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Giorgio E, Vaula G, Bosco G, Giacone S, Mancini C, Calcia A, Cavalieri S, Di Gregorio E, Rigault De Longrais R, Leombruni S, Pinessi L, Cerrato P, Brusco A, Brussino A. Two families with novel missense mutations in COL4A1: When diagnosis can be missed. J Neurol Sci 2015; 352:99-104. [PMID: 25873210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in COL4A1, encoding one of the six collagen type IV proteins, cover a wide spectrum of autosomal dominant overlapping phenotypes including porencephaly, small-vessel disease and hemorrhagic stroke, leukoencephalopathy, hereditary angiopathy with nephropathy, aneurysms and muscle cramp (HANAC) syndrome, and Walker-Warburg syndrome. Over 50 mutations are known, mainly being missense changes. Intra- and inter-familial variability has been reported. We studied two Italian families in which the proband had a clinical diagnosis of COL4A1-related disorder. We found two novel mutations (c.1249G>C; p.Gly417Arg and c.2662G>C; p.Gly888Arg). Both involved highly conserved amino acids and were predicted as being deleterious by bioinformatics tools. The c.1249G>C (p.Gly417Arg) segregated in four subjects with variable neurological phenotypes, namely leukoencephalopathy with muscle symptoms, brain small-vessel disease, and mild infantile encephalopathy. A fourth case was a carrier of the mutation without any neurological symptoms and an MRI with a specific white matter anomaly. The c.2662G>C (p.Gly888Arg) mutation was de novo in the proband. After a temporary motor impairment at age 14, the subject complained of mild imbalance at age 30, during the third trimester of her twin pregnancy, when an anomaly of the left brain hemisphere was documented in one fetus. Both her male dizygotic twins presented a severe motor delay, early convulsions, and leukoencephalopathy, and were carriers of the mutation. In summary, we confirm that high intra-familial variability of COL4A1 mutations with very mild phenotypes, the apparent incomplete penetrance, and de novo changes may become a "dilemma" for clinicians and genetic counselors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Giorgio
- University of Torino, Department of Medical Sciences, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Giovanna Vaula
- Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Department of Neuroscience, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bosco
- Civil Hospital of Alba, Department of Neurology, Alba 12051, Italy
| | - Sara Giacone
- Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Department of Neuroscience, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Cecilia Mancini
- University of Torino, Department of Medical Sciences, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Alessandro Calcia
- University of Torino, Department of Medical Sciences, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Simona Cavalieri
- Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Medical Genetics Unit, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Eleonora Di Gregorio
- Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Medical Genetics Unit, Torino 10126, Italy
| | | | - Sabrina Leombruni
- Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Department of Neuroscience, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pinessi
- Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Department of Neuroscience, Torino 10126, Italy; University of Torino, Department of Neuroscience, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Paolo Cerrato
- Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Department of Neuroscience, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- University of Torino, Department of Medical Sciences, Torino 10126, Italy; Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Medical Genetics Unit, Torino 10126, Italy.
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202
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McMahon CJ, Breathnach C, Betts DR, Sharkey FH, Greally MT. De Novo interstitial deletion 13q33.3q34 in a male patient with double outlet right ventricle, microcephaly, dysmorphic craniofacial findings, and motor and developmental delay. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:1134-41. [PMID: 25810372 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We describe a 6-year-old male, diagnosed at birth with double outlet right ventricle (DORV), anterior aorta, multiple ventricular septal defects, pulmonary stenosis, microcephaly and mildly dysmorphic craniofacial findings. Chromosomal analysis showed a normal male karyotype but on subsequent array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) analysis a de novo 2.5 Mb loss in chromosome 13q at 13q33.3q34, together with an inherited gain at 4p12, were detected. The propositus underwent placement of a Blalock Taussig shunt and subsequently a Glenn and Fontan operation was performed. In this report we propose that COL4A1 and COL4A2 may be candidate genes for congenital heart disease (CHD) in individuals with a deletion in 13q within the 6Mb critical region for cardiac development proposed by Huang et al., [2012].
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J McMahon
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
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203
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Jeanne M, Jorgensen J, Gould DB. Molecular and Genetic Analyses of Collagen Type IV Mutant Mouse Models of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage Identify Mechanisms for Stroke Prevention. Circulation 2015; 131:1555-65. [PMID: 25753534 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.013395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collagen type IV alpha1 (COL4A1) and alpha2 (COL4A2) form heterotrimers critical for vascular basement membrane stability and function. Patients with COL4A1 or COL4A2 mutations suffer from diverse cerebrovascular diseases, including cerebral microbleeds, porencephaly, and fatal intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, the pathogenic mechanisms remain unknown, and there is a lack of effective treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS Using Col4a1 and Col4a2 mutant mouse models, we investigated the genetic complexity and cellular mechanisms underlying the disease. We found that Col4a1 mutations cause abnormal vascular development, which triggers small-vessel disease, recurrent hemorrhagic strokes, and age-related macroangiopathy. We showed that allelic heterogeneity, genetic context, and environmental factors such as intense exercise or anticoagulant medication modulated disease severity and contributed to phenotypic heterogeneity. We found that intracellular accumulation of mutant collagen in vascular endothelial cells and pericytes was a key triggering factor of ICH. Finally, we showed that treatment of mutant mice with a US Food and Drug Administration-approved chemical chaperone resulted in a decreased collagen intracellular accumulation and a significant reduction in ICH severity. CONCLUSIONS Our data are the first to show therapeutic prevention in vivo of ICH resulting from Col4a1 mutation and imply that a mechanism-based therapy promoting protein folding might also prevent ICH in patients with COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Jeanne
- From Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Jeff Jorgensen
- From Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Douglas B Gould
- From Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF).
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204
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Meuwissen MEC, Halley DJJ, Smit LS, Lequin MH, Cobben JM, de Coo R, van Harssel J, Sallevelt S, Woldringh G, van der Knaap MS, de Vries LS, Mancini GMS. The expanding phenotype of COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations: clinical data on 13 newly identified families and a review of the literature. Genet Med 2015; 17:843-53. [PMID: 25719457 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2014.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two proα1(IV) chains, encoded by COL4A1, form trimers that contain, in addition, a proα2(IV) chain encoded by COL4A2 and are the major component of the basement membrane in many tissues. Since 2005, COL4A1 mutations have been known as an autosomal dominant cause of hereditary porencephaly. COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations have been reported with a broader spectrum of cerebrovascular, renal, ophthalmological, cardiac, and muscular abnormalities, indicated as "COL4A1 mutation-related disorders." Genetic counseling is challenging because of broad phenotypic variation and reduced penetrance. At the Erasmus University Medical Center, diagnostic DNA analysis of both COL4A1 and COL4A2 in 183 index patients was performed between 2005 and 2013. In total, 21 COL4A1 and 3 COL4A2 mutations were identified, mostly in children with porencephaly or other patterns of parenchymal hemorrhage, with a high de novo mutation rate of 40% (10/24). The observations in 13 novel families harboring either COL4A1 or COL4A2 mutations prompted us to review the clinical spectrum. We observed recognizable phenotypic patterns and propose a screening protocol at diagnosis. Our data underscore the importance of COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations in cerebrovascular disease, also in sporadic patients. Follow-up data on symptomatic and asymptomatic mutation carriers are needed for prognosis and appropriate surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije E C Meuwissen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dicky J J Halley
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth S Smit
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Child Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten H Lequin
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M Cobben
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René de Coo
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Child Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeske van Harssel
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Medical Center, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Sallevelt
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gwendolyn Woldringh
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Linda S de Vries
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Grazia M S Mancini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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205
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Decio A, Tonduti D, Pichiecchio A, Vetro A, Ciccone R, Limongelli I, Giorda R, Caffi L, Balottin U, Zuffardi O, Orcesi S. A novel mutation in COL4A1 gene: a possible cause of early postnatal cerebrovascular events. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:810-5. [PMID: 25706114 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
COL4A1 is located in humans on chromosome13q34 and it encodes the alpha 1 chain of type IV collagen, a component of basal membrane. It is expressed mainly in the brain, muscles, kidneys and eyes. Different COL4A1 mutations have been reported in many patients who present a very wide spectrum of clinical symptoms. They typically show a multisystemic phenotype. Here we report on the case of a patient carrying a novel de novo splicing mutation of COL4A1 associated with a distinctive clinical picture characterized by onset in infancy and an unusual evolution of the neuroradiological features. At three months of age, the child was diagnosed with a congenital cataract, while his brain MRI was normal. Over the following years, the patient developed focal epilepsy, mild diplegia, asymptomatic microhematuria, raised creatine kinase levels, MRI white matter abnormalities and brain calcification on CT. During the neuroradiological follow-up the extension and intensity of the brain lesions progressively decreased. The significance of a second variant in COL4A1 carried by the child and inherited from his father remains to be clarified. In conclusion, our patient shows new aspects of this collagenopathy and possibly a COL4A1 compound heterozygosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Decio
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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206
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Crucial role for the VWF A1 domain in binding to type IV collagen. Blood 2015; 125:2297-304. [PMID: 25662333 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-11-610824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Von Willebrand factor (VWF) contains binding sites for platelets and for vascular collagens to facilitate clot formation at sites of injury. Although previous work has shown that VWF can bind type IV collagen (collagen 4), little characterization of this interaction has been performed. We examined the binding of VWF to collagen 4 in vitro and extended this characterization to a murine model of defective VWF-collagen 4 interactions. The interactions of VWF and collagen 4 were further studied using plasma samples from a large study of both healthy controls and subjects with different types of von Willebrand disease (VWD). Our results show that collagen 4 appears to bind VWF exclusively via the VWF A1 domain, and that specific sequence variations identified through VWF patient samples and through site-directed mutagenesis in the VWF A1 domain can decrease or abrogate this interaction. In addition, VWF-dependent platelet binding to collagen 4 under flow conditions requires an intact VWF A1 domain. We observed that decreased binding to collagen 4 was associated with select VWF A1 domain sequence variations in type 1 and type 2M VWD. This suggests an additional mechanism through which VWF variants may alter hemostasis.
