201
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Botsios S, Tittman S, Manuelidis L. Rapid chemical decontamination of infectious CJD and scrapie particles parallels treatments known to disrupt microbes and biofilms. Virulence 2016; 6:787-801. [PMID: 26556670 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1098804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative human CJD and sheep scrapie are diseases caused by several different transmissible encephalopathy (TSE) agents. These infectious agents provoke innate immune responses in the brain, including late-onset abnormal prion protein (PrP-res) amyloid. Agent particles that lack detectable PrP sequences by deep proteomic analysis are highly infectious. Yet these agents, and their unusual resistance to denaturation, are often evaluated by PrP amyloid disruption. To reexamine the intrinsic resistance of TSE agents to denaturation, a paradigm for less resistant viruses and microbes, we developed a rapid and reproducible high yield agent isolation procedure from cultured cells that minimized PrP amyloid and other cellular proteins. Monotypic neuronal GT1 cells infected with the FU-CJD or 22L scrapie agents do not have complex brain changes that can camouflage infectious particles and prevent their disruption, and there are only 2 reports on infectious titers of any human CJD strain treated with chemical denaturants. Infectious titers of both CJD and scrapie were reduced by >4 logs with Thiourea-urea, a treatment not previously tested. A mere 5 min exposure to 4M GdnHCl at 22°C reduced infectivity by >5 logs. Infectious 22L particles were significantly more sensitive to denaturation than FU-CJD particles. A protocol using sonication with these chemical treatments may effectively decontaminate complicated instruments, such as duodenoscopes that harbor additional virulent microbes and biofilms associated with recent iatrogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Botsios
- a Yale Medical School; Section of Neuropathology (Surgery) ; New Haven , CT USA
| | - Sarah Tittman
- a Yale Medical School; Section of Neuropathology (Surgery) ; New Haven , CT USA
| | - Laura Manuelidis
- a Yale Medical School; Section of Neuropathology (Surgery) ; New Haven , CT USA
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202
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Cohen OS, Chapman J, Korczyn AD, Siaw OL, Warman-Alaluf N, Nitsan Z, Appel S, Kahana E, Rosenmann H, Hoffmann C. Clinical radiological correlation in E200K familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:1457-1462. [PMID: 27624725 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of diffusion MRI improved the accuracy of diagnosis in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and expanded our knowledge of the changes occurring in the brain during the disease. The aim of this study was to test whether in patients with E200K familial CJD (fCJD) the clinical severity correlates with the disease burden as reflected by the extent of cortical involvement in DWI MRI. Consecutive fCJD patients were examined by a neurologist who performed several tests including the CJD neurological scale (CJD-NS), MiniMental status examination (MMSE), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and the expanded disability status scale (EDSS). A simultaneously acquired MRI was analyzed by measuring the extent of cortical involvement in the DWI axial sequence. Correlations were tested for using Pearson test. Fifty-two fCJD patients (35 males, mean age 59.4 ± 5.7 years) were recruited to the study. Significant negative correlation was found between the extent of cortical involvement and the cognitive performance of the patients as reflected by their MMSE and FAB scores. In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between the MRI and the clinical disease severity scales CJD-NS and EDSS. The correlation between clinical scales of severity and cognitive dysfunction and the disease burden confirms the reliability of the CJD-NS scale. Further studies are warranted to examine whether MRI may serve not only for diagnosis but also as a biomarker for follow-up of disease progression and the efficacy of potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren S Cohen
- Department of Neurology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, 70300, Israel. .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Joab Chapman
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Neurology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amos D Korczyn
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | - Zeev Nitsan
- Department of Neurology, Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Shmuel Appel
- Department of Neurology, Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Esther Kahana
- Department of Neurology, Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Hanna Rosenmann
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chen Hoffmann
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Radiology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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203
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West Greenlee MH, Lind M, Kokemuller R, Mammadova N, Kondru N, Manne S, Smith J, Kanthasamy A, Greenlee J. Temporal Resolution of Misfolded Prion Protein Transport, Accumulation, Glial Activation, and Neuronal Death in the Retinas of Mice Inoculated with Scrapie. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2302-9. [PMID: 27521336 PMCID: PMC5012505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is a lack of pathological landmarks to describe the progression of prion disease in vivo. Our goal was to use an experimental model to determine the temporal relationship between the transport of misfolded prion protein (PrP(Sc)) from the brain to the retina, the accumulation of PrP(Sc) in the retina, the response of the surrounding retinal tissue, and loss of neurons. Retinal samples from mice inoculated with RML scrapie were collected at 30, 60, 90, 105, and 120 days post inoculation (dpi) or at the onset of clinical signs of disease (153 dpi). Retinal homogenates were tested for prion seeding activity. Antibody staining was used to assess accumulation of PrP(Sc) and the resulting response of retinal tissue. Loss of photoreceptors was used as a measure of neuronal death. PrP(Sc) seeding activity was first detected in all samples at 60 dpi. Accumulation of PrP(Sc) and coincident activation of retinal glia were first detected at 90 dpi. Activation of microglia was first detected at 105 dpi, but neuronal death was not detectable until 120 dpi. Our results demonstrate that by using the retina we can resolve the temporal separation between several key events in the pathogenesis of prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Heather West Greenlee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa; Virus and Prion Disease Unit, National Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa.
| | - Melissa Lind
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Robyn Kokemuller
- Virus and Prion Disease Unit, National Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Najiba Mammadova
- Virus and Prion Disease Unit, National Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Naveen Kondru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Sireesha Manne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Jodi Smith
- Virus and Prion Disease Unit, National Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Anumantha Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Justin Greenlee
- Virus and Prion Disease Unit, National Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
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204
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Chaturvedi SK, Siddiqi MK, Alam P, Khan RH. Protein misfolding and aggregation: Mechanism, factors and detection. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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205
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Pitchumani Violet Mary C, Shankar R, Vijayakumar S, Kolandaivel P. Interaction studies of human prion protein (HuPrP109–111: methionine-lysine-histidine) tripeptide model with transition metal cations. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 69:111-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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206
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Wang Y, Shao Q, Hall CK. N-terminal Prion Protein Peptides (PrP(120-144)) Form Parallel In-register β-Sheets via Multiple Nucleation-dependent Pathways. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22093-22105. [PMID: 27576687 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.744573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion diseases are a family of fatal neurodegenerative diseases associated with the misfolding and accumulation of normal prion protein (PrPC) into its pathogenic scrapie form (PrPSc). Understanding the fundamentals of prion protein aggregation and the molecular architecture of PrPSc is key to unraveling the pathology of prion diseases. Our work investigates the early-stage aggregation of three prion protein peptides, corresponding to residues 120-144 of human (Hu), bank vole (BV), and Syrian hamster (SHa) prion protein, from disordered monomers to β-sheet-rich fibrillar structures. Using 12 μs discontinuous molecular dynamics simulations combined with the PRIME20 force field, we find that the Hu-, BV-, and SHaPrP(120-144) aggregate via multiple nucleation-dependent pathways to form U-shaped, S-shaped, and Ω-shaped protofilaments. The S-shaped HuPrP(120-144) protofilament is similar to the amyloid core structure of HuPrP(112-141) predicted by Zweckstetter. HuPrP(120-144) has a shorter aggregation lag phase than BVPrP(120-144) followed by SHaPrP(120-144), consistent with experimental findings. Two amino acid substitutions I138M and I139M retard the formation of parallel in-register β-sheet dimers during the nucleation stage by increasing side chain-side chain association and reducing side chain interaction specificity. On average, HuPrP(120-144) aggregates contain more parallel β-sheet content than those formed by BV- and SHaPrP(120-144). Deletion of the C-terminal residues 138-144 prevents formation of fibrillar structures in agreement with the experiment. This work sheds light on the amyloid core structures underlying prion strains and how I138M, I139M, and S143N affect prion protein aggregation kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-7905
| | - Qing Shao
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-7905
| | - Carol K Hall
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-7905
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207
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Beraldo FH, Ostapchenko VG, Caetano FA, Guimaraes ALS, Ferretti GDS, Daude N, Bertram L, Nogueira KOPC, Silva JL, Westaway D, Cashman NR, Martins VR, Prado VF, Prado MAM. Regulation of Amyloid β Oligomer Binding to Neurons and Neurotoxicity by the Prion Protein-mGluR5 Complex. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21945-21955. [PMID: 27563063 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.738286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion protein (PrPC) has been suggested to operate as a scaffold/receptor protein in neurons, participating in both physiological and pathological associated events. PrPC, laminin, and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) form a protein complex on the plasma membrane that can trigger signaling pathways involved in neuronal differentiation. PrPC and mGluR5 are co-receptors also for β-amyloid oligomers (AβOs) and have been shown to modulate toxicity and neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease. In the present work, we addressed the potential crosstalk between these two signaling pathways, laminin-PrPC-mGluR5 or AβO-PrPC-mGluR5, as well as their interplay. Herein, we demonstrated that an existing complex containing PrPC-mGluR5 has an important role in AβO binding and activity in neurons. A peptide mimicking the binding site of laminin onto PrPC (Ln-γ1) binds to PrPC and induces intracellular Ca2+ increase in neurons via the complex PrPC-mGluR5. Ln-γ1 promotes internalization of PrPC and mGluR5 and transiently decreases AβO biding to neurons; however, the peptide does not impact AβO toxicity. Given that mGluR5 is critical for toxic signaling by AβOs and in prion diseases, we tested whether mGlur5 knock-out mice would be susceptible to prion infection. Our results show mild, but significant, effects on disease progression, without affecting survival of mice after infection. These results suggest that PrPC-mGluR5 form a functional response unit by which multiple ligands can trigger signaling. We propose that trafficking of PrPC-mGluR5 may modulate signaling intensity by different PrPC ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabiana A Caetano
