201
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LeBien TW, Tedder TF. B lymphocytes: how they develop and function. Blood 2008; 112:1570-80. [PMID: 18725575 PMCID: PMC2518873 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-02-078071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 770] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that lymphocyte subpopulations participate in distinct components of the immune response focused attention onto the origins and function of lymphocytes more than 40 years ago. Studies in the 1960s and 1970s demonstrated that B and T lymphocytes were responsible primarily for the basic functions of antibody production and cell-mediated immune responses, respectively. The decades that followed have witnessed a continuum of unfolding complexities in B-cell development, subsets, and function that could not have been predicted. Some of the landmark discoveries that led to our current understanding of B lymphocytes as the source of protective innate and adaptive antibodies are highlighted in this essay. The phenotypic and functional diversity of B lymphocytes, their regulatory roles independent of antibody production, and the molecular events that make this lineage unique are also considered. Finally, perturbations in B-cell development that give rise to certain types of congenital immunodeficiency, leukemia/lymphoma, and autoimmune disease are discussed in the context of normal B-cell development and selection. Despite the significant advances that have been made at the cellular and molecular levels, there is much more to learn, and cross-disciplinary studies in hematology and immunology will continue to pave the way for new discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tucker W LeBien
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Pathology, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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202
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Bustamante J, Zhang SY, von Bernuth H, Abel L, Casanova JL. From infectious diseases to primary immunodeficiencies. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2008; 28:235-58, vii. [PMID: 18424331 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The field of primary immunodeficiencies has expanded, thanks to the exploration of novel clinical phenotypes and their connection with morbid genotypes, and the subsequent exploration of new patients who have known primary immunodeficiency-defining clinical phenotypes and their connection with novel morbid genotypes. This two-way process is becoming increasingly active, particularly for patients who have infectious diseases in whom the underlying immunologic and genetic causes remain mostly unexplained. The authors review how the exploration of children who have clinical infectious diseases caused by mycobacteria, pneumococcus, and herpes simplex virus recently led to the description of three new groups of primary immunodeficiencies. These three examples justify the continuation of the genetic exploration of novel infectious phenotypes and novel patients who have infections. This challenging process will eventually reap its rewards, to the benefit of patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut Nationale de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U550, 75015 Paris, France
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203
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von Bernuth H, Picard C, Jin Z, Pankla R, Xiao H, Ku CL, Chrabieh M, Mustapha IB, Ghandil P, Camcioglu Y, Vasconcelos J, Sirvent N, Guedes M, Vitor AB, Herrero-Mata MJ, Aróstegui JI, Rodrigo C, Alsina L, Ruiz-Ortiz E, Juan M, Fortuny C, Yagüe J, Antón J, Pascal M, Chang HH, Janniere L, Rose Y, Garty BZ, Chapel H, Issekutz A, Maródi L, Rodriguez-Gallego C, Banchereau J, Abel L, Li X, Chaussabel D, Puel A, Casanova1 JL. Pyogenic bacterial infections in humans with MyD88 deficiency. Science 2008; 321:691-6. [PMID: 18669862 PMCID: PMC2688396 DOI: 10.1126/science.1158298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 568] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
MyD88 is a key downstream adapter for most Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1Rs). MyD88 deficiency in mice leads to susceptibility to a broad range of pathogens in experimental settings of infection. We describe a distinct situation in a natural setting of human infection. Nine children with autosomal recessive MyD88 deficiency suffered from life-threatening, often recurrent pyogenic bacterial infections, including invasive pneumococcal disease. However, these patients were otherwise healthy, with normal resistance to other microbes. Their clinical status improved with age, but not due to any cellular leakiness in MyD88 deficiency. The MyD88-dependent TLRs and IL-1Rs are therefore essential for protective immunity to a small number of pyogenic bacteria, but redundant for host defense to most natural infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst von Bernuth
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, INSERM U550, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, France
| | - Capucine Picard
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, INSERM U550, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, France
- Study Center of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Zhongbo Jin
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
- Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Rungnapa Pankla
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
- Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | - Hui Xiao
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA
| | - Cheng-Lung Ku
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, INSERM U550, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, France
| | - Maya Chrabieh
