer R, Nidetzky B. Reaction intensification for biocatalytic production of polyphenolic natural product di-C-β-glucosides. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:1506-1520. [PMID: 36787984 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenolic aglycones featuring two sugars individually attached via C-glycosidic linkage (di-C-glycosides) represent a rare class of plant natural products with unique physicochemical properties and biological activities. Natural scarcity of such di-C-glycosides limits their use-inspired exploration as pharmaceutical ingredients. Here, we show a biocatalytic process technology for reaction-intensified production of the di-C-β-glucosides of two representative phenol substrates, phloretin (a natural flavonoid) and phenyl-trihydroxyacetophenone (a phenolic synthon for synthesis), from sucrose. The synthesis proceeds via an iterative two-fold C-glycosylation of the respective aglycone, supplied as inclusion complex with 2-hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin for enhanced water solubility of up to 50 mmol/L, catalyzed by a kumquat di-C-glycosyltransferase (di-CGT), and it uses UDP-Glc provided in situ from sucrose by a soybean sucrose synthase, with catalytic amounts (≤3 mol%) of UDP added. Time course analysis reveals the second C-glycosylation as rate-limiting (0.4-0.5 mmol/L/min) for the di-C-glucoside production. With internal supply from sucrose keeping the UDP-Glc at a constant steady-state concentration (≥50% of the UDP added) during the reaction, the di-C-glycosylation is driven to completion (≥95% yield). Contrary to the mono-C-glucoside intermediate which is stable, the di-C-glucoside requires the addition of reducing agent (10 mmol/L 2-mercaptoethanol) to prevent its decomposition during the synthesis. Both di-C-glucosides are isolated from the reaction mixtures in excellent purity (≥95%), and their expected structures are confirmed by NMR. Collectively, this study demonstrates efficient glycosyltransferase cascade reaction for flexible use in natural product di-C-β-glucoside synthesis from expedient substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Li
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Graz, Austria
| | - Annika J E Borg
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Graz, Austria
| | - Leo Krammer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Graz, Austria
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5
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Krammer L, Breinbauer R. Activity‐Based Protein Profiling of Oxidases and Reductases. Isr J Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Krammer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 A-8010 Graz Austria
- BIOTECHMED Graz A-8010 Graz Austria
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6
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Podversnik H, Jha S, Macheroux P, Breinbauer R. Design and synthesis of efficient fluororethylene-peptidomimetic inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase III (DPP3). Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 67:116831. [PMID: 35623134 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase III (DPP3) is a ubiquitously expressed zinc-dependent peptide cutting enzyme and selectively hydrolyses amide bonds to cleave N-terminal dipeptide fragments off of physiologically important oligopeptides. DPP3 has been found in a multitude of different types of cells and appears to be involved in various physiological processes (e.g. nociception, blood pressure control, protein turnover). Using the slowly converted peptide substrate tynorphin (VVYPW) as starting point, we have replaced the scissile bond with a fluoroethylene bioisostere to design ground state inhibitors, which led to the so far most effective peptide-based inhibitor of DPP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Podversnik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Shalinee Jha
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 10-12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 10-12, A-8010 Graz, Austria; BIOTECHMED, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria; BIOTECHMED, Graz A-8010, Austria.
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7
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Grabner GF, Guttenberger N, Mayer N, Migglautsch-Sulzer AK, Lembacher-Fadum C, Fawzy N, Bulfon D, Hofer P, Züllig T, Hartig L, Kulminskaya N, Chalhoub G, Schratter M, Radner FPW, Preiss-Landl K, Masser S, Lass A, Zechner R, Gruber K, Oberer M, Breinbauer R, Zimmermann R. Small-Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Lipolysis in Human Adipocytes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6237-6250. [PMID: 35362954 PMCID: PMC9011347 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Chronically elevated
circulating fatty acid levels promote lipid
accumulation in nonadipose tissues and cause lipotoxicity. Adipose
triglyceride lipase (ATGL) critically determines the release of fatty
acids from white adipose tissue, and accumulating evidence suggests
that inactivation of ATGL has beneficial effects on lipotoxicity-driven
disorders including insulin resistance, steatohepatitis, and heart
disease, classifying ATGL as a promising drug target. Here, we report
on the development and biological characterization of the first small-molecule
inhibitor of human ATGL. This inhibitor, designated NG-497, selectively
inactivates human and nonhuman primate ATGL but not structurally and
functionally related lipid hydrolases. We demonstrate that NG-497
abolishes lipolysis in human adipocytes in a dose-dependent and reversible
manner. The combined analysis of mouse- and human-selective inhibitors,
chimeric ATGL proteins, and homology models revealed detailed insights
into enzyme–inhibitor interactions. NG-497 binds ATGL within
a hydrophobic cavity near the active site. Therein, three amino acid
residues determine inhibitor efficacy and species selectivity and
thus provide the molecular scaffold for selective inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Guttenberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nicole Mayer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Nermeen Fawzy
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dominik Bulfon
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Züllig
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lennart Hartig
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Natalia Kulminskaya
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriel Chalhoub
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Margarita Schratter
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Franz P W Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karina Preiss-Landl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sarah Masser
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioHealth Field of Excellence, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioHealth Field of Excellence, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioHealth Field of Excellence, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioHealth Field of Excellence, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 3, 8010 Graz, Austria
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8
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Trobe M, Schreiner T, Vareka M, Grimm S, Wölfl B, Breinbauer R. A Modular Synthesis of Teraryl‐based α‐Helix Mimetics, Part 5: A Complete Set of Pyridine Boronic Acid Pinacol Esters Featuring Side Chains of Proteinogenic Amino Acids. European J Org Chem 2022; 2022:e202101280. [PMID: 35910461 PMCID: PMC9304165 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Teraryl‐based α‐helix mimetics have proven to be useful compounds for the inhibition of protein‐protein interactions (PPI). We have developed a modular and flexible approach for the synthesis of teraryl‐based α‐helix mimetics using pyridine containing boronic acid building blocks to increase the water solubility. Following our initial publication in which we have introduced the methodology in combination with sequential Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling for teraryl assembly, we can now report a complete set of pyridine based boronic acid building blocks decorated with side chains of all proteinogenic amino acids relevant for PPI (Ala, Arg, Asn, Asp, Cys, Gln, Glu, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Ser, Thr, Trp, Tyr, Val) to complement the core fragment set. For a representative set of teraryls we have studied the influence of the pyridine rings on the solubility of the assembled oligoarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Trobe
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Till Schreiner
