201
|
Ecker DJ, Sampath R, Willett P, Wyatt JR, Samant V, Massire C, Hall TA, Hari K, McNeil JA, Büchen-Osmond C, Budowle B. The Microbial Rosetta Stone Database: a compilation of global and emerging infectious microorganisms and bioterrorist threat agents. BMC Microbiol 2005; 5:19. [PMID: 15850481 PMCID: PMC1127111 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-5-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2004] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thousands of different microorganisms affect the health, safety, and economic stability of populations. Many different medical and governmental organizations have created lists of the pathogenic microorganisms relevant to their missions; however, the nomenclature for biological agents on these lists and pathogens described in the literature is inexact. This ambiguity can be a significant block to effective communication among the diverse communities that must deal with epidemics or bioterrorist attacks. RESULTS We have developed a database known as the Microbial Rosetta Stone. The database relates microorganism names, taxonomic classifications, diseases, specific detection and treatment protocols, and relevant literature. The database structure facilitates linkage to public genomic databases. This paper focuses on the information in the database for pathogens that impact global public health, emerging infectious organisms, and bioterrorist threat agents. CONCLUSION The Microbial Rosetta Stone is available at http://www.microbialrosettastone.com/. The database provides public access to up-to-date taxonomic classifications of organisms that cause human diseases, improves the consistency of nomenclature in disease reporting, and provides useful links between different public genomic and public health databases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Ecker
- Ibis Therapeutics, a division of Isis Pharmaceuticals, 1891 Rutherford Rd., Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Rangarajan Sampath
- Ibis Therapeutics, a division of Isis Pharmaceuticals, 1891 Rutherford Rd., Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Paul Willett
- Ibis Therapeutics, a division of Isis Pharmaceuticals, 1891 Rutherford Rd., Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | | | - Vivek Samant
- Ibis Therapeutics, a division of Isis Pharmaceuticals, 1891 Rutherford Rd., Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Christian Massire
- Ibis Therapeutics, a division of Isis Pharmaceuticals, 1891 Rutherford Rd., Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Thomas A Hall
- Ibis Therapeutics, a division of Isis Pharmaceuticals, 1891 Rutherford Rd., Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Kumar Hari
- Ibis Therapeutics, a division of Isis Pharmaceuticals, 1891 Rutherford Rd., Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - John A McNeil
- Ibis Therapeutics, a division of Isis Pharmaceuticals, 1891 Rutherford Rd., Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Cornelia Büchen-Osmond
- International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Bruce Budowle
- Laboratory Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, DC 20535, USA
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Maurer KJ, Ihrig MM, Rogers AB, Ng V, Bouchard G, Leonard MR, Carey MC, Fox JG. Identification of cholelithogenic enterohepatic helicobacter species and their role in murine cholesterol gallstone formation. Gastroenterology 2005; 128:1023-33. [PMID: 15825083 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Helicobacter spp are common inhabitants of the hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals and cause a variety of well-described diseases. Recent epidemiologic results suggest a possible association between enterohepatic Helicobacter spp and cholesterol cholelithiasis, chronic cholecystitis, and gallbladder cancer. To test this, we prospectively investigated the effects of Helicobacter spp infection in cholesterol gallstone pathogenesis in the highly susceptible C57L/J mouse model. METHODS Helicobacter spp-free adult male C57L mice were infected with several different enterohepatic Helicobacter spp or left uninfected and fed either a lithogenic diet or standard mouse chow for 8 and 18 weeks. At the conclusion of the study, bile was examined microscopically and diagnostic culture and polymerase chain reaction were performed. RESULTS Mice infected with Helicobacter bilis or coinfected with Helicobacter hepaticus and Helicobacter rodentium and fed a lithogenic diet developed cholesterol gallstones at 80% prevalence by 8 weeks compared with approximately 10% in uninfected controls. Monoinfections with H hepaticus , Helicobacter cinaedi , and H rodentium gave a cholesterol gallstone prevalence of 40%, 30%, and 20%, respectively; the latter 2 groups did not differ significantly from uninfected animals. Neither infected nor uninfected mice fed a chow diet developed cholesterol gallstones. CONCLUSIONS These findings, along with prior epidemiologic studies, suggest that Helicobacter spp play a major role in the pathophysiology of cholesterol gallstone formation in mice and perhaps humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirk J Maurer
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
203
|
Rogers AB, Boutin SR, Whary MT, Sundina N, Ge Z, Cormier K, Fox JG. Progression of chronic hepatitis and preneoplasia in Helicobacter hepaticus-infected A/JCr mice. Toxicol Pathol 2005; 32:668-77. [PMID: 15513910 DOI: 10.1080/01926230490524247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter hepaticus infection induces sustained inflammation and carcinoma of the liver in A/JCr mice, and serves as a model of human cancers associated with viral hepatitis and H. pylorichronic gastritis. Here we describe the pathogenesis of premalignant disease in A/JCr mice infected with H. hepaticus. We inoculated dams intragestationally and/or pups postnatally, and evaluated offspring at 3, 6, or 12 months. Mice infected at or before 3 weeks of age, but not at 12 weeks, developed disease. Male mice were most affected, but expressed a bimodal pattern of susceptibility. Males exhibited lobular necrogranulomatous and interface (chronic active) hepatitis, while females usually developed intraportal (chronic persistent) hepatitis. Portal inflammation was slowly progressive, with tertiary lymphoid nodule development by 12 months. Hepatic bacterial load and preneoplastic lesions, including clear and tigroid cell foci of cellular alteration, were correlated with lobular hepatitis severity. No extrahepatic surrogate disease marker reliably predicted individual hepatitis grade. In conclusion, gender and bacterial exposure timing are key determinants of H. hepaticus disease outcomes. Intrahepatic inflammation is driven by local signals characterized by a vigorous but nonsterilizing immune response. Continued study of chronic hepatitis progression may reveal therapeutic targets to reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arlin B Rogers
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory 16-849, Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
204
|
Rocha M, Avenaud P, Ménard A, Le Bail B, Balabaud C, Bioulac-Sage P, de Magalhães Queiroz DM, Mégraud F. Association of Helicobacter species with hepatitis C cirrhosis with or without hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 2005; 54:396-401. [PMID: 15710989 PMCID: PMC1774397 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2004.042168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent studies have suggested that bacterial coinfection with Helicobacter species in patients already infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) could be involved in the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A retrospective cross sectional study was performed in order to explore the association between Helicobacter species and HCV associated liver diseases. METHODS The presence of Helicobacter species was tested by polymerase chain reaction on liver samples from four groups of patients. RESULTS Helicobacter 16S rDNA was found in only 4.2% of liver samples from control patients (n=24) and in 3.5% of liver samples from patients with non-cirrhotic chronic hepatitis C (n=29) while it was found in 68.0% of liver samples from patients with HCV positive cirrhosis without HCC (n=25) as well as in 61.3% of cirrhotic liver samples from patients with HCV positive cirrhosis and HCC (n=31). In addition, when the HCC tumour tissue was tested (n=21), 90.5% of samples were positive. DNA from Helicobacter pylori- and Helicobacter pullorum-like organisms was found. CONCLUSIONS There is an association between the presence of Helicobacter species DNA in the liver and hepatitis C cirrhosis, with or without HCC. Indeed, the presence of these bacteria could be the result of structural changes in the liver. Alternatively, Helicobacter species could be a co-risk factor in HCV chronic liver diseases. This result warrants prospective studies to determine the possible causal role of these bacteria in the progression of chronic hepatitis C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rocha
- Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Bat 2B RDC Zone Nord, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
205
|
Terio KA, Munson L, Marker L, Aldridge BM, Solnick JV. Comparison of Helicobacter spp. in Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) with and without gastritis. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:229-34. [PMID: 15634976 PMCID: PMC540127 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.1.229-234.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic gastritis causes significant morbidity and mortality in captive cheetahs but is rare in wild cheetahs despite colonization by abundant spiral bacteria. This research aimed to identify the Helicobacter species that were associated with gastritis in captive cheetahs but are apparently commensal in wild cheetahs. Helicobacter species were characterized by PCR amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA, urease, and cagA genes and by transmission electron microscopy of frozen or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded gastric samples from 33 cheetahs infected with Helicobacter organisms (10 wild without gastritis and 23 captive with gastritis). Samples were screened for mixed infections by denaturant gel gradient electrophoresis of the 16S rRNA gene and by transmission electron microscopy. There was no association between Helicobacter infection and the presence or severity of gastritis. Eight cheetahs had 16S rRNA sequences that were most similar (98 to 99%) to H. pylori. Twenty-five cheetahs had sequences that were most similar (97 to 99%) to "H. heilmannii" or H. felis. No cheetahs had mixed infections. The ultrastructural morphology of all bacteria was most consistent with "H. heilmannii," even when 16S rRNA sequences were H. pylori-like. The urease gene from H. pylori-like bacteria could not be amplified with primers for either "H. heilmannii" or H. pylori urease, suggesting that this bacteria is neither H. pylori nor "H. heilmannii." The cagA gene was not identified in any case. These findings question a direct role for Helicobacter infection in the pathogenesis of gastritis and support the premise that host factors account for the differences in disease between captive and wild cheetah populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Terio
