201
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Chiang YC, Lin PH, Cheng WF. Homologous Recombination Deficiency Assays in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Current Status and Future Direction. Front Oncol 2021; 11:675972. [PMID: 34722237 PMCID: PMC8551835 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.675972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients are generally diagnosed at an advanced stage, usually relapse after initial treatments, which include debulking surgery and adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy, and eventually have poor 5-year survival of less than 50%. In recent years, promising survival benefits from maintenance therapy with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor (PARPi) has changed the management of EOC in newly diagnosed and recurrent disease. Identification of BRCA mutations and/or homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) is critical for selecting patients for PARPi treatment. However, the currently available HRD assays are not perfect predictors of the clinical response to PARPis in EOC patients. In this review, we introduce the concept of synthetic lethality, the rationale of using PARPi when HRD is present in tumor cells, the clinical trials of PARPi incorporating the HRD assays for EOC, the current HRD assays, and other HRD assays in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Cheng Chiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Han Lin
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Fang Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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202
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Endo S, Yoshino Y, Shirota M, Watanabe G, Chiba N. BRCA1/ATF1-Mediated Transactivation is Involved in Resistance to PARP Inhibitors and Cisplatin. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1:90-105. [PMID: 36860287 PMCID: PMC9973406 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-21-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR)-deficient cells are sensitive to PARP inhibitors through a synthetic lethal effect. We previously developed an HR activity assay named Assay of Site-Specific HR Activity (ASHRA). Here, we evaluated the HR activity of 30 missense variants of BRCA1 by ASHRA and found that several BRCA1 variants showed intermediate HR activity, which was not clearly discerned by our previous analyses using a conventional method. HR activity measured by ASHRA was significantly correlated with sensitivity to olaparib. However, cells expressing the severely HR-deficient BRCA1-C61G variant were resistant to olaparib, and resistance was dependent on high expression of activating transcription factor 1 (ATF1), which binds to BRCA1 and activates the transcription of target genes to regulate cell proliferation. The BRCA1-C61G variant bound to ATF1 and stimulated ATF1-mediated transactivation similar to wild-type BRCA1. High expression of ATF1 conferred resistance to olaparib and cisplatin activating BRCA1/ATF1-mediated transcription without affecting HR activity in BRCA2-knockdown or RAD51-knockdown cells, but not in BRCA1-knockdown cells. These results suggest that ASHRA is a useful method to evaluate HR activity in cells and to predict the sensitivity to PARP inhibitors. The expression level of ATF1 might be an important biomarker of the effect of PARP inhibitors and platinum agents on HR-deficient tumors with the BRCA1-C61G variant or alteration of non-BRCA1 HR factors such as BRCA2 and RAD51. Significance ASHRA could evaluate HR activity in cells and predict the sensitivity to PARP inhibitors. High expression level of ATF1 may predict the resistance of BRCAness tumors with alterations of non-BRCA1 HR factors to PARP inhibitors and platinum agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Endo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Aging, Development, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshino
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Aging, Development, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Matsuyuki Shirota
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Gou Watanabe
- Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Natsuko Chiba
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Aging, Development, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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203
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Cantor SB. Revisiting the BRCA-pathway through the lens of replication gap suppression: "Gaps determine therapy response in BRCA mutant cancer". DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 107:103209. [PMID: 34419699 PMCID: PMC9049047 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The toxic lesion emanating from chemotherapy that targets the DNA was initially debated, but eventually the DNA double strand break (DSB) ultimately prevailed. The reasoning was in part based on the perception that repairing a fractured chromosome necessitated intricate processing or condemned the cell to death. Genetic evidence for the DSB model was also provided by the extreme sensitivity of cells that were deficient in DSB repair. In particular, sensitivity characterized cells harboring mutations in the hereditary breast/ovarian cancer genes, BRCA1 or BRCA2, that function in the repair of DSBs by homologous recombination (HR). Along with functions in HR, BRCA proteins were found to prevent DSBs by protecting stalled replication forks from nuclease degradation. Coming full-circle, BRCA mutant cancer cells that gained resistance to genotoxic chemotherapy often displayed restored DNA repair by HR and/or restored fork protection (FP) implicating that the therapy was tolerated when DSB repair was intact or DSBs were prevented. Despite this well-supported paradigm that has been the impetus for targeted cancer therapy, here we argue that the toxic DNA lesion conferring response is instead single stranded DNA (ssDNA) gaps. We discuss the evidence that persistent ssDNA gaps formed in the wake of DNA replication rather than DSBs are responsible for cell killing following treatment with genotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. We also highlight that proteins, such as BRCA1, BRCA2, and RAD51 known for canonical DSB repair also have critical roles in normal replication as well as replication gap suppression (RGS) and repair. We review the literature that supports the idea that widespread gap induction proximal to treatment triggers apoptosis in a process that does not need or stem from DSB induction. Lastly, we discuss the clinical evidence for gaps and how to exploit them to enhance genotoxic chemotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon B Cantor
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 415, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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204
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Jesus M, Morgado M, Duarte AP. PARP inhibitors: clinical relevance and the role of multidisciplinary cancer teams on drug safety. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 21:541-551. [PMID: 34668821 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2022.1996561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer is considered one of the most devastating causes of death for humanity. Innovative and targeted therapies have become urgent in the treatment of this large subset of diseases. Over the last decade, the development of PARP (poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase) inhibitors has emerged as a new target in cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED The authors conducted a review focusing on the clinic relevance and adverse effects of the four drugs already approved by drug regulatory agencies, namely: olaparib, rucaparib, niraparib and talazoparib. Despite the targeted action of this drug class, the adverse effects should be carefully monitored for the adequate safety of cancer patients taking them. The role of multidisciplinary cancer teams is crucial to help more and more patients to benefit from these revolutionary agents. EXPERT OPINION PARP (poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase) inhibitors are drugs with great potential in the treatment of several types of cancer. However, their toxicity profiles often lead to treatment interruption or early discontinuation. The daily monitoring of these cancer patients by multidisciplinary cancer teams is essential for the success of therapy and for the promotion of a better quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Jesus
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Manuel Morgado
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Pharmaceutical Services, University Hospital Center of Cova da Beira, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Duarte
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,UFBI - Pharmacovigilance Unit of Beira Interior, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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205
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PARP Inhibitors and Haematological Malignancies-Friend or Foe? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215328. [PMID: 34771492 PMCID: PMC8582507 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary PARP inhibitors are a class of orally active drugs that kill a range of cancer types by inducing synthetic lethality. The usefulness of PARP inhibitors for the treatment of haematological malignancies has begun to be explored in a variety of both pre-clinical models and human clinical trials. Despite being largely considered safe and well tolerated, secondary haematological malignancies have arisen in patients following treatment with PARP inhibitors, raising concerns about their use. In this review, we discuss the potential benefits and risks for using PARP inhibitors as treatments for haematological malignancies. Abstract Since their introduction several years ago, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) have become the standard of care for breast and gynaecological cancers with BRCA gene mutations. Given that PARPi act by exploiting defective DNA repair mechanisms within tumour cells, they should be ideally suited to combatting haematological malignancies where these pathways are notoriously defective, even though BRCA mutations are rare. To date, despite promising results in vitro, few clinical trials in humans for haematological malignancies have been performed, and additional investigation is required. Paradoxically, secondary haematological malignancies have arisen in patients after treatment with PARPi, raising concerns about their potential use as therapies for any blood or bone marrow-related disorders. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the biological, pre-clinical, and clinical evidence for and against treating individual haematological malignancies with approved and experimental PARPi. We conclude that the promise of effective treatment still exists, but remains limited by the lack of investigation into useful biomarkers unique to these malignancies.
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206
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Johannes JW, Balazs A, Barratt D, Bista M, Chuba MD, Cosulich S, Critchlow SE, Degorce SL, Di Fruscia P, Edmondson SD, Embrey K, Fawell S, Ghosh A, Gill SJ, Gunnarsson A, Hande SM, Heightman TD, Hemsley P, Illuzzi G, Lane J, Larner C, Leo E, Liu L, Madin A, Martin S, McWilliams L, O'Connor MJ, Orme JP, Pachl F, Packer MJ, Pei X, Pike A, Schimpl M, She H, Staniszewska AD, Talbot V, Underwood E, Varnes JG, Xue L, Yao T, Zhang K, Zhang AX, Zheng X. Discovery of 5-{4-[(7-Ethyl-6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-1,5-naphthyridin-3-yl)methyl]piperazin-1-yl}- N-methylpyridine-2-carboxamide (AZD5305): A PARP1-DNA Trapper with High Selectivity for PARP1 over PARP2 and Other PARPs. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14498-14512. [PMID: 34570508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have achieved regulatory approval in oncology for homologous recombination repair deficient tumors including BRCA mutation. However, some have failed in combination with first-line chemotherapies, usually due to overlapping hematological toxicities. Currently approved PARP inhibitors lack selectivity for PARP1 over PARP2 and some other 16 PARP family members, and we hypothesized that this could contribute to toxicity. Recent literature has demonstrated that PARP1 inhibition and PARP1-DNA trapping are key for driving efficacy in a BRCA mutant background. Herein, we describe the structure- and property-based design of 25 (AZD5305), a potent and selective PARP1 inhibitor and PARP1-DNA trapper with excellent in vivo efficacy in a BRCA mutant HBCx-17 PDX model. Compound 25 is highly selective for PARP1 over other PARP family members, with good secondary pharmacology and physicochemical properties and excellent pharmacokinetics in preclinical species, with reduced effects on human bone marrow progenitor cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Johannes
- Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Amber Balazs
- Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Derek Barratt
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 OWG, U.K
| | - Michal Bista
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 OWG, U.K
| | - Matthew D Chuba
- Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Sabina Cosulich
- Oncology Projects, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 OWG, U.K
| | | | - Sébastien L Degorce
- Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | | | - Scott D Edmondson
- Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Kevin Embrey
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 OWG, U.K
| | - Stephen Fawell
- Oncology Discovery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Avipsa Ghosh
- Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Sonja J Gill
- Oncology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 OWG, U.K
| | - Anders Gunnarsson
- Discovery Sciences, R&D Gothenburg, AstraZeneca, KJ2, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Sudhir M Hande
- Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Tom D Heightman
- Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 OWG, U.K
| | - Paul Hemsley
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 OWG, U.K
| | | | - Jordan Lane
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 OWG, U.K
| | - Carrie Larner
- Oncology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 OWG, U.K
| | - Elisabetta Leo
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 OWG, U.K
| | - Lina Liu
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Andrew Madin
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 OWG, U.K
| | - Scott Martin
- DMPK, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 OWG, U.K
| | - Lisa McWilliams
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 OWG, U.K
| | - Mark J O'Connor
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 OWG, U.K
| | - Jonathan P Orme
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 OWG, U.K
| | - Fiona Pachl
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Martin J Packer
- Computational Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 OWG, U.K
| | - Xiaohui Pei
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Andrew Pike
- DMPK, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 OWG, U.K
| | | | - Hongyao She
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | | | - Verity Talbot
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 OWG, U.K
| | | | - Jeffrey G Varnes
- Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Lin Xue
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Tieguang Yao
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Andrew X Zhang
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Xiaolan Zheng
- Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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207