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Martin Vareka
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Sebastian Grimm
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Bernhard Wölfl
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry Stremayrgasse 9 A-8010 Graz AUSTRIA
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9
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Trobe M, Vareka M, Schreiner T, Dobrounig P, Doler C, Holzinger EB, Steinegger A, Breinbauer R. Modular Synthesis of Teraryl‐based alpha ‐Helix Mimetics, Part 3: Iodophenyltriflate Core Fragments Featuring Side Chains of Proteinogenic Amino Acids. European J Org Chem 2022; 2022:e202101278. [PMID: 35910459 PMCID: PMC9306992 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Teraryl‐based α‐helix mimetics have proven to be useful compounds for the inhibition of protein‐protein interactions (PPI). We have developed a modular and flexible approach for the synthesis of teraryl‐based α‐helix mimetics using a benzene core unit featuring two leaving groups of differentiated reactivity in the Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling used for teraryl assembly. In previous publications we have introduced the methodology of 4‐iodophenyltriflates decorated with the side chains of some of the proteinogenic amino acids. We herein report the core fragments corresponding to the previously missing amino acids Arg, Asn, Asp, Met, Trp and Tyr. Therefore, our set now encompasses all relevant amino acid analogues with the exception of His. In order to be compatible with the triflate moiety, some of the nucleophilic side chains had to be provided in a protected form to serve as stable building blocks. Additionally, cross‐coupling procedures for the assembly of teraryls were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Trobe
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Martin Vareka
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Till Schreiner
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Patrick Dobrounig
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Carina Doler
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Ella B. Holzinger
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Andreas Steinegger
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry Stremayrgasse 9 A-8010 Graz AUSTRIA
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10
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Trobe M, Blesl J, Vareka M, Schreiner T, Breinbauer R. Modular Synthesis of Teraryl‐based alpha‐Helix Mimetics, Part 4: Core Fragments with two Halide Leaving Groups Featuring Side Chains of Proteinogenic Amino Acids. European J Org Chem 2022; 2022:e202101279. [PMID: 35910460 PMCID: PMC9304293 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Teraryl‐based α‐helix mimetics have proven to be useful compounds for the inhibition of protein‐protein interactions (PPI). We have developed a modular and flexible approach for the synthesis of teraryl‐based α‐helix mimetics using a benzene core unit featuring two halide leaving groups of differentiated reactivity in the Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling used for teraryl assembly. The use of para‐bromo iodoarene core fragments resolved the issue of hydrolysis during cross‐coupling that was observed when using triflate as a leaving group. We report a complete set of para‐bromoiodoarene core fragments decorated with side chains of all proteinogenic amino acids relevant for PPI (Ala, Arg, Asn, Asp, Cys, Gln, Glu, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Ser, Thr, Trp, Tyr and Val). In order to be compatible with general cross‐coupling conditions, some of the nucleophilic side chains had to be provided in a protected form to serve as stable building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Trobe
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Julia Blesl
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Martin Vareka
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Till Schreiner
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry Stremayrgasse 9 A-8010 Graz AUSTRIA
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11
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Ivkovic J, Jha S, Lembacher-Fadum C, Puschnig J, Kumar P, Reithofer V, Gruber K, Macheroux P, Breinbauer R. Efficient Entropy-Driven Inhibition of Dipeptidyl Peptidase III by Hydroxyethylene Transition-State Peptidomimetics. Chemistry 2021; 27:14108-14120. [PMID: 34314529 PMCID: PMC8518066 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase III (DPP3) is a ubiquitously expressed Zn‐dependent protease, which plays an important role in regulating endogenous peptide hormones, such as enkephalins or angiotensins. In previous biophysical studies, it could be shown that substrate binding is driven by a large entropic contribution due to the release of water molecules from the closing binding cleft. Here, the design, synthesis and biophysical characterization of peptidomimetic inhibitors is reported, using for the first time an hydroxyethylene transition‐state mimetic for a metalloprotease. Efficient routes for the synthesis of both stereoisomers of the pseudopeptide core were developed, which allowed the synthesis of peptidomimetic inhibitors mimicking the VVYPW‐motif of tynorphin. The best inhibitors inhibit DPP3 in the low μM range. Biophysical characterization by means of ITC measurement and X‐ray crystallography confirm the unusual entropy‐driven mode of binding. Stability assays demonstrated the desired stability of these inhibitors, which efficiently inhibited DPP3 in mouse brain homogenate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakov Ivkovic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Shalinee Jha
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Johannes Puschnig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstr. 50, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Viktoria Reithofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstr. 50, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstr. 50, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
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12
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Grininger C, Leypold M, Aschauer P, Pavkov-Keller T, Riegler-Berket L, Breinbauer R, Oberer M. Structural Changes in the Cap of Rv0183/mtbMGL Modulate the Shape of the Binding Pocket. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1299. [PMID: 34572512 PMCID: PMC8472722 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis continues to be a major threat to the human population. Global efforts to eradicate the disease are ongoing but are hampered by the increasing occurrence of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Therefore, the development of new treatment, and the exploration of new druggable targets and treatment strategies, are of high importance. Rv0183/mtbMGL, is a monoacylglycerol lipase of M. tuberculosis and it is involved in providing fatty acids and glycerol as building blocks and as an energy source. Since the lipase is expressed during the dormant and active phase of an infection, Rv0183/mtbMGL is an interesting target for inhibition. In this work, we determined the crystal structures of a surface-entropy reduced variant K74A Rv0183/mtbMGL in its free form and in complex with a substrate mimicking inhibitor. The two structures reveal conformational changes in the cap region that forms a major part of the substrate/inhibitor binding region. We present a completely closed conformation in the free form and semi-closed conformation in the ligand-bound form. These conformations differ from the previously published, completely open conformation of Rv0183/mtbMGL. Thus, this work demonstrates the high conformational plasticity of the cap from open to closed conformations and provides useful insights into changes in the substrate-binding pocket, the target of potential small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Grininger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.G.); (P.A.); (T.P.-K.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Mario Leypold
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Philipp Aschauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.G.); (P.A.); (T.P.-K.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.G.); (P.A.); (T.P.-K.); (L.R.-B.)
- BioHealth Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lina Riegler-Berket
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.G.); (P.A.); (T.P.-K.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.L.); (R.B.)
- BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.G.); (P.A.); (T.P.-K.); (L.R.-B.)