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
206
|
Maier RJ. Use of molecular hydrogen as an energy substrate by human pathogenic bacteria. Biochem Soc Trans 2005; 33:83-5. [PMID: 15667272 DOI: 10.1042/bst0330083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen is produced as a fermentation by-product in the large intestine of animals and its production can be correlated with the digestibility of the carbohydrates consumed. Pathogenic Helicobacter species (Helicobacter pylori and H. hepaticus) have the ability to use H2 through a respiratory hydrogenase, and it was demonstrated that the gas is present in the tissues colonized by these pathogens (the stomach and the liver respectively of live animals). Mutant strains of H. pylori unable to use H2 are deficient in colonizing mice compared with the parent strain. On the basis of available annotated gene sequence information, the enteric pathogen Salmonella, like other enteric bacteria, contains three putative membrane-associated H2-using hydrogenase enzymes. From the analysis of gene-targeted mutants it is concluded that each of the three membrane-bound hydrogenases of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium are coupled with an H2-oxidizing respiratory pathway. From microelectrode probe measurements on live mice, H2 could be detected at approx. 50 μM levels within the tissues (liver and spleen), which are colonized by Salmonella. The half-saturation affinity of whole cells of these pathogens for H2 is much less than this, so it is expected that the (H2-utilizing) hydrogenase enzymes be saturated with the reducing substrate in vivo. All three enteric NiFe hydrogenase enzymes contribute to virulence of the bacterium in a typhoid fever-mouse model, and the combined removal of all three hydrogenases resulted in a strain that is avirulent and (in contrast with the parent strain) one that is not able to pass the intestinal tract to invade liver or spleen tissue. It is proposed that H2 utilization and specifically its oxidation, coupled with a respiratory pathway, is required for energy production to permit growth and maintain efficient virulence of a number of pathogenic bacteria during infection of animals. These would be expected to include the Campylobacter jejuni, a bacterium closely related to Helicobacter, as well as many enteric bacteria (Escherichia coli, Shigella and Yersinia species).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Maier
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Huang Y, Fan XG, Wang ZM, Zhou JH, Tian XF, Li N. Identification of helicobacter species in human liver samples from patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2005; 57:1273-7. [PMID: 15563667 PMCID: PMC1770525 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2004.018556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Several studies have shown the presence of helicobacter species in the human biliary tract and in the intestinal tract of animals. Experimental infection by Helicobacter hepaticus in mice causes chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study investigated whether helicobacter species could be detected in the liver of patients with HCC. METHODS Liver samples from 20 patients with primary liver carcinoma diagnosed by histopathology and 16 controls without primary liver carcinoma were studied. Histology with standard and immunohistochemical stains, culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using helicobacter genus specific 16S rRNA primers were used to detect the presence of bacteria. Amplified products were identified by Southern hybridisation and sequencing. A search for other genes specific for Helicobacter pylori was also performed. RESULTS Helicobacter species 16S rDNA was found in eight of 20 samples of primary liver carcinoma, whereas none of the controls harboured this rDNA. Six helicobacter specific PCR amplicons were sequenced and were found to have 98.5-99.0% similarity to the 16S rDNA of H pylori. Of the eight positive samples, seven were positive in PCR using 26 kDa protein primers and six showed morphological and immunohistochemical evidence of H pylori. The cagA and glmM genes were detected in only two samples. The vacA and rps4 genes were not detected. CONCLUSIONS Helicobacter can be present in the liver of patients with primary liver carcinoma and is probably linked to the carcinogenic process in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
208
|
Czinn SJ, Nedrud JG. Peptic Ulcers and Gastritis. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
209
|
Avery PR, Avery AC. Molecular methods to distinguish reactive and neoplastic lymphocyte expansions and their importance in transitional neoplastic states. Vet Clin Pathol 2004; 33:196-207. [PMID: 15570556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2004.tb00374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although lymphoma and leukemia usually can be diagnosed by routine cytology and histology, some cases present a diagnostic challenge for pathologists and clinicians. Often the dilemma lies in determining whether a population of lymphocytes is reactive or neoplastic. We review currently available methods for analyzing lymphocyte populations by immunophenotyping and by identifying clonally rearranged immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes and discuss how these tests can be used to clarify such diagnostic dilemmas. We also describe the detection of chromosomal abnormalities and methods on the horizon, such as gene expression profiling, to identify diagnostically useful oncogenes. Finally, we review the emerging concept of transitional neoplastic states, in which reactive lymphocytes transform to neoplastic lymphocytes in the presence of continued antigenic stimulation, such as that caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori. The existence of transitional neoplastic states underscores the need for an array of molecular diagnostic tools that would improve our ability to characterize lymphocyte populations in human and animal patients and enhance early detection of neoplastic lymphocytes such that eradication of the infectious or inflammatory stimulus could lead to cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
210
|
Eppinger M, Baar C, Raddatz G, Huson DH, Schuster SC. Comparative analysis of four Campylobacterales. Nat Rev Microbiol 2004; 2:872-85. [PMID: 15494744 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Comparative genome analysis can be used to identify species-specific genes and gene clusters, and analysis of these genes can give an insight into the mechanisms involved in a specific bacteria-host interaction. Comparative analysis can also provide important information on the genome dynamics and degree of recombination in a particular species. This article describes the comparative genome analysis of representatives of four different Campylobacterales species - two pathogens of humans, Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni, as well as Helicobacter hepaticus, which is associated with liver cancer in rodents, and the non-pathogenic commensal species, Wolinella succinogenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Eppinger
- Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Genome Centre, Spemannstr. 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
211
|
Oxley APA, Powell M, McKay DB. Species of the family Helicobacteraceae detected in an Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) with chronic gastritis. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:3505-12. [PMID: 15297490 PMCID: PMC497586 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.8.3505-3512.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the first case of gastritis in a male Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) in which members of the family Helicobacteraceae, particularly the genus Wolinella, were detected. The sea lion exhibited clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease, including abdominal pain, lack of appetite, and lethargy. Examination of one ileal and five gastric biopsy specimens collected over a 10-year period revealed persistent fibrosis and/or superficial focal erosion and ulceration of the lamina propria. Spiral-shaped organisms 5 to 12 microm long were observed in two of the gut biopsy specimens. While Helicobacter species were detected by PCR in one of the gastric biopsy specimens, Wolinella species were detected in four of the five gastric specimens, including those in which spiral-shaped organisms were observed. Comparisons of biopsy specimen ribosomal DNA sequences with those obtained from the feces of this animal, the gastric tissue of a clinically healthy individual, and the feces of several other cohoused sea lions and fur seals revealed a separate and possibly novel gastric Helicobacter species. A possibly novel Wolinella species, along with Wolinella succinogenes, was also identified. These findings highlight the pathogenic potential of other members of this family in the etiopathogenesis of gastric disease in these animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P A Oxley
- School of Biological, Cellular, and Molecular Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
212
|
Oxley APA, McKay DB. Fecal shedding of Helicobacter spp. by co-housed Australian sea lions (Neophoca cinerea) and Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus). Vet Microbiol 2004; 101:235-43. [PMID: 15261996 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2003] [Revised: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With the emergence of Helicobacter species as agents of gastrointestinal disease within a broad range of animal hosts, there is growing awareness of the need to identify such species and the potential role(s) they play within the intestine. Of interest in this study are captive seals and sea lions, where close proximity to one another may enhance the transmission of pathogens, in particular Helicobacter. The feces of several captive Australian sea lions and Australian fur seals were assessed for the occurrence of Helicobacter over 31 days. The presence of Helicobacter, detected by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) varied over time and at times could not be detected. Helicobacter species were detected in five of the six animals examined of which two species were identified. This is the first report of Helicobacter species in captive seals and demonstrates the diversity and potential role(s) they may play in the gut of these animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P A Oxley