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Saha LK, Murai Y, Saha S, Jo U, Tsuda M, Takeda S, Pommier Y. Replication-dependent cytotoxicity and Spartan-mediated repair of trapped PARP1-DNA complexes. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:10493-10506. [PMID: 34551432 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor activity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) has been ascribed to PARP trapping, which consists in tight DNA-protein complexes. Here we demonstrate that the cytotoxicity of talazoparib and olaparib results from DNA replication. To elucidate the repair of PARP1-DNA complexes associated with replication in human TK6 and chicken DT40 lymphoblastoid cells, we explored the role of Spartan (SPRTN), a metalloprotease associated with DNA replication, which removes proteins forming DPCs. We find that SPRTN-deficient cells are hypersensitive to talazoparib and olaparib, but not to veliparib, a weak PARP trapper. SPRTN-deficient cells exhibit delayed clearance of trapped PARP1 and increased replication fork stalling upon talazoparib and olaparib treatment. We also show that SPRTN interacts with PARP1 and forms nuclear foci that colocalize with the replicative cell division cycle 45 protein (CDC45) in response to talazoparib. Additionally, SPRTN is deubiquitinated and epistatic with translesion synthesis (TLS) in response to talazoparib. Our results demonstrate that SPRTN is recruited to trapped PARP1 in S-phase to assist in the excision and replication bypass of PARP1-DNA complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liton Kumar Saha
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch & Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yasuhisa Murai
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch & Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sourav Saha
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch & Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ukhyun Jo
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch & Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Masataka Tsuda
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch & Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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208
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Pham MM, Ngoi NYL, Peng G, Tan DSP, Yap TA. Development of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor and immunotherapy combinations: progress, pitfalls, and promises. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:958-970. [PMID: 34158277 PMCID: PMC8458234 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) is restricted by inevitable drug resistance, while their use in combination with chemotherapy and targeted agents is commonly associated with dose-limiting toxicities. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has demonstrated durable responses in different solid tumors and is well-established across multiple cancers. Despite this, single agent activity is limited to a minority of patients and drug resistance remains an issue. Building on the monotherapy success of both drug classes, combining PARPi with ICB may be a safe and well-tolerated strategy with the potential to improve survival outcomes. In this review, we present the preclinical, translational, and clinical data supporting the combination of DNA damage response (DDR) and ICB as well as consider important questions to be addressed with future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Pham
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Natalie Y L Ngoi
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Guang Peng
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David S P Tan
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Timothy A Yap
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Khalifa Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; The Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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209
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Wattenberg MM, Reiss KA. Determinants of Homologous Recombination Deficiency in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4716. [PMID: 34572943 PMCID: PMC8466888 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a treatment-resistant malignancy associated with high mortality. However, defective homologous recombination (HR), a DNA repair mechanism required for high-fidelity repair of double-strand DNA breaks, is a therapeutic vulnerability. Consistent with this, a subset of patients with pancreatic cancer show unique tumor responsiveness to HR-dependent DNA damage triggered by certain treatments (platinum chemotherapy and PARP inhibitors). While pathogenic mutations in HR genes are a major driver of this sensitivity, another layer of diverse tumor intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulate the HR deficiency (HRD) phenotype. Defining the mechanisms that drive HRD may guide the development of novel strategies and therapeutics to induce treatment sensitivity in non-HRD tumors. Here, we discuss the complexity underlying HRD in pancreatic cancer and highlight implications for identifying and treating this distinct subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M. Wattenberg
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kim A. Reiss
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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210
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Kwok M, Agathanggelou A, Davies N, Stankovic T. Targeting the p53 Pathway in CLL: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4681. [PMID: 34572908 PMCID: PMC8468925 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 pathway is a desirable therapeutic target, owing to its critical role in the maintenance of genome integrity. This is exemplified in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), one of the most common adult hematologic malignancies, in which functional loss of p53 arising from genomic aberrations are frequently associated with clonal evolution, disease progression, and therapeutic resistance, even in the contemporary era of CLL targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Targeting the 'undruggable' p53 pathway therefore arguably represents the holy grail of cancer research. In recent years, several strategies have been proposed to exploit p53 pathway defects for cancer treatment. Such strategies include upregulating wild-type p53, restoring tumor suppressive function in mutant p53, inducing synthetic lethality by targeting collateral genome maintenance pathways, and harnessing the immunogenicity of p53 pathway aberrations. In this review, we will examine the biological and clinical implications of p53 pathway defects, as well as our progress towards development of therapeutic approaches targeting the p53 pathway, specifically within the context of CLL. We will appraise the opportunities and pitfalls associated with these therapeutic strategies, and evaluate their place amongst the array of new biological therapies for CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Kwok
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2SY, UK; (A.A.); (N.D.)
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2SY, UK
| | - Angelo Agathanggelou
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2SY, UK; (A.A.); (N.D.)
| | - Nicholas Davies
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2SY, UK; (A.A.); (N.D.)
| | - Tatjana Stankovic
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2SY, UK; (A.A.); (N.D.)
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211
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Sakach E, O'Regan R, Meisel J, Li X. Molecular Classification of Triple Negative Breast Cancer and the Emergence of Targeted Therapies. Clin Breast Cancer 2021; 21:509-520. [PMID: 34629314 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents 15% to 20% of all primary breast cancers and is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer. There has been rapid progress in targeted therapy and biomarker development to identify the optimal treatments for TNBC. To update recent developments, this article comprehensively reviews molecular classification and biomarkers of TNBC and targeted therapy developments in immunotherapy, PARP and AKT pathway inhibitors, antibody-drug conjugates and androgen receptor blockade. The treatment of TNBC has dramatically evolved beyond basic cytotoxic chemotherapy into an expanding domain of targeted therapies tailored to the heterogeneity of this complex and aggressive disease. Progress will continue through the sustained and devoted efforts of our investigators and the patients who dedicatedly enroll in clinical trials. Through a daring persistence to challenge the status quo we now have the opportunity to offer our patients with TNBC a new sense of hope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Sakach
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ruth O'Regan
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Jane Meisel
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Xiaoxian Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
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212
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Babukov Y, Aleksandrov R, Ivanova A, Atemin A, Stoynov S. DNArepairK: An Interactive Database for Exploring the Impact of Anticancer Drugs onto the Dynamics of DNA Repair Proteins. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1238. [PMID: 34572428 PMCID: PMC8470695 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are constantly exposed to numerous mutagens that produce diverse types of DNA lesions. Eukaryotic cells have evolved an impressive array of DNA repair mechanisms that are able to detect and repair these lesions, thus preventing genomic instability. The DNA repair process is subjected to precise spatiotemporal coordination, and repair proteins are recruited to lesions in an orderly fashion, depending on their function. Here, we present DNArepairK, a unique open-access database that contains the kinetics of recruitment and removal of 70 fluorescently tagged DNA repair proteins to complex DNA damage sites in living HeLa Kyoto cells. An interactive graphical representation of the data complemented with live cell imaging movies facilitates straightforward comparisons between the dynamics of proteins contributing to different DNA repair pathways. Notably, most of the proteins included in DNArepairK are represented by their kinetics in both nontreated and PARP1/2 inhibitor-treated (talazoparib) cells, thereby providing an unprecedented overview of the effects of anticancer drugs on the regular dynamics of the DNA damage response. We believe that the exclusive dataset available in DNArepairK will be of value to scientists exploring the DNA damage response but, also, to inform and guide the development and evaluation of novel DNA repair-targeting anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yordan Babukov
- Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, Sofia University, St. Kliment Ohridski, 5 James Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Radoslav Aleksandrov
- Laboratory of Genomic Stability, Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl.21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.A.); (A.I.); (A.A.)
| | - Aneliya Ivanova
- Laboratory of Genomic Stability, Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl.21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.A.); (A.I.); (A.A.)
| | - Aleksandar Atemin
- Laboratory of Genomic Stability, Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl.21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.A.); (A.I.); (A.A.)
| | - Stoyno Stoynov
- Laboratory of Genomic Stability, Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl.21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.A.); (A.I.); (A.A.)
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213
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Liu JCY, Kühbacher U, Larsen NB, Borgermann N, Garvanska DH, Hendriks IA, Ackermann L, Haahr P, Gallina I, Guérillon C, Branigan E, Hay RT, Azuma Y, Nielsen ML, Duxin JP, Mailand N. Mechanism and function of DNA replication-independent DNA-protein crosslink repair via the SUMO-RNF4 pathway. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107413. [PMID: 34346517 PMCID: PMC8441304 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) obstruct essential DNA transactions, posing a serious threat to genome stability and functionality. DPCs are proteolytically processed in a ubiquitin- and DNA replication-dependent manner by SPRTN and the proteasome but can also be resolved via targeted SUMOylation. However, the mechanistic basis of SUMO-mediated DPC resolution and its interplay with replication-coupled DPC repair remain unclear. Here, we show that the SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase RNF4 defines a major pathway for ubiquitylation and proteasomal clearance of SUMOylated DPCs in the absence of DNA replication. Importantly, SUMO modifications of DPCs neither stimulate nor inhibit their rapid DNA replication-coupled proteolysis. Instead, DPC SUMOylation provides a critical salvage mechanism to remove DPCs formed after DNA replication, as DPCs on duplex DNA do not activate interphase DNA damage checkpoints. Consequently, in the absence of the SUMO-RNF4 pathway cells are able to enter mitosis with a high load of unresolved DPCs, leading to defective chromosome segregation and cell death. Collectively, these findings provide mechanistic insights into SUMO-driven pathways underlying replication-independent DPC resolution and highlight their critical importance in maintaining chromosome stability and cellular fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Y Liu
- Protein Signaling ProgramNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ulrike Kühbacher
- Protein Signaling ProgramNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Nicolai B Larsen
- Protein Signaling ProgramNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Nikoline Borgermann
- Protein Signaling ProgramNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Dimitriya H Garvanska
- Protein Signaling ProgramNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ivo A Hendriks
- Protein Signaling ProgramNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Leena Ackermann
- Protein Signaling ProgramNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Peter Haahr
- Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Irene Gallina
- Protein Signaling ProgramNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Claire Guérillon
- Protein Signaling ProgramNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Emma Branigan
- Centre for Gene Regulation and ExpressionSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Ronald T Hay
- Centre for Gene Regulation and ExpressionSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Yoshiaki Azuma
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of KansasLawrenceKSUSA
| | - Michael Lund Nielsen
- Protein Signaling ProgramNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Julien P Duxin
- Protein Signaling ProgramNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Niels Mailand
- Protein Signaling ProgramNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Chromosome StabilityDepartment of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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214
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Jo U, Murai Y, Takebe N, Thomas A, Pommier Y. Precision Oncology with Drugs Targeting the Replication Stress, ATR, and Schlafen 11. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4601. [PMID: 34572827 PMCID: PMC8465591 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine aims to implement strategies based on the molecular features of tumors and optimized drug delivery to improve cancer diagnosis and treatment. DNA replication is a logical approach because it can be targeted by a broad range of anticancer drugs that are both clinically approved and in development. These drugs increase deleterious replication stress (RepStress); however, how to selectively target and identify the tumors with specific molecular characteristics are unmet clinical needs. Here, we provide background information on the molecular processes of DNA replication and its checkpoints, and discuss how to target replication, checkpoint, and repair pathways with ATR inhibitors and exploit Schlafen 11 (SLFN11) as a predictive biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ukhyun Jo
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA; (Y.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Yasuhisa Murai
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA; (Y.M.); (A.T.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Naoko Takebe
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA;
| | - Anish Thomas
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA; (Y.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA; (Y.M.); (A.T.)