- BioHealth Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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13
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Thiele A, Luettges K, Ritter D, Beyhoff N, Smeir E, Grune J, Steinhoff JS, Schupp M, Klopfleisch R, Rothe M, Wilck N, Bartolomaeus H, Migglautsch AK, Breinbauer R, Kershaw EE, Grabner GF, Zechner R, Kintscher U, Foryst-Ludwig A. Pharmacological inhibition of adipose tissue adipose triglyceride lipase by Atglistatin prevents catecholamine-induced myocardial damage. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2488-2505. [PMID: 34061169 PMCID: PMC9890462 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Heart failure (HF) is characterized by an overactivation of β-adrenergic signalling that directly contributes to impairment of myocardial function. Moreover, β-adrenergic overactivation induces adipose tissue lipolysis, which may further worsen the development of HF. Recently, we demonstrated that adipose tissue-specific deletion of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) prevents pressure-mediated HF in mice. In this study, we investigated the cardioprotective effects of a new pharmacological inhibitor of ATGL, Atglistatin, predominantly targeting ATGL in adipose tissue, on catecholamine-induced cardiac damage. METHODS AND RESULTS Male 129/Sv mice received repeated injections of isoproterenol (ISO, 25 mg/kg BW) to induce cardiac damage. Five days prior to ISO application, oral Atglistatin (2 mmol/kg diet) or control treatment was started. Two and twelve days after the last ISO injection cardiac function was analysed by echocardiography. The myocardial deformation was evaluated using speckle-tracking-technique. Twelve days after the last ISO injection, echocardiographic analysis revealed a markedly impaired global longitudinal strain, which was significantly improved by the application of Atglistatin. No changes in ejection fraction were observed. Further studies included histological-, WB-, and RT-qPCR-based analysis of cardiac tissue, followed by cell culture experiments and mass spectrometry-based lipidome analysis. ISO application induced subendocardial fibrosis and a profound pro-apoptotic cardiac response, as demonstrated using an apoptosis-specific gene expression-array. Atglistatin treatment led to a dramatic reduction of these pro-fibrotic and pro-apoptotic processes. We then identified a specific set of fatty acids (FAs) liberated from adipocytes under ISO stimulation (palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, and oleic acid), which induced pro-apoptotic effects in cardiomyocytes. Atglistatin significantly blocked this adipocytic FA secretion. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates cardioprotective effects of Atglistatin in a mouse model of catecholamine-induced cardiac damage/dysfunction, involving anti-apoptotic and anti-fibrotic actions. Notably, beneficial cardioprotective effects of Atglistatin are likely mediated by non-cardiac actions, supporting the concept that pharmacological targeting of adipose tissue may provide an effective way to treat cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Thiele
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Luettges
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Ritter
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Niklas Beyhoff
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Elia Smeir
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Grune
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia S Steinhoff
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schupp
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Nicola Wilck
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation of Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany,Division of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bartolomaeus
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation of Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna K Migglautsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Erin E Kershaw
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Anna Foryst-Ludwig
- Corresponding author. Tel: +49 30 450 525 373; fax: +49 30 450 525 901, E-mail:
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14
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Abstract
Over the last two decades, activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) has been established as a tremendously useful proteomic tool for measuring the activity of proteins in their cellular context, annotating the function of uncharacterized proteins, and investigating the target profile of small-molecule inhibitors. Unlike hydrolases and other enzyme classes, which exhibit a characteristic nucleophilic residue, oxidoreductases have received much less attention in ABPP. In this minireview, the state of the art of ABPP of oxidoreductases is described and the scope and limitations of the existing approaches are discussed. It is noted that several ABPP probes have been described for various oxidases, but none so far for a reductase, which gives rise to opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Fuerst
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
- BIOTECHMEDGrazAustria
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15
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Schlatzer T, Breinbauer R. Synthesis of Hydrophilic Phosphorus Ligands and Their Application in Aqueous-Phase Metal-Catalyzed Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2021; 363:668-687. [PMID: 33679278 PMCID: PMC7898532 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed reactions in aqueous media are experiencing a constant increase in interest. In homogenous catalysis the use of water as a solvent offers advantages in cost, safety, the possibility of two-phase catalysis and simplified separation strategies. In the life sciences, transition metal catalysis in aqueous systems enables the ligation or modification of biopolymers in buffer systems or even in their cellular environment. In biocatalysis, aqueous systems allow the simultaneous use of enzymes and transition metal catalysts in cascade reactions. The use of water-soluble phosphine ligands still represents the most reliable and popular strategy for transferring metal catalysts into the aqueous phase. This review summarizes the recent advancements in this field since 2009 and describes current synthetic strategies for the preparation of hydrophilic phosphines and phosphites. In addition, recent applications of transition metal catalysis in aqueous solvents using these hydrophilic ligands are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schlatzer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9A-8010GrazAustria phone
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9A-8010GrazAustria phone
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16
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Takahara S, Ferdaoussi M, Srnic N, Maayah ZH, Soni S, Migglautsch AK, Breinbauer R, Kershaw EE, Dyck JRB. Inhibition of ATGL in adipose tissue ameliorates isoproterenol-induced cardiac remodeling by reducing adipose tissue inflammation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H432-H446. [PMID: 33185110 PMCID: PMC7847076 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00737.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Following cardiac injury, increased adrenergic drive plays an important role in compensating for reduced cardiac function. However, chronic excess adrenergic stimulation can be detrimental to cardiac pathophysiology and can also affect other organs including adipose tissue, leading to increased lipolysis. Interestingly, inhibition of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), a rate-limiting enzyme in lipolysis, in adipocytes ameliorates cardiac dysfunction in a heart failure model. Thus, we investigated whether inhibition of adipocyte ATGL can mitigate the adverse cardiac effects of chronic adrenergic stimulation and explored the underlying mechanisms. To do this, isoproterenol (ISO) was continuously administered to C57Bl/6N mice for 2 wk with or without an ATGL inhibitor (Atglistatin). We found that Atglistatin alleviated ISO-induced cardiac remodeling and reduced ISO-induced upregulation of galectin-3, a marker of activated macrophages and a potent inducer of fibrosis, in white adipose tissue (WAT), heart, and the circulation. To test whether the beneficial effects of Atglistatin occur via inhibition of adipocyte ATGL, adipocyte-specific ATGL knockout (atATGL-KO) mice were utilized for similar experiments. Subsequently, the same cardioprotective effects of atATGL-KO following ISO administration were observed. Furthermore, Atglistatin and atATGL-KO abolished ISO-induced galectin-3 secretion from excised WAT. We further demonstrated that activation of cardiac fibroblasts by the conditioned media of ISO-stimulated WAT is galectin-3-dependent. In conclusion, the inhibition of adipocyte ATGL ameliorated ISO-induced cardiac remodeling possibly by reducing galectin-3 secretion from adipose tissue. Thus, inhibition of adipocyte ATGL might be a potential target to prevent some of the adverse effects of chronic excess adrenergic drive.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The reduction of lipolysis by adipocyte ATGL inhibition ameliorates cardiac remodeling induced by chronic β-adrenergic stimulation likely via reducing galectin-3 secretion from adipose tissue. Our findings highlight that suppressing lipolysis in adipocytes may be a potential therapeutic target for patients with heart failure whose sympathetic nervous system is activated. Furthermore, galectin-3 might be involved in the mechanisms by which excessive lipolysis in adipose tissues influences remote cardiac pathologies and thus warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Takahara