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207
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Choi JC. Genetics of cerebral small vessel disease. J Stroke 2015; 17:7-16. [PMID: 25692103 PMCID: PMC4325630 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2015.17.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is an important cause of stroke and cognitive impairment among the elderly and is a more frequent cause of stroke in Asia than in the US or Europe. Although traditional risk factors such as hypertension or diabetes mellitus are important in the development of cerebral SVD, the exact pathogenesis is still uncertain. Both, twin and family history studies suggest heritability of sporadic cerebral SVD, while the candidate gene study and the genome-wide association study (GWAS) are mainly used in genetic research. Robust associations between the candidate genes and occurrence of various features of sporadic cerebral SVD, such as lacunar infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage, or white matter hyperintensities, have not yet been elucidated. GWAS, a relatively new technique, overcomes several shortcomings of previous genetic techniques, enabling the detection of several important genetic loci associated with cerebral SVD. In addition to the more common, sporadic cerebral SVD, several single-gene disorders causing cerebral SVD have been identified. The number of reported cases is increasing as the clinical features become clear and diagnostic examinations are more readily available. These include cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, COL4A1-related cerebral SVD, autosomal dominant retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy, and Fabry disease. These rare single-gene disorders are expected to play a crucial role in our understanding of cerebral SVD pathogenesis by providing animal models for the identification of cellular, molecular, and biochemical changes underlying cerebral small vessel damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Chol Choi
- Department of Neurology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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208
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Mao M, Alavi MV, Labelle-Dumais C, Gould DB. Type IV Collagens and Basement Membrane Diseases. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2015; 76:61-116. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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209
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Migraine genetics: current findings and future lines of research. Neurogenetics 2014; 16:77-95. [PMID: 25501253 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-014-0433-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, migraine research has greatly advanced our current knowledge of the genetic contributions and the pathophysiology of this common and debilitating disorder. Nonetheless, this knowledge still needs to grow further and to translate into more effective treatments. To date, several genes involved in syndromic and monogenic forms of migraine have been identified, allowing the generation of animal models which have significantly contributed to current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying these rare forms of migraine. Common forms of migraine are instead posing a greater challenge, as they may most often stem from complex interactions between multiple common genetic variants, with environmental triggers. This paper reviews our current understanding of migraine genetics, moving from syndromic and monogenic forms to oligogenic/polygenic migraines most recently addressed with some success through genome-wide association studies. Methodological issues in study design and future perspectives opened by biomarker research will also be briefly addressed.
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210
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Takenouchi T, Ohyagi M, Torii C, Kosaki R, Takahashi T, Kosaki K. Porencephaly in a fetus and HANAC in her father: variable expression of COL4A1 mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 167A:156-8. [PMID: 25425218 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
COL4A1-associated disorders encompass a wide range of hereditary vasculopathy, including porencephaly and HANAC (adult-onset hemorrhagic stroke with cerebral aneurysm and retinal arterial tortuosity, renal cysts, and thenar muscle cramp). It remains elusive whether or not porencephaly and HANAC are molecularly distinctive disorders due to different classes of mutations. We report on a girl with porencephaly and an episode of microangiopathic hemolysis in infancy and her father with HANAC, both of whom had a heterozygous missense mutation of COL4A1 (c.3715G>A, p.G1239R). The current observation implies phenotypic diversities of COL4A1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Takenouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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211
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DeSalvo MK, Hindle SJ, Rusan ZM, Orng S, Eddison M, Halliwill K, Bainton RJ. The Drosophila surface glia transcriptome: evolutionary conserved blood-brain barrier processes. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:346. [PMID: 25426014 PMCID: PMC4224204 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) function is dependent on the stringent regulation of metabolites, drugs, cells, and pathogens exposed to the CNS space. Cellular blood-brain barrier (BBB) structures are highly specific checkpoints governing entry and exit of all small molecules to and from the brain interstitial space, but the precise mechanisms that regulate the BBB are not well understood. In addition, the BBB has long been a challenging obstacle to the pharmacologic treatment of CNS diseases; thus model systems that can parse the functions of the BBB are highly desirable. In this study, we sought to define the transcriptome of the adult Drosophila melanogaster BBB by isolating the BBB surface glia with fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and profiling their gene expression with microarrays. By comparing the transcriptome of these surface glia to that of all brain glia, brain neurons, and whole brains, we present a catalog of transcripts that are selectively enriched at the Drosophila BBB. We found that the fly surface glia show high expression of many ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transporters, cell adhesion molecules, metabolic enzymes, signaling molecules, and components of xenobiotic metabolism pathways. Using gene sequence-based alignments, we compare the Drosophila and Murine BBB transcriptomes and discover many shared chemoprotective and small molecule control pathways, thus affirming the relevance of invertebrate models for studying evolutionary conserved BBB properties. The Drosophila BBB transcriptome is valuable to vertebrate and insect biologists alike as a resource for studying proteins underlying diffusion barrier development and maintenance, glial biology, and regulation of drug transport at tissue barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K DeSalvo
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Samantha J Hindle
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zeid M Rusan
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Souvinh Orng
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Eddison
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, The Howard Hughes Medical Institute Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Kyle Halliwill
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roland J Bainton
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
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212
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Kratzer I, Chip S, Vexler ZS. Barrier mechanisms in neonatal stroke. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:359. [PMID: 25426016 PMCID: PMC4224076 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical data continue to reveal that the incidence of perinatal stroke is high, similar to that in the elderly. Perinatal stroke leads to significant morbidity and severe long-term neurological and cognitive deficits, including cerebral palsy. Experimental models of cerebral ischemia in neonatal rodents have shown that the pathophysiology of perinatal brain damage is multifactorial. Cerebral vasculature undergoes substantial structural and functional changes during early postnatal brain development. Thus, the state of the vasculature could affect susceptibility of the neonatal brain to cerebral ischemia. In this review, we discuss some of the most recent findings regarding the neurovascular responses of the immature brain to focal arterial stroke in relation to neuroinflammation. We also discuss a possible role of the neonatal blood-CSF barrier in modulating inflammation and the long-term effects of early neurovascular integrity after neonatal stroke on angiogenesis and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Kratzer
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sophorn Chip
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zinaida S Vexler
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
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213
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Yan X, Sabrautzki S, Horsch M, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Beckers J, Hrabě de Angelis M, Graw J. Peroxidasin is essential for eye development in the mouse. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5597-614. [PMID: 24895407 PMCID: PMC4189897 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Peroxidasin (PXDN) cause severe inherited eye disorders in humans, such as congenital cataract, corneal opacity and developmental glaucoma. The role of peroxidasin during eye development is poorly understood. Here, we describe the first Pxdn mouse mutant which was induced by ENU (N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea) and led to a recessive phenotype. Sequence analysis of cDNA revealed a T3816A mutation resulting in a premature stop codon (Cys1272X) in the peroxidase domain. This mutation causes severe anterior segment dysgenesis and microphthalmia resembling the manifestations in patients with PXDN mutations. The proliferation and differentiation of the lens is disrupted in association with aberrant expression of transcription factor genes (Pax6 and Foxe3) in mutant eyes. Additionally, Pxdn is involved in the consolidation of the basement membrane and lens epithelium adhesion in the ocular lens. Lens material including γ-crystallin is extruded into the anterior and posterior chamber due to local loss of structural integrity of the lens capsule as a secondary damage to the anterior segment development leading to congenital ocular inflammation. Moreover, Pxdn mutants exhibited an early-onset glaucoma and progressive retinal dysgenesis. Transcriptome profiling revealed that peroxidasin affects the transcription of developmental and eye disease-related genes at early eye development. These findings suggest that peroxidasin is necessary for cell proliferation and differentiation and for basement membrane consolidation during eye development. Our studies provide pathogenic mechanisms of PXDN mutation-induced congenital eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohe Yan
