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Do 1,8-naphthyridine sulfonamides possess an inhibitory action against Tet(K) and MsrA efflux pumps in multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus strains? Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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202
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Maiden MM, Waters CM. Triclosan depletes the membrane potential in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms inhibiting aminoglycoside induced adaptive resistance. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008529. [PMID: 33125434 PMCID: PMC7657502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-based infections are difficult to treat due to their inherent resistance to antibiotic treatment. Discovering new approaches to enhance antibiotic efficacy in biofilms would be highly significant in treating many chronic infections. Exposure to aminoglycosides induces adaptive resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Adaptive resistance is primarily the result of active antibiotic export by RND-type efflux pumps, which use the proton motive force as an energy source. We show that the protonophore uncoupler triclosan depletes the membrane potential of biofilm growing P. aeruginosa, leading to decreased activity of RND-type efflux pumps. This disruption results in increased intracellular accumulation of tobramycin and enhanced antimicrobial activity in vitro. In addition, we show that triclosan enhances tobramycin effectiveness in vivo using a mouse wound model. Combining triclosan with tobramycin is a new anti-biofilm strategy that targets bacterial energetics, increasing the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa biofilms to aminoglycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Maiden
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- The BEACON Center for The Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Waters
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- The BEACON Center for The Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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203
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Piddock LJV. The 2019 Garrod Lecture: MDR efflux in Gram-negative bacteria-how understanding resistance led to a new tool for drug discovery. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:3128-3134. [PMID: 31626705 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The AcrAB-TolC MDR efflux system confers intrinsic MDR and overproduction confers clinically relevant resistance to some antibiotics active against Gram-negative bacteria. The system is made up of three components, namely AcrA, AcrB and TolC, otherwise known as the AcrAB-TolC tripartite system. Inactivation or deletion of a gene encoding one of the constituent proteins, or substitution of a single amino acid in the efflux pump component AcrB that results in loss of efflux function, confers increased antibiotic susceptibility. Clinically relevant resistance can be mediated by a mutation in acrB that changes the way AcrB substrates are transported. However, it is more common that resistant clinical and veterinary isolates overproduce the AcrAB-TolC MDR efflux system. This is due to mutations in genes such as marR and ramR that encode repressors of transcription factors (MarA and RamA, respectively) that when produced activate expression of the acrAB and tolC genes thereby increasing efflux. The Lon protease degrades MarA and RamA to return the level of efflux to that of the WT. Furthermore, the levels of AcrAB-TolC are regulated by CsrA. Studies with fluorescent reporters that report levels of acrAB and regulatory factors allowed the development of a new tool for discovering efflux inhibitors. Screens of the Prestwick Chemical Library and a large library from a collaborating pharmaceutical company have generated a number of candidate compounds for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J V Piddock
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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204
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Identification of the PA1113 Gene Product as an ABC Transporter Involved in the Uptake of Carbenicillin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9090596. [PMID: 32933058 PMCID: PMC7559151 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antibiotics is multi factorial and complex. Whereas efflux pumps such as MexAB-OprM have been thought to predominate, here we show that a novel ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter that mediates influx of carbenicillin from the periplasm to the cytoplasm and away from its cell wall target plays an important role in the resistance of P. aeruginosa to this antibiotic. Treatment of P. aeruginosa with verapamil, an inhibitor of ABC transporters in eukaryotic cells, increases its sensitivity to carbenicillin. Using amino acid sequence homology with known verapamil protein targets as a probe, we determined that the PA1113 gene product, an ABC transporter, mediates carbenicillin uptake into the bacterial cytoplasm. Docking and pharmacological analyses showed that verapamil and carbenicillin compete for the same site on the PA1113 gene protein, explaining the inhibitory effect of verapamil on carbenicillin uptake, and furthermore suggest that the PA1113 ABC transporter accounts for about 30% of P. aeruginosa carbenicillin resistance. Our findings demonstrate that the PA1113 gene product helps mediate carbenicillin resistance by transporting it away from its cell wall target and represents a promising new therapeutic target.