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215
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Stotz S, Kinzler J, Nies AT, Schwab M, Maurer A. Two experts and a newbie: [ 18F]PARPi vs [ 18F]FTT vs [ 18F]FPyPARP-a comparison of PARP imaging agents. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:834-846. [PMID: 34486071 PMCID: PMC8803746 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Imaging of PARP expression has emerged as valuable strategy for prediction of tumor malignancy. While [18F]PARPi and [18F]FTT are already in clinical translation, both suffer from mainly hepatobiliary clearance hampering their use for detection of abdominal lesions, e.g., liver metastases. Our novel radiotracer [18F]FPyPARP aims to bridge this gap with a higher renal clearance and an easily translatable synthesis route for potential clinical application. Methods We developed a less lipophilic variant of [18F]PARPi by exchange of the fluorobenzoyl residue with a fluoronicotinoyl group and automated the radiosyntheses of the three radiotracers. We then conducted a comparative side-by-side study of [18F]PARPi, [18F]FPyPARP, and [18F]FTT in NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J mice bearing HCC1937 xenografts to assess xenograft uptake and pharmacokinetics focusing on excretion pathways. Results Together with decent uptake of all three radiotracers in the xenografts (tumor-to-blood ratios 3.41 ± 0.83, 3.99 ± 0.99, and 2.46 ± 0.35, respectively, for [18F]PARPi, [18F]FPyPARP, and [18F]FTT), a partial shift from hepatobiliary to renal clearance of [18F]FPyPARP was observed, whereas [18F]PARPi and [18F]FTT show almost exclusive hepatobiliary clearance. Conclusion These findings imply that [18F]FPyPARP is an alternative to [18F]PARPi and [18F]FTT for PET imaging of PARP enzymes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00259-021-05436-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Stotz
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 15, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kinzler
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 15, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anne T Nies
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, and of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Maurer
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 15, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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216
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Tang L, Wu W, Zhang C, Shi Z, Chen D, Zhai X, Jiang Y. Discovery of the PARP (poly ADP-ribose polymerase) inhibitor 2-(1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)piperidin-4-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-4-carboxamide for the treatment of cancer. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105026. [PMID: 34186467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, two series of cyclic amine-containing benzimidazole carboxamide derivatives were designed and synthesized as potent anticancer agents. PARP1/2 inhibitory activity assays indicated that most of the compounds showed significant activity. The in vitro antiproliferative activity of these compounds was investigated against four human cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-436, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 and CAPAN-1), and several compounds exhibited strong cytotoxicity to tumor cells. Among them, 2-(1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)piperidin-4-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-4-carboxamide (17d) was found to be effective PARP1/2 inhibitors (IC50 = 4.30 and 1.58 nM, respectively). In addition, 17d possessed obvious selective antineoplastic activity and noteworthy microsomal metabolic stability. What's more, further studies revealed that 17d was endowed with an excellent ADME profile. These combined results indicated that 17d could be a promising candidate for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China; Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, Shenzhen 518057, PR China
| | - Weibin Wu
- Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, Shenzhen 518057, PR China; National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Cunlong Zhang
- Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, Shenzhen 518057, PR China; National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhichao Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Dawei Chen
- Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, Shenzhen 518057, PR China
| | - Xin Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China; Joint Key State Laboratory of Tumor Chemogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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217
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Bezrookove V, Patino JM, Nosrati M, Desprez PY, McAllister S, Soroceanu L, Baron A, Osorio R, Kashani-Sabet M, Dar AA. Niraparib Suppresses Cholangiocarcinoma Tumor Growth by Inducing Oxidative and Replication Stress. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174405. [PMID: 34503215 PMCID: PMC8430987 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare and highly aggressive tumor with limited therapeutic options, thus underscoring the need to develop novel therapeutic approaches. We analyzed a publicly available CCA patient database to identify mutations in DNA damage response (DDR) genes. Mutations in DDR genes were prevalent, thus rendering these tumors potentially susceptible to poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibition. PARP genes are critical to DNA repair and genomic stability. The role of PARP inhibitors in CCA was investigated by employing a series of in vitro functional assays and in vivo patient-derived xenograft models. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of PARP inhibitors alone or in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent gemcitabine for the treatment of CCA. Abstract Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common hepatobiliary cancer, an aggressive malignancy with limited therapeutic options. PARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) 1 and 2 are important for deoxyribonucleotide acid (DNA) repair and maintenance of genomic stability. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) such as niraparib have been approved for different malignancies with genomic alteration in germline BRCA and DNA damage response (DDR) pathway genes. Genomic alterations were analyzed in DDR genes in CCA samples employing The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Mutations were observed in various DDR genes, and 35.8% cases had alterations in at least one of three genes (ARID1A, BAP1 and ATM), suggesting their susceptibility to PARPi. Niraparib treatment suppressed cancer cell viability and survival, and also caused G2/M cell cycle arrest in patient-derived xenograft cells lines (PDXC) and established CCA cells harboring DDR gene mutations. PARPi treatment also induced apoptosis and caspase3/7 activity in PDXC and CCA cell lines, and substantially reduced expression of BCL2, BCL-XL and MCL1 proteins. Niraparib caused a significant increase in oxidative stress, and induced activation of DNA damage markers, phosphorylation of CHK2 and replication fork stalling. Importantly, niraparib, in combination with gemcitabine, produced sustained and robust inhibition of tumor growth in vivo in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model more effectively than either treatment alone. Furthermore, tissue samples from mice treated with niraparib and gemcitabine display significantly lower expression levels of pHH3 and Ki-67, which are a mitotic and proliferative marker, respectively. Taken together, our results indicate niraparib as a novel therapeutic agent alone or in combination with gemcitabine for CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Altaf A. Dar
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-415-600-5909; Fax: +1-415-600-1719
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Shridhar Deshpande N, Mahendra GS, Aggarwal NN, Gatphoh BFD, Revanasiddappa BC. Insilico design, ADMET screening, MM-GBSA binding free energy of novel 1,3,4 oxadiazoles linked Schiff bases as PARP-1 inhibitors targeting breast cancer. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00321-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), a nuclear protein belongs to a new class of drugs, which mainly target tumours with DNA repair defects. They are mainly involved in the multiple cellular processes in addition to the DNA repair process. They act directly on the base excision repair, which is considered as one of the important pathway for cell survival in breast cancer. These belong to the active members of DNA repair assembly and evolved as a key target in the anti-cancer drug discovery. 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles are also well known anticancer agents.
Results
A novel series of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles linked to Schiff bases (T1-21) were designed and subjected to In-silico analysis against PARP-1 (PDB ID:5DS3) enzyme targeting against breast cancer. Molecular docking study for the designed compounds (T1-21) was performed by In-silico ADMET screening by QikProp module, Glide module and MM-GBSA binding free energy calculations by using Schrodinger suit 2019–2. The PARP-1 enzyme shows the binding affinity against the newly designed molecules (T1-21) based on the glide scores. Compounds T21, T12 showed very good glide score by the molecular docking studies and compared with the standard Tamoxifen. The binding free energies by the MM-GBSA assay were found to be consistent. The pharmacokinetic (ADMET) parameters of all the newly designed compounds were found to be in the acceptable range.
Conclusion
The selected 1,3,4-oxadiazole-schiff base conjugates seems to be one of the potential source for the further development of anticancer agents against PARP-1 enzyme. The results revealed that some of the compounds T21, T17, T14, T13, T12, T8 with good glide scores showed very significant activity against breast cancer
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219
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Cellular functions of the protein kinase ATM and their relevance to human disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:796-814. [PMID: 34429537 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a master regulator of double-strand DNA break (DSB) signalling and stress responses. For three decades, ATM has been investigated extensively to elucidate its roles in the DNA damage response (DDR) and in the pathogenesis of ataxia telangiectasia (A-T), a human neurodegenerative disease caused by loss of ATM. Although hundreds of proteins have been identified as ATM phosphorylation targets and many important roles for this kinase have been identified, it is still unclear how ATM deficiency leads to the early-onset cerebellar degeneration that is common in all individuals with A-T. Recent studies suggest the existence of links between ATM deficiency and other cerebellum-specific neurological disorders, as well as the existence of broader similarities with more common neurodegenerative disorders. In this Review, we discuss recent structural insights into ATM regulation, and possible aetiologies of A-T phenotypes, including reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, alterations in transcription, R-loop metabolism and alternative splicing, defects in cellular proteostasis and metabolism, and potential pathogenic roles for hyper-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation.