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Marion Horsch
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany, German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany, German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Valerie Gailus-Durner
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany, German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany, German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany and Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technische Universität München, Center of Life and Food Sciences, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany, German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany and Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technische Universität München, Center of Life and Food Sciences, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Jochen Graw
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany, German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany,
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214
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Zenteno JC, Crespí J, Buentello-Volante B, Buil JA, Bassaganyas F, Vela-Segarra JI, Diaz-Cascajosa J, Marieges MT. Next generation sequencing uncovers a missense mutation in COL4A1 as the cause of familial retinal arteriolar tortuosity. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252:1789-94. [PMID: 25228067 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2800-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to determine the molecular cause of autosomal dominant familial retinal arteriolar tortuosity (FRAT) in a family with three affected subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ophthalmologic evaluation included determination of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit-lamp and dilated fundus inspection, applanation tonometry, fundus photography, and fluorescein retinal angiography (FA). Molecular methods included whole exome sequencing analysis and Sanger sequencing validation of putative causal mutation in DNA from affected individuals. RESULTS Typical signs of familial retinal arteriolar tortuosity were observed in all three patients. Exome sequencing identified a heterozygous c.1528G > A (p. Gly510Arg) mutation in COL4A1. Sanger sequencing confirmed that all three patients harbored the same pathogenetic mutation in COL4A1. The p. Gly510Arg variant in COL4A1 was absent in DNA from an available unaffected daughter, from a set of control alleles, and from publicly available databases. CONCLUSIONS The molecular basis of familial retinal arteriolar tortuosity was identified for the first time, thus expanding the human phenotypes linked to COL4A1 mutations. Interestingly, the COL4A1 p.Gly510Arg mutation has been previously identified in a family with HANAC (Hereditary Angiopathy with Nephropathy, Aneurysm and Cramps), a multisystemic disease featuring retinal arteriolar tortuosity. No cerebral, neurologic, renal, cardiac or vascular anomalies were recognized in the pedigree described here. These data indicate that identical mutations in COL4A1 can originate both eye-restricted and systemic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Zenteno
- Genetics Department and Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana" and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Chimalpopoca 14, Col. Obrera, Mexico City, CP, 06800, Mexico,
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215
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine, particularly with aura, increases the risk for ischemic stroke, at least in a subset of patients. The underlying mechanisms are poorly understood and probably multifactorial. METHODS We carried out an extended literature review of experimental and clinical evidence supporting the association between migraine and ischemic stroke to identify potential mechanisms that can explain the association. RESULTS Observational, imaging and genetic evidence support a link between migraine and ischemic stroke. Based on clinical and experimental data, we propose mechanistic hypotheses to explain the link, such as microembolic triggers of migraine and enhanced sensitivity to ischemic injury in migraineurs. DISCUSSION We discuss the possible practical implications of clinical and experimental data, such as aggressive risk factor screening and management, stroke prophylaxis and specific acute stroke management in migraineurs. However, evidence from prospective clinical trials is required before modifying the practice in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Mawet
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA Emergency Headache Center, Lariboisiere Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, France DHU NeuroVasc, France
| | - Tobias Kurth
- Inserm Research Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics (U897), Team Neuroepidemiology, France University of Bordeaux, College of Health Sciences, France Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
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216
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Craggs LJ, Yamamoto Y, Deramecourt V, Kalaria RN. Microvascular pathology and morphometrics of sporadic and hereditary small vessel diseases of the brain. Brain Pathol 2014; 24:495-509. [PMID: 25323665 PMCID: PMC4228759 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small vessel diseases (SVDs) of the brain are likely to become increasingly common in tandem with the rise in the aging population. In recent years, neuroimaging and pathological studies have informed on the pathogenesis of sporadic SVD and several single gene (monogenic) disorders predisposing to subcortical strokes and diffuse white matter disease. However, one of the limitations toward studying SVD lies in the lack of consistent assessment criteria and lesion burden for both clinical and pathological measures. Arteriolosclerosis and diffuse white matter changes are the hallmark features of both sporadic and hereditary SVDs. The pathogenesis of the arteriopathy is the key to understanding the differential progression of disease in various SVDs. Remarkably, quantification of microvascular abnormalities in sporadic and hereditary SVDs has shown that qualitatively the processes involved in arteriolar degeneration are largely similar in sporadic SVD compared with hereditary disorders such as cerebral autosomal arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Important significant regional differences in lesion location within the brain may enable one to distinguish SVDs, where frontal lobe involvement appears consistently with almost every SVD, but others bear specific pathologies in other lobes, such as the temporal pole in CADASIL and the pons in pontine autosomal dominant microangiopathy and leukoencephalopathy or PADMAL. Additionally, degenerative changes in the vascular smooth muscle cells, the cerebral endothelium and the basal lamina are often rapid and more aggressive in genetic disorders. Further quantification of other microvascular elements and even neuronal cells is needed to fully characterize SVD pathogenesis and to differentiate the usefulness of vascular interventions and treatments on the resulting pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yumi Yamamoto
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue EngineeringNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research InstituteOsakaJapan
| | | | - Raj N. Kalaria
- Institute for Ageing and HealthNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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217
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Xia XY, Li N, Cao X, Wu QY, Li TF, Zhang C, Li WW, Cui YX, Li XJ, Xue CY. A novel COL4A1 gene mutation results in autosomal dominant non-syndromic congenital cataract in a Chinese family. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 15:97. [PMID: 25124159 PMCID: PMC4236509 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-014-0097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Almost one-third of congenital cataracts are primarily autosomal dominant disorders, which are also called autosomal dominant congenital cataract, resulting in blindness and clouding of the lens. The purpose of this study was to identify the disease-causing mutation in a Chinese family affected by bilateral, autosomal dominant congenital cataract. Methods The detection of candidate gene mutation and the linkage analysis of microsatellite markers were performed for the known candidate genes. Molecular mapping and cloning of candidate genes were used in all affected family members to screen for potential genetic mutations and the mutation was confirmed by single enzyme digestion. Results The proband was diagnosed with isolated, congenital cataract without the typical clinical manifestations of cataract, which include diabetes, porencephaly, sporadic intracerebral hemorrhage, and glomerulopathy. A novel mutation, c.2345 G > C (Gly782Ala), in exon 31 of the collagen type IV αlpha1 (COL4A1) gene, which encodes the collagen alpha-1(IV) chain, was found to be associated with autosomal dominant congenital cataract in a Chinese family. This mutation was not found in unaffected family members or in 200 unrelated controls. Sequence analysis confirmed that the Gly782 amino acid residue is highly conserved. Conclusions The novel mutation (c.2345 G > C) of the COL4A1 gene is the first report of a non-syndromic, autosomal dominant congenital cataract, thereby highlighting the important role of type IV collagen in the physiological and optical properties of the lens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Jun Li
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, People's Republic of China.