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, INSERM U550, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, France
| | - Imen Ben Mustapha
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, INSERM U550, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, France
- Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Pegah Ghandil
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, INSERM U550, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - María José Herrero-Mata
- LIRAD–Banco de Sangre y Tejidos, Instituto de Investigación Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Rodrigo
- Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Barcelona Autonomous University, Spain
| | - Laia Alsina
- Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona University, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Ruiz-Ortiz
- LIRAD–Banco de Sangre y Tejidos, Instituto de Investigación Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Juan
- Immunology Department, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Yagüe
- Immunology Department, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Antón
- Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona University, Spain
| | - Mariona Pascal
- Immunology Department, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Huey-Hsuan Chang
- Dendritic Cell Immunobiology, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U818, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Janniere
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, INSERM U550, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, France
| | - Yoann Rose
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, INSERM U550, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, France
| | - Ben-Zion Garty
- Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tiqva, Israel
| | - Helen Chapel
- University of Oxford and Oxford Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Laurent Abel
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, INSERM U550, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, France
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA
| | | | - Anne Puel
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, INSERM U550, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova1
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, INSERM U550, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, France
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
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204
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Abstract
Human primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are often thought to be confined to a few rare, familial, monogenic, recessive traits impairing the development or function of one or several leucocyte subsets and resulting in multiple, recurrent, opportunistic and fatal infections in infancy. We highlight here the rapidly growing number of exceptions to each of these conventional qualifications. Indeed, bona fide PIDs include common and sporadic illnesses and may present as dominant, or even polygenic traits; their pathogenesis may involve non haematopoietic cells, and they may result in single episode of illness, with a single or multiple morbid phenotypes, some of which may involve infection, in otherwise healthy adults. We need to increase awareness of the multitude of clinical presentations of human PIDs considerably and rapidly in the medical community. Human PIDs should be considered in a wide range of clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.
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205
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de Beaucoudrey L, Puel A, Filipe-Santos O, Cobat A, Ghandil P, Chrabieh M, Feinberg J, von Bernuth H, Samarina A, Jannière L, Fieschi C, Stéphan JL, Boileau C, Lyonnet S, Jondeau G, Cormier-Daire V, Le Merrer M, Hoarau C, Lebranchu Y, Lortholary O, Chandesris MO, Tron F, Gambineri E, Bianchi L, Rodriguez-Gallego C, Zitnik SE, Vasconcelos J, Guedes M, Vitor AB, Marodi L, Chapel H, Reid B, Roifman C, Nadal D, Reichenbach J, Caragol I, Garty BZ, Dogu F, Camcioglu Y, Gülle S, Sanal O, Fischer A, Abel L, Stockinger B, Picard C, Casanova JL. Mutations in STAT3 and IL12RB1 impair the development of human IL-17-producing T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:1543-50. [PMID: 18591412 PMCID: PMC2442631 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20080321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cytokines controlling the development of human interleukin (IL) 17--producing T helper cells in vitro have been difficult to identify. We addressed the question of the development of human IL-17--producing T helper cells in vivo by quantifying the production and secretion of IL-17 by fresh T cells ex vivo, and by T cell blasts expanded in vitro from patients with particular genetic traits affecting transforming growth factor (TGF) beta, IL-1, IL-6, or IL-23 responses. Activating mutations in TGFB1, TGFBR1, and TGFBR2 (Camurati-Engelmann disease and Marfan-like syndromes) and loss-of-function mutations in IRAK4 and MYD88 (Mendelian predisposition to pyogenic bacterial infections) had no detectable impact. In contrast, dominant-negative mutations in STAT3 (autosomal-dominant hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome) and, to a lesser extent, null mutations in IL12B and IL12RB1 (Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases) impaired the development of IL-17--producing T cells. These data suggest that IL-12Rbeta1- and STAT-3--dependent signals play a key role in the differentiation and/or expansion of human IL-17-producing T cell populations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic de Beaucoudrey
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, U550, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75015 Paris, France.