- School of Biological, Cellular and Molecular Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
213
|
Huycke MM, Gaskins HR. Commensal bacteria, redox stress, and colorectal cancer: mechanisms and models. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2004; 229:586-97. [PMID: 15229352 DOI: 10.1177/153537020422900702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential role for commensal bacteria in colorectal carcinogenesis is explored in this review. Most colorectal cancers (CRCs) occur sporadically and arise from the gradual accumulation of mutations in genes regulating cell growth and DNA repair. Genetic mutations followed by clonal selection result in the transformation of normal cells into malignant derivatives. Numerous toxicological effects of colonic bacteria have been reported. However, those recognized as damaging epithelial cell DNA are most easily reconciled with the currently understood genetic basis for sporadic CRC. Thus, we focus on mechanisms by which particular commensal bacteria may convert dietary procarcinogens into DNA damaging agents (e.g., ethanol and heterocyclic amines) or directly generate carcinogens (e.g., fecapentaenes). Although these and other metabolic activities have yet to be linked directly to sporadic CRC, several lines of investigation are reviewed to highlight difficulties and progress in the area. Particular focus is given to commensal bacteria that alter the epithelial redox environment, such as production of oxygen radicals by Enterococcus faecalis or production of hydrogen sulfide by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Super-oxide-producing E. faecalis has conclusively been shown to cause colonic epithelial cell DNA damage. Though SRB-derived hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has not been reported thus far to induce DNA damage or function as a carcinogen, recent data demonstrate that this reductant activates molecular pathways implicated in CRC. These observations combined with evidence that SRB carriage may be genetically encoded evoke a working model that incorporates multifactorial gene-environment interactions that appear to underlie the development of sporadic CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Huycke
- The Muchmore Laboratories for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
214
|
Hynes SO, Ferris JA, Szponar B, Wadström T, Fox JG, O'Rourke J, Larsson L, Yaquian E, Ljungh A, Clyne M, Andersen LP, Moran AP. Comparative chemical and biological characterization of the lipopolysaccharides of gastric and enterohepatic helicobacters. Helicobacter 2004; 9:313-23. [PMID: 15270745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1083-4389.2004.00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lipopolysaccharide of Helicobacter pylori plays an important role in colonization and pathogenicity. The present study sought to compare structural and biological features of lipopolysaccharides from gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. not previously characterized. MATERIALS AND METHODS Purified lipopolysaccharides from four gastric Helicobacter spp. (H. pylori, Helicobacter felis, Helicobacter bizzozeronii and Helicobacter mustelae) and four enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. (Helicobacter hepaticus, Helicobacter bilis, 'Helicobacter sp. flexispira' and Helicobacter pullorum) were structurally characterized using electrophoretic, serological and chemical methods. RESULTS Structural insights into all three moieties of the lipopolysaccharides, i.e. lipid A, core and O-polysaccharide chains, were gained. All species expressed lipopolysaccharides bearing an O-polysaccharide chain, but H. mustelae and H. hepaticus produced truncated semirough lipopolysaccharides. However, in contrast to lipopolysaccharides of H. pylori and H. mustelae, no blood group mimicry was detected in the other Helicobacter spp. examined. Intra-species, but not interspecies, fatty acid profiles of lipopolysaccharides were identical within the genus. Although shared lipopolysaccharide-core epitopes with H. pylori occurred, differing structural characteristics were noted in this lipopolysaccharide region of some Helicobacter spp. The lipopolysaccharides of the gastric helicobacters, H. bizzozeronii and H. mustelae, had relative Limulus amoebocyte lysate activities which clustered around that of H. pylori lipopolysaccharide, whereas H. bilis, 'Helicobacter sp. flexispira' and H. hepaticus formed a cluster with approximately 1000-10,000-fold lower activities. H. pullorum lipopolysaccharide had the highest relative Limulus amoebocyte lysate activity of all the helicobacter lipopolysaccharides (10-fold higher than that of H. pylori lipopolysaccharide), and all the lipopolysaccharides of enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. were capable of inducing nuclear factor-Kappa B(NF-kappaB) activation. CONCLUSIONS The collective results demonstrate the structural heterogeneity and pathogenic potential of lipopolysaccharides of the Helicobacter genus as a group and these differences in lipopolysaccharides may be indicative of adaptation of the bacteria to different ecological niches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean O Hynes
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Galway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
215
|
Bohr URM, Glasbrenner B, Primus A, Zagoura A, Wex T, Malfertheiner P. Identification of enterohepatic Helicobacter species in patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:2766-8. [PMID: 15184464 PMCID: PMC427830 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.6.2766-2768.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a group-specific PCR assay, we investigated the presence of enterohepatic Helicobacter species in gut specimens from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Enterohepatic Helicobacter species were detected in 12% (3 of 25) of the patients with Crohn's disease, in 17% (3 of 18) of the ulcerative colitis samples, and in 4% (1 of 23) of the controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich R M Bohr
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
216
|
Mikkonen TP, Kärenlampi RI, Hänninen ML. Phylogenetic analysis of gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacter species based on partial HSP60 gene sequences. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2004; 54:753-758. [PMID: 15143020 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences has been the method generally used to study the evolution and phylogeny of bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene has shown the position of the genus Helicobacter in the epsilon-subclass of the Proteobacteria. Because 16S rRNA-based phylogeny does not always correspond to the results of polyphasic taxonomy, and the related species cannot always be separated, new phylogenetic markers for Helicobacter species are needed. In this study, conserved partial (600 bp) 60 kDa heat-shock protein (HSP60) sequences were used to study the phylogeny of 37 strains of gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacter species, including type strains of 15 Helicobacter species with validly published names, reference strains of flexispira taxa and Helicobacter felis, Helicobacter bizzozeronii and Helicobacter salomonis and canine flexispira strains. The partial HSP60 gene sequence proved to be a useful phylogenetic marker for the genus Helicobacter, providing a means of differentiating all 15 Helicobacter species analysed. In the resulting phylogenetic tree, gastric Helicobacter species and enterohepatic species with flexispira morphology formed tight, separate clusters. In general, HSP60 sequence similarities between Helicobacter species were significantly lower than the corresponding 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, indicating a better resolution for species identification. In addition, a specific PCR method for identifying H. salomonis was developed based on the partial HSP60 sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiina P Mikkonen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, PO Box 57, 00014 Helsinki University, Finland
| | - Rauni I Kärenlampi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, PO Box 57, 00014 Helsinki University, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Hänninen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, PO Box 57, 00014 Helsinki University, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Chu FF, Esworthy RS, Doroshow JH. Role of Se-dependent glutathione peroxidases in gastrointestinal inflammation and cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 36:1481-95. [PMID: 15182851 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2004] [Revised: 03/31/2004] [Accepted: 04/02/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Increase in reactive oxygen species plays an integral part in the inflammatory response, and chronic inflammation increases cancer risk. Selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GPX) is well recognized for its antioxidant, and thus anti-inflammatory, activity. However, due to the multiple antioxidant families present in the gastrointestinal tract, it has been difficult to demonstrate the importance of individual antioxidant enzymes. Using genetically altered mice deficient in individual Gpx genes has provided insight into the physiological functions of these genes. Insufficient GPX activity in the mucosal epithelium can trigger acute and chronic inflammation. The presence of certain microflora, such as Helicobacter species, may affect cancer risk significantly. However, when damaged cells have progressed into a precancerous status, increased GPX activity may become procarcinogenic, presumably due to inhibition of hydroperoxide-mediated apoptosis. This review summarizes the current view of GPX in inflammation and cancer with emphasis on the GI tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fong-Fong Chu
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
218
|
Zhang Y, Fan XG, Chen R, Liu JP, Li N. Effect of Helicobacter pylori on HepG2 proteome. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:1325-1328. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i6.1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To further explore the pathological effect mechanism of H. pylori on human hepatoma cells, and to analyze the differences on the protein expression in HepG2 induced by H. pylori preliminarily.