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218
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Halfter W, Yip J. An organizing function of basement membranes in the developing nervous system. Mech Dev 2014; 133:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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219
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Uechi G, Sun Z, Schreiber EM, Halfter W, Balasubramani M. Proteomic View of Basement Membranes from Human Retinal Blood Vessels, Inner Limiting Membranes, and Lens Capsules. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:3693-3705. [DOI: 10.1021/pr5002065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Uechi
- Proteomics
Core, Genomics and Proteomics Core laboratories, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Sun
- Proteomics
Core, Genomics and Proteomics Core laboratories, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Emanuel M. Schreiber
- Proteomics
Core, Genomics and Proteomics Core laboratories, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Willi Halfter
- Department
of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Manimalha Balasubramani
- Proteomics
Core, Genomics and Proteomics Core laboratories, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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220
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Robertson WE, Rose KL, Hudson BG, Vanacore RM. Supramolecular organization of the α121-α565 collagen IV network. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25601-10. [PMID: 25006246 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.571844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen IV is a family of 6 chains (α1-α6), that form triple-helical protomers that assemble into supramolecular networks. Two distinct networks with chain compositions of α121 and α345 have been established. These oligomerize into separate α121 and α345 networks by a homotypic interaction through their trimeric noncollagenous (NC1) domains, forming α121 and α345 NC1 hexamers, respectively. These are stabilized by novel sulfilimine (-S=N-) cross-links, a covalent cross-link that forms between Met(93) and Hyl(211) at the trimer-trimer interface. A third network with a composition of α1256 has been proposed, but its supramolecular organization has not been established. In this study we investigated the supramolecular organization of this network by determining the chain identity of sulfilimine-cross-linked NC1 domains derived from the α1256 NC1 hexamer. High resolution mass spectrometry analyses of peptides revealed that sulfilimine bonds specifically cross-link α1 to α5 and α2 to α6 NC1 domains, thus providing the spatial orientation between interacting α121 and α565 trimers. Using this information, we constructed a three-dimensional homology model in which the α565 trimer shows a good chemical and structural complementarity to the α121 trimer. Our studies provide the first chemical evidence for an α565 protomer and its heterotypic interaction with the α121 protomer. Moreover, our findings, in conjunction with our previous studies, establish that the six collagen IV chains are organized into three canonical protomers α121, α345, and α565 forming three distinct networks: α121, α345, and α121-α565, each of which is stabilized by sulfilimine bonds between their C-terminal NC1 domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley E Robertson
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine
| | - Kristie L Rose
- Department of Biochemistry, Proteomics Laboratory-Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Billy G Hudson
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center for Matrix Biology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and
| | - Roberto M Vanacore
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Center for Matrix Biology,
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221
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Hollfelder D, Frasch M, Reim I. Distinct functions of the laminin β LN domain and collagen IV during cardiac extracellular matrix formation and stabilization of alary muscle attachments revealed by EMS mutagenesis in Drosophila. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 14:26. [PMID: 24935095 PMCID: PMC4068974 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-14-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Drosophila heart (dorsal vessel) is a relatively simple tubular organ that serves as a model for several aspects of cardiogenesis. Cardiac morphogenesis, proper heart function and stability require structural components whose identity and ways of assembly are only partially understood. Structural components are also needed to connect the myocardial tube with neighboring cells such as pericardial cells and specialized muscle fibers, the so-called alary muscles. RESULTS Using an EMS mutagenesis screen for cardiac and muscular abnormalities in Drosophila embryos we obtained multiple mutants for two genetically interacting complementation groups that showed similar alary muscle and pericardial cell detachment phenotypes. The molecular lesions underlying these defects were identified as domain-specific point mutations in LamininB1 and Cg25C, encoding the extracellular matrix (ECM) components laminin β and collagen IV α1, respectively. Of particular interest within the LamininB1 group are certain hypomorphic mutants that feature prominent defects in cardiac morphogenesis and cardiac ECM layer formation, but in contrast to amorphic mutants, only mild defects in other tissues. All of these alleles carry clustered missense mutations in the laminin LN domain. The identified Cg25C mutants display weaker and largely temperature-sensitive phenotypes that result from glycine substitutions in different Gly-X-Y repeats of the triple helix-forming domain. While initial basement membrane assembly is not abolished in Cg25C mutants, incorporation of perlecan is impaired and intracellular accumulation of perlecan as well as the collagen IV α2 chain is detected during late embryogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Assembly of the cardiac ECM depends primarily on laminin, whereas collagen IV is needed for stabilization. Our data underscore the importance of a correctly assembled ECM particularly for the development of cardiac tissues and their lateral connections. The mutational analysis suggests that the β6/β3/β8 interface of the laminin β LN domain is highly critical for formation of contiguous cardiac ECM layers. Certain mutations in the collagen IV triple helix-forming domain may exert a semi-dominant effect leading to an overall weakening of ECM structures as well as intracellular accumulation of collagen and other molecules, thus paralleling observations made in other organisms and in connection with collagen-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Hollfelder
- Department of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Frasch
- Department of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingolf Reim
- Department of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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222
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Murphy PA, Hynes RO. Alternative splicing of endothelial fibronectin is induced by disturbed hemodynamics and protects against hemorrhage of the vessel wall. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:2042-50. [PMID: 24903094 PMCID: PMC4140979 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Abnormally low-flow conditions, sensed by the arterial endothelium, promote aneurysm rupture. Fibronectin (FN) is among the most abundant extracellular matrix proteins and is strongly upregulated in human aneurysms, suggesting a possible role in disease progression. Altered FN splicing can result in the inclusion of EIIIA and EIIIB exons, generally not expressed in adult tissues. We sought to explore the regulation of FN and its splicing and their possible roles in the vascular response to disturbed flow. APPROACH AND RESULTS We induced low and reversing flow in mice by partial carotid ligation and assayed FN splicing in an endothelium-enriched intimal preparation. Inclusion of EIIIA and EIIIB was increased as early as 48 hours, with negligible increases in total FN expression. To test the function of EIIIA and EIIIB inclusion, we induced disturbed flow in EIIIAB(-/-) mice unable to include these exons and found that they developed focal lesions with hemorrhage and hypertrophy of the vessel wall. Acute deletion of floxed FN caused similar defects in response to disturbed flow, consistent with a requirement for the upregulation of the spliced isoforms, rather than a developmental defect. Recruited macrophages promote FN splicing because their depletion by clodronate liposomes blocked the increase in endothelial EIIIA and EIIIB inclusion in the carotid model. CONCLUSIONS These results uncover a protective mechanism in the inflamed intima that develops under disturbed flow, by showing that splicing of FN mRNA in the endothelium, induced by macrophages, inhibits hemorrhage of the vessel wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Murphy
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Richard O Hynes
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
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223
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McCall AS, Cummings CF, Bhave G, Vanacore R, Page-McCaw A, Hudson BG. Bromine is an essential trace element for assembly of collagen IV scaffolds in tissue development and architecture. Cell 2014; 157:1380-1392. [PMID: 24906154 PMCID: PMC4144415 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bromine is ubiquitously present in animals as ionic bromide (Br(-)) yet has no known essential function. Herein, we demonstrate that Br(-) is a required cofactor for peroxidasin-catalyzed formation of sulfilimine crosslinks, a posttranslational modification essential for tissue development and architecture found within the collagen IV scaffold of basement membranes (BMs). Bromide, converted to hypobromous acid, forms a bromosulfonium-ion intermediate that energetically selects for sulfilimine formation. Dietary Br deficiency is lethal in Drosophila, whereas Br replenishment restores viability, demonstrating its physiologic requirement. Importantly, Br-deficient flies phenocopy the developmental and BM defects observed in peroxidasin mutants and indicate a functional connection between Br(-), collagen IV, and peroxidasin. We establish that Br(-) is required for sulfilimine formation within collagen IV, an event critical for BM assembly and tissue development. Thus, bromine is an essential trace element for all animals, and its deficiency may be relevant to BM alterations observed in nutritional and smoking-related disease. PAPERFLICK:
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Affiliation(s)
- A Scott McCall
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 451 Preston Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Christopher F Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, D-3100 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Gautam Bhave
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, D-3100 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Roberto Vanacore
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, D-3100 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, U-3218 Medical Research Building III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 691 Preston Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Billy G Hudson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, D-3100 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, C-3322 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 896 Preston Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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224
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Mechanisms of perinatal arterial ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:921-32. [PMID: 24667913 PMCID: PMC4050239 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of perinatal stroke is high, similar to that in the elderly, and produces a significant morbidity and severe long-term neurologic and cognitive deficits, including cerebral palsy, epilepsy, neuropsychological impairments, and behavioral disorders. Emerging clinical data and data from experimental models of cerebral ischemia in neonatal rodents have shown that the pathophysiology of perinatal brain damage is multifactorial. These studies have revealed that, far from just being a smaller version of the adult brain, the neonatal brain is unique with a very particular and age-dependent responsiveness to hypoxia-ischemia and focal arterial stroke. In this review, we discuss fundamental clinical aspects of perinatal stroke as well as some of the most recent and relevant findings regarding the susceptibility of specific brain cell populations to injury, the dynamics and the mechanisms of neuronal cell death in injured neonates, the responses of neonatal blood-brain barrier to stroke in relation to systemic and local inflammation, and the long-term effects of stroke on angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Finally, we address translational strategies currently being considered for neonatal stroke as well as treatments that might effectively enhance repair later after injury.