- From the Robarts Research Institute and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7,Canada
| | - Andre L S Guimaraes
- From the Robarts Research Institute and the Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG 39401-089, Brazil
| | - Giulia D S Ferretti
- From the Robarts Research Institute and the Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquimica Medica Leopoldo de Meis, Instututo Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Centro Nacional de Ressonacia Magnetica Nuclear Jiri Jonas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Nathalie Daude
- the Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M8, Canada
| | - Lisa Bertram
- the Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Katiane O P C Nogueira
- From the Robarts Research Institute and the Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro S/N, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Jerson L Silva
- the Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquimica Medica Leopoldo de Meis, Instututo Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Centro Nacional de Ressonacia Magnetica Nuclear Jiri Jonas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - David Westaway
- the Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M8, Canada
| | - Neil R Cashman
- the Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Vilma R Martins
- the International Center for Research and Education, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP CEP 01509-010, Brazil, and
| | - Vania F Prado
- From the Robarts Research Institute and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7,Canada, the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Marco A M Prado
- From the Robarts Research Institute and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7,Canada, the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
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208
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Zhang H, Xin X, Sun J, Zhao L, Shen J, Song Z, Yuan S. Self-assembled chiral helical nanofibers by amphiphilic dipeptide derived from d- or l-threonine and application as a template for the synthesis of Au and Ag nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 484:97-106. [PMID: 27592190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a class of self-assembling peptides that spontaneously undergo self-organization into well-ordered structures opened a new avenue for molecular fabrication of biological materials. In this paper, the structure controlled helical nanofibers were prepared by two artificial β-sheet dipeptides with long alkyl chains derived from l- and d-threonine (Thr) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). These helical nanofibers have been characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), circular dichroism (CD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). It was demonstrated that the helicity of the nanofibers could be easily controlled by changing the chirality of the constituent amino acids in the peptide species (d- or l-threonine). Moreover, the hydrogen bonding interactions between the amide groups as well as the hydrophobic interactions among the alkyl chains play important roles in the self-assembly process. It also can be observed that with the passage of time, the hydrogen bonding interactions between the individual nanofiber induced the conversion from nanofibers to nanobelts. Particularly, gold and silver nanoparticles performed good catalytic ability were synthesized using the assembled nanofibers as template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Shanda Nanlu No. 27, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Xia Xin
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Shanda Nanlu No. 27, Jinan 250100, PR China; National Engineering Technology Research Center for Colloidal Materials, Shandong University, Shanda Nanlu No. 27, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Jichao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Shanda Nanlu No. 27, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Liupeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Shanda Nanlu No. 27, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Jinglin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Shanda Nanlu No. 27, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Zhaohua Song
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Colloidal Materials, Shandong University, Shanda Nanlu No. 27, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Shiling Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Shanda Nanlu No. 27, Jinan 250100, PR China.
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209
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Sabareesan AT, Udgaonkar JB. Pathogenic Mutations within the Disordered Palindromic Region of the Prion Protein Induce Structure Therein and Accelerate the Formation of Misfolded Oligomers. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3935-3947. [PMID: 27545411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Little is understood about how the intrinsically disordered N-terminal region (NTR) of the prion protein modulates its misfolding and aggregation, which lead to prion disease. In this study, two pathogenic mutations, G113V and A116V, in the palindromic region of the NTR are shown to have no effect on the structure, stability, or dynamics of native mouse prion protein (moPrP) but nevertheless accelerate misfolding and oligomerization. For wild-type moPrP, misfolding and oligomerization appear to occur concurrently, while for both mutant variants, oligomerization is shown to precede misfolding. Kinetic hydrogen-deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry experiments show that sequence segment 89-132 from the NTR becomes structured, albeit weakly, during the oligomerization of both mutant variants. Importantly, this structure formation occurs prior to structural conversion in the C-terminal domain and appears to be the reason that the formation of misfolded oligomers is accelerated by the pathogenic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Sabareesan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Jayant B Udgaonkar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560065, India.
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210
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Landreh M, Sawaya MR, Hipp MS, Eisenberg DS, Wüthrich K, Hartl FU. The formation, function and regulation of amyloids: insights from structural biology. J Intern Med 2016; 280:164-76. [PMID: 27237473 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid diseases are characterized by the accumulation of insoluble, β-strand-rich aggregates. The underlying structural conversions are closely associated with cellular toxicity, but can also drive the formation of functional protein assemblies. In recent years, studies in the field of structural studies have revealed astonishing insights into the origins, mechanisms and implications of amyloid formation. Notably, high-resolution crystal structures of peptides in amyloid-like fibrils and prefibrillar oligomers have become available despite their challenging chemical nature. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has revealed that dynamic local polymorphisms in the benign form of the prion protein affect the transformation into amyloid fibrils and the transmissibility of prion diseases. Studies of the structures and interactions of chaperone proteins help us to understand how the cellular proteostasis network is able to recognize different stages of aberrant protein folding and prevent aggregation. In this review, we will focus on recent developments that connect the different aspects of amyloid biology and discuss how understanding the process of amyloid formation and the associated defence mechanisms can reveal targets for pharmacological intervention that may become the first steps towards clinically viable treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Landreh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M R Sawaya
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry & Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCLA-DOE Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M S Hipp
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - D S Eisenberg
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry & Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCLA-DOE Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - K Wüthrich
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - F U Hartl
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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211
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Knowles TPJ, Mezzenga R. Amyloid Fibrils as Building Blocks for Natural and Artificial Functional Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:6546-61. [PMID: 27165397 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Proteinaceous materials based on the amyloid core structure have recently been discovered at the origin of biological functionality in a remarkably diverse set of roles, and attention is increasingly turning towards such structures as the basis of artificial self-assembling materials. These roles contrast markedly with the original picture of amyloid fibrils as inherently pathological structures. Here we outline the salient features of this class of functional materials, both in the context of the functional roles that have been revealed for amyloid fibrils in nature, as well as in relation to their potential as artificial materials. We discuss how amyloid materials exemplify the emergence of function from protein self-assembly at multiple length scales. We focus on the connections between mesoscale structure and material function, and demonstrate how the natural examples of functional amyloids illuminate the potential applications for future artificial protein based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas P J Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Materials Science, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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212
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Chesney AR, Booth CJ, Lietz CB, Li L, Pedersen JA. Peroxymonosulfate Rapidly Inactivates the Disease-Associated Prion Protein. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7095-105. [PMID: 27247993 PMCID: PMC5337124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Prions, the etiological agents in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, exhibit remarkable resistance to most methods of inactivation that are effective against conventional pathogens. Prions are composed of pathogenic conformers of the prion protein (PrP(TSE)). Some prion diseases are transmitted, in part, through environmental routes. The recalcitrance of prions to inactivation may lead to a persistent reservoir of infectivity that contributes to the environmental maintenance of epizootics. At present, few methods exist to remediate prion-contaminated land surfaces. Here we conducted a proof-of-principle study to examine the ability of peroxymonosulfate to degrade PrP(TSE). We find that peroxymonosulfate rapidly degrades PrP(TSE) from two species. Transition-metal-catalyzed decomposition of peroxymonosulfate to produce sulfate radicals appears to enhance degradation. We further demonstrate that exposure to peroxymonosulfate significantly reduced PrP(C) to PrP(TSE) converting ability as measured by protein misfolding cyclic amplification, used as a proxy for infectivity. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry revealed that exposure to peroxymonosulfate results in oxidative modifications to methionine and tryptophan residues. This study indicates that peroxymonosulfate may hold promise for decontamination of prion-contaminated surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R. Chesney
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Clarissa J. Booth
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Lingjun Li
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joel A. Pedersen
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Corresponding Author: tel: (608) 263-4971; fax: (608) 265-2595;
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213
