201
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Hauke F, Vostrowsky O, Hirsch A, Quaranta A, Leibl W, Leach S, Edge R, Navaratnam S, Bensasson RV. Monomeric Azaheterofullerene Derivatives RC59N: Influence of the R Moiety on Spectroscopic and Photophysical Properties. Chemistry 2006; 12:4813-20. [PMID: 16619315 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesised nine monomeric azaheterofullerene (AZA) derivatives, RC(59)N, with a wide variety of different side chains R and investigated their spectroscopic and photophysical properties in toluene and o-dichlorobenzene (ODCB). Measurements include their ground-state absorption spectra, molar absorption coefficient (epsilon(G)), fluorescence spectra, fluorescence quantum yields (Phi(F)), singlet-state lifetimes (tau(F)), triplet-state absorption spectra, triplet molar absorption coefficients (epsilon(T)), singlet oxygen (Phi(Delta)), and triplet state (Phi(T)) quantum yields. The replacement of a carbon by a nitrogen atom in the C(60) sphere strongly affects most of the spectroscopic and photophysical properties. The chemical nature of the R moiety has definite effects on these properties in contrast with minor effects on the chemical nature of the addends in [6,6]-ring bridged monoadduct methano[60]fullerene derivatives. These effects concern properties of the ground state, singlet excited state, and triplet states of our nine RC(59)N derivatives and in particular the values of photophysical parameters epsilon(G), epsilon(T), Phi(Delta), and Phi(T), which are significantly lower than those of analogous monoadduct [6,6]-ring bridged methano[60]fullerene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hauke
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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202
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Sun S, Cao Y, Sun Z, Tang Z, Zheng L. Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Carbon−Nitrogen Clusters C2nN7-. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:8064-72. [PMID: 16805492 DOI: 10.1021/jp057590d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
C(2n)N7(-) cluster ions are produced by laser ablating on the K(3)[Fe(CN)6] sample. DFT calculations have been performed for these cluster anions. Various isomeric structures of these clusters are optimized and their energies are compared to find the most stable isomers. The most stable structure for C8N7(-) is similar to that of adenine by theoretical calculation, which is in agreement with the collision-induced dissociation (CID) experimental results. With the increasing even numbers of C atoms from 8 to 16, the N atoms in the double-ring structure are gradually substituted by C atoms from the six-membered ring to the five-membered ring. All these C(2n)N7(-) (n = 3-9) clusters exhibit planar aromatic characters. The energy difference and incremental binding energy analyses show that C(2n)N7(-) (n = 4-8) clusters are more stable than C6N7(-) and C18N7(-), which are consistent with the observed mass spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center of Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P. R. China
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203
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Murata M, Murata Y, Komatsu K. Synthesis and Properties of Endohedral C60 Encapsulating Molecular Hydrogen. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:8024-33. [PMID: 16771518 DOI: 10.1021/ja061857k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the details of our study to synthesize a new endohedral fullerene, H2@C60, in more than 100 mg quantities by closure of the 13-membered ring orifice of an open-cage fullerene using four-step organic reactions. The 13-membered ring orifice in a previously synthesized open-cage fullerene incorporating hydrogen in 100% yield was reduced to a 12-membered ring by extrusion of a sulfur atom at the rim of the orifice, and the ring was further reduced into an eight-membered ring by reductive coupling of two carbonyl groups also at the orifice. Final closure of the orifice was completed by a thermal reaction. Purification of H2@C60 was accomplished by recycle HPLC. A gradual downfield shift of the NMR signal for the encapsulated hydrogen observed upon reduction of the orifice size was interpreted based on the gauge-independent atomic orbital (GIAO) and the nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) calculations. The spectral as well as electrochemical examination of the properties of H2@C60 has shown that the electronic interaction between the encapsulated hydrogen and outer C60 pi-system is quite small but becomes appreciable when the outer pi-system acquires more than three extra electrons. Four kinds of exohedral derivatives of H2@C60 were synthesized. The tendency in the shift of the NMR signal of the inner hydrogen was found to be quite similar to that observed for the 3He NMR signal of the corresponding derivatives of 3He@C60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihisa Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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204
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Abstract
The aim of this focus article is to emphasize those aspects of fullerene chemistry which currently represent important challenges for the development and future applications of these new carbon allotropes, as well as to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the fullerenes Nobel Prize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040, Madrid, Spain.