METHODS: H. pylori was co-cultured with HepG2 for 6 h. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) was used to screen protein patterns of control and H. pylori-treated HepG2 for quantitative and qualitative analyses in protein expression.
RESULTS: 988 94 spots were detected in control HepG2 cells and 996 68 spots were detected in H. pylori-treated HepG2 cells. A match rate 86.4% was achieved. The results also showed that 18 proteins spots displayed quantitative changes in expression after H. pylori treatment (P < 0.05),of which, 10 (Mr/pI: 91 326/6.21, 90 640/6.68, 87 833/5.65, 81 139 /6.55, 63 805/6.24, 60 445/7.38, 47 592/5.28, 46 293/7.21, 43 415/7.64, 21 704/5.66) were enhanced in abundance and 8 (Mr/pI: 70 839/7.02, 56 403/6.58, 44 076/6.86, 43 744/7.21, 42 497/6.64, 37 567/7.17, 22 342/7.49, 21 112/5.63) showed lower expression.
CONCLUSION: There is a significant difference at protein level between control and H. pylori-treated HepG2. These proteins may be involved in the pathological process of H. pylori on HepG2. It suggests that the differential expression analysis of proteomes may be useful to further study of the relation of H. pylori and human liver diseases.
Collapse
|
219
|
Young VB, Knox KA, Pratt JS, Cortez JS, Mansfield LS, Rogers AB, Fox JG, Schauer DB. In vitro and in vivo characterization of Helicobacter hepaticus cytolethal distending toxin mutants. Infect Immun 2004; 72:2521-7. [PMID: 15102759 PMCID: PMC387909 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.5.2521-2527.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter hepaticus expresses a member of the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) family of bacterial cytotoxins. To investigate the role of CDT in the pathogenesis of H. hepaticus, transposon mutagenesis was used to generate a series of isogenic mutants in and around the cdtABC gene cluster. An H. hepaticus transposon mutant with a disrupted cdtABC coding region no longer produced CDT activity. Conversely, a transposon insertion outside of the cluster did not affect the CDT activity. An examination of these mutants demonstrated that CDT represents the previously described granulating cytotoxin in H. hepaticus. Challenge of C57BL/6 interleukin 10(-/-) mice with isogenic H. hepaticus mutants revealed that CDT expression is not required for colonization of the murine gut. However, a CDT-negative H. hepaticus mutant had a significantly diminished capacity to induce lesions in this murine model of inflammatory bowel disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent B Young
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
220
|
Eslick GD. Non-gonococcal urethritis, Helicobacter pylori infection and fellatio: a new ménage à trois? MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2004; 150:520-522. [PMID: 14993299 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guy D Eslick
- Department of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Level 5, South Block, P.O. Box 63, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Waldenström J, On SLW, Ottvall R, Hasselquist D, Harrington CS, Olsen B. Avian reservoirs and zoonotic potential of the emerging human pathogen Helicobacter canadensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 69:7523-6. [PMID: 14660407 PMCID: PMC309870 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.12.7523-7526.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A polyphasic identification approach was used to investigate the taxonomic position of Campylobacter-like isolates recovered from barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) and Canada geese (Branta candensis). Seven strains were selected from a collection of 21 isolates and analyzed by extensive phenotypic testing; four strains were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The results clearly identified the bird isolates as Helicobacter canadensis, recently described as an emerging human pathogen. This is the first report of an animal reservoir for this organism and of its presence in Europe and confirms the zoonotic potential of H. canadensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Waldenström
- Department of Animal Ecology, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
222
|
Chu FF, Esworthy RS, Chu PG, Longmate JA, Huycke MM, Wilczynski S, Doroshow JH. Bacteria-induced intestinal cancer in mice with disrupted Gpx1 and Gpx2 genes. Cancer Res 2004; 64:962-8. [PMID: 14871826 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Two glutathione peroxidase (GPX) isozymes, GPX-1 and GPX-2 (GPX-GI), are the major enzymes that reduce hydroperoxides in intestinal epithelium. We have previously demonstrated that targeted disruption of both the Gpx1 and Gpx2 genes (GPX-DKO) results in a high incidence of ileocolitis in mice raised under conventional conditions, which include the harboring of Helicobacter species [non-specific-pathogen-free (non-SPF) conditions]. In this study, we have characterized GPX-DKO mice that have microflora-associated intestinal cancers, which are correlated with increased intestinal pathology/inflammation. We found that GPX-DKO mice raised under germ-free conditions have virtually no pathology or tumors. After colonizing germ-free mice with commensal microflora without any known pathogens (SPF), <9% of GPX-DKO mice develop tumors in the ileum or the colon. However, about one-fourth of GPX-DKO mice raised under non-SPF conditions from birth or transferred from SPF conditions at weaning have predominantly ileal tumors. Nearly 30% of tumors are cancerous; most are invasive adenocarcinomas and a few signet-ring cell carcinomas. On the basis of these results, we conclude that GPX-DKO mice are highly susceptible to bacteria-associated inflammation and cancer. The sensitivity exhibited in these mice suggests that peroxidative stress plays an important role in ileal and colonic pathology and inflammation, which can lead to tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fong-Fong Chu
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
223
|
Jin M, Rosario W, Watler E, Calhoun DH. Development of a large-scale HPLC-based purification for the urease from Staphylococcus leei and determination of subunit structure. Protein Expr Purif 2004; 34:111-7. [PMID: 14766306 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2003.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2003] [Revised: 10/24/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus species, related to but distinct from the genetic homology group containing Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus xylosus, and Staphylococcus saphrophyticus, were isolated from biopsy material obtained from a cluster of patients in Korea suffering from gastritis. The prototype isolate, Staphylococcus leei, has high urease activity that is similar with respect to a low K(m) value and acid resistance of the urease found in the stomach adapted pathogen, Helicobacter pylori. S. leei is remarkably resistant to lysis and only a small fraction of the cells are broken using sonication, a French press, Niro homogenizer, or a Gaulin mill. In the present report, we describe an efficient cell lysis procedure for S. leei using three passes through a Dynomill with 0.5mm glass beads that results in lysis of more than 95% of the cells. We also developed an efficient and large-scale purification procedure for the S. leei urease using a BioCAD HPLC Workstation using Q-Sepharose, Poros HP2, Sephacryl S-300, and hydroxyapatite chromatography. The urease of S. leei was purified 98-fold to a specific activity of 731U/mg. The urease protein is composed of three subunits, alpha (65kDa), beta (21kDa), and gamma (12kDa), and in situ enzyme assay and molecular sieve chromatography indicate that multiple high molecular weight forms are present, including an apparent pentamer of 1:1:1 alphabetagamma-heterotrimers of 480kDa. This purification procedure was used to purify 16mg of enzyme from 120-liters of cell culture. This improved lysis and purification procedure will make it possible to obtain sufficient quantities of urease for use as an antigen in ELISA assays to carry out studies to determine the incidence and demographic prevalence of gastritis due to S. leei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jin
- Department of Chemistry, City College of New York, 138th Street and Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
224
|
Maier RJ. Availability and use of molecular hydrogen as an energy substrate for Helicobacter species. Microbes Infect 2004; 5:1159-63. [PMID: 14554258 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen is produced in the large intestine of animals due to the fermentation reactions of sugar catabolism. The gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori and the liver pathogen Helicobacter hepaticus have the capacity to use molecular hydrogen as a respiratory substrate. The amount of the gas within tissues colonized by these pathogens is ample, and use of H2 significantly increases the stomach colonization ability of H. pylori.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Maier
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
225
|