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Ojala WH, Ojala CR, Gleason WB. The X-ray Crystal Structure of the Sulfonated Azo Dye Congo Red, a Non-Peptidic Inhibitor of HIV-1 Protease which also Binds to Reverse Transcriptase and Amyloid Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029500600104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Congo Red is a sulfonated azo dye and widely used biological stain that has recently been the focus of intense interest because it has been shown to bind to proteins involved in viral recognition and replication. Congo Red also finds wide use as a histological stain for amyloid proteins of the type found in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in cattle and mink, and scrapie in sheep. Congo Red has been demonstrated to protect normal prion protein from being converted to the protease-resistant form, an important step in the pathology of the so-called ‘slow viral’ diseases. The range of biological molecules to which Congo Red binds makes it an important lead compound in drug development, for example in the development of new anti-HIV and anti-Alzheimer's therapeutic agents. In this report we present the first high-resolution structure of Congo Red: the low-temperature (173 K) X-ray crystal structure determination of its calcium salt. Two conformations of the molecule are found in the same crystal structure, one in which the central biphenyl group assumes a twisted (25°) conformation, and one in which the biphenyl group is planar and is located on a crystallo-graphic inversion centre. In both conformations the sulfonate groups are oriented anti with respect to the long molecular axis and assume eclipsed conformations with respect to the naphthalene rings. A comparison is made with a published structure [Turned, W.G., and Finch, J.T. (1992) J Mol Biol 227: 1205-1223] in which Congo Red is bound to porcine insulin, this complex serving as a model for amyloid binding. The results illustrate the conformational flexibility possessed by the biphenyl spacer, which allows the hydrophobic portion of the molecule to assume an optimum fit in the hydrophobic binding pockets of target proteins. A model is presented for the binding of Congo Red to the HIV protease in which the sulfonate groups interact with the side-chains of arginine residues. This proposed binding mode is consistent with the observed binding for other sulfonated aromatic inhibitors such as Evans Blue.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. H. Ojala
- Biomedical Engineering Center and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - C. R. Ojala
- Normandale Community College, Bloomington, MN 55431, USA
| | - W. B. Gleason
- Biomedical Engineering Center and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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214
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Mediano DR, Sanz-Rubio D, Bolea R, Marín B, Vázquez FJ, Remacha AR, López-Pérez Ó, Fernández-Borges N, Castilla J, Zaragoza P, Badiola JJ, Rodellar C, Martín-Burriel I. Characterization of mesenchymal stem cells in sheep naturally infected with scrapie. J Gen Virol 2016; 96:3715-3726. [PMID: 26431976 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be infected with prions and have been proposed as in vitro cell-based models for prion replication. In addition, autologous MSCs are of interest for cell therapy in neurodegenerative diseases. To the best of our knowledge, the effect of prion diseases on the characteristics of these cells has never been investigated. Here, we analysed the properties of MSCs obtained from bone marrow (BM-MSCs) and peripheral blood (PB-MSCs) of sheep naturally infected with scrapie — a large mammal model for the study of prion diseases. After three passages of expansion, MSCs derived from scrapie animals displayed similar adipogenic, chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation ability as cells from healthy controls, although a subtle decrease in the proliferation potential was observed. Exceptionally, mesenchymal markers such as CD29 were significantly upregulated at the transcript level compared with controls. Scrapie MSCs were able to transdifferentiate into neuron-like cells, but displayed lower levels of neurogenic markers at basal conditions, which could limit this potential .The expression levels of cellular prion protein (PrPC) were highly variable between cultures, and no significant differences were observed between control and scrapie-derived MSCs. However, during neurogenic differentiation the expression of PrPC was upregulated in MSCs. This characteristic could be useful for developing in vitro models for prion replication. Despite the infectivity reported for MSCs obtained from scrapie-infected mice and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease patients, protein misfolding cyclic amplification did not detect PrPSc in BM- or PB-MSCs from scrapie-infected sheep, which limits their use for in vivo diagnosis for scrapie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego R Mediano
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigación Agroalimentaria (IA2), IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - David Sanz-Rubio
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigación Agroalimentaria (IA2), IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Instituto de Investigación Agroalimentaria (IA2), IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Belén Marín
- Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Instituto de Investigación Agroalimentaria (IA2), IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco J Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigación Agroalimentaria (IA2), IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana R Remacha
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigación Agroalimentaria (IA2), IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Óscar López-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigación Agroalimentaria (IA2), IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Instituto de Investigación Agroalimentaria (IA2), IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Joaquín Castilla
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain.,IKERBasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Pilar Zaragoza
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigación Agroalimentaria (IA2), IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan J Badiola
- Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Instituto de Investigación Agroalimentaria (IA2), IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Clementina Rodellar
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigación Agroalimentaria (IA2), IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Martín-Burriel
- Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Instituto de Investigación Agroalimentaria (IA2), IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigación Agroalimentaria (IA2), IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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215
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Ding L, Wang D, Zhou M, Du L, Xu J, Xue C, Wang Y. Comparative Study of EPA-enriched Phosphatidylcholine and EPA-enriched Phosphatidylserine on Lipid Metabolism in Mice. J Oleo Sci 2016; 65:593-602. [PMID: 27321119 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess16005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that EPA enriched PLs have beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. Our previous study has demonstrated that the anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects of EPA-PL were superior to DHA-PL. In the present study, we comparatively evaluated the effects of EPA-enriched phosphatidylcholine (EPA-PC) and EPA-enriched phosphatidylserine (EPA-PS) on lipid metabolism in mice. Both 2% dietary EPA-PC and EPA-PS significantly improved serum and hepatic lipid levels in mice. The HDL-c level in mice on EPA-PC diet was significantly higher than the other two groups. The level of DHA in hepatic TG and PL were significantly increased in both EPA-PC and EPA-PS fed groups (98.3 and 117.8%, respectively; p < 0.05). Notably, the proportion of DHA in EPA-PS group was significantly higher than the EPA-PC group. EPA-PC and EPA-PS suppressed hepatic SREBP-1c mediated lipogenesis and activated PPARα mediated fatty acid β-oxidation in the liver. These data are the first to indicate that EPA-PS has beneficial effects on lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
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216
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Bevacqua RJ, Fernandez-Martín R, Savy V, Canel NG, Gismondi MI, Kues WA, Carlson DF, Fahrenkrug SC, Niemann H, Taboga OA, Ferraris S, Salamone DF. Efficient edition of the bovine PRNP prion gene in somatic cells and IVF embryos using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Theriogenology 2016; 86:1886-1896.e1. [PMID: 27566851 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The recently developed engineered nucleases, such as zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease (Cas) 9, provide new opportunities for gene editing in a straightforward manner. However, few reports are available regarding CRISPR application and efficiency in cattle. Here, the CRISPR/Cas9 system was used with the aim of inducing knockout and knock-in alleles of the bovine PRNP gene, responsible for mad cow disease, both in bovine fetal fibroblasts and in IVF embryos. Five single-guide RNAs were designed to target 875 bp of PRNP exon 3, and all five were codelivered with Cas9. The feasibility of inducing homologous recombination (HR) was evaluated with a reporter vector carrying EGFP flanked by 1 kbp PRNP regions (pHRegfp). For somatic cells, plasmids coding for Cas9 and for each of the five single-guide RNAs (pCMVCas9 and pSPgRNAs) were transfected under two different conditions (1X and 2X). For IVF zygotes, cytoplasmic injection was conducted with either plasmids or mRNA. For plasmid injection groups, 1 pg pCMVCas9 + 0.1 pg of each pSPgRNA (DNA2X) was used per zygote. In the case of RNA, two amounts (RNA1X and RNA2X) were compared. To assess the occurrence of HR, a group additionally cotransfected or coinjected with pHRegfp plasmid was included. Somatic cell lysates were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and surveyor assay. In the case of embryos, the in vitro development and the genotype of blastocysts were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. In somatic cells, 2X transfection resulted in indels and large deletions of the targeted PRNP region. Regarding embryo injection, higher blastocyst rates were obtained for RNA injected groups (46/103 [44.6%] and 55/116 [47.4%] for RNA1X and RNA2X) than for the DNA2X group (26/140 [18.6%], P < 0.05). In 46% (26/56) of the total sequenced blastocysts, specific gene editing was detected. The total number of genetic modifications (29) was higher than the total number of gene-edited embryos, as three blastocysts from the group RNA2X reported more than one type of modification. The modifications included indels (10/56; 17.9%) and large deletions (19/56; 33.9%). Moreover, it was possible to detect HR in 1/8 (12.5%) embryos treated with RNA2X. These results report that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can be applied for site-specific edition of the bovine genome, which could have a great impact on the development of large animals resistant to important zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Bevacqua
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, INPA UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Fernandez-Martín
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, INPA UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V Savy
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, INPA UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N G Canel
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, INPA UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M I Gismondi
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - W A Kues
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics (FLI), Mariensee, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - H Niemann
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics (FLI), Mariensee, Hannover, Germany
| | - O A Taboga
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - S Ferraris
- Cloning and Transgenesis Laboratory, Maimonides University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D F Salamone
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, INPA UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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217