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206
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Hayday AC, Peakman M. The habitual, diverse and surmountable obstacles to human immunology research. Nat Immunol 2008; 9:575-80. [PMID: 18490903 DOI: 10.1038/ni0608-575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Hayday
- National Institute of Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals Foundation Trust, and King's College London, UK.
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207
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Garcia-Laorden MI, Sole-Violan J, Rodriguez de Castro F, Aspa J, Briones ML, Garcia-Saavedra A, Rajas O, Blanquer J, Caballero-Hidalgo A, Marcos-Ramos JA, Hernandez-Lopez J, Rodriguez-Gallego C. Mannose-binding lectin and mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease 2 in susceptibility, severity, and outcome of pneumonia in adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:368-74, 374.e1-2. [PMID: 18582923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of death from infection in developed countries. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and MBL-associated serine protease 2 (MASP-2) deficiencies are common primary immunodeficiencies the clinical penetrance of which remains controversial. MBL is a serum lectin that mediates phagocytosis and activates the lectin pathway of complement involving MASP-2. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the significance of MBL deficiency (O/O genotypes) and insufficiency (O/O plus XA/O genotypes), as well as MASP-2 deficiency (D105G mutation), in the susceptibility to and severity and outcome of CAP in adults. METHODS MBL and MASP-2 serum levels, as well as lectin pathway activity with regard to MBL2 and MASP2 genotypes, were measured in healthy control subjects. For susceptibility, 848 patients with CAP, 1447 healthy control subjects, and a control group of 519 patients without relevant infectious diseases were studied in a case-control study. Severity and outcome were evaluated in a prospective study of the 848 patients. RESULTS We found similar frequencies of MBL2 and MASP2 alleles and genotypes among patients and control subjects. However, in a multivariate analysis MBL insufficiency was associated with the development of the most severe forms of sepsis (P = .007), acute respiratory failure (P = .009), multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (P = .036), intensive care unit admission (P = .020), and death (P = .003). CONCLUSION Our large study suggests that MBL plays a redundant role in human defenses against primary infection, at least in adults with CAP, and provides, for the first time, evidence that MBL insufficiency predisposes to higher severity and fatal outcome in patients with CAP, irrespective of the causal microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isabel Garcia-Laorden
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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208
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209
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Bustamante J, Boisson-Dupuis S, Jouanguy E, Picard C, Puel A, Abel L, Casanova JL. Novel primary immunodeficiencies revealed by the investigation of paediatric infectious diseases. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:39-48. [PMID: 18083507 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human primary immunodeficiencies impairing myeloid and/or lymphoid cellular responses to activating receptors other than antigen receptors have recently been described in children with various infectious diseases. Germline mutations in NEMO and IKBA impair NF-kappaB-mediated signalling, at least in response to the stimulation of TLRs, IL-1Rs and TNFRs, and confer a broad predisposition to infections. Mutations in IRAK4 selectively impair TLRs other than TLR3 and most IL-1R responses, and confer a predisposition to pyogenic bacterial diseases, including invasive pneumococcal disease in particular. Mutations in TLR3 and UNC93B1 impair TLR3 responses and confer a predisposition to herpes simplex encephalitis. Mutations in STAT1 impair IFN-gamma and/or IFN-alpha/beta responses and predispose subjects to mycobacterial and viral diseases, respectively. Mutations in IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 impair IFN-gamma responses and confer a predisposition to mycobacterial diseases. Mutations in IL12B and IL12RB1 impair IL-12 and IL-23 responses and predispose subjects to infections caused by mycobacteria and Salmonella. Finally, mutations in TYK2 and STAT3 mostly impair IL-6R responses, conferring a predisposition to staphylococcal disease in particular. The infectious phenotypes associated with these novel leukocyte activation deficiencies are therefore collectively diverse, tightly dependent on the morbid gene and affected pathway, and individually narrow, often restricted to one or a few infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM-U550, Paris 75015, France, EU