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mourad Ferdaoussi
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nikola Srnic
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zaid H Maayah
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shubham Soni
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anna K Migglautsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Erin E Kershaw
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason R B Dyck
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Doler C, Friess M, Lackner F, Weber H, Fischer RC, Breinbauer R. Stereoselective synthesis of chiral thiol-containing 1,2-aminoalcohols via SmI2-mediated coupling. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Mayer N, Schweiger M, Fuchs E, Migglautsch AK, Doler C, Grabner GF, Romauch M, Melcher MC, Zechner R, Zimmermann R, Breinbauer R. Structure-activity relationship studies for the development of inhibitors of murine adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115610. [PMID: 32690265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
High serum fatty acid (FA) levels are causally linked to the development of insulin resistance, which eventually progresses to type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) generalized in the term metabolic syndrome. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is the initial enzyme in the hydrolysis of intracellular triacylglycerol (TG) stores, liberating fatty acids that are released from adipocytes into the circulation. Hence, ATGL-specific inhibitors have the potential to lower circulating FA concentrations, and counteract the development of insulin resistance and NAFLD. In this article, we report about structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of small molecule inhibitors of murine ATGL which led to the development of Atglistatin. Atglistatin is a specific inhibitor of murine ATGL, which has proven useful for the validation of ATGL as a potential drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Mayer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31, A-8010 Graz, Austria; BIOTECHMED Graz, A-8010, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Fuchs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anna K Migglautsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Carina Doler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias Romauch
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31, A-8010 Graz, Austria; BIOTECHMED Graz, A-8010, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31, A-8010 Graz, Austria; BIOTECHMED Graz, A-8010, Austria.
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria; BIOTECHMED Graz, A-8010, Austria.
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19
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Schlatzer T, Schröder H, Trobe M, Lembacher‐Fadum C, Stangl S, Schlögl C, Weber H, Breinbauer R. Pd/BIPHEPHOS is an Efficient Catalyst for the Pd-Catalyzed S-Allylation of Thiols with High n-Selectivity. Adv Synth Catal 2020; 362:331-336. [PMID: 32063821 PMCID: PMC7004212 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Pd-catalyzed S-allylation of thiols with stable allylcarbonate and allylacetate reagents offers several advantages over established reactions for the formation of thioethers. We could demonstrate that Pd/BIPHEPHOS is a catalyst system which allows the transition metal-catalyzed S-allylation of thiols with excellent n-regioselectivity. Mechanistic studies showed that this reaction is reversible under the applied reaction conditions. The excellent functional group tolerance of this transformation was demonstrated with a broad variety of thiol nucleophiles (18 examples) and allyl substrates (9 examples), and could even be applied for the late-stage diversification of cephalosporins, which might find application in the synthesis of new antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schlatzer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Hilmar Schröder
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Melanie Trobe
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9A-8010GrazAustria
| | | | - Simon Stangl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Christoph Schlögl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Hansjörg Weber
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9A-8010GrazAustria
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20
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Schlatzer T, Kriegesmann J, Schröder H, Trobe M, Lembacher-Fadum C, Santner S, Kravchuk AV, Becker CFW, Breinbauer R. Labeling and Natural Post-Translational Modification of Peptides and Proteins via Chemoselective Pd-Catalyzed Prenylation of Cysteine. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14931-14937. [PMID: 31469558 PMCID: PMC6776382 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prenylation of peptides and proteins is an important post-translational modification observed in vivo. We report that the Pd-catalyzed Tsuji-Trost allylation with a Pd/BIPHEPHOS catalyst system allows the allylation of Cys-containing peptides and proteins with complete chemoselectivity and high n/i regioselectivity. In contrast to recently established methods, which use non-native connections, the Pd-catalyzed prenylation produces the natural n-prenylthioether bond. In addition, a variety of biophysical probes such as affinity handles and fluorescent tags can be introduced into Cys-containing peptides and proteins. Furthermore, peptides containing two cysteine residues can be stapled or cyclized using homobifunctional allylic carbonate reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schlatzer
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of
Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Kriegesmann
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hilmar Schröder
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of
Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Melanie Trobe
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of
Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Lembacher-Fadum
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of
Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Simone Santner
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of
Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander V. Kravchuk
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian F. W. Becker
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of
Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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21
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Aschauer P, Riegler-Berket L, Grinninger C, Natmessnig H, Pavkov-Keller T, Breinbauer R, Birner-Grünberger R, Zimmermann R, Oberer M. The drug target monoacylglycerol lipase: structure and dynamics, conservation and divergence. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s205327331908940x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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22
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Takahara S, Soni S, Byrne NJ, Parajuli N, Maayah ZH, Ferdaoussi M, Levasseur JL, Migglautsch AK, Breinbauer R, Dyck JR. Abstract 847: Adipocyte-specific Pharmacological Inhibition of Adipose Triglyceride Lipase (ATGL) Ameliorates Cardiac Fibrosis in Heart Failure. Circ Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1161/res.125.suppl_1.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:
ATGL is a key enzyme that regulates triglyceride lipolysis in most cells, including the adipocyte and the cardiomyocyte. Recent studies indicate that accelerated adipose tissue lipolysis contributes to worsening heart failure (HF), suggesting that ATGL inhibition specifically in the adipocyte may prevent worsening HF. Indeed, we have shown that the ATGL inhibitor, Atglistatin, which appears to be largely adipocyte-specific, ameliorates cardiac dysfunction and hypertrophy in HF induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). However, the mechanisms by which Atglistatin treatment prevents worsening HF in mice remains unknown.