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225
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Deml B, Reis LM, Maheshwari M, Griffis C, Bick D, Semina EV. Whole exome analysis identifies dominant COL4A1 mutations in patients with complex ocular phenotypes involving microphthalmia. Clin Genet 2014; 86:475-81. [PMID: 24628545 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anophthalmia/microphthalmia (A/M) is a developmental ocular malformation defined as complete absence or reduction in size of the eye. A/M is a heterogenous disorder with numerous causative genes identified; however, about half the cases lack a molecular diagnosis. We undertook whole exome sequencing in an A/M family with two affected siblings, two unaffected siblings, and unaffected parents; the ocular phenotype was isolated with only mild developmental delay/learning difficulties reported and a normal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the proband at 16 months. No pathogenic mutations were identified in 71 known A/M genes. Further analysis identified a shared heterozygous mutation in COL4A1, c.2317G>A, p.(Gly773Arg) that was not seen in the unaffected parents and siblings. Analysis of 24 unrelated A/M exomes identified a novel c.2122G>A, p.(Gly708Arg) mutation in an additional patient with unilateral microphthalmia, bilateral microcornea and Peters anomaly; the mutation was absent in the unaffected mother and the unaffected father was not available. Mutations in COL4A1 have been linked to a spectrum of human disorders; the most consistent feature is cerebrovascular disease with variable ocular anomalies, kidney and muscle defects. This study expands the spectrum of COL4A1 phenotypes and indicates screening in patients with A/M regardless of MRI findings or presumed inheritance pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Deml
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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226
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Whitesell TR, Kennedy RM, Carter AD, Rollins EL, Georgijevic S, Santoro MM, Childs SJ. An α-smooth muscle actin (acta2/αsma) zebrafish transgenic line marking vascular mural cells and visceral smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90590. [PMID: 24594685 PMCID: PMC3940907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mural cells of the vascular system include vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and pericytes whose role is to stabilize and/or provide contractility to blood vessels. One of the earliest markers of mural cell development in vertebrates is α smooth muscle actin (acta2; αsma), which is expressed by pericytes and SMCs. In vivo models of vascular mural cell development in zebrafish are currently lacking, therefore we developed two transgenic zebrafish lines driving expression of GFP or mCherry in acta2-expressing cells. These transgenic fish were used to trace the live development of mural cells in embryonic and larval transgenic zebrafish. acta2:EGFP transgenic animals show expression that largely mirrors native acta2 expression, with early pan-muscle expression starting at 24 hpf in the heart muscle, followed by skeletal and visceral muscle. At 3.5 dpf, expression in the bulbus arteriosus and ventral aorta marks the first expression in vascular smooth muscle. Over the next 10 days of development, the number of acta2:EGFP positive cells and the number of types of blood vessels associated with mural cells increases. Interestingly, the mural cells are not motile and remain in the same position once they express the acta2:EGFP transgene. Taken together, our data suggests that zebrafish mural cells develop relatively late, and have little mobility once they associate with vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Whitesell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Smooth Muscle Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Regan M. Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Smooth Muscle Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alyson D. Carter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Smooth Muscle Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Evvi-Lynn Rollins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Smooth Muscle Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sonja Georgijevic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Smooth Muscle Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Massimo M. Santoro
- VIB Vesalius Research Center, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah J. Childs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Smooth Muscle Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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227
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Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a major neurologic complication of prematurity. Pathogenesis of IVH is attributed to intrinsic fragility of germinal matrix vasculature and to the fluctuation in the cerebral blood flow. Germinal matrix exhibits rapid angiogenesis orchestrating formation of immature vessels. Prenatal glucocorticoid exposure remains the most effective means of preventing IVH. Therapies targeted to enhance the stability of the germinal matrix vasculature and minimize fluctuation in the cerebral blood flow might lead to more effective strategies in preventing IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Ballabh
- Department of Pediatrics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Regional Neonatal Center, New York Medical College, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital, Westchester Medical Center, 100 Woods Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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228
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Kutuk MS, Balta B, Kodera H, Matsumoto N, Saitsu H, Doganay S, Canpolat M, Dolanbay M, Unal E, Dundar M. Is there relation between COL4A1/A2 mutations and antenatally detected fetal intraventricular hemorrhage? Childs Nerv Syst 2014; 30:419-24. [PMID: 24317722 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-013-2338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study is to evaluate the role of COL4A1/A2 mutations in the etiology of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) detected in-utero. METHODS The data of four cases with fetal IVH were analyzed retrospectively. Antenatal risk factors, clinical features, postnatal outcome, and the presence of COL4A1/A2 mutations were evaluated. RESULTS Eight cases of fetal IVH were diagnosed between 2005 and 2012 in Erciyes University. Of these, four were eligible for genetic analysis. Mean gestational age at diagnosis was 30 weeks 5 day (min-max: 28-34 weeks); two cases had grade III hemorrhage and two cases had grade IV hemorrhage according to fetal magnetic resonance imaging. Three cases had severe neurodevelopmental delay and one case had mild deficit. In all cases, postnatal evaluation revealed no underlying cause, and no retinal hemorrhagia and hematuria were detected. The mean postnatal follow-up was 19 months, and no recurrent hemorrhages and porencephalic cyst formation were observed. The whole exome sequencing showed no pathological mutations of COL4A1 and COL4A2 in the four patients. CONCLUSION Our data showed that fetal intraventricular hemorrhage is not associated with COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations in the absence of porencephaly, recurrent hemorrhage, and other organ bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Serdar Kutuk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Gevher Nesibe Hospital, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey,
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229
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Joutel A, Faraci FM. Cerebral small vessel disease: insights and opportunities from mouse models of collagen IV-related small vessel disease and cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. Stroke 2014; 45:1215-21. [PMID: 24503668 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.002878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Joutel
- From INSERM, U1161 and Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1161, Paris, France (A.J.); and Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA (F.M.F.)
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Murray LS, Lu Y, Taggart A, Van Regemorter N, Vilain C, Abramowicz M, Kadler KE, Van Agtmael T. Chemical chaperone treatment reduces intracellular accumulation of mutant collagen IV and ameliorates the cellular phenotype of a COL4A2 mutation that causes haemorrhagic stroke. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:283-92. [PMID: 24001601 PMCID: PMC3869351 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemorrhagic stroke accounts for ∼20% of stroke cases and porencephaly is a clinical consequence of perinatal cerebral haemorrhaging. Here, we report the identification of a novel dominant G702D mutation in the collagen domain of COL4A2 (collagen IV alpha chain 2) in a family displaying porencephaly with reduced penetrance. COL4A2 is the obligatory protein partner of COL4A1 but in contrast to most COL4A1 mutations, the COL4A2 mutation does not lead to eye or kidney disease. Analysis of dermal biopsies from a patient and his unaffected father, who also carries the mutation, revealed that both display basement membrane (BM) defects. Intriguingly, defective collagen IV incorporation into the dermal BM was observed in the patient only and was associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention of COL4A2 in primary dermal fibroblasts. This intracellular accumulation led to ER stress, unfolded protein response activation, reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. Interestingly, the absence of ER retention of COL4A2 and ER stress in cells from the unaffected father indicate that accumulation and/or clearance of mutant COL4A2 from the ER may be a critical modifier for disease development. Our analysis also revealed that mutant collagen IV is degraded via the proteasome. Importantly, treatment of patient cells with a chemical chaperone decreased intracellular COL4A2 levels, ER stress and apoptosis, demonstrating that reducing intracellular collagen accumulation can ameliorate the cellular phenotype of COL4A2 mutations. Importantly, these data highlight that manipulation of chaperone levels, intracellular collagen accumulation and ER stress are potential therapeutic options for collagen IV diseases including haemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia S. Murray
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, UK
| | - Yinhui Lu
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PT, UK
| | - Aislynn Taggart
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, UK
| | - Nicole Van Regemorter
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hopital Erasme – Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catheline Vilain
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hopital Erasme – Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Abramowicz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hopital Erasme – Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karl E. Kadler
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PT, UK
| | - Tom Van Agtmael
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, UK
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Fidler AL, Vanacore RM, Chetyrkin SV, Pedchenko VK, Bhave G, Yin VP, Stothers CL, Rose KL, McDonald WH, Clark TA, Borza DB, Steele RE, Ivy MT, Hudson JK, Hudson BG. A unique covalent bond in basement membrane is a primordial innovation for tissue evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:331-6. [PMID: 24344311 PMCID: PMC3890831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1318499111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Basement membrane, a specialized ECM that underlies polarized epithelium of eumetazoans, provides signaling cues that regulate cell behavior and function in tissue genesis and homeostasis. A collagen IV scaffold, a major component, is essential for tissues and dysfunctional in several diseases. Studies of bovine and Drosophila tissues reveal that the scaffold is stabilized by sulfilimine chemical bonds (S = N) that covalently cross-link methionine and hydroxylysine residues at the interface of adjoining triple helical protomers. Peroxidasin, a heme peroxidase embedded in the basement membrane, produces hypohalous acid intermediates that oxidize methionine, forming the sulfilimine cross-link. We explored whether the sulfilimine cross-link is a fundamental requirement in the genesis and evolution of epithelial tissues by determining its occurrence and evolutionary origin in Eumetazoa and its essentiality in zebrafish development; 31 species, spanning 11 major phyla, were investigated for the occurrence of the sulfilimine cross-link by electrophoresis, MS, and multiple sequence alignment of de novo transcriptome and available genomic data for collagen IV and peroxidasin. The results show that the cross-link is conserved throughout Eumetazoa and arose at the divergence of Porifera and Cnidaria over 500 Mya. Also, peroxidasin, the enzyme that forms the bond, is evolutionarily conserved throughout Metazoa. Morpholino knockdown of peroxidasin in zebrafish revealed that the cross-link is essential for organogenesis. Collectively, our findings establish that the triad-a collagen IV scaffold with sulfilimine cross-links, peroxidasin, and hypohalous acids-is a primordial innovation of the ECM essential for organogenesis and tissue evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L. Fidler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