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210
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Morra M, Geigenmuller U, Curran J, Rainville IR, Brennan T, Curtis J, Reichert V, Hovhannisyan H, Majzoub J, Miller DT. Genetic Diagnosis of Primary Immune Deficiencies. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2008; 28:387-412, x. [DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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211
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Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases are rare disorders characterized by quantitative or qualitative defects in cells or components in the immune system, resulting in a high degree of susceptibility to various types of infections. During differentiation, stem cells undergo a series of discrete steps, governed by a large number of different genes. Mutations/deletions in these genes will result in a block in differentiation of the affected cell lineage(s), leading to immunodeficiency. To date, more than 150 different types of disorders have been described. In this review, we will focus on novel findings in antibody deficiency syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Pan-Hammarström
- Div. of Clinical Immunology, Dept. of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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212
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Slatter MA, Gennery AR. Clinical immunology review series: an approach to the patient with recurrent infections in childhood. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 152:389-96. [PMID: 18373701 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent or persistent infection is the major manifestation of primary immunodeficiency, which also results in atypical infection with opportunistic organisms. Young children are also vulnerable to infection and recurrent infection is common. While most children with recurrent infection have a normal immunity, it is important to recognize the child with an underlying primary immunodeficiency and investigate and treat appropriately and yet not over investigate normal children. Prompt, accurate diagnosis directs the most appropriate treatment, and early and judicious use of prophylactic antibiotics and replacement immunoglobulin can prevent significant end organ damage and improve long-term outlook and quality of life. This paper describes important presenting features of primary immunodeficiency and indicates when further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Slatter
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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213
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Puel A, Picard C, Lorrot M, Pons C, Chrabieh M, Lorenzo L, Mamani-Matsuda M, Jouanguy E, Gendrel D, Casanova JL. Recurrent staphylococcal cellulitis and subcutaneous abscesses in a child with autoantibodies against IL-6. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:647-54. [PMID: 18097067 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.1.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated an otherwise healthy patient presenting two episodes of staphylococcal cellulitis and abscesses, accompanied by high fever and biological signs of inflammation but, paradoxically, with no detectable increase in serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), an IL-6-responsive protein synthesized in the liver. Following in vitro activation of whole blood cells from the patient with multiple cytokines, TLR agonists, heat-killed bacteria, and mitogens, we observed a profound and specific impairment of IL-6 secretion. However, the patient's PBMCs, activated in the same conditions but in the absence of the patient's plasma, secreted IL-6 normally. The patient's serum contained high titers of IgG1 autoantibodies against IL-6, which specifically neutralized IL-6 production by control PBMCs as well as IL-6 responses in the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Hep3B. These anti-IL-6 autoantibodies were detected over a period of 4 years, in the absence of any other autoantibodies. Our results indicate that these Abs probably prevented an increase in CRP concentration during infection and that impaired IL-6-mediated immunity may have contributed to staphylococcal disease. Patients with severe bacterial infections and low serum CRP concentrations should be tested for anti-IL-6 autoantibodies, especially in the presence of other clinical and biological signs of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Puel
- Laboratoire de Génétique Humaine des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U550, Paris, France.