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Michaels TCT, Lazell HW, Arosio P, Knowles TPJ. Dynamics of protein aggregation and oligomer formation governed by secondary nucleation. J Chem Phys 2016; 143:054901. [PMID: 26254664 DOI: 10.1063/1.4927655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of aggregates in many protein systems can be significantly accelerated by secondary nucleation, a process where existing assemblies catalyse the nucleation of new species. In particular, secondary nucleation has emerged as a central process controlling the proliferation of many filamentous protein structures, including molecular species related to diseases such as sickle cell anemia and a range of neurodegenerative conditions. Increasing evidence suggests that the physical size of protein filaments plays a key role in determining their potential for deleterious interactions with living cells, with smaller aggregates of misfolded proteins, oligomers, being particularly toxic. It is thus crucial to progress towards an understanding of the factors that control the sizes of protein aggregates. However, the influence of secondary nucleation on the time evolution of aggregate size distributions has been challenging to quantify. This difficulty originates in large part from the fact that secondary nucleation couples the dynamics of species distant in size space. Here, we approach this problem by presenting an analytical treatment of the master equation describing the growth kinetics of linear protein structures proliferating through secondary nucleation and provide closed-form expressions for the temporal evolution of the resulting aggregate size distribution. We show how the availability of analytical solutions for the full filament distribution allows us to identify the key physical parameters that control the sizes of growing protein filaments. Furthermore, we use these results to probe the dynamics of the populations of small oligomeric species as they are formed through secondary nucleation and discuss the implications of our work for understanding the factors that promote or curtail the production of these species with a potentially high deleterious biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C T Michaels
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Hamish W Lazell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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218
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Abstract
Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are fatal neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the aggregation and deposition of the misfolded prion protein in the brain. α-synuclein (α-syn)-associated multiple system atrophy has been recently shown to be caused by a bona fide α-syn prion strain. Several other misfolded native proteins such as β-amyloid, tau and TDP-43 share some aspects of prions although none of them is shown to be transmissible in nature or in experimental animals. However, these prion-like "prionoids" are causal to a variety of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The remarkable recent discovery of at least two new α-syn prion strains and their transmissibility in transgenic mice and in vitro cell models raises a distinct question as to whether some specific strain of other prionoids could have the capability of disease transmission in a manner similar to prions. In this overview, we briefly describe human and other mammalian prion diseases and comment on certain similarities between prion and prionoid and the possibility of prion-like transmissibility of some prionoid strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Verma
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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219
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Hianik T. Affinity Biosensors for Detection Immunoglobulin E and Cellular Prions. Antibodies vs. DNA Aptamers. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Hianik
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics; Comenius University; Mlynska dolina F1 842 48 Bratislava Slovakia
- OpenLab “DNA-Sensors” of Kazan Federal University; 18 Kremlevskaya Street Kazan 420008 Russian Federation
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220
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Incongruity between Prion Conversion and Incubation Period following Coinfection. J Virol 2016; 90:5715-23. [PMID: 27053546 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00409-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED When multiple prion strains are inoculated into the same host, they can interfere with each other. Strains with long incubation periods can suppress conversion of strains with short incubation periods; however, nothing is known about the conversion of the long-incubation-period strain during strain interference. To investigate this, we inoculated hamsters in the sciatic nerve with long-incubation-period strain 139H prior to superinfection with the short-incubation-period hyper (HY) strain of transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME). First, we found that 139H is transported along the same neuroanatomical tracks as HY TME, adding to the growing body of evidence indicating that PrP(Sc) favors retrograde transneuronal transport. In contrast to a previous report, we found that 139H interferes with HY TME infection, which is likely due to both strains targeting the same population of neurons following sciatic nerve inoculation. Under conditions where 139H blocked HY TME from causing disease, the strain-specific properties of PrP(Sc) corresponded with the strain that caused disease, consistent with our previous findings. In the groups of animals where incubation periods were not altered, we found that the animals contained a mixture of 139H and HY TME PrP(Sc) This finding expands the definition of strain interference to include conditions where PrP(Sc) formation is altered yet disease outcome is unaltered. Overall, these results contradict the premise that prion strains are static entities and instead suggest that strain mixtures are dynamic regardless of incubation period or clinical outcome of disease. IMPORTANCE Prions can exist as a mixture of strains in naturally infected animals, where they are able to interfere with the conversion of each other and to extend incubation periods. Little is known, however, about the dynamics of strain conversion under conditions where incubation periods are not affected. We found that inoculation of the same animal with two strains can result in the alteration of conversion of both strains under conditions where the resulting disease was consistent with infection with only a single strain. These data challenge the idea that prion strains are static and suggests that strain mixtures are more dynamic than previously appreciated. This observation has significant implications for prion adaptation.
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221
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Sano K, Atarashi R, Nishida N. Structural conservation of prion strain specificities in recombinant prion protein fibrils in real-time quaking-induced conversion. Prion 2016; 9:237-43. [PMID: 26284507 PMCID: PMC4601500 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2015.1062201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A major unsolved issue of prion biology is the existence of multiple strains with distinct phenotypes and this strain phenomenon is postulated to be associated with the conformational diversity of the abnormal prion protein (PrPSc). Real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QUIC) assay that uses Escherichia coli-derived recombinant prion protein (rPrP) for the sensitive detection of PrPSc results in the formation of rPrP-fibrils seeded with various strains. We demonstrated that there are differences in the secondary structures, especially in the β-sheets, and conformational stability between 2 rPrP-fibrils seeded with either Chandler or 22L strains in the first round of RT-QUIC. In particular, the differences in conformational properties of these 2 rPrP-fibrils were common to those of the original PrPSc. However, the strain specificities of rPrP-fibrils seen in the first round were lost in subsequent rounds. Instead, our findings suggest that nonspecific fibrils became the major species, probable owing to their selective growth advantage in the RT-QUIC. This study shows that at least some strain-specific conformational properties of the original PrPSc can be transmitted to rPrP-fibrils in vitro, but further conservation appears to require unknown cofactors or environmental conditions or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Sano
- a Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Fukuoka University ; Fukuoka, Japan
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222
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Review: A review on classical and atypical scrapie in caprine: Prion protein gene polymorphisms and their role in the disease. Animal 2016; 10:1585-93. [PMID: 27109462 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrapie is a naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in sheep and goat. It has been known for ~250 years and is characterised by the accumulation of an abnormal isoform of a host-encoded prion protein that leads to progressive neurodegeneration and death. Scrapie is recognised in two forms, classical and atypical scrapie. The susceptibility to both types of scrapie is influenced by polymorphisms of the prion protein gene (PRNP). Sheep susceptibility or resistance to classical scrapie is strongly regulated by the polymorphisms at codons 136, 154 and 171 of the PRNP. The genetic role in atypical scrapie in sheep has been defined by polymorphisms at codons 141, 154 and 171, which are associated with different degrees of risk in the occurrence of the ovine disease. Progress has been achieved in the prevention of scrapie in sheep due to efficient genetic breeding programmes based on eradication and control of the disease. In Europe, the success of these programmes has been verified by applying eradication and genetic selection plans. In general terms, the ovine selection plans aim to eliminate and reduce the susceptible allele and to enrich the resistant allele ARR. During outbreaks all susceptible animals are slaughtered, only ARR/ARR resistant rams and sheep and semi-resistant females are preserved. In the occurrence of scrapie positive goats a complete cull of the flock (stamping out) is performed with great economic loss and severe risk of extinction for the endangered breeds. The ability to select scrapie-resistant animals allows to define new breeding strategies aimed to boost genetic progress while reducing costs during scrapie outbreaks. Allelic variants of PRNP can be protective for caprine scrapie, and the knowledge of their distribution in goats has become very important. Over the past few years, the integration of genetic information on goat populations could be used to make selection decisions, commonly referred to as genetic selection. The objective of this review was to summarise the main findings of polymorphisms of the caprine prion protein (PrP) gene and to discuss the possible application of goat breeding schemes integrating genetic selection, with their relative advantages and limitations.
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223
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Abstract
Although prions were first discovered through their link to severe brain degenerative diseases in animals, the emergence of prions as regulators of the phenotype of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina has revealed a new facet of prion biology. In most cases, fungal prions are carried without apparent detriment to the host cell, representing a novel form of epigenetic inheritance. This raises the question of whether or not yeast prions are beneficial survival factors or actually gives rise to a "disease state" that is selected against in nature. To date, most studies on the impact of fungal prions have focused on laboratory-cultivated "domesticated" strains of S. cerevisiae. At least eight prions have now been described in this species, each with the potential to impact on a wide range of cellular processes. The discovery of prions in nondomesticated strains of S. cerevisiae and P. anserina has confirmed that prions are not simply an artifact of "domestication" of this species. In this review, I describe what we currently know about the phenotypic impact of fungal prions. I then describe how the interplay between host genotype and the prion-mediated changes can generate a wide array of phenotypic diversity. How such prion-generated diversity may be of benefit to the host in survival in a fluctuating, often hazardous environment is then outlined. Prion research has now entered a new phase in which we must now consider their biological function and evolutionary significance in the natural world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mick F Tuite
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom.