| | - Roberto M. Vanacore
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
- Center for Matrix Biology
| | - Sergei V. Chetyrkin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
- Center for Matrix Biology
| | - Vadim K. Pedchenko
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
- Center for Matrix Biology
| | - Gautam Bhave
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
- Center for Matrix Biology
| | - Viravuth P. Yin
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672
| | | | | | - W. Hayes McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center
- Vanderbilt–Ingram Cancer Center
| | | | - Dorin-Bogdan Borza
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
- Center for Matrix Biology
| | - Robert E. Steele
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697; and
| | - Michael T. Ivy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209
| | | | | | - Billy G. Hudson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
- Center for Matrix Biology
- Department of Biochemistry
- Vanderbilt–Ingram Cancer Center
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672
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Kuo DS, Labelle-Dumais C, Mao M, Jeanne M, Kauffman WB, Allen J, Favor J, Gould DB. Allelic heterogeneity contributes to variability in ocular dysgenesis, myopathy and brain malformations caused by Col4a1 and Col4a2 mutations. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:1709-22. [PMID: 24203695 PMCID: PMC3943517 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen type IV alpha 1 and 2 (COL4A1 and COL4A2) are present in nearly all basement membranes. COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations are pleiotropic, affecting multiple organ systems to differing degrees, and both genetic-context and environmental factors influence this variable expressivity. Here, we report important phenotypic and molecular differences in an allelic series of Col4a1 and Col4a2 mutant mice that are on a uniform genetic background. We evaluated three organs commonly affected by COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations and discovered allelic heterogeneity in the penetrance and severity of ocular dysgenesis, myopathy and brain malformations. Similarly, we show allelic heterogeneity in COL4A1 and COL4A2 biosynthesis. While most mutations that we examined caused increased intracellular and decreased extracellular COL4A1 and COL4A2, we identified three mutations with distinct biosynthetic signatures. Reduced temperature or presence of 4-phenylbutyrate ameliorated biosynthetic defects in primary cell lines derived from mutant mice. Together, our data demonstrate the effects and clinical implications of allelic heterogeneity in Col4a1- and Col4a2-related diseases. Understanding allelic differences will be valuable for increasing prognostic accuracy and for the development of therapeutic interventions that consider the nature of the molecular cause in patients with COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations.
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233
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Adi D, Xie X, Ma YT, Fu ZY, Yang YN, Li XM, Xiang Y, Liu F, Chen BD. Association of COL4A1 genetic polymorphisms with coronary artery disease in Uygur population in Xinjiang, China. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:153. [PMID: 24156251 PMCID: PMC4016473 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type IV collagen is important for the structural integrity and function of basement membranes. Basement membranes surround vascular smooth muscle cells in the media, COL4A1 is the most abundant component of type IV collagen in all Basement membranes. However, the relationship between COL4A1 genetic polymorphisms and coronary artery disease (CAD) remains unclear. We performed a case–control study to explore the association of COL4A1 genetic polymorphisms with CAD in Uygur population of China. Methods 1095 Uygur people (727 men, 368 women) including 471 CAD patients and 624 controls were selected for the present study. Two SNPs (rs605143 and rs565470) were genotyped by using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length (PCR-RFLP) method. Results For total and men, the rs605143 was found to be associated with CAD by in a dominate model (p = 0.014, p = 0.013, respectively). The difference remained statistically significant after multivariate adjustment (p = 0.036, p = 0.014, respectively). The rs565470 was also found to be associated with CAD in a recessive model for total and men (both p < 0.001), and the difference remained statistically significant after multivariate adjustment (P = 0.002, P = 0.001, respectively). Conclusion Both rs605143 and rs565470 of COL4A1gene are associated with CAD in Uygur population of China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi-Tong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, People's Republic of China.
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Chen CP, Tsai CH, Chern SR, Wu PS, Su JW, Lee CC, Chen YT, Chen WL, Chen LF, Wang W. Prenatal diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic characterization of mosaic ring chromosome 13. Gene 2013; 529:163-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Deltas C, Pierides A, Voskarides K. Molecular genetics of familial hematuric diseases. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28:2946-60. [PMID: 24046192 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The familial hematuric diseases are a genetically heterogeneous group of monogenic conditions, caused by mutations in one of several genes. The major genes involved are the following: (i) the collagen IV genes COL4A3/A4/A5 that are expressed in the glomerular basement membranes (GBM) and are responsible for the most frequent forms of microscopic hematuria, namely Alport syndrome (X-linked or autosomal recessive) and thin basement membrane nephropathy (TBMN). (ii) The FN1 gene, expressed in the glomerulus and responsible for a rare form of glomerulopathy with fibronectin deposits (GFND). (iii) CFHR5 gene, a recently recognized regulator of the complement alternative pathway and mutated in a recently revisited form of inherited C3 glomerulonephritis (C3GN), characterized by isolated C3 deposits in the absence of immune complexes. A hallmark feature of all conditions is the age-dependent penetrance and a broad phenotypic heterogeneity in the sense that subsets of patients progress to added proteinuria or proteinuria and chronic renal failure that may or may not lead to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) anywhere between the second and seventh decade of life. In addition to other excellent laboratory tools that assist the clinician in reaching the correct diagnosis, the molecular analysis emerges as the gold standard in establishing the diagnosis in many cases of doubt due to equivocal findings that complicate the differential diagnosis. Recent work led to the description of candidate genetic modifiers which confer a variable risk for progressing to chronic renal failure when co-inherited on the background of a primary glomerulopathy. Finally, more families are still waiting to be studied and more genes to be mapped and cloned that are responsible for other forms of heritable hematuric diseases. The study of such genes and their protein products will likely shed more light on the structure and function of the glomerular filtration barrier and other important glomerular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Deltas
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and Laboratory of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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236
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Omouendze PL, Henry VJ, Porte B, Dupré N, Carmeliet P, Gonzalez BJ, Marret S, Leroux P. Hypoxia-ischemia or excitotoxin-induced tissue plasminogen activator- dependent gelatinase activation in mice neonate brain microvessels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71263. [PMID: 23940734 PMCID: PMC3735506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and excitotoxicity are validated causes of neonatal brain injuries and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) participates in the processes through proteolytic and receptor-mediated pathways. Brain microvascular endothelial cells from neonates in culture, contain and release more t-PA and gelatinases upon glutamate challenge than adult cells. We have studied t-PA to gelatinase (MMP-2 and MMP-9) activity links in HI and excitotoxicity lesion models in 5 day–old pups in wild type and in t-PA or its inhibitor (PAI-1) genes inactivated mice. Gelatinolytic activities were detected in SDS-PAGE zymograms and by in situ fluorescent DQ-gelatin microscopic zymographies. HI was achieved by unilateral carotid ligature followed by a 40 min hypoxia (8%O2). Excitotoxic lesions were produced by intra parenchymal cortical (i.c.) injections of 10 µg ibotenate (Ibo). Gel zymograms in WT cortex revealed progressive extinction of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities near day 15 or day 8 respectively. MMP-2 expression was the same in all strains while MMP-9 activity was barely detectable in t-PA−/− and enhanced in PAI-1−/− mice. HI or Ibo produced activation of MMP-2 activities 6 hours post-insult, in cortices of WT mice but not in t-PA−/− mice. In PAI-1−/− mice, HI or vehicle i.c. injection increased MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities. In situ zymograms using DQ-gelatin revealed vessel associated gelatinolytic activity in lesioned areas in PAI-1−/− and in WT mice. In WT brain slices incubated ex vivo, glutamate (200 µM) induced DQ-gelatin activation in vessels. The effect was not detected in t-PA−/−mice, but was restored by concomitant exposure to recombinant t-PA (20 µg/mL). In summary, neonatal brain lesion paradigms and ex vivo excitotoxic glutamate evoked t-PA-dependent gelatinases activation in vessels. Both MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities appeared t-PA-dependent. The data suggest that vascular directed protease inhibition may have neuroprotection potential against neonatal brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla L. Omouendze
- Haute-Normandie-INSERM ERI-28, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Rouen University, Rouen, France
| | - Vincent J. Henry
- Haute-Normandie-INSERM ERI-28, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Rouen University, Rouen, France
| | - Baptiste Porte
- Haute-Normandie-INSERM ERI-28, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Rouen University, Rouen, France
| | - Nicolas Dupré
- Haute-Normandie-INSERM ERI-28, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Rouen University, Rouen, France
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bruno J. Gonzalez
- Haute-Normandie-INSERM ERI-28, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Rouen University, Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Marret
- Haute-Normandie-INSERM ERI-28, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Rouen University, Rouen, France
- Department of Neonatal Paediatrics and Intensive Care, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Leroux
- Haute-Normandie-INSERM ERI-28, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Rouen University, Rouen, France
- * E-mail:
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Sathe S. Migraine and neurogenetic disorders. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2013; 17:360. [PMID: 23904204 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-013-0360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the current classification of headache disorders, headache attributable to genetic disorders is not classified separately, rather as headache attributed to cranial or cervical vascular disorder. The classification thus implies that a vascular pathology causes headache in these genetic disorders. Unquestionably, migraine is one of the prominent presenting features of several genetic cerebral small vessel diseases such as cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy, retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy, and hereditary infantile hemiparessis, retinal arteriolar tortuosity and leukoencephalopahty. Shared genetic features, increased susceptibility, and/or vascular endothelial dysfunction may play a role in pathogenesis of migraine. Common or overlapping pathways involving the responsible genes may provide insight regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms that can explain their comorbidity with migraine. This review focuses on clinical features of genetic vasculopathies. An independent category-migraine related to genetic disorders-should be considered to classify these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sathe
- Saint Joseph's Regional Medical Center, 703 Main Street, X618, Paterson, NJ 07503, USA.