Methods:
Eight week-old C57BL/6N mice underwent TAC or sham surgery. After 1 week, mice with HF were assigned into 4 groups: 1) vehicle (standard chow)-sham, 2) Atglistain-sham, 3) vehicle-TAC and 4) Atglistatin-TAC. Atglistain was administered in food pellets containing 2mmol Atglistatin/kg for 2 weeks. Thereafter, mice were euthanized and hearts were used for subsequent histological and quantitative PCR analysis.
Results:
Picro-sirius red staining demonstrated that hearts from the Atglistatin TAC mice had significantly less cardiac fibrosis than the vehicle TAC mice (1.6±0.4 vs 5.3±1.1%, in Atglistatin TAC vs vehicle TAC; p<0.01). Consistent with this finding, Atglistatin treatment of the TAC group reduced transcript levels of fibrosis-related genes, including
Col1a1
(-58.7%, p=0.03) and
Postn
(-54.7%, p<0.01), compared to vehicle-treated hearts. Furthermore, Atglistatin decreased the transcript levels of the macrophage polarization-related genes, including
Lgals3
(-55.3%, p<0.01) and
Spp1
(-38.7%, p=0.03)
,
in the hearts from TAC mice compared to controls. Moreover, immunofluorescent analysis showed that Atglistatin reduced infiltration of Galectin-3 positive macrophages in the heart compared to vehicle-TAC mice, suggesting reduced macrophage infiltration and activation and less cardiac fibrosis.
Conclusion:
Our data indicate that reducing triglyceride lipolysis in the adipose tissue via ATGL inhibition may ameliorate HF via modulation of HF-induced macrophage and fibroblast activation in the heart.
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23
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Grabner GF, Fawzy N, Pribasnig MA, Trieb M, Taschler U, Holzer M, Schweiger M, Wolinski H, Kolb D, Horvath A, Breinbauer R, Rülicke T, Rabl R, Lass A, Stadlbauer V, Hutter-Paier B, Stauber RE, Fickert P, Zechner R, Marsche G, Eichmann TO, Zimmermann R. Metabolic disease and ABHD6 alter the circulating bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate profile in mice and humans. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1020-1031. [PMID: 30894461 PMCID: PMC6495172 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m093351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate (BMP) is a phospholipid that is crucial for lipid degradation and sorting in acidic organelles. Genetic and drug-induced lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are associated with increased BMP concentrations in tissues and in the circulation. Data on BMP in disorders other than LSDs, however, are scarce, and key enzymes regulating BMP metabolism remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that common metabolic disorders and the intracellular BMP hydrolase α/β-hydrolase domain-containing 6 (ABHD6) affect BMP metabolism in mice and humans. In mice, dietary lipid overload strongly affects BMP concentration and FA composition in the liver and plasma, similar to what has been observed in LSDs. Notably, distinct changes in the BMP FA profile enable a clear distinction between lipid overload and drug-induced LSDs. Global deletion of ABHD6 increases circulating BMP concentrations but does not cause LSDs. In humans, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and liver cirrhosis affect the serum BMP FA composition and concentration. Furthermore, we identified a patient with a loss-of-function mutation in the ABHD6 gene, leading to an altered circulating BMP profile. In conclusion, our results suggest that common metabolic diseases and ABHD6 affect BMP metabolism in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nermeen Fawzy
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz Graz, Austria
| | - Maria A Pribasnig
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Trieb
- Division of Pharmacology Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Holzer
- Division of Pharmacology Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Wolinski
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Core Facility Ultrastructure Analysis Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Angela Horvath
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz Graz, Austria
| | - Vanessa Stadlbauer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Rudolf E Stauber
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Fickert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Center for Explorative Lipidomics Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz Graz, Austria.
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz Graz, Austria. robert.zimmermann@uni-graz
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24
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Abstract
Pd/DPEphos catalyzes the [3+2] cycloaddition of various alkyl isocyanates with 2-acetoxymethyl-3-allyltrimethylsilane as a synthetic equivalent of trimethylenemethane (TMM). Taking advantage of 2-acetoxymethyl-3-allyltrimethylsilane acting both as nucleophile as well as electrophile this reaction gives a convenient access to 5-ring lactams with an exocyclic alkene moiety. The formation of the β,γ-unsaturated 2-pyrrolidinones occurs without olefin isomerization and without epimerization of the stereogenic centers. Mechanistic investigations suggest an initial N-allylation of the isocyanate followed by nucleophilic ring closure furnishing the desired 2-pyrrolidinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology
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25
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Dahms B, Kohlpaintner PJ, Wiebe A, Breinbauer R, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Selective Formation of 4,4'-Biphenols by Anodic Dehydrogenative Cross- and Homo-Coupling Reaction. Chemistry 2019; 25:2713-2716. [PMID: 30638281 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple and selective electrochemical synthesis by dehydrogenative coupling of unprotected 2,6- or 2,5-substituted phenols to the desired 4,4'-biphenols is reported. Using electricity as the oxidizing reagent avoids pre-functionalization of the starting materials, since a selective activation of the substrates takes place. Without the necessity for metal-catalysts or the use of stoichiometric reagents it is an economic and environmentally friendly transformation. The elaborated electrochemical protocol leads to a broad variety of the desired 4,4'-biphenols in a very simplified manner compared to classical approaches. This is particular the case for the cross-coupled products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Dahms
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp J Kohlpaintner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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26
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Migglautsch AK, Willim M, Schweda B, Glieder A, Breinbauer R, Winkler M. Aliphatic hydroxylation and epoxidation of capsaicin by cytochrome P450 CYP505X. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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27
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Blesl J, Trobe M, Anderl F, Breinbauer R, Strohmeier GA, Fesko K. Application of Threonine Aldolases for the Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Quaternary α-Amino Acids. ChemCatChem 2018; 10:3453-3458. [PMID: 31057675 PMCID: PMC6485451 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of diverse β-hydroxy-α,α-dialkyl-α-amino acids with perfect stereoselectivity for the α-quaternary center through the action of l- and d-specific threonine aldolases. A wide variety of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes were accepted by the enzymes and conversions up to >80 % were obtained. In the case of d-selective threonine aldolase from Pseudomonas sp., generally higher diastereoselectivities were observed. The applicability of the protocol was demonstrated by performing enzymatic reactions on preparative scale. Using the d-threonine aldolase from Pseudomonas sp., (2R,3S)-2-amino-3-(2-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid was generated in preparative amounts in one step with a diastereomeric ratio >100 favoring the syn-product. A Birch-type reduction enabled the reductive removal of the β-hydroxy group from (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phenylpropanoic acid to generate enantiopure l-α-methyl-phenylalanine via a two-step chemo-enzymatic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Blesl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9, A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Melanie Trobe
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9, A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Felix Anderl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9, A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9, A-8010GrazAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB) GmbHPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
| | - Gernot A. Strohmeier
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9, A-8010GrazAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB) GmbHPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
| | - Kateryna Fesko
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9, A-8010GrazAustria
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28