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205
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Abstract
We examine a range of fullerene isomers with and without the presence of nitrogen using density-functional-based calculations. We show that nitrogen stabilizes those with neighboring pentagons, allowing sp(2) bonded carbon networks to overcome the conventional rule that paired pentagons are not allowed through energetic constraints. This implies a new family of azafullerenes containing nitrogen-stabilized pentagon pairs, many of which will be considerably smaller than C(60). We discuss the relevance for nitrogen-doped nanotube structures and the topological importance for nanotube distortion and closure.
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206
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Schrier J, Whaley KB. Hyperfine Coupling Constants of the Azafullerenes C19N, C59N, C69N, and C75N. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:5386-90. [PMID: 16623466 DOI: 10.1021/jp056462m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The isomers of the nitrogen-substituted fullerenes (azafullerenes) C19N, C59N, C69N, and C75N are examined using all-electron Gaussian atomic orbital basis density functional theory, to determine the doublet radical geometries and hyperfine coupling constants. We find that the inaccuracy of previously calculated hyperfine coupling constants of C59N resulted from a poor treatment of the geometry optimization. We find that UB3LYP minimization of the radical geometry in the 6-31G basis, followed by single-point evaluation of the hyperfine constants in which an expanded basis is used on the atomic sites of interest, forms an efficient compromise between computational cost and accuracy with respect to experimental hyperfine constants. Using this approach, we assign the hyperfine signals observed in experiments on the C69N radical by calculating the hyperfine coupling constants for all five of the isomers and examine the electron spin density distribution. Finally, we present predicted hyperfine coupling constants for the isomers of C19N and C75N for use in the interpretation of future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Schrier
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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207
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Lu G, Deng K, Wu H, Yang J, Wang X. Geometric and electronic structures of metal-substitutional fullerene C59Sm and metal-exohedral fullerenes C60Sm. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:054305. [PMID: 16468867 DOI: 10.1063/1.2162895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The geometric and electronic structures of metal-substituted fullerene C59Sm and exohedral fullerenes C60Sm are studied using the density-functional theory. The geometric optimization shows that the replacement of a C atom with a Sm in C60 yields a stable substitutionally doped fullerene C59Sm, and among the five possible optimized geometries for C60Sm, the most favorable exohedral sites are above the center of a hexagon and a pentagon ring. The calculations for electronic structures show that the magnetic moment of Sm is preserved for all the stable structures as tiny hybridization takes place between the orbitals of the Sm atom and those of their neighboring carbons. Because of the small energy gaps and the half occupation of the highest occupied molecular orbitals, all the stable C60Sm isomers are inferred to be conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongli Lu
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, People's Republic of China.
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208
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Gao X, Zhao Y, Yuan H, Chen Z, Chai Z. Theoretical study of a hybrid type dumbbell-like fullerene dimer C60CC70. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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209
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Vougioukalakis GC, Hatzimarinaki M, Lykakis IN, Orfanopoulos M. Reaction of an Aza[60]fullerene Radical with Diphenylmethanes and Fluorenes: A Mechanistic Approach. J Org Chem 2005; 71:829-32. [PMID: 16409005 DOI: 10.1021/jo051838d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The mechanism of the reaction of azafullerene radical C(59)N(*) with diphenylmethane and 9-methyl-9H-fluorene has been investigated. The primary and secondary kinetic isotope effects provide strong evidence for a stepwise mechanism in which the hydrogen-atom abstraction is the rate-determining step.