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239
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Chen ZL, Yao Y, Norris EH, Kruyer A, Jno-Charles O, Akhmerov A, Strickland S. Ablation of astrocytic laminin impairs vascular smooth muscle cell function and leads to hemorrhagic stroke. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 202:381-95. [PMID: 23857767 PMCID: PMC3718965 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201212032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ablation of astrocytic laminin disrupted the interaction between vascular smooth muscle cells and astrocytes, down-regulated contractile protein expression, and weakened vascular integrity in deep brain regions, leading to hemorrhage. Astrocytes express laminin and assemble basement membranes (BMs) at their endfeet, which ensheath the cerebrovasculature. The function of astrocytic laminin in cerebrovascular integrity is unknown. We show that ablation of astrocytic laminin by tissue-specific Cre-mediated recombination disrupted endfeet BMs and led to hemorrhage in deep brain regions of adult mice, resembling human hypertensive hemorrhage. The lack of astrocytic laminin led to impaired function of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), where astrocytes have a closer association with VSMCs in small arterioles, and was associated with hemorrhagic vessels, which exhibited VSMC fragmentation and vascular wall disassembly. Acute disruption of astrocytic laminin in the striatum of adult mice also impaired VSMC function, indicating that laminin is necessary for VSMC maintenance. In vitro, both astrocytes and astrocytic laminin promoted brain VSMC differentiation. These results show that astrocytes regulate VSMCs and vascular integrity in small vessels of deep brain regions. Therefore, astrocytes may be a possible target for hemorrhagic stroke prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Lin Chen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Abstract
The current basement membrane (BM) model proposes a single-layered extracellular matrix (ECM) sheet that is predominantly composed of laminins, collagen IVs and proteoglycans. The present data show that BM proteins and their domains are asymmetrically organized providing human BMs with side-specific properties: A) isolated human BMs roll up in a side-specific pattern, with the epithelial side facing outward and the stromal side inward. The rolling is independent of the curvature of the tissue from which the BMs were isolated. B) The epithelial side of BMs is twice as stiff as the stromal side, and C) epithelial cells adhere to the epithelial side of BMs only. Side-selective cell adhesion was also confirmed for BMs from mice and from chick embryos. We propose that the bi-functional organization of BMs is an inherent property of BMs and helps build the basic tissue architecture of metazoans with alternating epithelial and connective tissue layers.
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Siegenthaler JA, Choe Y, Patterson KP, Hsieh I, Li D, Jaminet SC, Daneman R, Kume T, Huang EJ, Pleasure SJ. Foxc1 is required by pericytes during fetal brain angiogenesis. Biol Open 2013; 2:647-59. [PMID: 23862012 PMCID: PMC3711032 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20135009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain pericytes play a critical role in blood vessel stability and blood-brain barrier maturation. Despite this, how brain pericytes function in these different capacities is only beginning to be understood. Here we show that the forkhead transcription factor Foxc1 is expressed by brain pericytes during development and is critical for pericyte regulation of vascular development in the fetal brain. Conditional deletion of Foxc1 from pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells leads to late-gestation cerebral micro-hemorrhages as well as pericyte and endothelial cell hyperplasia due to increased proliferation of both cell types. Conditional Foxc1 mutants do not have widespread defects in BBB maturation, though focal breakdown of BBB integrity is observed in large, dysplastic vessels. qPCR profiling of brain microvessels isolated from conditional mutants showed alterations in pericyte-expressed proteoglycans while other genes previously implicated in pericyte-endothelial cell interactions were unchanged. Collectively these data point towards an important role for Foxc1 in certain brain pericyte functions (e.g. vessel morphogenesis) but not others (e.g. barriergenesis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Siegenthaler
- Department of Neurology, Programs in Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, UC San Francisco , San Francisco, CA 94158 , USA ; Present address: Department of Pediatrics, Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Rødahl E, Knappskog PM, Majewski J, Johansson S, Telstad W, Kråkenes J, Boman H. Variants of anterior segment dysgenesis and cerebral involvement in a large family with a novel COL4A1 mutation. Am J Ophthalmol 2013; 155:946-53. [PMID: 23394911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the diverse ocular manifestations and identify the causative mutation in a large family with autosomal dominant anterior segment dysgenesis accompanied in some individuals by cerebral vascular disease. DESIGN Retrospective observational case series and laboratory investigation. METHODS Forty-five family members from 4 generations underwent ophthalmic examination. Molecular genetic investigation included analysis with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and DNA sequencing. Whole exome sequencing was performed in 1 individual. RESULTS A broad range of ocular manifestations was observed. Typical cases presented with corneal clouding, anterior synechiae, and iris hypoplasia. Posterior embryotoxon, corectopia, and early cataract development were also seen. One obligate carrier and several other family members had minor ocular anomalies, thus confounding the scoring of affected and unaffected individuals. Cerebral hemorrhages had occurred in 4 individuals, in 3 at birth or during the first year of life. Seven patients with corneal clouding were considered "definitely affected" for linkage studies. Haplotype mapping revealed that they shared a 14 cM region in the terminal part of chromosome 13q that included the locus for COL4A1. The affected family members were heterozygous for a novel COL4A1 sequence variant c.4881C>G (p.Asn1627Lys) predicted to be damaging and not found among 185 local blood donors. Exome sequencing showed that this variant was the only one in the candidate region not found in dbSNP. CONCLUSION Among the family members shown to carry the novel COL4A1 mutation, heterogenous presentations of anterior segment dysgenesis was seen. Testing family members for this mutation also made a definite diagnosis possible in patients with a clinical presentation difficult to classify. In families where anterior segment dysgenesis occurs together with cerebral hemorrhages, genetic analysis of COL4A1 should be considered.