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224
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Peelaerts W, Baekelandt V. ɑ-Synuclein strains and the variable pathologies of synucleinopathies. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:256-274. [PMID: 26924014 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Several decades ago, a mysterious transmissible agent was found responsible for a group of progressive and lethal encephalopathies affecting the nervous system of both animals and humans. This infectious agent showed a strain-encoded manner of inheritance even though it lacked nucleic acids. The identification of infectious proteins resolved this apparent conundrum. Misfolded infectious protein particles, or prions, were found to exist as conformational isomers with a unique fingerprint that can be faithfully passaged to next generations. Protein-based strain-encoded inheritance is characterized by strain-specific infectivity and symptomatology. It is found in diverse organisms, such as yeast, fungi, and mammals. Now, this concept is revisited to examine the pathological role of amyloid proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases where it might underlie certain types of dementia and motor-related neurodegenerative disorders. Given the discovery of the SNCA gene and the identification of its gene product, ɑ-synuclein (ɑ-SYN), as the main histopathological component of Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy, the scientific community was left puzzled by the fact that a single protein appeared to be involved in different diseases with diverging clinical phenotypes. Recent studies are now indicating that ɑ-SYN may act in a way similar to prions and that ɑ-SYN misfolded structural variants may behave as strains with distinct biochemical and functional properties inducing specific phenotypic traits, which might finally provide an explanation for the clinical heterogeneity observed between Parkinson's disease, MSA, and dementia with Lewy bodies patients. These crucial new findings may pave the way for unexplored therapeutic avenues and identification of new potential biomarkers. Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies share ɑ-synuclein deposits as a common histopathological hallmark. New and ongoing developments are now showing that variations in the aggregation process and the formation of ɑ-synuclein strains may be paralleled by the development of distinct synucleinopathies. Here, we review the recent developments and the role of strains in synucleinopathies. This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Peelaerts
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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225
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Adam P, Křížková S, Heger Z, Babula P, Pekařík V, Vaculovičoá M, Gomes CM, Kizek R, Adam V. Metallothioneins in Prion- and Amyloid-Related Diseases. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:637-56. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Křížková
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Babula
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Pekařík
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Vaculovičoá
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Cláudio M. Gomes
- Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - René Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
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226
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Okada H, Miyazawa K, Masujin K, Yokoyama T. Coexistence of two forms of disease-associated prion protein in extracerebral tissues of cattle infected with H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1189-93. [PMID: 27010466 PMCID: PMC4976277 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) is an atypical form of BSE in aged
cattle. H-BSE is characterized by the presence of two proteinase K-resistant forms of
disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc), identified as PrPSc #1 and
PrPSc #2, in the brain. To investigate the coexistence of different
PrPSc forms in the extracerebral tissues of cattle experimentally infected
with H-BSE, immunohistochemical and molecular analyses were performed by using
N-terminal-, core-region- and C-terminal-specific anti-prion protein antibodies. Our
results demonstrated that two distinct forms of PrPSc coexisted in the various
extracerebral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Okada
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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227
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Nagel-Steger L, Owen MC, Strodel B. An Account of Amyloid Oligomers: Facts and Figures Obtained from Experiments and Simulations. Chembiochem 2016; 17:657-76. [PMID: 26910367 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The deposition of amyloid in brain tissue in the context of neurodegenerative diseases involves the formation of intermediate species-termed oligomers-of lower molecular mass and with structures that deviate from those of mature amyloid fibrils. Because these oligomers are thought to be primarily responsible for the subsequent disease pathogenesis, the elucidation of their structure is of enormous interest. Nevertheless, because of the high aggregation propensity and the polydispersity of oligomeric species formed by the proteins or peptides in question, the preparation of appropriate samples for high-resolution structural methods has proven to be rather difficult. This is why theoretical approaches have been of particular importance in gaining insights into possible oligomeric structures for some time. Only recently has it been possible to achieve some progress with regard to the experimentally based structural characterization of defined oligomeric species. Here we discuss how theory and experiment are used to determine oligomer structures and what can be done to improve the integration of the two disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luitgard Nagel-Steger
- Institute of Complex Systems: Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael C Owen
- Institute of Complex Systems: Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Complex Systems: Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany. .,Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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228
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Emergence of a novel bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prion from an atypical H-type BSE. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22753. [PMID: 26948374 PMCID: PMC4780101 DOI: 10.1038/srep22753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The H-type of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) was serially passaged in bovinized transgenic (TgBoPrP) mice. At the fourth passage, most challenged mice showed a typical H-BSE phenotype with incubation periods of 223 ± 7.8 days. However, a different phenotype of BSE prion with shorter incubation periods of 109 ± 4 days emerged in a minor subset of the inoculated mice. The latter showed distinct clinical signs, brain pathology, and abnormal prion protein profiles as compared to H-BSE and other known BSE strains in mice. This novel prion was transmitted intracerebrally to cattle, with incubation periods of 14.8 ± 1.5 months, with phenotypes that differed from those of other bovine prion strains. These data suggest that intraspecies transmission of H-BSE in cattle allows the emergence of a novel BSE strain. Therefore, the continuation of feed ban programs may be necessary to exclude the recycling of H-BSE prions, which appear to arise spontaneously, in livestock. Such measures should help to reduce the risks from both novel and known strains of BSE.
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229
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Abstract
Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are fatal protein-misfolding neurodegenerative diseases. TSEs have been described in several species, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, scrapie in sheep and goats, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids, transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) in mink, and Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. These diseases are associated with the accumulation of a protease-resistant, disease-associated isoform of the prion protein (called PrP(Sc)) in the central nervous system and other tissues, depending on the host species. Typically, TSEs are acquired through exposure to infectious material, but inherited and spontaneous TSEs also occur. All TSEs share pathologic features and infectious mechanisms but have distinct differences in transmission and epidemiology due to host factors and strain differences encoded within the structure of the misfolded prion protein. The possibility that BSE can be transmitted to humans as the cause of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease has brought attention to this family of diseases. This review is focused on the TSEs of livestock: bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle and scrapie in sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Greenlee
- Justin J. Greenlee, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVP, is a research veterinary medical officer in the Virus and Prion Research Unit of the National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service in Ames, Iowa. M. Heather West Greenlee, PhD, is an associate professor of biomedical sciences at the Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - M Heather West Greenlee
- Justin J. Greenlee, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVP, is a research veterinary medical officer in the Virus and Prion Research Unit of the National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service in Ames, Iowa. M. Heather West Greenlee, PhD, is an associate professor of biomedical sciences at the Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine
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230
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Protective V127 prion variant prevents prion disease by interrupting the formation of dimer and fibril from molecular dynamics simulations. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21804. [PMID: 26906032 PMCID: PMC4764842 DOI: 10.1038/srep21804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies uncovered a novel protective prion protein variant: V127 variant, which was reported intrinsically resistant to prion conversion and propagation. However, the structural basis of its protective effect is still unknown. To uncover the origin of the protective role of V127 variant, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to explore the influence of G127V mutation on two key processes of prion propagation: dimerization and fibril formation. The simulation results indicate V127 variant is unfavorable to form dimer by reducing the main-chain H-bond interactions. The simulations of formed fibrils consisting of β1 strand prove V127 variant will make the formed fibril become unstable and disorder. The weaker interaction energies between layers and reduced H-bonds number for V127 variant reveal this mutation is unfavorable to the formation of stable fibril. Consequently, we find V127 variant is not only unfavorable to the formation of dimer but also unfavorable to the formation of stable core and fibril, which can explain the mechanism on the protective role of V127 variant from the molecular level. Our findings can deepen the understanding of prion disease and may guide the design of peptide mimetics or small molecule to mimic the protective effect of V127 variant.