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220
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Lawrence MG, Porter LH, Choo N, Pook D, Grummet JP, Pezaro CJ, Sandhu S, Ramm S, Luu J, Bakshi A, Goode DL, Sanij E, Pearson RB, Hannan RD, Simpson KJ, Taylor RA, Risbridger GP, Furic L. CX-5461 Sensitizes DNA Damage Repair-proficient Castrate-resistant Prostate Cancer to PARP Inhibition. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:2140-2150. [PMID: 34413130 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monotherapy with PARP inhibitors is effective for the subset of castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with defects in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair. New treatments are required for the remaining tumors, and an emerging strategy is to combine PARP inhibitors with other therapies that induce DNA damage. Here we tested whether PARP inhibitors are effective for HR-proficient CRPC, including androgen receptor (AR)-null tumors, when used in combination with CX-5461, a small molecule that inhibits RNA polymerase I transcription and activates the DNA damage response, and has antitumor activity in early phase I trials. The combination of CX-5461 and talazoparib significantly decreased in vivo growth of patient-derived xenografts of HR-proficient CRPC, including AR-positive, AR-null, and neuroendocrine tumors. CX-5461 and talazoparib synergistically inhibited the growth of organoids and cell lines, and significantly increased the levels of DNA damage. Decreased tumor growth after combination therapy was maintained for 2 weeks without treatment, significantly increasing host survival. Therefore, combination treatment with CX-5461 and talazoparib is effective for HR-proficient tumors that are not suitable for monotherapy with PARP inhibitors, including AR-null CRPC. This expands the spectrum of CRPC that is sensitive to PARP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell G Lawrence
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura H Porter
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas Choo
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Pook
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Medical Oncology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeremy P Grummet
- Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Urology Associates, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Carmel J Pezaro
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Eastern Health and Monash University Eastern Health Clinical School, Victoria, Australia.,University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Shahneen Sandhu
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Division of Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cancer Tissue Collection After Death (CASCADE) Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susanne Ramm
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennii Luu
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Bakshi
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Computational Cancer Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David L Goode
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Computational Cancer Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elaine Sanij
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard B Pearson
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross D Hannan
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kaylene J Simpson
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luc Furic
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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221
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Risbridger GP, Clark AK, Porter LH, Toivanen R, Bakshi A, Lister NL, Pook D, Pezaro CJ, Sandhu S, Keerthikumar S, Quezada Urban R, Papargiris M, Kraska J, Madsen HB, Wang H, Richards MG, Niranjan B, O'Dea S, Teng L, Wheelahan W, Li Z, Choo N, Ouyang JF, Thorne H, Devereux L, Hicks RJ, Sengupta S, Harewood L, Iddawala M, Azad AA, Goad J, Grummet J, Kourambas J, Kwan EM, Moon D, Murphy DG, Pedersen J, Clouston D, Norden S, Ryan A, Furic L, Goode DL, Frydenberg M, Lawrence MG, Taylor RA. The MURAL collection of prostate cancer patient-derived xenografts enables discovery through preclinical models of uro-oncology. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5049. [PMID: 34413304 PMCID: PMC8376965 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical testing is a crucial step in evaluating cancer therapeutics. We aimed to establish a significant resource of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) of prostate cancer for rapid and systematic evaluation of candidate therapies. The PDX collection comprises 59 tumors collected from 30 patients between 2012-2020, coinciding with availability of abiraterone and enzalutamide. The PDXs represent the clinico-pathological and genomic spectrum of prostate cancer, from treatment-naïve primary tumors to castration-resistant metastases. Inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity in adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine phenotypes is evident from bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing data. Organoids can be cultured from PDXs, providing further capabilities for preclinical studies. Using a 1 x 1 x 1 design, we rapidly identify tumors with exceptional responses to combination treatments. To govern the distribution of PDXs, we formed the Melbourne Urological Research Alliance (MURAL). This PDX collection is a substantial resource, expanding the capacity to test and prioritize effective treatments for prospective clinical trials in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail P Risbridger
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia. .,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Ashlee K Clark
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura H Porter
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Roxanne Toivanen
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Bakshi
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Computational Cancer Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie L Lister
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David Pook
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Carmel J Pezaro
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Eastern Health and Monash University Eastern Health Clinical School, Box Hill, VIC, Australia.,Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, England
| | - Shahneen Sandhu
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Cancer Tissue Collection After Death (CASCADE) Program, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shivakumar Keerthikumar
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Computational Cancer Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rosalia Quezada Urban
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Computational Cancer Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa Papargiris
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Prostate Cancer Bioresource, VIC Node, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jenna Kraska
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Prostate Cancer Bioresource, VIC Node, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Heather B Madsen
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Prostate Cancer Bioresource, VIC Node, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Hong Wang
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle G Richards
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Birunthi Niranjan
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Samantha O'Dea
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Linda Teng
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - William Wheelahan
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Zhuoer Li
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas Choo
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - John F Ouyang
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Heather Thorne
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa Devereux
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rodney J Hicks
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shomik Sengupta
- Eastern Health and Monash University Eastern Health Clinical School, Box Hill, VIC, Australia.,Department of Urology, Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Epworth Freemasons, Epworth Health, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laurence Harewood
- Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mahesh Iddawala
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Arun A Azad
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeremy Goad
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeremy Grummet
- Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Urology Associates, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John Kourambas
- Department of Medicine, Monash Health, Casey Hospital, Berwick, VIC, Australia
| | - Edmond M Kwan
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Moon
- Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Urology Associates, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,The Epworth Prostate Centre, Epworth Hospital, Richmond, VIC, Australia
| | - Declan G Murphy
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John Pedersen
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,TissuPath, Mount Waverley, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Sam Norden
- TissuPath, Mount Waverley, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Luc Furic
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David L Goode
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Computational Cancer Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Frydenberg
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Urology Associates, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Urology, Cabrini Institute, Cabrini Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mitchell G Lawrence
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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PARylation prevents the proteasomal degradation of topoisomerase I DNA-protein crosslinks and induces their deubiquitylation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5010. [PMID: 34408146 PMCID: PMC8373905 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP)-ribosylation (PARylation) regulates chromatin structure and recruits DNA repair proteins. Using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to track topoisomerase I (TOP1) in live cells, we found that sustained PARylation blocked the repair of TOP1 DNA-protein crosslinks (TOP1-DPCs) in a similar fashion as inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). PARylation of TOP1-DPC was readily revealed by inhibiting poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), indicating the otherwise transient and reversible PARylation of the DPCs. As the UPS is a key repair mechanism for TOP1-DPCs, we investigated the impact of TOP1-DPC PARylation on the proteasome and found that the proteasome is unable to associate with and digest PARylated TOP1-DPCs. In addition, PARylation recruits the deubiquitylating enzyme USP7 to reverse the ubiquitylation of PARylated TOP1-DPCs. Our work identifies PARG as repair factor for TOP1-DPCs by enabling the proteasomal digestion of TOP1-DPCs. It also suggests the potential regulatory role of PARylation for the repair of a broad range of DPCs.
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Therapeutic Potential of PARP Inhibitors in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancers. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081024. [PMID: 34440228 PMCID: PMC8392860 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies are a major global health burden, with high mortality rates. The identification of novel therapeutic strategies is crucial to improve treatment and survival of patients. The poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) play major roles in the development, progression and treatment response of cancer, with PARP inhibitors (PARPi) currently used in the clinic for breast, ovarian, fallopian, primary peritoneal, pancreatic and prostate cancers with deficiencies in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair. This article examines the current evidence for the role of the DDR PARP enzymes (PARP1, 2, 3 and 4) in the development, progression and treatment response of GI cancers. Furthermore, we discuss the role of HR status as a predictive biomarker of PARPi efficacy in GI cancer patients and examine the pre-clinical and clinical evidence for PARPi and cytotoxic therapy combination strategies in GI cancer. We also include an analysis of the genomic and transcriptomic landscape of the DDR PARP genes and key HR genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, RAD51, MRE11, PALB2) in GI patient tumours (n = 1744) using publicly available datasets to identify patients that may benefit from PARPi therapeutic approaches.
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224
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Ren N, Zhang L, Yu J, Guan S, Dai X, Sun L, Ying M. Efficacy and Safety of PARP Inhibitor Combination Therapy in Recurrent Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:638295. [PMID: 34485111 PMCID: PMC8414886 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.638295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Though it is known to all that PARP inhibitors (PARPis) are effective when used as maintenance alone for women with recurrent ovarian cancer (ROC), little is known about whether using them in combination with other drugs would contribute to a better efficacy. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the efficacy and safety of PARPi combination therapy compared with monotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that offered the date we needed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and major conference. Data extraction and processing were completed by three investigators to compare OS, PFS, and ORR both in intervention and in control subset. Then, we calculated the pooled RR and 95% CI of all-grade and high-grade adverse effects to study its safety. And we evaluated the within-study heterogeneity by using subgroup and sensitivity analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION A total of three eligible RCTs covering 343 women were included. In PFS analysis, PARP inhibitor (PARPi) combination therapy can significantly improve PFS for women with ROC when compared with the controls (HR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.59), especially for those with mutated BRCA (HR: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.45). And in OS analysis, combination therapy is not inferior to monotherapy (HR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.50 to 1.61). As for ORR, the effectiveness of combination therapy and monotherapy was almost the same (RR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.82 to 1.31). Additionally, combination therapy seldom causes more adverse events, both in all-grade and in high grade. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (identifier, CRD42018109933).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ren
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leyin Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jieru Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Guan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyang Dai
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leitao Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Minli Ying
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
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225
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Simoneau A, Xiong R, Zou L. The trans cell cycle effects of PARP inhibitors underlie their selectivity toward BRCA1/2-deficient cells. Genes Dev 2021; 35:1271-1289. [PMID: 34385259 PMCID: PMC8415318 DOI: 10.1101/gad.348479.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Simoneau et al. investigated why PARPi is more effective than other DNA-damaging drugs when used to treat BRCA1/2-deficient tumors. They show that PARPi induces DSBs progressively through trans-cell-cycle ssDNA gaps, and BRCA1/2-deficient cells fail to slow down and repair DSBs over multiple cell cycles, explaining the unique efficacy of PARPi in BRCA1/2-deficient cells. PARP inhibitor (PARPi) is widely used to treat BRCA1/2-deficient tumors, but why PARPi is more effective than other DNA-damaging drugs is unclear. Here, we show that PARPi generates DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) predominantly in a trans cell cycle manner. During the first S phase after PARPi exposure, PARPi induces single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) gaps behind DNA replication forks. By trapping PARP on DNA, PARPi prevents the completion of gap repair until the next S phase, leading to collisions of replication forks with ssDNA gaps and a surge of DSBs. In the second S phase, BRCA1/2-deficient cells are unable to suppress origin firing through ATR, resulting in continuous DNA synthesis and more DSBs. Furthermore, BRCA1/2-deficient cells cannot recruit RAD51 to repair collapsed forks. Thus, PARPi induces DSBs progressively through trans cell cycle ssDNA gaps, and BRCA1/2-deficient cells fail to slow down and repair DSBs over multiple cell cycles, explaining the unique efficacy of PARPi in BRCA1/2-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Simoneau