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210
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Chen Z, King RB. Spherical aromaticity: recent work on fullerenes, polyhedral boranes, and related structures. Chem Rev 2005; 105:3613-42. [PMID: 16218562 DOI: 10.1021/cr0300892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2525, USA.
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211
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212
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Gómez-Lor B, Echavarren AM. Synthesis of a triaza analogue of crushed-fullerene by intramolecular palladium-catalyzed arylation. Org Lett 2005; 6:2993-6. [PMID: 15330666 DOI: 10.1021/ol048760s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alkylation and intramolecular palladium-catalyzed arylation allows for the ready synthesis of C57H33N3 from symmetrical triindole, a triaza analogue of truxene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Gómez-Lor
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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213
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214
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Gueorguiev G, Neidhardt J, Stafström S, Hultman L. First-principles calculations on the curvature evolution and cross-linkage in carbon nitride. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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215
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Abstract
Study of geometries of 16 possible isomers for C76N2 based on C78(C2v) by intermediate neglect of differential overlap (INDO) series of methods indicated that the most stable geometry 25,78-C76N2 where two nitrogen atoms substitute two apexes C25 and C78 near the shortest X axis and Y axis formed by two hexagons and a pentagon. Electronic structures and spectra of C76N2 were investigated. The reason for the red-shift for absorptions of C76N2 compared with that of C78(C2v) is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-wen Teng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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216
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Iwamatsu SI, Murata S, Andoh Y, Minoura M, Kobayashi K, Mizorogi N, Nagase S. Open-Cage Fullerene Derivatives Suitable for the Encapsulation of a Hydrogen Molecule. J Org Chem 2005; 70:4820-5. [PMID: 15932323 DOI: 10.1021/jo050251w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The encapsulation of molecular hydrogen into an open-cage fullerene having a 16-membered ring orifice has been investigated. It is achieved by the pressurization of H2 at 0.6-13.5 MPa to afford endohedral hydrogen complexes of open-cage fullerenes in up to 83% yield. The efficiency of encapsulation is dominantly dependent on both H2 pressure and temperature. Hydrogen molecules inside the C60 cage are observed in the range of -7.3 to -7.5 ppm in 1H NMR spectra, and the formations of hydrogen complexes are further confirmed by mass spectrometry. The trapped hydrogen is released by heating. The activation energy barriers for this process are determined to be 22-24 kcal/mol. The DSC measurement of the endohedral H2 complex reveals that the escape of H2 from the C60 cage corresponds to an exothermic process, indicating that encapsulated H2 destabilizes the fullerene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho-ichi Iwamatsu
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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217
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Hauke F, Hirsch A, Atalick S, Guldi D. Quantitative Transduction of Excited-State Energy inFluorophore-Heterofullerene Conjugates. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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218
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Xu X, Shang Z, Wang G, Li R, Cai Z, Zhao X. Theoretical Studies of the Substitution Patterns of Boron−Nitrogen (BN) Fullerenes: From C50 up to C20B15N15 CBN Ball. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:3754-61. [PMID: 16839044 DOI: 10.1021/jp050252s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Study on the patterns of successive BN pair substitution in C50 fullerene and the chemical and electronic properties of these substitutionally doped heterofullerenes has been carried out with semiempirical (AM1 and MNDO) and density functional (B3LYP/3-21G) theories. The BN units prefer to stay together following "single bond", "hexagon filling", and "continuity and equatorial belt" rules. The driving force governing the stabilities of these BN-doped fullerenes is the strain of the cage. Compared with C50, the redox activity of C50-2x(BN)x (x = 1-15) isomers decreases and becomes weaker by increasing the number of BN units, while the aromaticity of the C50-2x(BN)x derivatives decreases and is independent of the number of BN units but related to the substitution positions. The main infrared absorptions are similar for all the C50-2x(BN)x isomers and the infrared spectrum becomes simpler and stronger with increasing the number of BN groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China.