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Parajuli N, Takahara S, Matsumura N, Kim TT, Ferdaoussi M, Migglautsch AK, Zechner R, Breinbauer R, Kershaw EE, Dyck JRB. Atglistatin ameliorates functional decline in heart failure via adipocyte-specific inhibition of adipose triglyceride lipase. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H879-H884. [PMID: 29932770 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00308.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite advancements in therapies for cardiovascular disease and heart failure (HF), the incidence and prevalence of HF are increasing. Previous work has suggested that inhibiting adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) in adipose tissue during HF development may assist in the treatment of HF. The ability to specifically target the adipocyte as a potential treatment for HF is a novel approach that could significantly influence the management of HF in the future. Our objectives were to assess the cardiac structural and functional effects of pharmacological inhibition of ATGL in mice with HF, to assess whether ATGL inhibition works in an adipocyte-autonomous manner, and to determine the role that adiposity and glucose homeostasis play in this HF treatment approach. Using a known ATGL inhibitor, atglistatin, as well as mice with germline deletion of adipocyte-specific ATGL, we tested the effectiveness of ATGL inhibition in mice with pressure overload-induced HF. Here, we show that atglistatin can prevent the functional decline in HF and provide evidence that specifically targeting ATGL in the adipocyte is sufficient to prevent worsening of HF. We further demonstrate that the benefit resulting from atglistatin in HF is not dependent on previously suggested improvements in glucose homeostasis, nor are the benefits derived from increased adiposity. Overall, the results of this study suggest that adipocyte-specific pharmacological inhibition of ATGL may represent a novel therapeutic option for HF. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This work shows for the first time that the adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)-specific inhibitor atglistatin can prevent worsening heart failure. Furthermore, using mice with adipocyte-specific ATGL ablation, this study demonstrates that ATGL inhibition works in an adipocyte-autonomous manner to ameliorate a functional decline in heart failure. Overall, this work demonstrates that specifically targeting the adipocyte to inhibit ATGL is a potential treatment for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Parajuli
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada.,Division of Basic Biomedical Science, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Shingo Takahara
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada.,Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi , Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Matsumura
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada.,Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi , Japan
| | - Ty T Kim
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Mourad Ferdaoussi
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Anna K Migglautsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology , Graz , Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology , Graz , Austria
| | - Erin E Kershaw
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason R B Dyck
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
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29
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Aschauer P, Zimmermann R, Breinbauer R, Pavkov-Keller T, Oberer M. The crystal structure of monoacylglycerol lipase from M. tuberculosis reveals the basis for specific inhibition. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8948. [PMID: 29895832 PMCID: PMC5997763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipases (MGLs) are enzymes that hydrolyze monoacylglycerol into a free fatty acid and glycerol. Fatty acids can be used for triacylglycerol synthesis, as energy source, as building blocks for energy storage, and as precursor for membrane phospholipids. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, fatty acids also serve as precursor for polyketide lipids like mycolic acids, major components of the cellular envelope associated to resistance for drug. We present the crystal structure of the MGL Rv0183 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtbMGL) in open conformation. The structure reveals remarkable similarities with MGL from humans (hMGL) in both, the cap region and the α/β core. Nevertheless, mtbMGL could not be inhibited with JZL-184, a known inhibitor of hMGL. Docking studies provide an explanation why the activity of mtbMGL was not affected by the inhibitor. Our findings suggest that specific inhibition of mtbMGL from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, one of the oldest recognized pathogens, is possible without influencing hMGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Aschauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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30
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Heckenbichler K, Schweiger A, Brandner LA, Binter A, Toplak M, Macheroux P, Gruber K, Breinbauer R. Asymmetric Reductive Carbocyclization Using Engineered Ene Reductases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7240-7244. [PMID: 29689601 PMCID: PMC6033016 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ene reductases from the Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) family reduce the C=C double bond in α,β-unsaturated compounds bearing an electron-withdrawing group, for example, a carbonyl group. This asymmetric reduction has been exploited for biocatalysis. Going beyond its canonical function, we show that members of this enzyme family can also catalyze the formation of C-C bonds. α,β-Unsaturated aldehydes and ketones containing an additional electrophilic group undergo reductive cyclization. Mechanistically, the two-electron-reduced enzyme cofactor FMN delivers a hydride to generate an enolate intermediate, which reacts with the internal electrophile. Single-site replacement of a crucial Tyr residue with a non-protic Phe or Trp favored the cyclization over the natural reduction reaction. The new transformation enabled the enantioselective synthesis of chiral cyclopropanes in up to >99 % ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Heckenbichler
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - Anna Schweiger
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - Lea Alexandra Brandner
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - Alexandra Binter
- Institute of BiochemistryGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 10–128010GrazAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)Petersgasse 148010GrazAustria
| | - Marina Toplak
- Institute of BiochemistryGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 10–128010GrazAustria
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of BiochemistryGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 10–128010GrazAustria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)Petersgasse 148010GrazAustria
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GrazHumboldtstraße 508010GrazAustria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)Petersgasse 148010GrazAustria
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31
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Heckenbichler K, Schweiger A, Brandner LA, Binter A, Toplak M, Macheroux P, Gruber K, Breinbauer R. Asymmetrische reduktive Carbocyclisierung durch modifizierte En-Reduktasen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Heckenbichler
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Anna Schweiger
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Lea Alexandra Brandner
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Alexandra Binter
- Institut für Biochemie; Technische Universität Graz; Petersgasse 10-12 8010 Graz Österreich
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB); Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Marina Toplak
- Institut für Biochemie; Technische Universität Graz; Petersgasse 10-12 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institut für Biochemie; Technische Universität Graz; Petersgasse 10-12 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Karl Gruber
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB); Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Österreich
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz; Humboldtstraße 50 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB); Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Österreich
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32
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33
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Guttenberger N, Schlatzer T, Leypold M, Tassoti S, Breinbauer R. Synthesis of novel ligands targeting phenazine biosynthesis proteins as a strategy for antibiotic intervention. Monatsh Chem 2017; 149:847-856. [PMID: 29681660 PMCID: PMC5906492 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-2100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract In this contribution, we report synthetic strategies towards potential ligands for the study of binding differences between PhzE, the first enzyme in the biosynthesis of phenazines, and the related enzyme anthranilate synthase. The ligands were designed with the overriding goal to develop new antibiotics via downregulation of phenazine biosynthesis. Graphical abstract ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00706-017-2100-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Schlatzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Mario Leypold
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Sebastian Tassoti
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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34
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Dornisch E, Pletz J, Glabonjat RA, Martin F, Lembacher‐Fadum C, Neger M, Högenauer C, Francesconi K, Kroutil W, Zangger K, Breinbauer R, Zechner EL. Biosynthesis of the Enterotoxic Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Natural Product Tilivalline. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14753-14757. [PMID: 28977734 PMCID: PMC5698749 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The nonribosomal enterotoxin tilivalline was the first naturally occurring pyrrolobenzodiazepine to be linked to disease in the human intestine. Since the producing organism Klebsiella oxytoca is part of the intestinal microbiota and the pyrrolobenzodiazepine causes the pathogenesis of colitis it is important to understand the biosynthesis and regulation of tilivalline activity. Here we report the biosynthesis of tilivalline and show that this nonribosomal peptide assembly pathway initially generates tilimycin, a simple pyrrolobenzodiazepine with cytotoxic properties. Tilivalline results from the non-enzymatic spontaneous reaction of tilimycin with biogenetically generated indole. Through a chemical total synthesis of tilimycin we could corroborate the predictions made about the biosynthesis. Production of two cytotoxic pyrrolobenzodiazepines with distinct functionalities by human gut resident Klebsiella oxytoca has important implications for intestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Dornisch