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Rosalinda Xiong
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Lee Zou
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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226
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Tang M, Pei G, Su D, Wang C, Feng X, Srivastava M, Chen Z, Zhao Z, Chen J. Genome-wide CRISPR screens reveal cyclin C as synthetic survival target of BRCA2. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:7476-7491. [PMID: 34197614 PMCID: PMC8287926 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi)-based therapies initially reduce tumor burden but eventually lead to acquired resistance in cancer patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. To understand the potential PARPi resistance mechanisms, we performed whole-genome CRISPR screens to discover genetic alterations that change the gene essentiality in cells with inducible depletion of BRCA2. We identified that several RNA Polymerase II transcription Mediator complex components, especially Cyclin C (CCNC) as synthetic survival targets upon BRCA2 loss. Total mRNA sequencing demonstrated that loss of CCNC could activate the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta signaling pathway and extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction pathway, however the inhibition of these pathways could not reverse cell survival in BRCA2 depleted CCNC-knockout cells, indicating that the activation of these pathways is not required for the resistance. Moreover, we showed that the improved survival is not due to restoration of homologous recombination repair although decreased DNA damage signaling was observed. Interestingly, loss of CCNC could restore replication fork stability in BRCA2 deficient cells, which may contribute to PARPi resistance. Taken together, our data reveal CCNC as a critical genetic determinant upon BRCA2 loss of function, which may help the development of novel therapeutic strategies that overcome PARPi resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Tang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Unit 1052, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guangsheng Pei
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dan Su
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Unit 1052, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Unit 1052, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Unit 1052, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mrinal Srivastava
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Unit 1052, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Unit 1052, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Unit 1052, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Seo HR, Nam AR, Bang JH, Oh KS, Kim JM, Yoon J, Kim TY, Oh DY. Inhibition of WEE1 Potentiates Sensitivity to PARP Inhibitor in Biliary Tract Cancer. Cancer Res Treat 2021; 54:541-553. [PMID: 34352995 PMCID: PMC9016294 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2021.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Up to 20% of patients with biliary tract cancer (BTC) have alterations in DNA damage response (DDR) genes, including homologous recombination (HR) genes. Therefore, the DDR pathway could be a promising target for new drug development in BTC. We aim to investigate the anti-tumor effects using PARP and WEE1 inhibitors in BTC. Materials and Methods We used 10 biliary tract cancer cell lines to evaluate an anti-tumor effect of olaparib (a PARP inhibitor) and AZD1775 (a WEE1 inhibitor) in in vitro. Additionally, we established SNU869 xenograft model for in vivo experiments. Results In this study, we observed a modest anti-proliferative effect of olaparib. DNA double-strand break (DSB) and apoptosis were increased by olaparib in BTC cells. However, olaparib-induced DNA DSB was repaired through the HR pathway, and G2 arrest was induced to secure the time for repair. As AZD1775 typically regulates the G2/M checkpoint, we combined olaparib with AZD1775 to abrogate G2 arrest. We observed that AZD1775 downregulated p-CDK1, a G2/M cell cycle checkpoint protein, and induced early mitotic entry. AZD1775 also decreased CtIP and RAD51 expression and disrupted HR repair. In xenograft model, olaparib plus AZD1775 treatment reduced tumor growth more potently than did monotherapy with either drug. Conclusion This is the first study to suggest that olaparib combined with AZD1775 can induce synergistic anti-tumor effects against BTC. Combination therapy that blocks dual PARP and WEE1 has the potential to be further clinically developed for BTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Rim Seo
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ah-Rong Nam
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Bang
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seok Oh
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeesun Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do-Youn Oh
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Cong K, Peng M, Kousholt AN, Lee WTC, Lee S, Nayak S, Krais J, VanderVere-Carozza PS, Pawelczak KS, Calvo J, Panzarino NJ, Turchi JJ, Johnson N, Jonkers J, Rothenberg E, Cantor SB. Replication gaps are a key determinant of PARP inhibitor synthetic lethality with BRCA deficiency. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3128-3144.e7. [PMID: 34216544 PMCID: PMC9089372 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA) is synthetic lethal with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi). Lethality is thought to derive from DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) necessitating BRCA function in homologous recombination (HR) and/or fork protection (FP). Here, we report instead that toxicity derives from replication gaps. BRCA1- or FANCJ-deficient cells, with common repair defects but distinct PARPi responses, reveal gaps as a distinguishing factor. We further uncouple HR, FP, and fork speed from PARPi response. Instead, gaps characterize BRCA-deficient cells, are diminished upon resistance, restored upon resensitization, and, when exposed, augment PARPi toxicity. Unchallenged BRCA1-deficient cells have elevated poly(ADP-ribose) and chromatin-associated PARP1, but aberrantly low XRCC1 consistent with defects in backup Okazaki fragment processing (OFP). 53BP1 loss resuscitates OFP by restoring XRCC1-LIG3 that suppresses the sensitivity of BRCA1-deficient cells to drugs targeting OFP or generating gaps. We highlight gaps as a determinant of PARPi toxicity changing the paradigm for synthetic lethal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Cong
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Min Peng
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Arne Nedergaard Kousholt
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wei Ting C Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Silviana Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sumeet Nayak
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - John Krais
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer Calvo
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Nicholas J Panzarino
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - John J Turchi
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; NERx Biosciences, 212 W. 10th St., Suite A480, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Neil Johnson
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eli Rothenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sharon B Cantor
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Bell NAW, Haynes PJ, Brunner K, de Oliveira TM, Flocco MM, Hoogenboom BW, Molloy JE. Single-molecule measurements reveal that PARP1 condenses DNA by loop stabilization. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/33/eabf3641. [PMID: 34380612 PMCID: PMC8357241 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf3641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is an abundant nuclear enzyme that plays important roles in DNA repair, chromatin organization and transcription regulation. Although binding and activation of PARP1 by DNA damage sites has been extensively studied, little is known about how PARP1 binds to long stretches of undamaged DNA and how it could shape chromatin architecture. Here, using single-molecule techniques, we show that PARP1 binds and condenses undamaged, kilobase-length DNA subject to sub-piconewton mechanical forces. Stepwise decondensation at high force and DNA braiding experiments show that the condensation activity is due to the stabilization of DNA loops by PARP1. PARP inhibitors do not affect the level of condensation of undamaged DNA but act to block condensation reversal for damaged DNA in the presence of NAD+ Our findings suggest a mechanism for PARP1 in the organization of chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A W Bell
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Philip J Haynes
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Katharina Brunner
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Taiana Maia de Oliveira
- Mechanistic and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria M Flocco
- Mechanistic and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bart W Hoogenboom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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230
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Jo U, Senatorov IS, Zimmermann A, Saha LK, Murai Y, Kim SH, Rajapakse VN, Elloumi F, Takahashi N, Schultz CW, Thomas A, Zenke FT, Pommier Y. Novel and Highly Potent ATR Inhibitor M4344 Kills Cancer Cells With Replication Stress, and Enhances the Chemotherapeutic Activity of Widely Used DNA Damaging Agents. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1431-1441. [PMID: 34045232 PMCID: PMC9398135 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although several ATR inhibitors are in development, there are unresolved questions regarding their differential potency, molecular signatures of patients with cancer for predicting activity, and most effective therapeutic combinations. Here, we elucidate how to improve ATR-based chemotherapy with the newly developed ATR inhibitor, M4344 using in vitro and in vivo models. The potency of M4344 was compared with the clinically developed ATR inhibitors BAY1895344, berzosertib, and ceralasertib. The anticancer activity of M4344 was investigated as monotherapy and combination with clinical DNA damaging agents in multiple cancer cell lines, patient-derived tumor organoids, and mouse xenograft models. We also elucidated the anticancer mechanisms and potential biomarkers for M4344. We demonstrate that M4344 is highly potent among the clinically developed ATR inhibitors. Replication stress (RepStress) and neuroendocrine (NE) gene expression signatures are significantly associated with a response to M4344 treatment. M4344 kills cancer cells by inducing cellular catastrophe and DNA damage. M4344 is highly synergistic with a broad range of DNA-targeting anticancer agents. It significantly synergizes with topotecan and irinotecan in patient-derived tumor organoids and xenograft models. Taken together, M4344 is a promising and highly potent ATR inhibitor. It enhances the activity of clinical DNA damaging agents commonly used in cancer treatment including topoisomerase inhibitors, gemcitabine, cisplatin, and talazoparib. RepStress and NE gene expression signatures can be exploited as predictive markers for M4344.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ukhyun Jo
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland.,Corresponding Authors: Ukhyun Jo and Yves Pommier, 37 Convent Dr., Building 37-Room 5068, Bethesda, MD 20892. Phone: 240-760-6142; Fax: 240-541-4475; E-mail: and
| | - Ilya S. Senatorov
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Astrid Zimmermann
- Merck KGaA, Biopharma R&D, Translational Innovation Platform Oncology, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Liton Kumar Saha
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yasuhisa Murai
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland.,Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Vinodh N. Rajapakse
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Fathi Elloumi
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland.,General Dynamics Information Technology Inc., Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christopher W. Schultz
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anish Thomas
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Frank T. Zenke
- Merck KGaA, Biopharma R&D, Translational Innovation Platform Oncology, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland.,Corresponding Authors: Ukhyun Jo and Yves Pommier, 37 Convent Dr., Building 37-Room 5068, Bethesda, MD 20892. Phone: 240-760-6142; Fax: 240-541-4475; E-mail: and
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231
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Di Federico A, Tateo V, Parisi C, Formica F, Carloni R, Frega G, Rizzo A, Ricci D, Di Marco M, Palloni A, Brandi G. Hacking Pancreatic Cancer: Present and Future of Personalized Medicine. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:677. [PMID: 34358103 PMCID: PMC8308563 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a recalcitrant disease characterized by high incidence and poor prognosis. The extremely complex genomic landscape of PC has a deep influence on cultivating a tumor microenvironment, resulting in the promotion of tumor growth, drug resistance, and immune escape mechanisms. Despite outstanding progress in personalized medicine achieved for many types of cancer, chemotherapy still represents the mainstay of treatment for PC. Olaparib was the first agent to demonstrate a significant benefit in a biomarker-selected population, opening the doors for a personalized approach. Despite the failure of a large number of studies testing targeted agents or immunotherapy to demonstrate benefits over standard chemotherapy regimens, some interesting agents, alone or in combination with other drugs, have achieved promising results. A wide spectrum of therapeutic strategies, including immune-checkpoint inhibitors tyrosine kinase inhibitors and agents targeting metabolic pathways or the tumor microenvironment, is currently under investigation. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current landscape and future directions of personalized medicine for patients affected by PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Di Federico
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.F.); (V.T.); (C.P.); (F.F.); (R.C.); (G.F.); (A.R.); (D.R.); (M.D.M.); (G.B.)
- Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Giuseppe Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Tateo
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.F.); (V.T.); (C.P.); (F.F.); (R.C.); (G.F.); (A.R.); (D.R.); (M.D.M.); (G.B.)
- Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Giuseppe Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Parisi
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.F.); (V.T.); (C.P.); (F.F.); (R.C.); (G.F.); (A.R.); (D.R.); (M.D.M.); (G.B.)
- Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Giuseppe Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Formica
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.F.); (V.T.); (C.P.); (F.F.); (R.C.); (G.F.); (A.R.); (D.R.); (M.D.M.); (G.B.)
- Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Giuseppe Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Carloni
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.F.); (V.T.); (C.P.); (F.F.); (R.C.); (G.F.); (A.R.); (D.R.); (M.D.M.); (G.B.)
- Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Giuseppe Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Frega
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.F.); (V.T.); (C.P.); (F.F.); (R.C.); (G.F.); (A.R.); (D.R.); (M.D.M.); (G.B.)
- Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Giuseppe Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rizzo
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.F.); (V.T.); (C.P.); (F.F.); (R.C.); (G.F.); (A.R.); (D.R.); (M.D.M.); (G.B.)
- Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Giuseppe Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Dalia Ricci
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.F.); (V.T.); (C.P.); (F.F.); (R.C.); (G.F.); (A.R.); (D.R.); (M.D.M.); (G.B.)
- Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Giuseppe Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Di Marco
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.F.); (V.T.); (C.P.); (F.F.); (R.C.); (G.F.); (A.R.); (D.R.); (M.D.M.); (G.B.)
- Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Giuseppe Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Palloni
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.F.); (V.T.); (C.P.); (F.F.); (R.C.); (G.F.); (A.R.); (D.R.); (M.D.M.); (G.B.)
- Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Giuseppe Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Brandi
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.F.); (V.T.); (C.P.); (F.F.); (R.C.); (G.F.); (A.R.); (D.R.); (M.D.M.); (G.B.)
- Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Giuseppe Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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232
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Gonzalez D, Mateo J, Stenzinger A, Rojo F, Shiller M, Wyatt AW, Penault‐Llorca F, Gomella LG, Eeles R, Bjartell A. Practical considerations for optimising homologous recombination repair mutation testing in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. J Pathol Clin Res 2021; 7:311-325. [PMID: 33630412 PMCID: PMC8185363 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the genomic landscape of prostate cancer has identified different molecular subgroups with relevance for novel or existing targeted therapies. The recent approvals of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors olaparib and rucaparib in the metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) setting signal the need to embed molecular diagnostics in the clinical pathway of patients with mCRPC to identify those who can benefit from targeted therapies. Best practice guidelines in overall biospecimen collection and processing for molecular analysis are widely available for several tumour types. However, there is no standard protocol for molecular diagnostic testing in prostate cancer. Here, we provide a series of recommendations on specimen handling, sample pre-analytics, laboratory workflow, and testing pathways to maximise the success rates for clinical genomic analysis in prostate cancer. Early involvement of a multidisciplinary team of pathologists, urologists, oncologists, radiologists, nurses, molecular scientists, and laboratory staff is key to enable optimal workflow for specimen selection and preservation at the time of diagnosis so that samples are available for molecular analysis when required. Given the improved outcome of patients with mCRPC and homologous recombination repair gene alterations who have been treated with PARP inhibitors, there is an urgent need to incorporate high-quality genomic testing in the routine clinical pathway of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gonzalez
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer ResearchQueen's UniversityBelfastUK
| | - Joaquin Mateo
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)Vall d'Hebron University HospitalBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Federico Rojo
- Department of PathologyIIS‐Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz‐CIBERONCMadridSpain
| | - Michelle Shiller
- Department of PathologyBaylor University Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Alexander W Wyatt
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Frédérique Penault‐Llorca
- Centre Jean PerrinUniversité Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, U1240 Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies ThéranostiquesClermont FerrandFrance
| | - Leonard G Gomella
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer CenterThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Ros Eeles
- Division of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Anders Bjartell
- Division of Urological Cancers, Department of Translational MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
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233
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Prokhorova E, Zobel F, Smith R, Zentout S, Gibbs-Seymour I, Schützenhofer K, Peters A, Groslambert J, Zorzini V, Agnew T, Brognard J, Nielsen ML, Ahel D, Huet S, Suskiewicz MJ, Ahel I. Serine-linked PARP1 auto-modification controls PARP inhibitor response. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4055. [PMID: 34210965 PMCID: PMC8249464 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24361-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) and PARP2 are recruited and activated by DNA damage, resulting in ADP-ribosylation at numerous sites, both within PARP1 itself and in other proteins. Several PARP1 and PARP2 inhibitors are currently employed in the clinic or undergoing trials for treatment of various cancers. These drugs act primarily by trapping PARP1 on damaged chromatin, which can lead to cell death, especially in cells with DNA repair defects. Although PARP1 trapping is thought to be caused primarily by the catalytic inhibition of PARP-dependent modification, implying that ADP-ribosylation (ADPr) can counteract trapping, it is not known which exact sites are important for this process. Following recent findings that PARP1- or PARP2-mediated modification is predominantly serine-linked, we demonstrate here that serine ADPr plays a vital role in cellular responses to PARP1/PARP2 inhibitors. Specifically, we identify three serine residues within PARP1 (499, 507, and 519) as key sites whose efficient HPF1-dependent modification counters PARP1 trapping and contributes to inhibitor tolerance. Our data implicate genes that encode serine-specific ADPr regulators, HPF1 and ARH3, as potential PARP1/PARP2 inhibitor therapy biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Zobel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca Smith
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Biosit, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, Rennes, France
| | - Siham Zentout
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Biosit, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, Rennes, France
| | - Ian Gibbs-Seymour
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Alessandra Peters
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Valentina Zorzini
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Agnew
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John Brognard
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael L Nielsen
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dragana Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sébastien Huet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Biosit, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, Rennes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | | | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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234
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Wagener-Ryczek S, Merkelbach-Bruse S, Siemanowski J. Biomarkers for Homologous Recombination Deficiency in Cancer. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11070612. [PMID: 34203281 PMCID: PMC8304859 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11070612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks foster tumorigenesis and cell death. Two distinct mechanisms can be activated by the cell for DNA repair: the accurate mechanism of homologous recombination repair or the error-prone non-homologous end joining. Homologous Recombination Deficiency (HRD) is associated with sensitivity towards PARP inhibitors (PARPi) and its determination is used as a biomarker for therapy decision making. Nevertheless, the biology of HRD is rather complex and the application, as well as the benefit of the different HRD biomarker assays, is controversial. Acquiring knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms is the main prerequisite for integration of new biomarker tests. This study presents an overview of the major DNA repair mechanisms and defines the concepts of HRR, HRD and BRCAness. Moreover, currently available biomarker assays are described and discussed with respect to their application for routine clinical diagnostics. Since patient stratification for efficient PARP inhibitor therapy requires determination of the BRCA mutation status and genomic instability, both should be established comprehensively. For this purpose, a broad spectrum of distinct assays to determine such combined HRD scores is already available. Nevertheless, all tests require careful validation using clinical samples to meet the criteria for their establishment in clinical testing.
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235
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Schettini F, Corona SP, Giudici F, Strina C, Sirico M, Bernocchi O, Milani M, Ziglioli N, Aguggini S, Azzini C, Barbieri G, Cervoni V, Cappelletti MR, Molteni A, Lazzari MC, Ferrero G, Ungari M, Marasco E, Bruson A, Xumerle L, Zago E, Cerra D, Loddo M, Williams GH, Paris I, Scambia G, Generali D. Clinical, Radiometabolic and Immunologic Effects of Olaparib in Locally Advanced Triple Negative Breast Cancer: The OLTRE Window of Opportunity Trial. Front Oncol 2021; 11:686776. [PMID: 34262869 PMCID: PMC8273330 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.686776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Olaparib is effective in metastatic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) carrying germline mutations in DNA damage repair (DDR) genes BRCA1/2 (gBRCA-mut). The OLTRE window-of-opportunity trial preliminarily investigated potential pathologic, radiometabolic and immune biomarkers of early-response to olaparib in gBRCA-wild-type (wt) TNBC and, as proof-of-concept in gBRCA-mut HER2-negative BC. METHODS Patients received olaparib for 3 weeks (3w) before standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy and underwent multiple FDG18-PET/CT scan (basal, after olaparib), clinical assessments (basal, every 3w), tumor biopsies and blood samplings (baseline, after olaparib). Clinical and radiometabolic responses were evaluated according to RECIST1.1 and PERCIST criteria. RESULTS 27 patients with gBRCA-wt TNBC and 8 with gBRCA-mut BC (6 TNBC, 2 HR+/HER2-negative) were enrolled. Three (11.1%) patients showed mutations in non-BRCA1/2 DDR genes and 4 (14.8%) in other genes. 3w olaparib induced 16/35 and 15/27 partial clinical and radiometabolic responses, including in 40.7% and 50.0% gBRCA-wt patients. gBRCA-mut tumors presented numerically higher tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) levels and PD-L1 positive tumors. Clinical responders experienced a reduction in T-regs/T-eff ratio (p=0.05), B and NK lymphocytes (p=0.003 both), with an average increase in T-helpers rate (p<0.001) and CD4/CD8 ratio (p=0.02). Ki67% and TILs did not vary significantly (p=0.67 and p=0.77). A numerical increase in PD-L1 positive cases after olaparib was observed, though non-significant (p=0.134). No differences were observed according to gBRCA status and type of response. CONCLUSIONS Early-stage TNBC might be a target population for olaparib, irrespective of gBRCA mutations. Future trials should combine TILs, PD-L1 and gBRCA status to better identify candidates for escalated/de-escalated treatment strategies including olaparib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Schettini
- Translational genomics and targeted therapies in solid tumors, August Pi I Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Paola Corona
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Trieste, Italy
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Fabiola Giudici
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Trieste, Italy
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Carla Strina
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Marianna Sirico
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Ottavia Bernocchi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Trieste, Italy
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Manuela Milani
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Ziglioli
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Sergio Aguggini
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Carlo Azzini
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Barbieri
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Valeria Cervoni
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Cappelletti
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Alfredo Molteni
- Unitá Operativa Ematologia e CTMO, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Lazzari
- Unitá Operativa Ematologia e CTMO, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | | | - Marco Ungari
- UO Anatomia Patologica ASST di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marco Loddo
- Oncologica UK Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ida Paris
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Daniele Generali
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Trieste, Italy
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
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236
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Miyabayashi K, Nakagawa H, Koike K. Molecular and Phenotypic Profiling for Precision Medicine in Pancreatic Cancer: Current Advances and Future Perspectives. Front Oncol 2021; 11:682872. [PMID: 34249730 PMCID: PMC8260689 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.682872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the most common lethal malignancy, with little improvement in patient outcomes over the decades. The development of early detection methods and effective therapeutic strategies are needed to improve the prognosis of patients with this disease. Recent advances in cancer genomics have revealed the genetic landscape of pancreatic cancer, and clinical trials are currently being conducted to match the treatment to underlying mutations. Liquid biopsy-based diagnosis is a promising method to start personalized treatment. In addition to genome-based medicine, personalized models have been studied as a tool to test candidate drugs to select the most efficacious treatment. The innovative three-dimensional organoid culture platform, as well as patient-derived xenografts can be used to conduct genomic and functional studies to enable personalized treatment approaches. Combining genome-based medicine with drug screening based on personalized models may fulfill the promise of precision medicine for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayato Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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237
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Coussy F, El-Botty R, Château-Joubert S, Dahmani A, Montaudon E, Leboucher S, Morisset L, Painsec P, Sourd L, Huguet L, Nemati F, Servely JL, Larcher T, Vacher S, Briaux A, Reyes C, La Rosa P, Lucotte G, Popova T, Foidart P, Sounni NE, Noel A, Decaudin D, Fuhrmann L, Salomon A, Reyal F, Mueller C, Ter Brugge P, Jonkers J, Poupon MF, Stern MH, Bièche I, Pommier Y, Marangoni E. BRCAness, SLFN11, and RB1 loss predict response to topoisomerase I inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancers. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/531/eaax2625. [PMID: 32075943 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax2625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase I (TOP1) inhibitors trap TOP1 cleavage complexes resulting in DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) during replication, which are repaired by homologous recombination (HR). Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) could be eligible for TOP1 inhibitors given the considerable proportion of tumors with a defect in HR-mediated repair (BRCAness). The TOP1 inhibitor irinotecan was tested in 40 patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) of TNBC. BRCAness was determined with a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assay, and expression of Schlafen family member 11 (SLFN11) and retinoblastoma transcriptional corepressor 1 (RB1) was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry analyses. In addition, the combination of irinotecan and the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) inhibitor VE-822 was tested in SLFN11-negative PDXs, and two clinical non-camptothecin TOP1 inhibitors (LMP400 and LMP776) were tested. Thirty-eight percent of the TNBC models responded to irinotecan. BRCAness combined with high SLFN11 expression and RB1 loss identified highly sensitive tumors, consistent with the notion that deficiencies in cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair result in high sensitivity to TOP1 inhibitors. Treatment by the ATR inhibitor VE-822 increased sensitivity to irinotecan in SLFN11-negative PDXs and abolished irinotecan-induced phosphorylation of checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1). LMP400 (indotecan) and LMP776 (indimitecan) showed high antitumor activity in BRCA1-mutated or BRCAness-positive PDXs. Last, low SLFN11 expression was associated with poor survival in 250 patients with TNBC treated with anthracycline-based chemotherapy. In conclusion, a substantial proportion of TNBC respond to irinotecan. BRCAness, high SLFN11 expression, and RB1 loss are highly predictive of response to irinotecan and the clinical indenoisoquinoline TOP1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Coussy
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.,Medical Oncology Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.,Genetics Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Rania El-Botty
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Ahmed Dahmani
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elodie Montaudon
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Leboucher
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, UMR3306, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Ludivine Morisset
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Painsec
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laura Sourd
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Léa Huguet
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fariba Nemati
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Servely
- BioPôle Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94704 Maisons Alfort, France.,INRA, PHASE Department, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Sophie Vacher
- Genetics Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Adrien Briaux
- Genetics Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Reyes
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe La Rosa
- INSERM, U900, 75005 Paris, France.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Georges Lucotte
- INSERM, U900, 75005 Paris, France.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tatiana Popova
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.,INSERM U830, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Foidart
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliqué-Cancer (GIGA-Cancer), University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Nor Eddine Sounni
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliqué-Cancer (GIGA-Cancer), University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Agnès Noel
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliqué-Cancer (GIGA-Cancer), University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Didier Decaudin
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.,Medical Oncology Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Fuhrmann
- Department of Pathology, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anne Salomon
- Department of Pathology, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabien Reyal
- Surgery Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.,U932, Immunity and Cancer, INSERM, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christopher Mueller
- Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Petra Ter Brugge
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Netherlands
| | - Marie-France Poupon
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marc-Henri Stern
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.,INSERM U830, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ivan Bièche
- Genetics Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Elisabetta Marangoni
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.