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219
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Frolov AM. Internal conversion of nuclear transition in the 235mU–C60−nXn molecules and related compounds. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2004.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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220
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Yamada M, Feng L, Wakahara T, Tsuchiya T, Maeda Y, Lian Y, Kako M, Akasaka T, Kato T, Kobayashi K, Nagase S. Synthesis and Characterization of Exohedrally Silylated M@C82 (M = Y and La). J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:6049-51. [PMID: 16851664 DOI: 10.1021/jp050647b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The silylation of endohedral mono-metallofullerenes (Y@C(82) and La@C(82)) and isolation of the corresponding adducts by HPLC separation have been accomplished. The redox properties of the silylated mono-metallofullerene were first clarified by CV and DPV measurements, indicating that the bis-silylated mono-metallofullerenes have lower oxidation and higher reduction potentials than the parent mono-metallofullerenes. These results reveal that bis-silylation is very effective for producing the electronegatively mono-metallofullerene derivatives as well as empty fullerenes.
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221
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222
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Simon F, Fülöp F, Rockenbauer A, Korecz L, Kuzmany H. Highly 13C isotope enriched azafullerene, C59N, for nuclear spin labelling. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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223
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Campanera JM, Bo C, Balch AL, Ferré J, Poblet JM. Prediction of Heterofullerene Stabilities: A Combined DFT and Chemometric Study of C56Pt2, C57Pt2and C81Pt2. Chemistry 2005; 11:2730-42. [PMID: 15736280 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A systematic search of the regioisomers of the heterofullerenes, C57Pt2 and C56Pt2, has been carried out by means of density functional calculations to find the most stable structures. Both heterofullerenes incorporate two metal atoms into the fullerene surface. In the case of C57Pt2, one platinum atom substitutes one carbon atom of C60 and the other platinum atom replaces a C--C bond, whereas in C56Pt2 each platinum atom replaces one C--C bond. Several geometric factors were studied, three of which have particularly important effects on the relative stabilities of the regioisomers: the Pt--Pt separation, the number of C--C bonds remaining after substitution, and the type of C--C bond that is substituted. All these factors indicate that the deformation of the carbon framework is a general factor that governs the relative stabilities of the regioisomers. Because a high number of factors affect the stability of the heterofullerenes we also used chemometric techniques in this study. Partial least-squares (PLS) regression was used to establish the structure-energy relationships of C57Pt2 and C56Pt2 heterofullerenes. The understanding gained of the factors that affect the relative isomers stabilities has allowed us to predict the stabilities of larger disubstituted carbon cages, for example, C81Pt2 heterofullerene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Campanera
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Plaça Imperial Tàrraco 1, 43005 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
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224
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Rockenbauer A, Csányi G, Fülöp F, Garaj S, Korecz L, Lukács R, Simon F, Forró L, Pekker S, Jánossy A. Electron delocalization and dimerization in solid C59N doped C60 fullerene. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:066603. [PMID: 15783762 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.066603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Electron spin resonance and ab initio electronic structure calculations show an intricate relation between molecular rotation and chemical bonding in the dilute solid solution. The unpaired electron of C59N is delocalized over several C60 molecules above 700 K, while at lower temperatures it remains localized within short range. The data suggest that below 350 K rigid C59N-C60 heterodimers are formed in thermodynamic equilibrium with dissociated rotating molecules. The structural fluctuations between heterodimers and dissociated molecules are accompanied by simultaneous electron spin transfer between C60 and C59N molecules. The calculation confirms that in the C59N-C60 heterodimer the spin density resides mostly on the C60 moiety, while it is almost entirely on C59N in the dissociated case.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rockenbauer
- Chemical Research Center, Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 17 H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
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225
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Ren XY, Liu ZY. Structural and electronic properties of S-doped fullerene C58: Where is the S atom situated? J Chem Phys 2005; 122:34306. [PMID: 15740200 DOI: 10.1063/1.1830483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and electronic properties of S-doped fullerene C58 were calculated systematically via Hartree-Fock self-consistent field (SCF) and density functional B3LYP levels of theory with 6-31G(d) basis set. The most stable C58S represents an open cage structure with a nine-member ring orifice, which provides a large hole for large atoms or small molecules to pass through into the cage. The most stable endohedral S@C58 has the S atom seated near the center of the C58 cage. The calculated highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy gaps of the isomers lie in the range of 1.42-2.50 eV. The electron affinity and the ionization potential were also presented as an indicator of the kinetic stability. Our results may aid in the design of experimental methods for controlling the nature of fullerene cages (for example, doping, opening, and reclosing them).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yuan Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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226