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GrazHumboldtstrasse 50/I8010GrazAustria
| | - Jakob Pletz
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28 & Universitätsplatz 18010GrazAustria
| | - Ronald A. Glabonjat
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28 & Universitätsplatz 18010GrazAustria
| | - Florian Martin
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GrazHumboldtstrasse 50/I8010GrazAustria
| | | | - Margit Neger
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GrazHumboldtstrasse 50/I8010GrazAustria
| | - Christoph Högenauer
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineMedical University of GrazAuenbruggerplatz 158036GrazAustria
| | - Kevin Francesconi
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28 & Universitätsplatz 18010GrazAustria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28 & Universitätsplatz 18010GrazAustria
| | - Klaus Zangger
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28 & Universitätsplatz 18010GrazAustria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
- BioTechMed-GrazAustria
| | - Ellen L. Zechner
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GrazHumboldtstrasse 50/I8010GrazAustria
- BioTechMed-GrazAustria
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35
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Dornisch E, Pletz J, Glabonjat RA, Martin F, Lembacher-Fadum C, Neger M, Högenauer C, Francesconi K, Kroutil W, Zangger K, Breinbauer R, Zechner EL. Biosynthese des enterotoxischen Pyrrolobenzodiazepin-Naturstoffs Tilivallin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Dornisch
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz; Humboldtstrasse 50/I 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Jakob Pletz
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
- Institut für Chemie; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 & Universitätsplatz 1 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Ronald A. Glabonjat
- Institut für Chemie; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 & Universitätsplatz 1 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Florian Martin
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz; Humboldtstrasse 50/I 8010 Graz Österreich
| | | | - Margit Neger
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz; Humboldtstrasse 50/I 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Christoph Högenauer
- Klinische Abteilung für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin; Medizinische Universität Graz; Auenbruggerplatz 15 8036 Graz Österreich
| | - Kevin Francesconi
- Institut für Chemie; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 & Universitätsplatz 1 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institut für Chemie; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 & Universitätsplatz 1 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Klaus Zangger
- Institut für Chemie; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 & Universitätsplatz 1 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
- BioTechMed-Graz; Österreich
| | - Ellen L. Zechner
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz; Humboldtstrasse 50/I 8010 Graz Österreich
- BioTechMed-Graz; Österreich
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36
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Schweiger M, Romauch M, Schreiber R, Grabner GF, Hütter S, Kotzbeck P, Benedikt P, Eichmann TO, Yamada S, Knittelfelder O, Diwoky C, Doler C, Mayer N, De Cecco W, Breinbauer R, Zimmermann R, Zechner R. Pharmacological inhibition of adipose triglyceride lipase corrects high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and hepatosteatosis in mice. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14859. [PMID: 28327588 PMCID: PMC5364409 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated circulating fatty acids (FAs) contribute to the development of obesity-associated metabolic complications such as insulin resistance (IR) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Hence, reducing adipose tissue lipolysis to diminish the mobilization of FAs and lower their respective plasma concentrations represents a potential treatment strategy to counteract obesity-associated disorders. Here we show that specific inhibition of adipose triglyceride lipase (Atgl) with the chemical inhibitor, Atglistatin, effectively reduces adipose tissue lipolysis, weight gain, IR and NAFLD in mice fed a high-fat diet. Importantly, even long-term treatment does not lead to lipid accumulation in ectopic tissues such as the skeletal muscle or heart. Thus, the severe cardiac steatosis and cardiomyopathy that is observed in genetic models of Atgl deficiency does not occur in Atglistatin-treated mice. Our data validate the pharmacological inhibition of Atgl as a potentially powerful therapeutic strategy to treat obesity and associated metabolic disorders. The enzyme Atgl participates in the breakdown of lipids in adipose tissue. Here the authors show that pharmacological inhibition of Atgl reduces weight gain and improves metabolic health in mice fed a high-fat diet, without causing adverse effects in cardiac muscle associated with genetic depletion of Atgl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias Romauch
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Renate Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sabrina Hütter
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Petra Kotzbeck
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Pia Benedikt
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sohsuke Yamada
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Oskar Knittelfelder
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Clemens Diwoky
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Carina Doler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nicole Mayer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Werner De Cecco
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
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37
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Brodl E, Ivkovic J, Tabib CR, Breinbauer R, Macheroux P. Synthesis of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes as potential substrates for bacterial luciferases. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1487-1495. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Abstract
An additive-free Pd-catalyzed α-allylation of different imino-group-ontaining heterocycles is reported. The activation of α-CH pronucleophiles (pKa (DMSO) > 25) occurs without the addition of strong bases or Lewis acids using only the Pd/Xantphos catalyst system. The reaction scope has been studied for various 5- and 6-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycles (yields up to 96%). Mechanistic investigations suggest an initial allylation of the imine-N followed by a Pd-catalyzed formal aza-Claisen rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Kljajic
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of
Technology, Stremayrgasse
9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes G. Puschnig
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of
Technology, Stremayrgasse
9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Hansjörg Weber
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of
Technology, Stremayrgasse
9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of
Technology, Stremayrgasse
9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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39
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Guttenberger N, Blankenfeldt W, Breinbauer R. Recent developments in the isolation, biological function, biosynthesis, and synthesis of phenazine natural products. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6149-6166. [PMID: 28094222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phenazines are natural products which are produced by bacteria or by archaeal Methanosarcina species. The tricyclic ring system enables redox processes, which producing organisms use for oxidation of NADH or for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), giving them advantages over other microorganisms. In this review we summarize the progress in the field since 2005 regarding the isolation of new phenazine natural products, new insights in their biological function, and particularly the now almost completely understood biosynthesis. The review is complemented by a description of new synthetic methods and total syntheses of phenazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Guttenberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Chemistry-Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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40
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Abstract
Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) has become a powerful chemoproteomic technology allowing for the dissection of complex ligand-protein interactions in their native cellular environment. One of the biggest challenges for ABPP is the extension of the proteome coverage. In this chapter a new ABPP strategy dedicated to monoamine oxidases (MAO) is presented. These enzymes are representative examples of flavin-dependent oxidases, playing a crucial role in the regulation of nervous system signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Krysiak
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010, Graz, Austria.