Bohr URM, Segal I, Primus A, Wex T, Hassan H, Ally R, Malfertheiner P. Detection of a putative novel Wolinella species in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Helicobacter 2003; 8:608-12. [PMID: 14632676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2003.00186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain regions of South Africa exhibit an extraordinarily high incidence of esophageal carcinoma that develops via an esophagitis-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence. Bacteria belonging to the family Helicobacteraceae are candidates for involvement in the initiation of the esophagitis. We investigated patients with esophageal carcinoma for the occurrence of Helicobacter-related species. METHODS Biopsies from tumor and nonlesional tissue of the esophagus from nine patients with squamous cell carcinoma were investigated for Helicobacteraceae using a PCR-based method targeting the 16S rRNA gene. RESULTS Four out of nine patients tested negative, while samples from the other five patients revealed an infection by different Helicobacter species. Sequence analysis of the PCR fragments led to the identification of a hitherto unknown bacterium in three of these patients. Phylogenetically, this bacterium was assigned to the genus Wolinella within the family of Helicobacteraceae. Helicobacter pylori was identified in three patients, and one revealed a coinfection with the novel Wolinella species. CONCLUSIONS Helicobacteraceae were detected in approximately 50% of South African patients with esophageal carcinoma. Furthermore, a novel bacterium was identified that might be linked to the enhanced incidence of esophagitis and subsequent malignant disease in South Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich R M Bohr
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
226
|
Bury-Moné S, Skouloubris S, Dauga C, Thiberge JM, Dailidiene D, Berg DE, Labigne A, De Reuse H. Presence of active aliphatic amidases in Helicobacter species able to colonize the stomach. Infect Immun 2003; 71:5613-22. [PMID: 14500481 PMCID: PMC201111 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.10.5613-5622.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammonia production is of great importance for the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori as a nitrogen source, as a compound protecting against gastric acidity, and as a cytotoxic molecule. In addition to urease, H. pylori possesses two aliphatic amidases responsible for ammonia production: AmiE, a classical amidase, and AmiF, a new type of formamidase. Both enzymes are part of a regulatory network consisting of nitrogen metabolism enzymes, including urease and arginase. We examined the role of the H. pylori amidases in vivo by testing the gastric colonization of mice with H. pylori SS1 strains carrying mutations in amiE and/or amiF and in coinfection experiments with wild-type and double mutant strains. A new cassette conferring resistance to gentamicin was used in addition to the kanamycin cassette to construct the double mutation in strain SS1. Our data indicate that the amidases are not essential for colonization of mice. The search for amiE and amiF genes in 53 H. pylori strains from different geographic origins indicated the presence of both genes in all these genomes. We tested for the presence of the amiE and amiF genes and for amidase and formamidase activities in eleven Helicobacter species. Among the gastric species, H. acinonychis possessed both amiE and amiF, H. felis carried only amiF, and H. mustelae was devoid of amidases. H. muridarum, which can colonize both mouse intestine and stomach, was the only enterohepatic species to contain amiE. Phylogenetic trees based upon the sequences of H. pylori amiE and amiF genes and their respective homologs from other organisms as well as the amidase gene distribution among Helicobacter species are strongly suggestive of amidase acquisition by horizontal gene transfer. Since amidases are found only in Helicobacter species able to colonize the stomach, their acquisition might be related to selective pressure in this particular gastric environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bury-Moné
- Unité de Pathogénie Bactérienne des Muqueuses, Département de Pathogenèse Microbienne. Département Structure et Dynamique des Génomes, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
227
|
Baar C, Eppinger M, Raddatz G, Simon J, Lanz C, Klimmek O, Nandakumar R, Gross R, Rosinus A, Keller H, Jagtap P, Linke B, Meyer F, Lederer H, Schuster SC. Complete genome sequence and analysis of Wolinella succinogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:11690-5. [PMID: 14500908 PMCID: PMC208819 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1932838100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the origin and emergence of pathogenic bacteria, knowledge of the genetic inventory from their nonpathogenic relatives is a prerequisite. Therefore, the 2.11-megabase genome sequence of Wolinella succinogenes, which is closely related to the pathogenic bacteria Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni, was determined. Despite being considered nonpathogenic to its bovine host, W. succinogenes holds an extensive repertoire of genes homologous to known bacterial virulence factors. Many of these genes have been acquired by lateral gene transfer, because part of the virulence plasmid pVir and an N-linked glycosylation gene cluster were found to be syntenic between C. jejuni and genomic islands of W. succinogenes. In contrast to other host-adapted bacteria, W. succinogenes does harbor the highest density of bacterial sensor kinases found in any bacterial genome to date, together with an elaborate signaling circuitry of the GGDEF family of proteins. Because the analysis of the W. succinogenes genome also revealed genes related to soil- and plant-associated bacteria such as the nif genes, W. succinogenes may represent a member of the epsilon proteobacteria with a life cycle outside its host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Baar
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
228
|
Moura SB, Queiroz DMM, Rocha GA, Comunian LB, Cara DC. Hepatic changes in mice chronically infected with Helicobacter trogontum. Braz J Med Biol Res 2003; 36:1209-13. [PMID: 12937787 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2003000900010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We infected NIH germ-free female mice with Helicobacter trogontum, a recently described intestinal bacterium of rats, in order to study the lesions it induced in the liver of this host. Fifteen mice were challenged with a single dose of H. trogontum (test group) and killed 6, 12 and 18 months after inoculation (5 animals/group). Nine animals were challenged with 0.85% saline alone (control group) and killed at the same times. Fragments from the liver, cecum and colon were obtained for microbiologic and histologic examination. Stool samples were also collected. H. trogontum was detected in the cecum, colon and/or stool samples of all test mice. As expected, the bacterium was not isolated from any specimen obtained from the control animals. On the other hand, although we could not cultivate the bacterium from the liver, 13 test animals (86.7%) presented histological changes in this organ. The 6-month group presented infiltration of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells in the hepatic parenchyma and the two other groups presented foci of mononuclear cells. The results suggest that H. trogontum can elicit a hepatic inflammatory response in mice since the only difference between control and test animals was the presence of H. trogontum in the latter. This result, together with the growing number of related reports in the literature, reinforces the possible role of Helicobacter infection in the pathogenesis of hepatobiliary diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B Moura
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasília, DF, Brasil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
229
|
Suerbaum S, Josenhans C, Sterzenbach T, Drescher B, Brandt P, Bell M, Droge M, Fartmann B, Fischer HP, Ge Z, Horster A, Holland R, Klein K, Konig J, Macko L, Mendz GL, Nyakatura G, Schauer DB, Shen Z, Weber J, Frosch M, Fox JG. The complete genome sequence of the carcinogenic bacterium Helicobacter hepaticus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:7901-6. [PMID: 12810954 PMCID: PMC164685 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1332093100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter hepaticus causes chronic hepatitis and liver cancer in mice. It is the prototype enterohepatic Helicobacter species and a close relative of Helicobacter pylori, also a recognized carcinogen. Here we report the complete genome sequence of H. hepaticus ATCC51449. H. hepaticus has a circular chromosome of 1,799,146 base pairs, predicted to encode 1,875 proteins. A total of 938, 953, and 821 proteins have orthologs in H. pylori, Campylobacter jejuni, and both pathogens, respectively. H. hepaticus lacks orthologs of most known H. pylori virulence factors, including adhesins, the VacA cytotoxin, and almost all cag pathogenicity island proteins, but has orthologs of the C. jejuni adhesin PEB1 and the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT). The genome contains a 71-kb genomic island (HHGI1) and several genomic islets whose G+C content differs from the rest of the genome. HHGI1 encodes three basic components of a type IV secretion system and other virulence protein homologs, suggesting a role of HHGI1 in pathogenicity. The genomic variability of H. hepaticus was assessed by comparing the genomes of 12 H. hepaticus strains with the sequenced genome by microarray hybridization. Although five strains, including all those known to have caused liver disease, were indistinguishable from ATCC51449, other strains lacked between 85 and 229 genes, including large parts of HHGI1, demonstrating extensive variation of genome content within the species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Suerbaum