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Paolucci D, Paolucci F, Marcaccio M, Carano M, Taylor R. Electrochemistry of perfluorinated fullerenes: the case of three isomers of C60F36. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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227
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228
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Vougioukalakis GC, Orfanopoulos M. Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactivity of Aza[60]fullerene: Three Discrete Functionalization Pathways with a Single Substrate. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:15956-7. [PMID: 15584717 DOI: 10.1021/ja045495x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Azafullerenium carbocation, C59N+, shows photoinduced electron transfer (PET) reactivity toward benzyltrimethylsilane. The reaction between (C59N)2 and benzyltrimethylsilane gives three different aza[60]fullerene monoadducts depending on the reaction conditions used.
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229
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Abronin IA, Breslavskaya NN, Rakitina VA, Buchachenko AL. Spin density distribution in paramagnetic azafullerene. Russ Chem Bull 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-005-0141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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230
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Emanuele E, Negri F, Orlandi G. Computed electronic and vibrational spectra of the most stable isomers of C48N12 azafullerene. Chem Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2004.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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231
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Gao X, Yuan H, Chen Z, Zhao Y. Theoretical studies of structures and stabilities of a new odd-numbered fullerene dimer: C141. J Comput Chem 2004; 25:2023-30. [PMID: 15473009 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The possible isomers of a newly synthesized C(141) molecule are calculated using MNDO, AM1, PM3, B3LYP/3-21G, and B3LYP/6-31G(d) methods. The geometry optimizations showed that the isomer 8-8 has the lowest total energy in all 64 possible structures of C(141). Unlike those of C(130), C(140), etc., the C(141) 8-8 shows a new structure: two C(70) side cages open [6.6] ring junctions located at the equator (instead of cap) area to create new chemical bonds for the bridge atom. Theoretical measurements of the average length of the long and short axes of C(70) side cages in the C(141) molecule reveal that when two C(70) cages are connected with each other at the equators, their geometric shapes become more spherical compared with the pristine C(70); this leads to a reduction of the molecular polarizability. Analysis of the local and global strain indicates that the global strain of C(70) monomer in the C(141) 8-8 is greatly reduced compared to the pristine C(70). The stable C(70) derivatives that are formed with reacted C-C bonds in the equator area may put new insights into fullerene chemistry, in particular, for C(70) to react with a large molecule. The results are discussed together with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfa Gao
- Laboratory for Nanoscale Materials & Related Bio-Environmental Health Sciences, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
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232
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Ouchi A, Awen BZS, Hatsuda R, Ogura R, Ishii T, Araki Y, Ito O. Remote Control on the Photochemical Rearrangement of 1,6-(N-Aryl)aza-[60]fulleroids to 1,2-(N-Arylaziridino)-[60]fullerenes by N-Substituted Aryl Groups. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0472717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Ouchi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan; Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan; and the Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Bahlul Z. S. Awen
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan; Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan; and the Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ryota Hatsuda
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan; Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan; and the Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Reiko Ogura
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan; Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan; and the Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Ishii
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan; Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan; and the Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Araki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan; Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan; and the Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Osamu Ito
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan; Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan; and the Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
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233
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Li XD, Cheng WD, Wu DS, Lan YZ, Zhang H, Gong YJ, Li FF, Shen J. Modeling of configurations and third-order nonlinear optical properties of C36 and C34X2 (X=B,N). J Chem Phys 2004; 121:5885-92. [PMID: 15367016 DOI: 10.1063/1.1784775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the ab initio method, the geometrical structures of C(36) and the X (B,N)-doped isomers C(34)X(2) have been optimized. On the basis of the optimized structures, then, the third-order nonlinear optical polarizabilities gamma in the different optical processes of the third-harmonic generation, electric-field induced second-harmonic generation and degenerate four-wave mixing, and two-photon absorption (TPA) cross sections delta are calculated by using TDB3LYP method coupled with the sum-over-states method. The calculated results show that the one-photon allowed excitation process dominate the two-photon excitation process for C(36)-D(6h), whereas the two-photon allowed excitation process dominate the one-photon excitation process for C(36)-D(2d) and C(34)X(2) (B,N). It is found that the largest resonant TPA peaks of dopant fullerenes have a blueshift and the TPA cross sections have an enhancement compared with those of the parent fullerenes of isomers C(36)-D(6h) and C(36)-D(2d).