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231
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Pirisinu L, Di Bari MA, D'Agostino C, Marcon S, Riccardi G, Poleggi A, Cohen ML, Appleby BS, Gambetti P, Ghetti B, Agrimi U, Nonno R. Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease subtypes efficiently transmit in bank voles as genuine prion diseases. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20443. [PMID: 26841849 PMCID: PMC4740801 DOI: 10.1038/srep20443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease (GSS) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder associated with mutations in the prion protein gene and accumulation of misfolded PrP with protease-resistant fragments (PrPres) of 6–8 kDa. With the exception of a few GSS cases characterized by co-accumulation of PrPres of 21 kDa, efforts to transmit GSS to rodents have been unsuccessful. As a result, GSS subtypes exclusively associated with 6–8 kDa PrPres have often been considered as non-transmissible proteinopathies rather than true prion diseases. We show that GSS with P102L, A117V and F198S mutations transmit efficiently and produce distinct pathological phenotypes in bank voles (M. glareolus), irrespective of the presence of 21 kDa PrPres in the inoculum, demonstrating that GSS is a genuine prion disease characterized by both transmissibility and strain variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pirisinu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele A Di Bari
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia D'Agostino
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Marcon
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Geraldina Riccardi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Poleggi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mark L Cohen
- Department of Pathology, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 2085 Adelbert Road Cleveland, Ohio, OH 44106, USA
| | - Brian S Appleby
- Department of Pathology, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 2085 Adelbert Road Cleveland, Ohio, OH 44106, USA
| | - Pierluigi Gambetti
- Department of Pathology, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 2085 Adelbert Road Cleveland, Ohio, OH 44106, USA
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Umberto Agrimi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Romolo Nonno
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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232
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Cohen OS, Chapman J, Korczyn AD, Warman-Alaluf N, Nitsan Z, Appel S, Kahana E, Rosenmann H. CSF tau correlates with CJD disease severity and cognitive decline. Acta Neurol Scand 2016; 133:119-123. [PMID: 26014384 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is the most common prion disease in humans. The clinical diagnosis of CJD is supported by a combination of electroencephalogram, MRI, and the presence in the CSF of biomarkers. CSF tau is a marker for neuronal damage and tangle pathology, and is correlated with cognitive status in Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to test whether tau levels in the CSF also correlate with the degree of the neurological deficit and cognitive decline in patients with CJD as reflected by various clinical scales that assess disease severity and cognitive performance. METHODS Consecutive patients with familial CJD (fCJD) were examined by a neurologist who performed several tests including minimental status examination (MMSE), frontal assessment battery (FAB), NIH stroke scale (NIHSS), CJD neurological scale (CJD-NS), and the expanded disability status scale (EDSS). CSF tau was tested as part of the workout, and the correlation was tested using Pearson correlation. RESULTS Fifty-two patients with fCJD were recruited to the study (35 males, mean age 59.4 ± 5.7, range 48-75 years). A significant negative correlation was found between CSF tau levels and the cognitive performance of the patients as reflected by their MMSE and FAB scores. In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between tau levels and the clinical disease severity scales of CJD-NS, NIHSS, and EDSS. CONCLUSION The correlation between tau levels and the disease severity and degree of cognitive decline in patients with fCJD suggests that tau can be a biomarker reflecting the extent of neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. S. Cohen
- Department of Neurology; The Sagol Neuroscience Center; Chaim Sheba Medical Center; Tel-Hashomer Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel-Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel
| | - J. Chapman
- Department of Neurology; The Sagol Neuroscience Center; Chaim Sheba Medical Center; Tel-Hashomer Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel-Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel
| | - A. D. Korczyn
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel-Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel
| | - N. Warman-Alaluf
- Department of Neurology; The Sagol Neuroscience Center; Chaim Sheba Medical Center; Tel-Hashomer Israel
| | - Z. Nitsan
- Barzilai Medical Center; Ashkelon Israel
| | - S. Appel
- Barzilai Medical Center; Ashkelon Israel
| | - E. Kahana
- Barzilai Medical Center; Ashkelon Israel
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233
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Rivera NA, Novakofski J, Weng HY, Kelly A, Satterthwaite-Phillips D, Ruiz MO, Mateus-Pinilla N. Metals in obex and retropharyngeal lymph nodes of Illinois white-tailed deer and their variations associated with CWD status. Prion 2016; 9:48-58. [PMID: 25695915 PMCID: PMC4601235 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2015.1019194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion proteins (PrP(C)) are cell membrane glycoproteins that can be found in many cell types, but specially in neurons. Many studies have suggested PrP(C)'s participation in metal transport and cellular protection against stress in the central nervous system (CNS). On the other hand PrP(Sc), the misfolded isoform of PrP(C) and the pathogenic agent in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), has been associated with brain metal dyshomeostasis in prion diseases. Thus, changes in metal concentration associated with protein misfolding and aggregation have been reported for human and animal prion diseases, as well as for other neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. The use of metal concentrations in tissues as surrogate markers for early detection of TSEs has been suggested. Studies on the accumulation of metals in free-ranging white-tailed deer have not been conducted. This study established concentrations of copper, iron, manganese, and magnesium in 2 diagnostic tissues used for CWD testing (obex and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RLN)). We compared these concentrations between tissues and in relation to CWD status. We established reference intervals (RIs) for these metals and explored their ability to discriminate between CWD-positive and CWD-negative animals. Our results indicate that independent of CWD status, white-tailed deer accumulate higher concentrations of Fe, Mn and Mg in RLN than in obex. White-tailed deer infected with CWD accumulated significantly lower concentrations of Mn and Fe than CWD-negative deer. These patterns differed from other species infected with prion diseases. Overlapping values between CWD positive and negative groups indicate that evaluation of these metals in obex and RLN may not be appropriate as a diagnostic tool for CWD infection in white-tailed deer. Because the CWD-negative deer were included in constructing the RIs, high specificities were expected and should be interpreted with caution. Due to the low sensitivity derived from the RIs, we do not recommend using metal concentrations for disease discrimination.
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Key Words
- AAS, atomic absorption spectroscopy
- AD, Alzheimer disease
- ASVCP, American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology
- BBB, blood brain barrier
- CI, confidence intervals
- CNS, central nervous system
- CP, choroid plexus
- CWD, chronic wasting disease
- Cu, copper
- Fe, iron
- ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
- IDNR, Illinois Department of Natural Resources
- ISTC, Illinois Sustainable Technology Center
- ISWS, Illinois State Water Survey
- Mg, magnesium
- Mn, manganese
- PD, Parkinson disease
- PRNP, prion protein gene
- PrPC, cellular prion protein
- PrPSc, abnormal isoform of prion protein
- RIs, reference intervals
- RLN, retropharyngeal lymph nodes
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SSURGO, Soil Survey Geographic database
- STATSGO, State Soil Geographic Database
- TSE, transmissible spongiform enchephalopathies
- Tf, transferrin
- TfR, transferrin receptors
- chronic wasting disease
- copper
- iron
- magnesium
- manganese
- metals imbalance
- prion
- transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelda A Rivera
- a Illinois Natural History Survey ; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ; Champaign , IL USA
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234
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Cohen OS, Kimiagar I, Korczyn AD, Nitsan Z, Appel S, Hoffmann C, Rosenmann H, Kahana E, Chapman J. Unusual presentations in patients with E200K familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Eur J Neurol 2016; 23:871-7. [PMID: 26806765 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PROPOSE Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (fCJD) in Jews of Libyan ancestry is caused by an E200K mutation in the PRNP gene. The typical presenting symptoms include cognitive decline, behavioral changes and gait disturbances; however, some patients may have an unusual presentation such as a stroke-like presentation, alien hand syndrome or visual disturbances. The aim of this paper is to describe uncommon presentations in our series of consecutive patients with E200K fCJD. METHODS The study group included consecutive fCJD patients followed up as part of a longitudinal prospective study ongoing since 2003 or hospitalized since 2005. The clinical diagnosis of probable CJD was based on accepted diagnostic criteria and supported by typical magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalographic findings, elevated cerebrospinal fluid tau protein levels and by genetic testing for the E200K mutation. Disease symptoms and signs were retrieved from the medical files. RESULTS The study population included 77 patients (42 men) with a mean age of disease onset of 60.6 ± 7.2 years. The most prevalent presenting symptoms were cognitive decline followed by gait impairment and behavioral changes. However, six patients had an unusual presentation including auditory agnosia, monoparesis, stroke-like presentation, facial nerve palsy, pseudobulbar syndrome and alien hand syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Our case series illustrates the wide phenotypic variability of the clinical presentation of patients with fCJD and widens the clinical spectrum of the disease. A high level of clinical suspicion may prove useful in obtaining early diagnosis and therefore avoiding costly and inefficient diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Cohen
- Department of Neurology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Department of Neurology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - I Kimiagar
- Department of Neurology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - A D Korczyn
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Z Nitsan
- Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - S Appel
- Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - C Hoffmann
- Department of Radiology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - H Rosenmann
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - E Kahana
- Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - J Chapman
- Department of Neurology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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235