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
230
|
Dandekar S, Reay E, Taylor JM, Solnick JV. Apoptosis of gastric lymphocytes in Helicobacter pylori-infected rhesus macaques. Dig Dis Sci 2003; 48:1073-80. [PMID: 12822865 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023756427046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In vitro studies suggest that H. pylori induces apoptosis in gastric epithelial cells and perhaps in gastric lymphocytes as well. However, the early effects of H. pylori infection on lymphocyte apoptosis have not been examined in experimental animal models, nor have studies been performed using markers specific for T cells and T-cell subsets. Gastric T-cell apoptosis and Fas ligand expression were examined by flow cytometry after experimental infection of rhesus macaques with H. pylori. Infection induced transient apoptosis of gastric CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, which began as soon as three days after inoculation and declined to baseline within eight weeks. Fas ligand expression showed a similar transient induction, suggesting that it mediates gastric T-cell apoptosis. We propose that transient, Fas-mediated apoptosis in gastric lymphocytes is a compensatory response to the initial T-cell inflammatory response after acute H. pylori infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
231
|
Sjunnesson H, Sturegard E, Hynes S, Willen R, Feinstein R, Wadstrom T. Five month persistence of Helicobacter pylori infection in guinea pigs. APMIS 2003; 111:634-42. [PMID: 12969019 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0463.2003.1110606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Seven Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs were infected with the Sydney strain of H. pylori (SS1). Gastric histopathology was evaluated and serum antibody response to H. pylori cell-surface proteins was analysed by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and immunoblot. Tissue and faecal samples from five control animals were analysed for the presence of naturally occurring Helicobacter spp. infection by culture and Helicobacter genus-specific PCR. The H. pylori infection persisted for 5 months, in most animals accompanied by a histologically severe antral gastritis, exhibiting focal degeneration and necrosis of gastric crypt epithelium. Increased numbers of mitotic figures were observed in the gastric epithelium, indicating a regenerative process. Infected animals displayed specific antibodies towards H. pylori cell-surface proteins in immunoblot, whereas EIA was of dubious value creating false-positive results. Serum complement C3 and cholesterol levels appeared to be elevated in infected animals. Helicobacter spp. infection was not detected in the control animals. The persistent infection, accompanied by severe gastritis and a prominent serum antibody response, and the apparent absence of a natural Helicobacter spp. infection makes the guinea pig model useful in H. pylori research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Sjunnesson
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Dermatology and Infection, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
232
|
Hynes SO, McGuire J, Wadström T. Potential for proteomic profiling of Helicobacter pylori and other Helicobacter spp. using a ProteinChip array. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2003; 36:151-8. [PMID: 12738385 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Helicobacter genus is associated with a wide spectrum of pathologies in the gastrointestinal tract. However, in contrast to Helicobacter pylori, few data are available regarding proteomic characteristics of enterohepatic helicobacters. Proteomic analysis of this genus has predominantly utilised two-dimensional gel electrophoresis methodology. In the present study we applied an innovative technique using ProteinChip arrays coupled with surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionisation time of flight mass spectroscopy to accurately assess the M(r) of proteins for comparative proteomic profiling. We analysed binding of outer membrane fractions to a weak cation exchange array for strains of H. pylori from culture collections and compared these profiles to fresh clinical isolates. In addition, we analysed profiles from Helicobacter pullorum, Helicobacter bilis and 'Helicobacter sp. flexispira'. The system proved rapid, accurate and reproducible. Distinct specific profiles for all the strains studied were identified. However, strains from culture collections that have undergone numerous subcultures had almost identical profiles. In contrast, profiles from fresh clinical isolates were markedly different. Moreover, certain features of the profiles from the enterohepatic species were conserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean O Hynes
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Dermatology and Infection, Lund University, Sölvegatan 23, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
233
|
Hynes SO, Teneberg S, Roche N, Wadström T. Glycoconjugate binding of gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. Infect Immun 2003; 71:2976-80. [PMID: 12704182 PMCID: PMC153247 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.5.2976-2980.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is able to utilize several lectin-like, protein-carbohydrate interactions for binding to mucins, cell surfaces, and extracellular matrix proteins. As determined by hemagglutination assays and binding of radiolabeled bacteria to glycosphingolipids on thin-layer chromatograms, strains of gastric helicobacters and enterohepatic helicobacters, including Helicobacter canis, Helicobacter hepaticus, and Helicobacter bilis, also demonstrated evidence for the presence of lectin-hemagglutinin adhesins. In addition, in H. hepaticus and H. bilis, binding may be sialic acid dependent. The presence or absence and differences in the levels of activity of lectin adhesins may reflect the species' ecological niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean O Hynes
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Dermatology and Infection, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
234
|
Maier RJ, Olson J, Olczak A. Hydrogen-oxidizing capabilities of Helicobacter hepaticus and in vivo availability of the substrate. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:2680-2. [PMID: 12670994 PMCID: PMC152618 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.8.2680-2682.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen-oxidizing hydrogenase activity was detected in Helicobacter hepaticus and compared to the activity in Helicobacter pylori for characteristics associated with hydrogen uptake respiratory hydrogenases. Intact whole cells could couple H(2) oxidation to oxygen uptake, and no H(2) uptake was observed without oxygen available to complete the respiratory pathway. The H. hepaticus enzyme coupled H(2) oxidation to reduction of many positive potential acceptors, and it underwent anaerobic or reductive activation. H. hepaticus had a strong affinity for molecular H(2) (apparent K(m) of 2.5 micro M), and microelectrode measurements on the livers of live mice demonstrated that H(2) is available in the host tissue at levels 20-fold greater than the apparent whole-cell K(m) value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Maier
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
235
|
Vincent P, Mention K, Leteurtre E, Armand S, Gottrand F. Absence of Helicobacter species in biliary atresia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003; 22:387-8. [PMID: 12690283 DOI: 10.1097/01.inf.0000060828.64755.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
236
|
Hänninen ML, Utriainen M, Happonen I, Dewhirst FE. Helicobacter sp. flexispira 16S rDNA taxa 1, 4 and 5 and Finnish porcine Helicobacter isolates are members of the species Helicobacter trogontum (taxon 6). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2003; 53:425-433. [PMID: 12710608 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The term 'flexispira' refers to micro-organisms with a particular morphology: fusiform-shaped with helical periplasmic fibrils and bipolar tufts of sheathed flagella. Two flexispira taxa have been formally named, Helicobacter bilis and Helicobacter trogontum, a third named species is Helicobacter aurati and eight additional 16S rRNA sequence-based flexispira taxa have been described by Dewhirst et al. (Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50, 1781-1787, 2000) and given the provisional designation Helicobacter sp. flexispira taxa 1-5, 7, 8 and 10. In the present study, seven gastric or intestinal flexispira isolates from seven Finnish pigs originating from different farms were characterized. Morphologically, all these porcine isolates had typical flexispira morphology. Analysis of the 16S rDNA sequences of five isolates showed that they were most closely related to the sequences of flexispira taxa 4 and 5 and H. trogontum (taxon 6), but less closely related to taxa 1-3 and 8, H. bilis and H. aurati. Phenotypic characterization, analysis of RFLPs of 16S and 23S rDNAs and SDS-PAGE profiles revealed that all of the porcine isolates, reference strains of flexispira taxa 1, 4 and 5 and the type strain of H. trogontum (ATCC 700114T) had highly related characteristics that differed from those of the reference strains of taxa 2, 3 and 8 and H. bilis. Furthermore, a high DNA-DNA binding rate was found, in dot-blot hybridization studies, between the Finnish porcine strains, taxa 1, 4 and 5 reference strains and H. trogontum ATCC 700114T. In conclusion, polyphasic characterization of novel porcine flexispira isolates and previously described taxa 1, 4 and 5 reference strains showed that they all belong to a validly described species, H. trogontum, and that the taxonomy of known flexispiras is less complicated than proposed on the basis of 16S rDNA sequence analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marja-Liisa Hänninen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, PO Box 57, 00014 Helsinki University, Finland