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Affiliation(s)
- X D Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 35002, People's Republic of China
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234
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Kemner E, Hirsch A, Zerbetto F. A Woodward−Hoffmann Approach to the C60 Cluster Opening Leading to Homo[60]fullerenes. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp047580x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewout Kemner
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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235
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Iwamatsu SI, Murata S. H2O@open-cage fullerene C60: control of the encapsulation property and the first mass spectroscopic identification. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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236
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Lee K, Choi YJ, Cho YJ, Lee CY, Song H, Lee CH, Lee YS, Park JT. Strong Interfullerene Electronic Communication in a Bisfullerene−Hexarhodium Sandwich Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:9837-44. [PMID: 15291588 DOI: 10.1021/ja047290u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of Rh(6)(CO)(12)(dppm)(2) (dppm = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)methane) with 1.4 equiv. of C(60) in chlorobenzene at 120 degrees C affords a face-capping C(60) derivative Rh(6)(CO)(9)(dppm)(2)(micro(3)-eta(2),eta(2),eta(2)-C(60)) (1) in 73% yield. Treatment of 1 with excess CNR (10 equiv., R = CH(2)C(6)H(5)) at 80 degrees C provides a bisbenzylisocyanide-substituted compound Rh(6)(CO)(7)(dppm)(2)(CNR)(2)(micro(3)-eta(2),eta(2),eta(2)-C(60)) (2) in 59% yield. Reaction of 1 with excess C(60) (4 equiv.) in refluxing chlorobenzene followed by treatment with 1 equiv. of CNR at room temperature gives a bisfullerene sandwich complex Rh(6)(CO)(5)(dppm)(2)(CNR)(micro(3)-eta(2),eta(2),eta(2)-C(60))(2) (3) in 31% yield. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 have been characterized by spectroscopic and microanalytical methods as well as by X-ray crystallographic studies. Electrochemical properties of 1, 2, and 3 have been examined by cyclic voltammetry. The cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of 1 and 2 show two reversible one-electron redox waves, a reversible one-step two-electron redox wave, and a reversible one-electron redox wave, respectively, within the solvent cutoff window. This observation suggests that compounds 1 and 2 undergo similar C(60)-localized electrochemical pathways up to 1(5)(-) and 2(5)(-). Each redox wave of 2 appears at more negative potentials compared to that of 1 because of the donor effect of the benzylisocyanide ligand. The CV of compound 3 reveals six reversible well-separated redox waves due to strong interfullerene electronic communication via the Rh(6) metal cluster bridge. The electrochemical properties of 1, 2, and 3 have been rationalized by molecular orbital calculations using the density functional theory (DFT) method. In particular, the molecular orbital (MO) calculation reveals significant contribution of the metal cluster center to the unoccupied molecular orbitals in 3, which is consistent with the experimental result of strong interfullerene electronic communication via the Rh(6) metal cluster spacer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea.