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Murayama Y, Ono F, Shimozaki N, Shibata H. L-Arginine ethylester enhances in vitro amplification of PrP(Sc) in macaques with atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy and enables presymptomatic detection of PrP(Sc) in the bodily fluids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:563-568. [PMID: 26802462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Protease-resistant, misfolded isoforms (PrP(Sc)) of a normal cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) in the bodily fluids, including blood, urine, and saliva, are expected to be useful diagnostic markers of prion diseases, and nonhuman primate models are suited for performing valid diagnostic tests for human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). We developed an effective amplification method for PrP(Sc) derived from macaques infected with the atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) prion by using mouse brain homogenate as a substrate in the presence of polyanions and L-arginine ethylester. This method was highly sensitive and detected PrP(Sc) in infected brain homogenate diluted up to 10(10) by sequential amplification. This method in combination with PrP(Sc) precipitation by sodium phosphotungstic acid is capable of amplifying very small amounts of PrP(Sc) contained in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, urine, and plasma of macaques that have been intracerebrally inoculated with the L-BSE prion. Furthermore, PrP(Sc) was detectable in the saliva or urine samples as well as CSF samples obtained at the preclinical phases of the disease. Thus, our novel method may be useful for furthering the understanding of bodily fluid leakage of PrP(Sc) in nonhuman primate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Murayama
- Influenza Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - F Ono
- Chiba Institute of Science Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - N Shimozaki
- Influenza Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - H Shibata
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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237
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Insights into Mechanisms of Chronic Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010082. [PMID: 26771599 PMCID: PMC4730326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and prion diseases are characterised by the accumulation of abnormal conformers of a host encoded protein in the central nervous system. The process leading to neurodegeneration is still poorly defined and thus development of early intervention strategies is challenging. Unique amongst these diseases are Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases, which have the ability to transmit between individuals. The infectious nature of these diseases has permitted in vivo and in vitro modelling of the time course of the disease process in a highly reproducible manner, thus early events can be defined. Recent evidence has demonstrated that the cell-to-cell spread of protein aggregates by a “prion-like mechanism” is common among the protein misfolding diseases. Thus, the TSE models may provide insights into disease mechanisms and testable hypotheses for disease intervention, applicable to a number of these chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
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238
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Singh J, Udgaonkar JB. The Pathogenic Mutation T182A Converts the Prion Protein into a Molten Globule-like Conformation Whose Misfolding to Oligomers but Not to Fibrils Is Drastically Accelerated. Biochemistry 2016; 55:459-69. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jogender Singh
- National Centre for Biological
Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Jayant B. Udgaonkar
- National Centre for Biological
Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560065, India
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239
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Menon S, Sengupta N. Perturbations in inter-domain associations may trigger the onset of pathogenic transformations in PrP(C): insights from atomistic simulations. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:1443-53. [PMID: 25855580 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00689e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of the predominantly α-helical cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) to the misfolded β-sheet enriched Scrapie form (PrP(Sc)) is a critical event in prion pathogenesis. However, the conformational triggers that lead to the isoform conversion (PrP(C) to PrP(Sc)) remain obscure, and conjectures about the role of unusually hydrophilic, short helix H1 of the C-terminal globular domain in the transition are varied. Helix H1 is anchored to helix H3 via a few stabilizing polar interactions. We have employed fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to study the effects triggered by a minor perturbation in the network of these non-bonded interactions in PrP(C). The elimination of just one of the key H1-H3 hydrogen bonds led to a cascade of conformational changes that are consistent with those observed in partially unfolded intermediates of PrP(C), with pathogenic mutations and in low pH environments. Our analyses reveal that the perturbation results in the enhanced conformational flexibility of the protein. The resultant enhancement in the dynamics leads to overall increased solvent exposure of the hydrophobic core residues and concomitant disruption of the H1-H3 inter-domain salt bridge network. This study lends credence to the hypothesis that perturbing the cooperativity of the stabilizing interactions in the PrP(C) globular domain can critically affect its dynamics and may lead to structural transitions of pathological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Menon
- Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India.
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240
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Hedman C, Bolea R, Marín B, Cobrière F, Filali H, Vazquez F, Pitarch JL, Vargas A, Acín C, Moreno B, Pumarola M, Andreoletti O, Badiola JJ. Transmission of sheep-bovine spongiform encephalopathy to pigs. Vet Res 2016; 47:14. [PMID: 26742788 PMCID: PMC4705642 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental transmission of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent has been successfully reported in pigs inoculated via three simultaneous distinct routes (intracerebral, intraperitoneal and intravenous). Sheep derived BSE (Sh-BSE) is transmitted more efficiently than the original cattle-BSE isolate in a transgenic mouse model expressing porcine prion protein. However, the neuropathology and distribution of Sh-BSE in pigs as natural hosts, and susceptibility to this agent, is unknown. In the present study, seven pigs were intracerebrally inoculated with Sh-BSE prions. One pig was euthanized for analysis in the preclinical disease stage. The remaining six pigs developed neurological signs and histopathology revealed severe spongiform changes accompanied by astrogliosis and microgliosis throughout the central nervous system. Intracellular and neuropil-associated pathological prion protein (PrPSc) deposition was consistently observed in different brain sections and corroborated by Western blot. PrPSc was detected by immunohistochemistry and enzyme immunoassay in the following tissues in at least one animal: lymphoid tissues, peripheral nerves, gastrointestinal tract, skeletal muscle, adrenal gland and pancreas. PrPSc deposition was revealed by immunohistochemistry alone in the retina, optic nerve and kidney. These results demonstrate the efficient transmission of Sh-BSE in pigs and show for the first time that in this species propagation of bovine PrPSc in a wide range of peripheral tissues is possible. These results provide important insight into the distribution and detection of prions in non-ruminant animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Hedman
- Veterinary Faculty, Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes (CIEETE), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Veterinary Faculty, Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes (CIEETE), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Belén Marín
- Veterinary Faculty, Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes (CIEETE), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Fabien Cobrière
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 31076, Toulouse, France.
| | - Hicham Filali
- Veterinary Faculty, Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes (CIEETE), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Francisco Vazquez
- Veterinary Hospital, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - José Luis Pitarch
- Veterinary Faculty, Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes (CIEETE), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Antonia Vargas
- Veterinary Faculty, Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes (CIEETE), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Cristina Acín
- Veterinary Faculty, Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes (CIEETE), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Bernardino Moreno
- Veterinary Faculty, Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes (CIEETE), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Martí Pumarola
- Veterinary Faculty, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Olivier Andreoletti
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 31076, Toulouse, France.
| | - Juan José Badiola
- Veterinary Faculty, Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes (CIEETE), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
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241
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Daus ML. Disease Transmission by Misfolded Prion-Protein Isoforms, Prion-Like Amyloids, Functional Amyloids and the Central Dogma. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:biology5010002. [PMID: 26742083 PMCID: PMC4810159 DOI: 10.3390/biology5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In 1982, the term “prions” (proteinaceous infectious particles) was coined to specify a new principle of infection. A misfolded isoform of a cellular protein has been described as the causative agent of a fatal neurodegenerative disease. At the beginning of prion research scientists assumed that the infectious agent causing transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) was a virus, but some unconventional properties of these pathogens were difficult to bring in line with the prevailing viral model. The discovery that prions (obviously devoid of any coding nucleic acid) can store and transmit information similarly to DNA was initially even denoted as being “heretical” but is nowadays mainly accepted by the scientific community. This review describes, from a historical point of view, how the “protein-only hypothesis” expands the Central Dogma. Definition of both, the prion principle and the Central Dogma, have been essential steps to understand information storage and transfer within and among cells and organisms. Furthermore, the current understanding of the infectivity of prion-proteins after misfolding is summarized succinctly. Finally, prion-like amyloids and functional amyloids, as found in yeast and bacteria, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Daus
- ZBS6-Proteomics and Spectroscopy, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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242
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An M, Gao Y. Urinary Biomarkers of Brain Diseases. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 13:345-54. [PMID: 26751805 PMCID: PMC4747650 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers are the measurable changes associated with a physiological or pathophysiological process. Unlike blood, urine is not subject to homeostatic mechanisms. Therefore, greater fluctuations could occur in urine than in blood, better reflecting the changes in human body. The roadmap of urine biomarker era was proposed. Although urine analysis has been attempted for clinical diagnosis, and urine has been monitored during the progression of many diseases, particularly urinary system diseases, whether urine can reflect brain disease status remains uncertain. As some biomarkers of brain diseases can be detected in the body fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid and blood, there is a possibility that urine also contain biomarkers of brain diseases. This review summarizes the clues of brain diseases reflected in the urine proteome and metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manxia An
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Youhe Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering and Biotechnology, Beijing 100875, China.