| | - Mari Utriainen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, PO Box 57, 00014 Helsinki University, Finland
| | - Irmeli Happonen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, PO Box 57, 00014 Helsinki University, Finland
| | - Floyd E Dewhirst
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
237
|
Solnick JV. Clinical significance of Helicobacter species other than Helicobacter pylori. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:349-54. [PMID: 12539077 DOI: 10.1086/346038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2002] [Accepted: 10/04/2002] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cultivation of Helicobacter pylori and the recognition of its clinical significance have served to stimulate interest in bacteria associated with the gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary tracts. Many novel Helicobacter species have been identified and are increasingly recognized in association with human disease, most of which is likely acquired as a zoonosis. Because their identification can be difficult by use of routine methods available in the clinical laboratory, awareness of methods for diagnosis and treatment of these Helicobacter species is important, particularly in the evaluation of immunocompromised patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay V Solnick
- Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Kurtenkov O, Klaamas K, Sergeyev B, Chuzmarov V, Miljukhina L, Shljapnikova L. Better survival of Helicobacter pylori infected patients with early gastric cancer is related to a higher level of Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen-specific antibodies. Immunol Invest 2003; 32:83-93. [PMID: 12722944 DOI: 10.1081/imm-120019210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The survival of patients with histologically verified gastric carcinoma at stage I (n = 44) and stage II (n = 43) was analysed by the Kaplan-Meier method depending on H. pylori serological status and a level of IgG and IgM antibody to tumor-associated Thomson-Friedenreich antigen (T Ag). In cancer patients at stage I, significantly better survival for H. pylori seropositive patients was observed compared to H. pylori seronegative patients (median SE survival time: 60.0 +/- 3.8 mths and 37.0 +/- 7.8 mths, respectively; P < 0.0004, log-rank test). Patients with higher level of T Ag-specific IgG antibody (strong responders) showed significantly and dramatically better (P < 0.00001) survival rate than weak responders. However, an association of better survival with a higher level of anti-T antibody level was limited to the H. pylori seropositive patients exclusively (P < 0.00001) with no difference for H. pylori seronegative group of patients. The level of IgM anti-T Ag antibody was not significantly related to the survival of patients at both stages of the disease, though better survival was noted in H. pylori seropositive IgM strong responders at approximately 40-60 months of observation. Statistically insignificant associations between survival and H. pylori status or anti-T antibody levels were also observed in a group of gastric cancer patients at stage II. In summary, the survival of patients with early gastric cancer (stage I) is significantly better in H. pylori seropositive patients, and this phenomenon may be in part explained by up-regulation of T Ag-specific IgG immune response in H. pylori infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Kurtenkov
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
239
|
Abstract
Nurse scientists have had great and important successes contributing to science and to patient care. To review the state of nursing science is an enormous and complex challenge, and yet the pace of discovery constantly quickens. The purpose of this article, which was read at the 2002 State of the Science Congress, was to use the human response model to describe the domains of nursing science and note exemplary, innovative developments in the context of the model's "person" and "environmental" domains. Advances are noted in genetics, aging, development, and gender studies; also noted is work in infection care, disaster care, and identification of health disparities. Asked to predict the future, we chose instead to describe societal challenges and speculate how nursing leaders can contribute importantly by applying nursing's unique perspective. Benchmarks of our success will include reversal of the nursing shortage, patients living to their highest potential, and penetration of evidence based care into clinical practice and health policy. Furthermore, the media and the public will view nurse scientists as key informants related to clinical care. Nurse scientists will be elected to lead major interdisciplinary organizations, our training programs will prepare new scientists with the knowledge and skills to enter a competitive and ever-evolving field, our schools will have adequate infrastructure to support the advancement using cutting-edge technology, centers of excellence will provide research consultation and collaboration beyond university boundaries, and nurse scientists will assume a more visible role in translational research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Heitkemper
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Systems, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
240
|
Fan XG, Peng XN, Huang Y, Yakoob J, Wang ZM, Chen YP. Helicobacter species ribosomal DNA recovered from the liver tissue of chinese patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:1555-7. [PMID: 12471577 DOI: 10.1086/344770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2002] [Accepted: 08/13/2002] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we examined 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of Helicobacter species in liver tissue specimens obtained from 15 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Sixty percent (9 of 15) of these specimens were found to be positive for Helicobacter species. Four 16S rDNA fragments from positive PCR samples were directly sequenced. By sequence comparison, all were found to be 99% identical to the 16S rRNA of Helicobacter pylori.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Gong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
241
|
Bohr URM, Primus A, Zagoura A, Glasbrenner B, Wex T, Malfertheiner P. A group-specific PCR assay for the detection of Helicobacteraceae in human gut. Helicobacter 2002; 7:378-83. [PMID: 12485125 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-5378.2002.00113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterohepatic Helicobacter species are emerging pathogens, which are increasingly isolated from humans with enteric diseases. Nevertheless, current methods to detect Helicobacteraceae in the human gut have significant limitations. METHODS Based on 16S-rRNA gene alignments and computer aided primer analysis a set of group-specific PCR primers was designed. The evaluation of the PCR assay was performed using 36 ATCC reference strains and intestinal biopsies from 10 patients with defined gastric Helicobacter pylori status. The amplification products derived from clinical samples were cloned and subsequently analyzed by DNA sequencing. Sensitivity of the PCR-assay was determined by spiking previously negative tested samples with decreasing amounts of Helicobacter DNA. RESULTS The analysis of the ATCC reference strains revealed amplification products in all 14 Helicobacter strains and Wolinella succinogenes, 21 other microorganisms representing negative controls did not produce PCR fragments. Four out of the 10 patient-derived samples were positive. Three of them represented H. pylori-derived DNA confirming the gastric H. pylori infection in these patients. In the fourth patient, who was suffering from Crohn's disease, H. pullorum was identified. The sensitivity of the PCR assay was 0.1 pg of Helicobacter-derived DNA representing about 40 bacteria. CONCLUSION The novel PCR assay described here is an important new tool in rapid and sensitive assessment for the presence of Helicobacteraceae in human gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich R M Bohr
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
242
|
Abstract
The 5th International Workshop on Pathogenesis and Host Response in Helicobacter Infections was held in Elsinore, Denmark, 4-7 July, 2002.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Moran
- Dept of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Ireland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
243
|