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237
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Luo H, Araki Y, Fujitsuka M, Ito O, Cheng F, Murata Y, Komatsu K. Dissociative Electron Attachment of Singly Bonded [60]Fullerene Dimer Studied by Laser Flash Photolysis. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0489828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Luo
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Araki
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Mamoru Fujitsuka
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Osamu Ito
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Fuyong Cheng
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Koichi Komatsu
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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238
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Expanding the coordination chemistry of buckminsterfullerene: synthesis and characterization of ( N , N ′ - dimethylethylenediamine-[60]-fullerene)copper(II) bromide. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2004.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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239
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Balasubramanian K. Group theoretical analysis of vibrational modes and rovibronic levels of extended aromatic C48N12 azafullerene. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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240
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241
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Xie RH, Bryant GW, Sun G, Nicklaus MC, Heringer D, Frauenheim T, Manaa MR, Smith VH, Araki Y, Ito O. Excitations, optical absorption spectra, and optical excitonic gaps of heterofullerenes. I. C60, C59N+, and C48N12: Theory and experiment. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:5133-47. [PMID: 15267383 DOI: 10.1063/1.1647532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-energy excitations and optical absorption spectrum of C(60) are computed by using time-dependent (TD) Hartree-Fock, TD-density functional theory (TD-DFT), TD DFT-based tight-binding (TD-DFT-TB), and a semiempirical Zerner intermediate neglect of diatomic differential overlap method. A detailed comparison of experiment and theory for the excitation energies, optical gap, and absorption spectrum of C(60) is presented. It is found that electron correlations and correlation of excitations play important roles in accurately assigning the spectral features of C(60), and that the TD-DFT method with nonhybrid functionals or a local spin density approximation leads to more accurate excitation energies than with hybrid functionals. The level of agreement between theory and experiment for C(60) justifies similar calculations of the excitations and optical absorption spectrum of a monomeric azafullerene cation C(59)N(+), to serve as a spectroscopy reference for the characterization of carborane anion salts. Although it is an isoelectronic analogue to C(60), C(59)N(+) exhibits distinguishing spectral features different from C(60): (1) the first singlet is dipole-allowed and the optical gap is redshifted by 1.44 eV; (2) several weaker absorption maxima occur in the visible region; (3) the transient triplet-triplet absorption at 1.60 eV (775 nm) is much broader and the decay of the triplet state is much faster. The calculated spectra of C(59)N(+) characterize and explain well the measured ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and transient absorption spectra of the carborane anion salt [C(59)N][Ag(CB(11)H(6)Cl(6))(2)] [Kim et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 4024 (2003)]. For the most stable isomer of C(48)N(12), we predict that the first singlet is dipole-allowed, the optical gap is redshifted by 1.22 eV relative to that of C(60), and optical absorption maxima occur at 585, 528, 443, 363, 340, 314, and 303 nm. We point out that the characterization of the UV-vis and transient absorption spectra of C(48)N(12) isomers is helpful in distinguishing the isomer structures required for applications in molecular electronics. For C(59)N(+) and C(48)N(12) as well as C(60), TD-DFT-TB yields reasonable agreement with TD-DFT calculations at a highly reduced cost. Our study suggests that C(60), C(59)N(+), and C(48)N(12), which differ in their optical gaps, have potential applications in polymer science, biology, and medicine as single-molecule fluorescent probes, in photovoltaics as the n-type emitter and/or p-type base of a p-n junction solar cell, and in nanoelectronics as fluorescence-based sensors and switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Hua Xie
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8423, USA.