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243
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Park SM, Kim HJ, Jeong BH. WITHDRAWN: Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism may increase susceptibility to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a Korean population. Neurobiol Aging 2015:S0197-4580(15)00592-8. [PMID: 26724961 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Mi Park
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Jung Kim
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
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244
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Torrent J, Lange R, Igel-Egalon A, Béringue V, Rezaei H. Getting to the core of prion superstructural variability. Prion 2015; 10:1-8. [PMID: 26636374 PMCID: PMC4981190 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2015.1122161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of protein superstructural polymorphism has become the subject of increased research activity. Besides the relevance to explain the existence of multiple prion strains, such activity is partly driven by the recent finding that in many age-related neurodegenerative diseases highly ordered self-associated forms of peptides and proteins might be the structural basis of prion-like processes and strains giving rise to different disease phenotypes. Biophysical studies of prion strains have been hindered by a lack of tools to characterize inherently noncrystalline, heterogeneous and insoluble proteins. A description of the pressure response of prion quaternary structures might change this picture. This is because applying pressure induces quaternary structural changes of PrP, such as misfolding and self-assembly. From the thermodynamics of these processes, structural features in terms of associated volume changes can then be deduced. We suggest that conformation-enciphered prion strains can be distinguished in terms of voids in the interfaces of the constituting PrP protomers and thus in their volumetric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Torrent
- a Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Reinhard Lange
- b Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1208, Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes, Université Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Angelique Igel-Egalon
- a Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Vincent Béringue
- a Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Human Rezaei
- a Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires , Jouy-en-Josas , France
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245
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Affiliation(s)
- Kausik Si
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110;
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246
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Valensin D, Padula EM, Hecel A, Luczkowski M, Kozlowski H. Specific binding modes of Cu(I) and Ag(I) with neurotoxic domain of the human prion protein. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 155:26-35. [PMID: 26606290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders associated with a conformational change of the normal cellular isoform of the prion protein (PrP(C)) to an abnormal scrapie isoform (PrP(Sc)). human prion protein (hPrP(C)) is able to bind up to six Cu(II) ions. Four of them are distributed in the octarepeat domain, containing four tandem-repetitions of the sequence PHGGGWGQ. Immediately outside the octarepeat domain, in so called PrP amyloidogenic region, two additional and independent Cu(II) binding sites, encompassing His96 and His111 residues, respectively, are present. Considering the potential involvement of PrP in cellular redox homeostasis, investigations on Cu(I)-PrP interaction might be also biologically relevant. Interestingly, the amyloidogenic fragment of PrP contains a -M(X)nM- motif, known to act as Cu(I) binding site in different proteins. In order to shed more light on this issue, copper(I) and silver(I) interactions with model peptides derived from that region were analyzed. The results of our studies reveal that both metal ions are anchored to two thioether sulfurs of Met109 and Met112, respectively. Subsequent metal interaction and coordination to His96 and His111 imidazoles are primarily found for Cu(I) at physiological pH. Metal binding was also investigated in the presence of negatively charged micelles formed by the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Our results strongly support that metal binding mode strongly depends on the protein backbone structure. In particular we show that α-helix structuring of the amyloid PrP domain influences both the metal coordination sphere and the binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Valensin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Emilia Maria Padula
- Department of Chemistry, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Aleksandra Hecel
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Luczkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Henryk Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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247
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Wolf H, Hossinger A, Fehlinger A, Büttner S, Sim V, McKenzie D, Vorberg IM. Deposition pattern and subcellular distribution of disease-associated prion protein in cerebellar organotypic slice cultures infected with scrapie. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:410. [PMID: 26581229 PMCID: PMC4631830 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organotypic cerebellar slices represent a suitable model for characterizing and manipulating prion replication in complex cell environments. Organotypic slices recapitulate prion pathology and are amenable to drug testing in the absence of a blood-brain-barrier. So far, the cellular and subcellular distribution of disease-specific prion protein in organotypic slices is unclear. Here we report the simultaneous detection of disease-specific prion protein and central nervous system markers in wild-type mouse cerebellar slices infected with mouse-adapted prion strain 22L. The disease-specific prion protein distribution profile in slices closely resembles that in vivo, demonstrating granular spot like deposition predominately in the molecular and Purkinje cell layers. Double immunostaining identified abnormal prion protein in the neuropil and associated with neurons, astrocytes and microglia, but absence in Purkinje cells. The established protocol for the simultaneous immunohistochemical detection of disease-specific prion protein and cellular markers enables detailed analysis of prion replication and drug efficacy in an ex vivo model of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Wolf
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Sven Büttner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn, Germany
| | - Valerie Sim
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Debbie McKenzie
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ina M Vorberg
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn, Germany ; Department of Neurology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
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248
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Miyazawa K, Okada H, Iwamaru Y, Masujin K, Yokoyama T. Susceptibility of GT1-7 cells to mouse-passaged field scrapie isolates with a long incubation. Prion 2015; 8:306-13. [PMID: 25482605 PMCID: PMC4601507 DOI: 10.4161/pri.32232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A typical feature of scrapie in sheep and goats is the accumulation of disease-associated prion protein. Scrapie consists of many strains with different biological properties. Nine natural sheep scrapie cases were transmitted to wild-type mice and mouse-passaged isolates were classified into 2 types based on incubation time: short and long. These 2 types displayed a distinct difference in their pathology. We attempted to transmit these mouse-passaged isolates to 2 murine cell lines (GT1–7 and L929) to compare their properties. All of the isolates were transmitted to L929 cells. However, only mouse-passaged field isolates with a long incubation time were transmitted to GT1–7 cells. This specific susceptibility of GT1–7 cells was also confirmed with a primary-passaged isolate that was not completely adapted to the new host species. Characterization of the mechanisms of the specific susceptibility of GT1–7 cells to isolates with a long incubation time may lead to a greater understanding of the differences among prion strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohtaro Miyazawa
- a Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center ; National Institute of Animal Health; NARO ; Tsukuba , Ibaraki , Japan
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249
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Kipkorir T, Tittman S, Botsios S, Manuelidis L. Highly infectious CJD particles lack prion protein but contain many viral-linked peptides by LC-MS/MS. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:2012-21. [PMID: 24933657 PMCID: PMC7166504 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It is widely believed that host prion protein (PrP), without nucleic acid, converts itself into an infectious form (PrP‐res) that causes transmissible encephalopathies (TSEs), such as human sporadic CJD (sCJD), endemic sheep scrapie, and epidemic BSE. There are many detailed investigations of PrP, but proteomic studies of other proteins in verified infectious TSE particles have not been pursued, even though brain homogenates without PrP retain their complete infectious titer. To define proteins that may be integral to, process, or protect an agent genome, we developed a streamlined, high‐yield purification of infectious FU‐CJD mouse brain particles with minimal PrP. Proteinase K (PK) abolished all residual particle PrP, but did not reduce infectivity, and viral‐size particles lacking PrP were ∼70S (vs. 90–120S without PK). Furthermore, over 1,500 non‐PrP proteins were still present and positively identified in high titer FU‐CJD particles without detectable PrP by mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS); 114 of these peptides were linked to viral motifs in the environmental–viral database, and not evident in parallel uninfected controls. Host components were also identified in both PK and non‐PK treated particles from FU‐CJD mouse brain and human sCJD brain. This abundant cellular data had several surprises, including finding Huntingtin in the sCJD but not normal human brain samples. Similarly, the neural Wiskott–Aldrich sequence and multivesicular and endosome components associated with retromer APP (Alzheimer amyloid) processing were only in sCJD. These cellular findings suggest that new therapies directed at retromer–vesicular trafficking in other neurodegenerative diseases may also counteract late‐onset sCJD PrP amyloid pathology. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 2012–2021, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Kipkorir
- Section of Neuropathology, Department of Surgery, Yale University Medical School, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510
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250
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Okada H, Masujin K, Miyazawa K, Yokoyama T. Transmissibility of H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy to Hamster PrP Transgenic Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138977. [PMID: 26466381 PMCID: PMC4605493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two distinct forms of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathies (H-BSE and L-BSE) can be distinguished from classical (C-) BSE found in cattle based on biochemical signatures of disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc). H-BSE is transmissible to wild-type mice—with infected mice showing a long survival period that is close to their normal lifespan—but not to hamsters. Therefore, rodent-adapted H-BSE with a short survival period would be useful for analyzing H-BSE characteristics. In this study, we investigated the transmissibility of H-BSE to hamster prion protein transgenic (TgHaNSE) mice with long survival periods. Although none of the TgHaNSE mice manifested the disease during their lifespan, PrPSc accumulation was observed in some areas of the brain after the first passage. With subsequent passages, TgHaNSE mice developed the disease with a mean survival period of 220 days. The molecular characteristics of proteinase K-resistant PrPSc (PrPres) in the brain were identical to those observed in first-passage mice. The distribution of immunolabeled PrPSc in the brains of TgHaNSE mice differed between those infected with H-BSE as compared to C-BSE or L-BSE, and the molecular properties of PrPres in TgHaNSE mice infected with H-BSE differed from those of the original isolate. The strain-specific electromobility, glycoform profiles, and proteolytic cleavage sites of H-BSE in TgHaNSE mice were indistinguishable from those of C-BSE, in which the diglycosylated form was predominant. These findings indicate that strain-specific pathogenic characteristics and molecular features of PrPres in the brain are altered during cross-species transmission. Typical H-BSE features were restored after back passage from TgHaNSE to bovinized transgenic mice, indicating that the H-BSE strain was propagated in TgHaNSE mice. This could result from the overexpression of the hamster prion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Okada
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (HO); (KM)
| | - Kentaro Masujin
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (HO); (KM)
| | - Kohtaro Miyazawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoyama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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