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214
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Genetic susceptibility to herpes simplex virus 1 encephalitis in mice and humans. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 7:495-505. [PMID: 17989525 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e3282f151d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Herpes simplex encephalitis is a rare complication of herpes simplex virus 1 infection that strikes otherwise healthy individuals. Its pathogenesis has long remained elusive. We highlight the investigations dealing with the genetic basis of herpes simplex encephalitis in mice and humans. RECENT FINDINGS Mouse models have revealed the impact of various host genes on protective immunity to herpes simplex encephalitis through strain-dependent variability (forward genetics) and via targeted knockouts (reverse genetics). These studies established in particular the crucial role of IFNalpha/beta in immunity to herpes simplex virus 1, paving the way towards the elucidation of the genetic cause of human herpes simplex encephalitis. Two children with rare, specific STAT1 or NEMO mutations displayed a broad impairment of IFNalpha/beta and IFNlambda-mediated immunity and predisposition to several infectious diseases including herpes simplex encephalitis. In contrast, children with UNC93B1 and TLR3 mutations displayed a selective impairment of dsRNA-induced IFNalpha/beta and IFNlambda production and predisposition to isolated herpes simplex encephalitis. SUMMARY Herpes simplex encephalitis results from a series of monogenic primary immunodeficiencies that impair the TLR3 and UNC-93B-dependent production of IFNalpha/beta and IFNlambda in the central nervous system, at least in a fraction of children. This is not only crucial for the understanding of immunity to herpes simplex virus 1, but also for the diagnosis and treatment of herpes simplex encephalitis.
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215
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A role for interleukin-12/23 in the maturation of human natural killer and CD56+ T cells in vivo. Blood 2008; 111:5008-16. [PMID: 18319400 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-11-122259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have been originally defined by their "naturally occurring" effector function. However, only a fraction of human NK cells is reactive toward a panel of prototypical tumor cell targets in vitro, both for the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and for their cytotoxic response. In patients with IL12RB1 mutations that lead to a complete IL-12Rbeta1 deficiency, the size of this naturally reactive NK cell subset is diminished, in particular for the IFN-gamma production. Similar data were obtained from a patient with a complete deficit in IL-12p40. In addition, the size of the subset of effector memory T cells expressing CD56 was severely decreased in IL-12Rbeta1- and IL-12p40-deficient patients. Human NK cells thus require in vivo priming with IL-12/23 to acquire their full spectrum of functional reactivity, while T cells are dependent upon IL-12/23 signals for the differentiation and/or the maintenance of CD56(+) effector memory T cells. The susceptibility of IL-12/23 axis-deficient patients to Mycobacterium and Salmonella infections in combination with the absence of mycobacteriosis or salmonellosis in the rare cases of human NK cell deficiencies point to a role for CD56(+) T cells in the control of these infections in humans.
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216
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Mizgerd
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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217
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Immunology in natura: clinical, epidemiological and evolutionary genetics of infectious diseases. Nat Immunol 2008; 8:1165-71. [PMID: 17952041 DOI: 10.1038/ni1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The field of human genetics of infectious diseases defines the genes and alleles rendering individuals (clinical genetics) and populations (epidemiological genetics) vulnerable to infection, and studies those selected by previous infections (evolutionary genetics). These disciplines--clinical, epidemiological and evolutionary genetics-delineate the redundant and nonredundant functions of host defense genes for past and present survival in natura--in natural ecosystems governed by natural selection. These disciplines, in other words, assess the ecologically relevant and evolutionarily selected roles of human genes and alleles in protective immunity to diverse and evolving microorganisms. The genetic dissection of human immunity to infection in natura provides unique immunological insight, making it an indispensable complement to experimental immunology in vitro and in vivo in plants and animals.