Ananieva O, Nilsson I, Vorobjova T, Uibo R, Wadström T. Immune responses to bile-tolerant helicobacter species in patients with chronic liver diseases, a randomized population group, and healthy blood donors. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 9:1160-4. [PMID: 12414744 PMCID: PMC130091 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.9.6.1160-1164.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bile-tolerant Helicobacter species such as Helicobacter pullorum, Helicobacter bilis, and Helicobacter hepaticus are associated with hepatic disorders in animals and may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases (CLD) in humans. Antibody responses to cell surface proteins of H. pullorum, H. bilis, and H. hepaticus in serum samples from patients with CLD, a randomized population group, and healthy blood donors were evaluated by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results were compared with the antibody responses to Helicobacter pylori. For analysis of a possible cross-reactivity between bile-tolerant Helicobacter species and H. pylori, sera from a subpopulation of each group were absorbed with a whole-cell extract of H. pylori and retested by ELISA. Results before absorption showed that the mean value of the ELISA units for H. pullorum was significantly higher in patients with CLD than in healthy blood donors (P = 0.01). Antibody reactivity to cell surface protein of H. hepaticus was also significantly higher in the CLD patients than in the healthy blood donors and the population group (P = 0.005 and P = 0.002, respectively). Following the absorption, antibody responses to H. pullorum decreased significantly in all three groups (P = 0.0001 for CLD patients, P = 0.0005 for the population group, and P < 0.0001 for the blood donors), indicating that cross-reactivity between H. pylori and other Helicobacter spp. occurs. The antibody responses to H. hepaticus and H. bilis in CLD patients remained high following absorption experiments compared to ELISA results before absorption. The significance of this finding requires further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ananieva
- Department of Immunology, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
244
|
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Suerbaum
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
245
|
Abstract
More than 50% of the human population have long-term Helicobacter pylori infection, causing, in some cases, severe diseases such as peptic ulcers and stomach cancer. In the last few years several extra-gastrointestinal disorders have been associated with H. pylori infection. This review summarized the current medical literature, identified through hand searching and MEDLINE research, including our own studies, with regard to H. pylori and skin diseases. From the literature it can be seen that the role of H. pylori in skin diseases is still a controversial subject. Randomized controlled trials with adequate masking and sample sizes are still lacking. The best evidence comes from studies investigating chronic urticaria in which chronic urticaria disappeared in many patients with H. pylori infection after careful eradication of the H. pylori. Moreover, there are promising recent reports of beneficial H. pylori eradication in Behçet's disease, pruritus cutaneus, prurigo chronica, prurigo nodularis and in some patients with lichen planus, but not in rosacea or psoriasis. Before any conclusions with respect to other skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, Schoenlein-Henoch Purpura, Sweet's syndrome, Sjögren syndrome or systemic sclerosis may be drawn, additional randomized, double-blinded and placebo-controlled studies including adequate diagnostic schedules, sufficient eradication treatment protocols, confirmation of eradication and adequate control groups are needed. The cutaneous pathology of H. pylori is far from being clear, but it is speculated that the systemic effects may involve increased mucosal permeability to alimentary antigens, immunomodulation, an autoimmune mechanism or the impairment of vascular integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wedi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Hannover Medical University, Hannover, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
246
|
Harris KA, Fidler KJ, Hartley JC, Vogt J, Klein NJ, Monsell F, Novelli VM. Unique case of Helicobacter sp. osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent child diagnosed by broad-range 16S PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:3100-3. [PMID: 12149392 PMCID: PMC120673 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.8.3100-3103.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first case of Helicobacter sp. osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent child. The infection was diagnosed by broad-range 16S PCR followed by sequencing of the resulting amplicon. All other microbiological investigations proved negative. This case highlights the importance of molecular methods in the diagnosis of unsuspected etiological agents and the potential role of Helicobacter sp. in human infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Harris
- Department of Microbiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
247
|
Kornilovs'ka I, Nilsson I, Utt M, Ljungh A, Wadström T. Immunogenic proteins of Helicobacter pullorum, Helicobacter bilis and Helicobacter hepaticus identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Proteomics 2002; 2:775-83. [PMID: 12112861 DOI: 10.1002/1615-9861(200206)2:6<775::aid-prot775>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ecological niches occupied by various species of Helicobacter are not yet known and the full spectrum of diseases associated with Helicobacter infections are not yet defined. Since these fastidious microaerofilic bacteria require special growth conditions new and improved molecular and serologic diagnostic methods have been developed to increase our understanding of their pathogenesis and virulence characteristics. Immunogenic cell surface proteins of Helicobacter pullorum, Helicobacter bilis, and Helicobacter hepaticus were characterised by proteomic techniques using two-dimensional electrophoresis and immunoblotting with antisera from immunised rabbits. Cross-reactivity between the three Helicobacter species were analysed after a four-step cross-absorption experiment. For H. pullorum, H. bilis and H. hepaticus 21, 13 and 27 specific immunogenic proteins, respectively, were identified. These proteins could be of important sero-diagnostic value for analyses of sera from humans, laboratory animals and for the veterinarian field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Kornilovs'ka
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Dermatology and Infection, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
248
|
Fernandez KR, Hansen LM, Vandamme P, Beaman BL, Solnick JV. Captive rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) are commonly infected with Helicobacter cinaedi. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:1908-12. [PMID: 12037042 PMCID: PMC130736 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.6.1908-1912.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter cinaedi may cause proctocolitis or bacteremia in homosexual men infected with human immunodeficiency virus or occasionally in other immunocompromised hosts. There are scattered reports of H. cinaedi isolated from a variety of animal hosts, but to date only hamsters have been found to be a common natural reservoir. Microaerophillic cultures of feces from 5 of 16 asymptomatic rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) (31%) were positive for a curved gram-negative rod. A polyphasic taxonomic approach was used to identify the organism as H. cinaedi. These results show that H. cinaedi frequently colonizes asymptomatic captive rhesus monkeys, which may serve as another potential reservoir for human infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy R Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
249
|
Abstract
The number of species in the genus Helicobacter has rapidly expanded over the past decade. The genus now includes at least 24 formally named species as well as numerous other helicobacters awaiting formal naming. This review highlights the expanding role that other helicobacters, although not as well known as H pylori, play in gastrointestinal and systemic disease in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
Mukai T, Asasaka T, Sato E, Mori K, Matsumoto M, Ohori H. Inhibition of binding of Helicobacter pylori to the glycolipid receptors by probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2002; 32:105-10. [PMID: 11821231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2002.tb00541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined the competition of binding of Lactobacillus reuteri and Helicobacter pylori to gangliotetraosylceramide (asialo-GM1) and sulfatide which are putative glycolipid receptor molecules of H. pylori, and identified a possible sulfatide-binding protein of the L. reuteri strain. Among nine L. reuteri strains, two (JCM1081 and TM105) were shown to bind to asialo-GM1 and sulfatide, and to inhibit binding of H. pylori to both glycolipids by a thin layer chromatogram-overlay assay using biotin-labeled bacterial cells. The extract from the bacterial cells of strain TM105 with several detergents, including octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside, retained binding to both glycolipids and also inhibited H. pylori binding, suggesting that a binding inhibitor(s) is associated with the bacterial cell surface. When the cell extract was applied to the agarose gel immobilized galactose 3-sulfate corresponding to the structure of sugar moieties of sulfatide, an approximately 47-kDa protein was found to bind to the gel. This observation strongly suggested that inhibition by selected L. reuteri strains help to prevent infection in an early stage of colonization in H. pylori and proposed that L. reuteri strains sharing glycolipid specificity with H. pylori have a potential as probiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takao Mukai
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|