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41
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Dobrounig P, Trobe M, Breinbauer R. Sequential and iterative Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in organic synthesis. Monatsh Chem 2016; 148:3-35. [PMID: 28127089 PMCID: PMC5225241 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1883-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sequential and iterative Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions can be performed in which the order of C-C bond formations can be controlled either by the attenuated leaving groups of the multireactive substrate or by specific catalyst/ligand combinations. This tutorial review gives an overview about recent developments in this field and the various strategies used for the assembly of oligoarenes and -alkenes. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Dobrounig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Melanie Trobe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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42
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Pellis A, Haernvall K, Pichler CM, Ghazaryan G, Breinbauer R, Guebitz GM. Enzymatic hydrolysis of poly(ethylene furanoate). J Biotechnol 2016; 235:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Birner-Gruenberger R, Breinbauer R. Tracking Protein S-Fatty Acylation with Proteomics. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1488-90. [PMID: 27272145 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, Hang and co-workers developed "acyl-PEG exchange" (APE), which allows the investigation of protein S-fatty acylation with mass-tag labelling and gel electrophoresis, methods that are accessible to any biochemistry laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Research Unit Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz and, Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftintalstrasse 24, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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44
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Breinbauer R. Target identification of small molecule drugs and chemical probes. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Breinbauer R, Pletz J, Berg B. A General and Direct Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones with Electron-Deficient Anilines. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2016. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1561384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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46
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Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) control protein function, but established peptide-based proteomic methods often fail to provide a comprehensive view of PTMs. In this issue of Chemistry & Biology, Gersch et al. describe an efficient combination of chromatographic separation and top-down mass spectrometry that together with an intuitive visualization tool allowed them to screen the proteasome for PTMs and covalently binding inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Research Unit Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, and Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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47
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Aschauer P, Rengachari S, Lichtenegger J, Schittmayer M, Das KMP, Mayer N, Breinbauer R, Birner-Gruenberger R, Gruber CC, Zimmermann R, Gruber K, Oberer M. Crystal structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae monoglyceride lipase Yju3p. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:462-70. [PMID: 26869448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Monoglyceride lipases (MGLs) are a group of α/β-hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of monoglycerides (MGs) into free fatty acids and glycerol. This reaction serves different physiological functions, namely in the last step of phospholipid and triglyceride degradation, in mammalian endocannabinoid and arachidonic acid metabolism, and in detoxification processes in microbes. Previous crystal structures of MGLs from humans and bacteria revealed conformational plasticity in the cap region of this protein and gave insight into substrate binding. In this study, we present the structure of a MGL from Saccharomyces cerevisiae called Yju3p in its free form and in complex with a covalently bound substrate analog mimicking the tetrahedral intermediate of MG hydrolysis. These structures reveal a high conservation of the overall shape of the MGL cap region and also provide evidence for conformational changes in the cap of Yju3p. The complex structure reveals that, despite the high structural similarity, Yju3p seems to have an additional opening to the substrate binding pocket at a different position compared to human and bacterial MGL. Substrate specificities towards MGs with saturated and unsaturated alkyl chains of different lengths were tested and revealed highest activity towards MG containing a C18:1 fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Aschauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Srinivasan Rengachari
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Joerg Lichtenegger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias Schittmayer
- Research Unit Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Nicole Mayer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Research Unit Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian C Gruber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010 Graz, Austria; ACIB - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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48
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Doler C, Schweiger M, Zimmermann R, Breinbauer R. Chemical Genetic Approaches for the Investigation of Neutral Lipid Metabolism. Chembiochem 2016; 17:358-77. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Doler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 31/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 31/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
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49
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Trobe M, Breinbauer R. Improved and scalable synthesis of building blocks for the modular synthesis of teraryl-based alpha-helix mimetics. Monatsh Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-015-1599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Yu X, Guttenberger N, Fuchs E, Peters M, Weber H, Breinbauer R. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of a Library of Star-Shaped 2H-Imidazolines. ACS Comb Sci 2015; 17:682-90. [PMID: 26402035 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.5b00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A library of star-shaped 2H-imidazolines has been synthesized via Debus-Radziszewski condensation from 1,2-diketones and ketone starting materials. Selective reduction of one imine group of the 2H-imidazole intermediate with LiAlH4 or catalytic flow hydrogenation furnished 2H-imidazolines, which could be conveniently diversified by reacting the amine N with electrophiles, resulting in a set of 21 amide-, carbamate-, urea-, and allylamine-containing products. In total, five points of diversification could be used, which allow the production of a set of functionally diverse compounds. The synthesis of acylated 2H-imidazolidines resulted in intrinsically labile compounds, which spontaneously degraded to acyclic derivatives, as shown for the reaction of 2H-imidazolidine with hexylisocyanate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepu Yu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Elisabeth Fuchs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Peters
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Hansjörg Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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