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238
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Burcher KM, Faucheux AT, Lantz JW, Wilson HL, Abreu A, Salafian K, Patel MJ, Song AH, Petro RM, Lycan T, Furdui CM, Topaloglu U, D’Agostino RB, Zhang W, Porosnicu M. Prevalence of DNA Repair Gene Mutations in Blood and Tumor Tissue and Impact on Prognosis and Treatment in HNSCC. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3118. [PMID: 34206538 PMCID: PMC8267691 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PARP inhibitors are currently approved for a limited number of cancers and targetable mutations in DNA damage repair (DDR) genes. In this single-institution retrospective study, the profiles of 170 patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) and available tumor tissue DNA (tDNA) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) results were analyzed for mutations in a set of 18 DDR genes as well as in gene subsets defined by technical and clinical significance. Mutations were correlated with demographic and outcome data. The addition of ctDNA to the standard tDNA analysis contributed to identification of a significantly increased incidence of patients with mutations in one or more genes in each of the study subsets of DDR genes in groups of patients older than 60 years, patients with laryngeal primaries, patients with advanced stage at diagnosis and patients previously treated with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Patients with DDR gene mutations were found to be significantly less likely to have primary tumors within the in oropharynx or HPV-positive disease. Patients with ctDNA mutations in all subsets of DDR genes analyzed had significantly worse overall survival in univariate and adjusted multivariate analysis. This study underscores the utility of ctDNA analysis, alone, and in combination with tDNA, for defining the prevalence and the role of DDR gene mutations in HNSCC. Furthermore, this study fosters research promoting the utilization of PARP inhibitors in HNSCC precision oncology treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M. Burcher
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (A.T.F.); (J.W.L.); (K.S.); (M.J.P.); (A.H.S.); (R.M.P.); (T.L.J.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Andrew T. Faucheux
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (A.T.F.); (J.W.L.); (K.S.); (M.J.P.); (A.H.S.); (R.M.P.); (T.L.J.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jeffrey W. Lantz
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (A.T.F.); (J.W.L.); (K.S.); (M.J.P.); (A.H.S.); (R.M.P.); (T.L.J.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Harper L. Wilson
- University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| | - Arianne Abreu
- Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine (CUSOM), Lillington, NC 27546, USA;
| | - Kiarash Salafian
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (A.T.F.); (J.W.L.); (K.S.); (M.J.P.); (A.H.S.); (R.M.P.); (T.L.J.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Manisha J. Patel
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (A.T.F.); (J.W.L.); (K.S.); (M.J.P.); (A.H.S.); (R.M.P.); (T.L.J.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Alexander H. Song
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (A.T.F.); (J.W.L.); (K.S.); (M.J.P.); (A.H.S.); (R.M.P.); (T.L.J.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Robin M. Petro
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (A.T.F.); (J.W.L.); (K.S.); (M.J.P.); (A.H.S.); (R.M.P.); (T.L.J.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Thomas Lycan
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (A.T.F.); (J.W.L.); (K.S.); (M.J.P.); (A.H.S.); (R.M.P.); (T.L.J.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Cristina M. Furdui
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (A.T.F.); (J.W.L.); (K.S.); (M.J.P.); (A.H.S.); (R.M.P.); (T.L.J.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Umit Topaloglu
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (A.T.F.); (J.W.L.); (K.S.); (M.J.P.); (A.H.S.); (R.M.P.); (T.L.J.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Ralph B. D’Agostino
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (A.T.F.); (J.W.L.); (K.S.); (M.J.P.); (A.H.S.); (R.M.P.); (T.L.J.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (A.T.F.); (J.W.L.); (K.S.); (M.J.P.); (A.H.S.); (R.M.P.); (T.L.J.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Mercedes Porosnicu
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (A.T.F.); (J.W.L.); (K.S.); (M.J.P.); (A.H.S.); (R.M.P.); (T.L.J.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
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239
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[Homologous recombination repair deficiency as a predictive biomarker : Basic mechanisms and detection methods]. DER PATHOLOGE 2021; 42:391-398. [PMID: 34152463 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-021-00950-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA double-strand breaks may evoke cell death or cancer. Cells have developed two fundamentally different mechanisms of DNA double-strand repair: the accurate mechanism of homologous recombination repair and the error-prone nonhomologous end joining. The deficiency of homologous recombination repair (HRD) is a frequent feature of several solid tumor entities and is associated with sensitivity to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor therapy. OBJECTIVES Among other biomarkers, HRD testing provides an opportunity to guide PARP inhibitor therapy in solid tumors, but the basic principles are complex and the use and benefits of the different methodologies remain controversial. Knowledge of the underlying mechanisms at the molecular level will advance our understanding and will pave the way to introduce the testing of new biomarkers. METHODS An overview of the fundamental mechanisms of DNA repair is provided. Important terms like HRR, HRD, and BRCAness are defined, and analysis methods are described, especially with regard to their integration in molecular pathology routine diagnostics. RESULTS Currently, at least testing of the BRCA mutation status and genomic instability using a composite HRD score should be implemented in laboratories to identify subgroups of patients who might benefit from PARP inhibitor therapies. A broad range of testing methods is available with pros and cons for introduction in the clinical setting. They have to be validated carefully to reliably inform treatment selection. CONCLUSIONS Biomarkers to identify current homologous recombination deficiency status are needed to predict the benefit from PARP inhibitors and stratify their use in clinical management. Besides commercial assays, different tests might be used for the analysis of HRD. The application depends, among other things, on the local situation and has to be extensively validated.
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240
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Nickoloff JA. Toward Greater Precision in Cancer Radiotherapy. Cancer Res 2021; 81:3156-3157. [PMID: 34224374 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cellular DNA damage response (DDR) is a key factor in tumor suppression and tumor responses to genotoxic chemo- and radiotherapy. Master DDR regulators include three phosphatidyl inositol 3' kinase-related kinases (PIKK) called ATM, ATR, and the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase, DNA-PKcs. Among their many functions, PIKKs regulate repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) by homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ). Ionizing radiation induces DSBs that are either widely dispersed and efficiently repaired, or clustered and poorly repaired by the dominant NHEJ pathway. The inefficient repair of clustered DSBs by NHEJ shifts repair toward the competing HR pathway. In this issue of Cancer Research, Zhou and colleagues revealed a novel synthetic lethal approach in which the greater dependency on HR to repair clustered DSBs induced by protons is exploited to enhance killing of tumor cells and tumor xenografts by suppressing HR with an ATM inhibitor or mutant BRCA1. This is an important step toward precision cancer radiotherapy.See related article by Zhou et al., p. 3333.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jac A Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
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241
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XRCC1 prevents toxic PARP1 trapping during DNA base excision repair. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3018-3030.e5. [PMID: 34102106 PMCID: PMC8294329 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian DNA base excision repair (BER) is accelerated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and the scaffold protein XRCC1. PARPs are sensors that detect single-strand break intermediates, but the critical role of XRCC1 during BER is unknown. Here, we show that protein complexes containing DNA polymerase β and DNA ligase III that are assembled by XRCC1 prevent excessive engagement and activity of PARP1 during BER. As a result, PARP1 becomes "trapped" on BER intermediates in XRCC1-deficient cells in a manner similar to that induced by PARP inhibitors, including in patient fibroblasts from XRCC1-mutated disease. This excessive PARP1 engagement and trapping renders BER intermediates inaccessible to enzymes such as DNA polymerase β and impedes their repair. Consequently, PARP1 deletion rescues BER and resistance to base damage in XRCC1-/- cells. These data reveal excessive PARP1 engagement during BER as a threat to genome integrity and identify XRCC1 as an "anti-trapper" that prevents toxic PARP1 activity.