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242
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Vougioukalakis GC, Prassides K, Orfanopoulos M. Novel Open-Cage Fullerenes Having a 12-Membered-Ring Orifice: Removal of the Organic Addends from the Rim of the Orifice. Org Lett 2004; 6:1245-7. [PMID: 15070308 DOI: 10.1021/ol049843b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two novel open-cage fullerene derivatives bearing a 12-membered-ring orifice on the fullerene cage have been isolated. Removal of the N-MEM protective group leads to the first open-cage [60]fullerene derivative without organic addends on the rim of the orifice. [structure: see text]
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243
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Viglione RG, Zanasi R. Ring currents and magnetic properties of C48N12dodecaaza[60-S6]fullerenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b311414g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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244
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Manil B, Maunoury L, Huber BA, Jensen J, Schmidt HT, Zettergren H, Cederquist H, Tomita S, Hvelplund P. Highly charged clusters of fullerenes: charge mobility and appearance sizes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:215504. [PMID: 14683315 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.215504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Clusters of fullerenes (C60,C70)(n) are produced in a gas aggregation source and are multiply ionized in collisions with highly charged Xe(20+,30+) ions. Their stabilities and decay processes are analyzed with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Fullerene clusters in charge states up to q=5 have been observed and appearance sizes are found to be as small as n(app)=5, 10, 21, and 33 for q=2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The analysis of the multicoincident fragmentation spectra indicates a high charge mobility. This is in contrast to charge localization effects which have been reported for Ar(q+)(n) rare gas clusters. Clusters of fullerenes are found to be conducting when multiply charged.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Manil
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche Ions Lasers (CIRIL)--CEA-CNRS-ENSICaen, rue Claude Bloch, BP 5133, F-14070 Caen Cedex 05, France
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245
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Vougioukalakis GC, Orfanopoulos M. Functionalization of azafullerene C59N. Radical reactions with 9-substituted fluorenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.09.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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246
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Vougioukalakis GC, Chronakis N, Orfanopoulos M. Addition of Electron-Rich Aromatics to Azafullerenium Carbocation. A Stepwise Electrophilic Substitution Mechanism. Org Lett 2003; 5:4603-6. [PMID: 14627394 DOI: 10.1021/ol0357604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The reaction between the C(59)N(+) carbocation and the electron-rich aromatic compounds toluene and anisole has been mechanistically studied. The measured intermolecular kinetic isotope effects are consistent with an electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism in which the arenium cation is formed by electrophilic attack of C(59)N(+) on the aromatic ring in the first step of the reaction, followed by hydrogen abstraction in a rate-determining second step.
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247
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Lee G, Cho YJ, Park BK, Lee K, Park JT. Two Metal Centers Bridging Two C60 Cages as a Wide Passage for Efficient Interfullerene Electronic Interaction. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:13920-1. [PMID: 14611203 DOI: 10.1021/ja037106p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of Ir4(CO)8(PMe3)4 with excess C60 in refluxing 1,2-dichlorobenzene, followed by treatment by CNR (R = CH2C6H5) at 70 degrees C, affords a fullerene-metal sandwich complex Ir4(CO)3(mu4-CH)(PMe3)2(mu-PMe2)(CNR)(mu-eta2,eta2-C60)(mu4-eta1,eta1,eta2,eta2-C60) (1), which exhibits an interesting structural feature of two metal atoms bridging the two C60 centers as well as the first example of a mu4-eta1,eta1,eta2,eta2-C60 bonding mode. Compound 1 has been characterized by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray diffraction study. A cyclic voltammetry study reveals strong electronic communication between the two C60 centers in 1, which is due to the presence of a wide channel of two metal centers between the two C60 cages for efficient electronic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaehang Lee
- National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and School of Molecular Science (BK 21), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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Gromov A, Ostrovskii D, Lassesson A, Jönsson M, Campbell EEB. Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Study of Chromatographically Isolated Li@C60 and Li@C70. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp030403w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Gromov
- Department of Experimental Physics, Göteborg University and Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, SE-41296, Sweden
| | - Denis Ostrovskii
- Department of Experimental Physics, Göteborg University and Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, SE-41296, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lassesson
- Department of Experimental Physics, Göteborg University and Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, SE-41296, Sweden
| | - Martin Jönsson
- Department of Experimental Physics, Göteborg University and Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, SE-41296, Sweden
| | - Eleanor E. B. Campbell
- Department of Experimental Physics, Göteborg University and Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, SE-41296, Sweden
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