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243
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Liu J, Clermont AC, Gao BB, Feener EP. Intraocular hemorrhage causes retinal vascular dysfunction via plasma kallikrein. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:1086-94. [PMID: 23299478 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal hemorrhages occur in a variety of sight-threatening conditions including ocular trauma, high altitude retinopathy, and chronic diseases such as diabetic and hypertensive retinopathies. The goal of this study is to investigate the effects of blood in the vitreous on retinal vascular function in rats. METHODS Intravitreal injections of autologous blood, plasma kallikrein (PK), bradykinin, and collagenase were performed in Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans rats. Retinal vascular permeability was measured using vitreous fluorophotometry and Evans blue dye permeation. Leukostasis was measured by fluorescein isothiocyanate-coupled concanavalin A lectin and acridine orange labeling. Retinal hemorrhage was examined on retinal flatmounts. Primary cultures of bovine retinal pericytes were cultured in the presence of 25 nM PK for 24 hours. The pericyte-conditioned medium was collected and the collagen proteome was analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Intravitreal injection of autologous blood induced retinal vascular permeability and retinal leukostasis, and these responses were ameliorated by PK inhibition. Intravitreal injections of exogenous PK induced retinal vascular permeability, leukostasis, and retinal hemorrhage. Proteomic analyses showed that PK increased collagen degradation in pericyte-conditioned medium and purified type IV collagen. Intravitreal injection of collagenase mimicked PK's effect on retinal hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS Intraocular hemorrhage increases retinal vascular permeability and leukostasis, and these responses are mediated, in part, via PK. Intravitreal injections of either PK or collagenase, but not bradykinin, induce retinal hemorrhage in rats. PK exerts collagenase-like activity that may contribute to blood-retinal barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Garel C, Rosenblatt J, Moutard ML, Heron D, Gelot A, Gonzales M, Miné E, Jouannic JM. Fetal intracerebral hemorrhage and COL4A1 mutation: promise and uncertainty. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2013; 41:228-230. [PMID: 22811259 DOI: 10.1002/uog.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Yoneda Y, Haginoya K, Kato M, Osaka H, Yokochi K, Arai H, Kakita A, Yamamoto T, Otsuki Y, Shimizu SI, Wada T, Koyama N, Mino Y, Kondo N, Takahashi S, Hirabayashi S, Takanashi JI, Okumura A, Kumagai T, Hirai S, Nabetani M, Saitoh S, Hattori A, Yamasaki M, Kumakura A, Sugo Y, Nishiyama K, Miyatake S, Tsurusaki Y, Doi H, Miyake N, Matsumoto N, Saitsu H. Phenotypic Spectrum ofCOL4A1Mutations: Porencephaly to Schizencephaly. Ann Neurol 2012; 73:48-57. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.23736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Federico A, Di Donato I, Bianchi S, Di Palma C, Taglia I, Dotti MT. Hereditary cerebral small vessel diseases: a review. J Neurol Sci 2012; 322:25-30. [PMID: 22868088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral microangiopathies are responsible of a great number of strokes. In the recent years advances in molecular genetics identified several monogenic conditions involving cerebral small vessels and predisposing to ischemic and/or hemorrhagic stroke and diffuse white matter disease leading to vascular dementia. Clinical features and diagnostic clues of these conditions, [cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL), COL4A1-related cerebral small vessel diseases, autosomal dominant retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (AD-RVLC), and Fabry's disease] are here reviewed. Albeit with variable phenotypes and with different defective genes, all these disorders produce arteriopathy and microvascular disintegration with changes in brain functions. Specific diagnostic tools are recommended, genetic analysis being the gold standard for the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Federico
- Department of Neurological, Neurosurgical and Behavioural Sciences, Medical School, University of Siena, Italy.
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247
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Halfter W, Candiello J, Hu H, Zhang P, Schreiber E, Balasubramani M. Protein composition and biomechanical properties of in vivo-derived basement membranes. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 7:64-71. [PMID: 23154404 PMCID: PMC3544788 DOI: 10.4161/cam.22479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) evolved together with the first metazoan species approximately 500 million years ago. Main functions of BMs are stabilizing epithelial cell layers and connecting different types of tissues to functional, multicellular organisms. Mutations of BM proteins from worms to humans are either embryonic lethal or result in severe diseases, including muscular dystrophy, blindness, deafness, kidney defects, cardio-vascular abnormalities or retinal and cortical malformations. In vivo-derived BMs are difficult to come by; they are very thin and sticky and, therefore, difficult to handle and probe. In addition, BMs are difficult to solubilize complicating their biochemical analysis. For these reasons, most of our knowledge of BM biology is based on studies of the BM-like extracellular matrix (ECM) of mouse yolk sac tumors or from studies of the lens capsule, an unusually thick BM. Recently, isolation procedures for a variety of BMs have been described, and new techniques have been developed to directly analyze the protein compositions, the biomechanical properties and the biological functions of BMs. New findings show that native BMs consist of approximately 20 proteins. BMs are four times thicker than previously recorded, and proteoglycans are mainly responsible to determine the thickness of BMs by binding large quantities of water to the matrix. The mechanical stiffness of BMs is similar to that of articular cartilage. In mice with mutation of BM proteins, the stiffness of BMs is often reduced. As a consequence, these BMs rupture due to mechanical instability explaining many of the pathological phenotypes. Finally, the morphology and protein composition of human BMs changes with age, thus BMs are dynamic in their structure, composition and biomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willi Halfter
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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248
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Lemmens R, Maugeri A, Niessen HWM, Goris A, Tousseyn T, Demaerel P, Corveleyn A, Robberecht W, van der Knaap MS, Thijs VN, Zwijnenburg PJG. Novel COL4A1 mutations cause cerebral small vessel disease by haploinsufficiency. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 22:391-7. [PMID: 23065703 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in COL4A1 have been identified in families with hereditary small vessel disease of the brain presumably due to a dominant-negative mechanism. Here, we report on two novel mutations in COL4A1 in two families with porencephaly, intracerebral hemorrhage and severe white matter disease caused by haploinsufficiency. Two families with various clinical presentations of cerebral microangiopathy and autosomal dominant inheritance were examined. Clinical, neuroradiological and genetic investigations were performed. Electron microscopy of the skin was also performed. In one of the families, sequence analysis revealed a one base deletion, c.2085del, leading to a frameshift and a premature stopcodon, p.(Gly696fs). In the other family, a splice site mutation was identified, c.2194-1G>A, which most likely leads to skipping of an exon with a frameshift and premature termination as a result. In fibroblasts of affected individuals from both the families, nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of the mutant COL4A1 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and a clear reduction of COL4A1 protein expression were demonstrated, indicating haploinsufficiency of COL4A1. Moreover, thickening of the capillary basement membrane in the skin was documented, similar to reports in patients with COL4A1 missense mutations. These findings suggest haploinsufficiency, a different mechanism from the commonly assumed dominant-negative effect, for COL4A1 mutations as a cause of (antenatal) intracerebral hemorrhage and white matter disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Lemmens
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.
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249
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Blood-brain barrier permeability is increased after acute adult stroke but not neonatal stroke in the rat. J Neurosci 2012; 32:9588-600. [PMID: 22787045 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5977-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The immaturity of the CNS at birth greatly affects injury after stroke but the contribution of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to the differential response to stroke in adults and neonates is poorly understood. We asked whether the structure and function of the BBB is disrupted differently in neonatal and adult rats by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. In adult rats, albumin leakage into injured regions was markedly increased during 2-24 h reperfusion but leakage remained low in the neonates. Functional assays employing intravascular tracers in the neonates showed that BBB permeability to both large (70 kDa dextran) and small (3 kDa dextran), gadolinium (III)-diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid tracers remained largely undisturbed 24 h after reperfusion. The profoundly different functional integrity of the BBB was associated with the largely nonoverlapping patterns of regulated genes in endothelial cells purified from injured and uninjured adult and neonatal brain at 24 h (endothelial transcriptome, 31,042 total probe sets). Within significantly regulated 1266 probe sets in injured adults and 361 probe sets in neonates, changes in the gene expression of the basal lamina components, adhesion molecules, the tight junction protein occludin, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were among the key differences. The protein expression of collagen-IV, laminin, claudin-5, occludin, and zonula occludens protein 1 was also better preserved in neonatal rats. Neutrophil infiltration remained low in acutely injured neonates but neutralization of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 in the systemic circulation enhanced neutrophil infiltration, BBB permeability, and injury. The markedly more integrant BBB in neonatal brain than in adult brain after acute stroke may have major implications for the treatment of neonatal stroke.
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250
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Sasaki M, Knobbe CB, Itsumi M, Elia AJ, Harris IS, Chio IIC, Cairns RA, McCracken S, Wakeham A, Haight J, Ten AY, Snow B, Ueda T, Inoue S, Yamamoto K, Ko M, Rao A, Yen KE, Su SM, Mak TW. D-2-hydroxyglutarate produced by mutant IDH1 perturbs collagen maturation and basement membrane function. Genes Dev 2012; 26:2038-49. [PMID: 22925884 DOI: 10.1101/gad.198200.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) R132 mutations occur in glioma, but their physiological significance is unknown. Here we describe the generation and characterization of brain-specific Idh1 R132H conditional knock-in (KI) mice. Idh1 mutation results in hemorrhage and perinatal lethality. Surprisingly, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) are attenuated in Idh1-KI brain cells despite an apparent increase in the NADP(+)/NADPH ratio. Idh1-KI cells also show high levels of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D2HG) that are associated with inhibited prolyl-hydroxylation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1α (Hif1α) and up-regulated Hif1α target gene transcription. Intriguingly, D2HG also blocks prolyl-hydroxylation of collagen, causing a defect in collagen protein maturation. An endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response induced by the accumulation of immature collagens may account for the embryonic lethality of these mutants. Importantly, D2HG-mediated impairment of collagen maturation also led to basement membrane (BM) aberrations that could play a part in glioma progression. Our study presents strong in vivo evidence that the D2HG produced by the mutant Idh1 enzyme is responsible for the above effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Sasaki
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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