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242
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Lee MS, Pant S. Personalizing Medicine With Germline and Somatic Sequencing in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Current Treatments and Novel Opportunities. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2021; 41:1-13. [PMID: 33929876 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_321255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Performing germline and somatic sequencing in locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer can identify potentially targetable genomic aberrations that impact current standard treatment options or eligibility for biomarker-targeted clinical trials. Testing for deleterious germline mutations in BRCA1/2 impacts patient selection for platinum-based chemotherapy regimens and selection of patients who are candidates to receive maintenance therapy with olaparib. Additional germline mutations also similarly introduce potential vulnerabilities to the cancers that arise and may be targeted by clinical trials. Somatic mutation testing also provides opportunities for optimal selection of patients for biomarker-driven clinical trials. Although KRAS mutations are found in 90% to 93% of pancreatic cancers, there are increasing opportunities for therapies against particular mutant KRAS isoforms, especially with the advent of KRAS G12C-specific small molecule inhibitors, and KRAS targeting trials will increasingly require identification of the specific KRAS mutation present. There are also a range of tumor site-agnostic molecular features, such as microsatellite instability and NTRK fusions that, although rarely found in pancreatic cancers, impact selection of patients who have the potential for dramatic benefit with immune checkpoint inhibitors such as pembrolizumab or TRK inhibitors such as larotrectinib or entrectinib, respectively, and thus motivate broader somatic mutation and fusion testing for patients with locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancers. Multiple other rare actionable aberrations, particularly gene fusions in the 8% to 10% of KRAS wild-type pancreatic cancers, are also known, and enrollment in basket trials for these rare patient cohorts is highly encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Lee
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Shubham Pant
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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243
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Hong T, Lei G, Chen X, Li H, Zhang X, Wu N, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Wang J. PARP inhibition promotes ferroptosis via repressing SLC7A11 and synergizes with ferroptosis inducers in BRCA-proficient ovarian cancer. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101928. [PMID: 33722571 PMCID: PMC8113041 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacologic inhibition of PARP is the primary therapeutic strategy for BRCA mutant ovarian cancer. However, most of patients carry wild-type BRCA1/2 with no significant clinical benefits from PARP inhibitors, calling for the needs to further understanding and developing new strategy when employing PARP inhibitors to treat ovarian cancer. Here, we show that ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death driven by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation, is partly responsible for the efficacy of PARP inhibitor olaparib. Mechanistically, pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of PARP downregulates the expression of cystine transporter SLC7A11 in a p53-dependent manner. Consequently, decreased glutathione biosynthesis caused by SLC7A11 repression promotes lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. Furthermore, ferroptosis perturbation results in significant resistance to olaparib without affecting DNA damage response, while boosting ferroptosis by ferroptosis inducers (FINs) synergistically sensitizes BRCA-proficient ovarian cancer cells and xenografts to PARP inhibitor. Together, our results reveal a previously unappreciated mechanism coupling ferroptosis to PARP inhibition and suggest the combination of PARP inhibitor and FINs in the treatment of BRCA-proficient ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Hong
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Guang Lei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Early Clinical Trail Center, Office of National Drug Clinical Trail Institution,Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Xiaoye Zhang
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Nayiyuan Wu
- Department of the Central Laboratory, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, NY, 14626, USA
| | - Yilei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Yanta District, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
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244
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Jhanji M, Rao CN, Sajish M. Towards resolving the enigma of the dichotomy of resveratrol: cis- and trans-resveratrol have opposite effects on TyrRS-regulated PARP1 activation. GeroScience 2021; 43:1171-1200. [PMID: 33244652 PMCID: PMC7690980 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00295-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike widely perceived, resveratrol (RSV) decreased the average lifespan and extended only the replicative lifespan in yeast. Similarly, although not widely discussed, RSV is also known to evoke neurite degeneration, kidney toxicity, atherosclerosis, premature senescence, and genotoxicity through yet unknown mechanisms. Nevertheless, in vivo animal models of diseases and human clinical trials demonstrate inconsistent protective and beneficial effects. Therefore, the mechanism of action of RSV that elicits beneficial effects remains an enigma. In a previously published work, we demonstrated structural similarities between RSV and tyrosine amino acid. RSV acts as a tyrosine antagonist and competes with it to bind to human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS). Interestingly, although both isomers of RSV bind to TyrRS, only the cis-isomer evokes a unique structural change at the active site to promote its interaction with poly-ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1), a major determinant of cellular NAD+-dependent stress response. However, retention of trans-RSV in the active site of TyrRS mimics its tyrosine-bound conformation that inhibits the auto-poly-ADP-ribos(PAR)ylation of PARP1. Therefore, we proposed that cis-RSV-induced TyrRS-regulated auto-PARylation of PARP1 would contribute, at least in part, to the reported health benefits of RSV through the induction of protective stress response. This observation suggested that trans-RSV would inhibit TyrRS/PARP1-mediated protective stress response and would instead elicit an opposite effect compared to cis-RSV. Interestingly, most recent studies also confirmed the conversion of trans-RSV and its metabolites to cis-RSV in the physiological context. Therefore, the finding that cis-RSV and trans-RSV induce two distinct conformations of TyrRS with opposite effects on the auto-PARylation of PARP1 provides a potential molecular basis for the observed dichotomic effects of RSV under different experimental paradigms. However, the fact that natural RSV exists as a diastereomeric mixture of its cis and trans isomers and cis-RSV is also a physiologically relevant isoform has not yet gained much scientific attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Jhanji
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Chintada Nageswara Rao
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Mathew Sajish
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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245
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Jensen RB, Rothenberg E. Preserving genome integrity in human cells via DNA double-strand break repair. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 31:859-865. [PMID: 32286930 PMCID: PMC7185975 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-10-0668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient maintenance of genome integrity in the face of cellular stress is vital to protect against human diseases such as cancer. DNA replication, chromatin dynamics, cellular signaling, nuclear architecture, cell cycle checkpoints, and other cellular activities contribute to the delicate spatiotemporal control that cells utilize to regulate and maintain genome stability. This perspective will highlight DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways in human cells, how DNA repair failures can lead to human disease, and how PARP inhibitors have emerged as a novel clinical therapy to treat homologous recombination-deficient tumors. We briefly discuss how failures in DNA repair produce a permissive genetic environment in which preneoplastic cells evolve to reach their full tumorigenic potential. Finally, we conclude that an in-depth understanding of DNA DSB repair pathways in human cells will lead to novel therapeutic strategies to treat cancer and potentially other human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Jensen
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040
| | - Eli Rothenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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246
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Andronikou C, Rottenberg S. Studying PAR-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling to Tackle PARPi Resistance. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:630-642. [PMID: 34030964 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Histone eviction and chromatin relaxation are important processes for efficient DNA repair. Poly(ADP) ribose (PAR) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a key mediator of this process, and disruption of PARP1 activity has a direct impact on chromatin structure. PARP inhibitors (PARPis) have been established as a treatment for BRCA1- or BRCA2-deficient tumors. Unfortunately, PARPi resistance occurs in many patients and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In particular, it remains unclear how chromatin remodelers and histone chaperones compensate for the loss of the PARylation signal. In this Opinion article, we summarize currently known mechanisms of PARPi resistance. We discuss how the study of PARP1-mediated chromatin remodeling may help in further understanding PARPi resistance and finding new therapeutic approaches to overcome it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Andronikou
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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247
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The Role of PARP Inhibitors in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer: Recent Advances in Clinical Trials. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050722. [PMID: 34066020 PMCID: PMC8150298 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) belong to a class of targeted drugs developed for the treatment of homologous recombination repair (HRR)-defective tumors. Preclinical and limited clinical data suggest that PARP inhibition is effective against prostate cancer (PC) in patients with HRR-deficient tumors and that PARPis can improve the mortality rate of PC in patients with BRCA1/2 mutations through a synthetic lethality. Olaparib has been approved by the FDA for advanced ovarian and breast cancer with BRCA mutations, and as a maintenance therapy for ovarian cancer after platinum chemotherapy. PARPis are also a new and emerging clinical treatment for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Although PARPis have shown great efficacy, their widespread use is restricted by various factors, including drug resistance and the limited population who benefit from treatment. It is necessary to study the combination of PARPis and other therapeutic agents such as anti-hormone drugs, USP7 inhibitors, BET inhibitors, and immunotherapy. This article reviews the mechanism of PARP inhibition in the treatment of PC, the progress of clinical research, the mechanisms of drug resistance, and the strategies of combination treatments.
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248
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van Beek L, McClay É, Patel S, Schimpl M, Spagnolo L, Maia de Oliveira T. PARP Power: A Structural Perspective on PARP1, PARP2, and PARP3 in DNA Damage Repair and Nucleosome Remodelling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105112. [PMID: 34066057 PMCID: PMC8150716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) 1-3 are well-known multi-domain enzymes, catalysing the covalent modification of proteins, DNA, and themselves. They attach mono- or poly-ADP-ribose to targets using NAD+ as a substrate. Poly-ADP-ribosylation (PARylation) is central to the important functions of PARP enzymes in the DNA damage response and nucleosome remodelling. Activation of PARP happens through DNA binding via zinc fingers and/or the WGR domain. Modulation of their activity using PARP inhibitors occupying the NAD+ binding site has proven successful in cancer therapies. For decades, studies set out to elucidate their full-length molecular structure and activation mechanism. In the last five years, significant advances have progressed the structural and functional understanding of PARP1-3, such as understanding allosteric activation via inter-domain contacts, how PARP senses damaged DNA in the crowded nucleus, and the complementary role of histone PARylation factor 1 in modulating the active site of PARP. Here, we review these advances together with the versatility of PARP domains involved in DNA binding, the targets and shape of PARylation and the role of PARPs in nucleosome remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte van Beek
- Structure and Biophysics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK; (L.v.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Éilís McClay
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Garscube Campus, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QQ, UK;
| | - Saleha Patel
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK;
| | - Marianne Schimpl
- Structure and Biophysics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK; (L.v.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Laura Spagnolo
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Garscube Campus, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QQ, UK;
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (T.M.d.O.)
| | - Taiana Maia de Oliveira
- Structure and Biophysics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK; (L.v.B.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (T.M.d.O.)
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249
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Stok C, Kok Y, van den Tempel N, van Vugt MATM. Shaping the BRCAness mutational landscape by alternative double-strand break repair, replication stress and mitotic aberrancies. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:4239-4257. [PMID: 33744950 PMCID: PMC8096281 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumours with mutations in the BRCA1/BRCA2 genes have impaired double-stranded DNA break repair, compromised replication fork protection and increased sensitivity to replication blocking agents, a phenotype collectively known as 'BRCAness'. Tumours with a BRCAness phenotype become dependent on alternative repair pathways that are error-prone and introduce specific patterns of somatic mutations across the genome. The increasing availability of next-generation sequencing data of tumour samples has enabled identification of distinct mutational signatures associated with BRCAness. These signatures reveal that alternative repair pathways, including Polymerase θ-mediated alternative end-joining and RAD52-mediated single strand annealing are active in BRCA1/2-deficient tumours, pointing towards potential therapeutic targets in these tumours. Additionally, insight into the mutations and consequences of unrepaired DNA lesions may also aid in the identification of BRCA-like tumours lacking BRCA1/BRCA2 gene inactivation. This is clinically relevant, as these tumours respond favourably to treatment with DNA-damaging agents, including PARP inhibitors or cisplatin, which have been successfully used to treat patients with BRCA1/2-defective tumours. In this review, we aim to provide insight in the origins of the mutational landscape associated with BRCAness by exploring the molecular biology of alternative DNA repair pathways, which may represent actionable therapeutic targets in in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Stok
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yannick P Kok
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie van den Tempel
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A T M van Vugt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
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250
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Mukherjee J, Pandita A, Kamalakar C, Johannessen TC, Ohba S, Tang Y, Dalle-Ore CL, Bjerkvig R, Pieper RO. RETRACTED: A subset of PARP inhibitors induces lethal telomere fusion in ALT-dependent tumor cells. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/592/eabc7211. [PMID: 33952676 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc7211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
About 10% of all tumors, including most lower-grade astrocytoma, rely on the alternative lengthening of telomere (ALT) mechanism to resolve telomeric shortening and avoid limitations on their growth. Here, we found that dependence on the ALT mechanism made cells hypersensitive to a subset of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi). We found that this hypersensitivity was not associated with PARPi-created genomic DNA damage as in most PARPi-sensitive populations but rather with PARPi-induced telomere fusion. Mechanistically, we determined that PARP1 was recruited to the telomeres of ALT-dependent cells as part of a DNA damage response. By recruiting MRE11 and BRCC3 to stabilize TRF2 at the ends of telomeres, PARP1 blocked chromosomal fusion. Exposure of ALT-dependent tumor cells to a subset of PARPi induced a conformational change in PARP1 that limited binding to MRE11 and BRCC3 and delayed release of the TRF2-mediated block on lethal telomeric fusion. These results therefore provide a basis for PARPi treatment of ALT-dependent tumors, as well as establish chromosome fusion as a biomarker of their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Mukherjee
- Department of Neurosurgery and The Brain Tumor Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ajay Pandita
- Core Diagnostics, 3535 Breakwater Avenue, Hayward, CA 94545, USA
| | - Chatla Kamalakar
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tor-Christian Johannessen
- The Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Brain Tumor Research Centre, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies Vei 91, 5019, Bergen, Norway
| | - Shigeo Ohba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 4701192, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yongjian Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery and The Brain Tumor Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Cecilia L Dalle-Ore
- Department of Neurosurgery and The Brain Tumor Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- The Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Brain Tumor Research Centre, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies Vei 91, 5019, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 84, Val Fleuri, L-1526, Luxembourg
| | - Russell O Pieper
- Department of Neurosurgery and The Brain Tumor Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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