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218
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Host Defenses Against Human Papillomaviruses: Lessons from Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2008; 321:59-83. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-75203-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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219
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Sansonetti PJ. Molecular and cellular bases of bacterial virulence: guessing the future episodes of an ongoing saga. Res Microbiol 2008; 159:59-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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220
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Zhang S, Jouanguy E, Sancho‐Shimizu V, Von Bernuth H, Yang K, Abel L, Picard C, Puel A, Casanova J. Human Toll-like receptor-dependent induction of interferons in protective immunity to viruses. Immunol Rev 2007; 220:225-36. [PMID: 17979850 PMCID: PMC7165931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Five of the 10 human Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9), and four of the 12 mouse TLRs (TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR9) can trigger interferon (IFN)-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-lambda, which are critical for antiviral immunity. Moreover, TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 differ from TLR4 in two particularly important ways for antiviral immunity: they can be activated by nucleic acid agonists mimicking compounds produced during the viral cycle, and they are typically present within the cell, along the endocytic pathway, where they sense viral products in the intraluminal space. Investigations in mice have demonstrated that the TLR7/9-IFN and TLR3-IFN pathways are different and critical for protective immunity to various experimental viral infections. Investigations in humans with interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4) deficiency (unresponsive to TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9), UNC-93B deficiency (unresponsive to TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9), and TLR3 deficiency have recently shed light on the role of these two pathways in antiviral immunity in natural conditions. UNC-93B- and TLR3-deficient patients appear to be specifically prone to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis, although clinical penetrance is incomplete, whereas IRAK-4-deficient patients appear to be normally resistant to most viruses, including HSV-1. These experiments of nature suggest that the TLR7-, TLR8-, and TLR9-dependent induction of IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-lambda is largely redundant in human antiviral immunity, whereas the TLR3-dependent induction of IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-lambda is critical for primary immunity to HSV-1 in the central nervous system in children but redundant for immunity to most other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen‐Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France, EU
- University Paris René Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, EU
- French‐Chinese Laboratory of Genomics and Life Science, Rui‐Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France, EU
- University Paris René Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, EU
- French‐Chinese Laboratory of Genomics and Life Science, Rui‐Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Vanessa Sancho‐Shimizu
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France, EU
- University Paris René Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, EU
| | - Horst Von Bernuth
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France, EU
- University Paris René Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, EU
| | - Kun Yang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France, EU
- University Paris René Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, EU
- French‐Chinese Laboratory of Genomics and Life Science, Rui‐Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France, EU
- University Paris René Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, EU
| | - Capucine Picard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France, EU
- University Paris René Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, EU
- Centre d'Etude des Déficits Immunitaires, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France, EU
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France, EU
- University Paris René Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, EU
| | - Jean‐Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France, EU
- University Paris René Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, EU
- French‐Chinese Laboratory of Genomics and Life Science, Rui‐Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Unité d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France, EU
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Zhang SY, Jouanguy E, Ugolini S, Smahi A, Elain G, Romero P, Segal D, Sancho-Shimizu V, Lorenzo L, Puel A, Picard C, Chapgier A, Plancoulaine S, Titeux M, Cognet C, von Bernuth H, Ku CL, Casrouge A, Zhang XX, Barreiro L, Leonard J, Hamilton C, Lebon P, Héron B, Vallée L, Quintana-Murci L, Hovnanian A, Rozenberg F, Vivier E, Geissmann F, Tardieu M, Abel L, Casanova JL. TLR3 deficiency in patients with herpes simplex encephalitis. Science 2007; 317:1522-7. [PMID: 17872438 DOI: 10.1126/science.1139522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 835] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Some Toll and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) provide immunity to experimental infections in animal models, but their contribution to host defense in natural ecosystems is unknown. We report a dominant-negative TLR3 allele in otherwise healthy children with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis. TLR3 is expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), where it is required to control HSV-1, which spreads from the epithelium to the CNS via cranial nerves. TLR3 is also expressed in epithelial and dendritic cells, which apparently use TLR3-independent pathways to prevent further dissemination of HSV-1 and to provide resistance to other pathogens in TLR3-deficient patients. Human TLR3 appears to be redundant in host defense to most microbes but is vital for natural immunity to HSV-1 in the CNS, which suggests that neurotropic viruses have contributed to the evolutionary maintenance of TLR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Ying Zhang
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U550, Faculty Necker, Paris 75015, France
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