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205
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Moo CL, Yang SK, Yusoff K, Ajat M, Thomas W, Abushelaibi A, Lim SHE, Lai KS. Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and Alternative Approaches to Overcome AMR. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2020; 17:430-447. [PMID: 30836923 DOI: 10.2174/1570163816666190304122219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobials are useful compounds intended to eradicate or stop the growth of harmful microorganisms. The sustained increase in the rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) worldwide is worrying and poses a major public health threat. The development of new antimicrobial agents is one of the critical approaches to overcome AMR. However, in the race towards developing alternative approaches to combat AMR, it appears that the scientific community is falling behind when pitched against the evolutionary capacity of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. Although the "pioneering strategy" of discovering completely new drugs is a rational approach, the time and effort taken are considerable, the process of drug development could instead be expedited if efforts were concentrated on enhancing the efficacy of existing antimicrobials through: combination therapies; bacteriophage therapy; antimicrobial adjuvants therapy or the application of nanotechnology. This review will briefly detail the causes and mechanisms of AMR as background, and then provide insights into a novel, future emerging or evolving strategies that are currently being evaluated and which may be developed in the future to tackle the progression of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chew-Li Moo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shun-Kai Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mokrish Ajat
- Department of Veterinary Pre Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Warren Thomas
- Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Medicine, Perdana University, MAEPS Building, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aisha Abushelaibi
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology, 41012 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Swee-Hua-Erin Lim
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology, 41012 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kok-Song Lai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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206
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207
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Adeoye-Isijola M, Olajuyigbe O, Adebola K, Coopoosamy R, Afolayan A. Vancomycin intermediate resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the nasal cavity of asymptomatic individuals: a potential public health challenge. Afr Health Sci 2020; 20:1109-1117. [PMID: 33402955 PMCID: PMC7751515 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v20i3.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The potential of transmitting multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus from asymptomatic individuals to healthy individuals could constitute a great challenge to antimicrobial therapy. Methods The antibiograms of the S. aureus from asymptomatic individuals were determined by disk diffusion and agar dilution assay techniques with different antibiotics and vancomycin. Results Of the 152 S. aureus isolated, (59)38.8% isolates were multi-drug resistant strains. Streptomycin was the most effective and inhibited (135)88.82% of the isolates while ceftazidime inhibited (24)15.8% of the isolates. While (82)54.0% of the isolates inhibited by cefuroxime had resistant colonies within their inhibition zones (Rc) and ofloxacin inhibited (100)65.8% of the isolates without having resistant colonies within the inhibition zones, ceftazidime inhibited (7)4.6% of the isolates with resistant colonies within the inhibition zones. Subjecting the isolates to vancomycin showed that (27)17.8% were resistant to 2 µg/ml, (43)28.3% were resistant to 4 µg/ml and (27)17.8% of the isolates were simultaneously resistant to both concentrations of vancomycin. Although (100)65.8% of the isolates had MARindex ≥0.2, (52)34.2% of the isolates had MARindex ≤ 0.2 and (65)428% of the isolates were considered multidrug resistant strains. Conclusion The isolation of multi-drug and vancomycin intermediate resistant strains of S. aureus in high percentage, in this study, presents a great threat to clinicians and general populace. The vancomycin intermediate resistant S. aureus (VISA) in asymptomatic individuals could be a critical concern to the therapeutic dilemma to be added to the presence of multi-drug resistance. A more sustainable therapy must be in place to prevent its dissemination or the outbreak of its infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morenike Adeoye-Isijola
- Department of Microbiology, School of Science & Technology, Babcock University, PMB 4005, Ilisan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Olufunmiso Olajuyigbe
- Department of Microbiology, School of Science & Technology, Babcock University, PMB 4005, Ilisan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Department of Nature Conservation, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, P.O. Box 12363, Jacobs, 4026, Durban, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Kehinde Adebola
- Department of Public Health, Babcock University, Ilisan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Roger Coopoosamy
- Department of Nature Conservation, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, P.O. Box 12363, Jacobs, 4026, Durban, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Anthony Afolayan
- Medicinal Plants and Economic Development (MPED) Research Centre, Botany Department, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, South Africa
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208
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Kornspan D, Zahavi T, Salmon-Divon M. The Acidic Stress Response of the Intracellular Pathogen Brucella melitensis: New Insights from a Comparative, Genome-Wide Transcriptome Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091016. [PMID: 32872264 PMCID: PMC7563570 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular pathogenic bacteria belonging to the genus Brucella must cope with acidic stress as they penetrate the host via the gastrointestinal route, and again during the initial stages of intracellular infection. A transcription-level regulation has been proposed to explain this but the specific molecular mechanisms are yet to be determined. We recently reported a comparative transcriptomic analysis of the attenuated vaccine Brucella melitensis strain Rev.1 against the virulent strain 16M in cultures grown under either neutral or acidic conditions. Here, we re-analyze the RNA-seq data of 16M from our previous study and compare it to published transcriptomic data of this strain from both an in cellulo and an in vivo model. We identify 588 genes that are exclusively differentially expressed in 16M grown under acidic versus neutral pH conditions, including 286 upregulated genes and 302 downregulated genes that are not differentially expressed in either the in cellulo or the in vivo model. Of these, we highlight 13 key genes that are known to be associated with a bacterial response to acidic stress and, in our study, were highly upregulated under acidic conditions. These genes provide new molecular insights into the mechanisms underlying the acid-resistance of Brucella within its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kornspan
- Department of Bacteriology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-3-968-1745
| | - Tamar Zahavi
- Genomic Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel; (T.Z.); (M.S.-D.)
| | - Mali Salmon-Divon
- Genomic Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel; (T.Z.); (M.S.-D.)
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
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209
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Rocha-Granados MC, Zenick B, Englander HE, Mok WWK. The social network: Impact of host and microbial interactions on bacterial antibiotic tolerance and persistence. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109750. [PMID: 32846197 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics have vastly improved our quality of life since their discovery and introduction into modern medicine. Yet, widespread use and misuse have compromised the efficacy of these compounds and put our ability to cure infectious diseases in jeopardy. To defend themselves against antibiotics, bacteria have evolved an arsenal of survival strategies. In addition to acquiring mutations and genetic determinants that confer antibiotic resistance, bacteria can respond to environmental cues and adopt reversible phenotypic changes that transiently enhance their ability to survive adverse conditions, including those brought on by antibiotics. These antibiotic tolerant and persistent bacteria, which are prevalent in biofilms and can survive antimicrobial therapy without inheriting resistance, are thought to underlie treatment failure and infection relapse. At infection sites, bacteria encounter a range of signals originating from host immunity and the local microbiota that can induce transcriptomic and metabolic reprogramming. In this review, we will focus on the impact of host factors and microbial interactions on antibiotic tolerance and persistence. We will also outline current efforts in leveraging the knowledge of host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions in designing therapies that potentiate antibiotic activity and reduce the burden caused by recurrent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blesing Zenick
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Hanna E Englander
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA; Department of Physiology & Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3156, United States of America
| | - Wendy W K Mok
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA.
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210
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An embedded lipid in the multidrug transporter LmrP suggests a mechanism for polyspecificity. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2020; 27:829-835. [PMID: 32719456 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-0464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug efflux pumps present a challenge to the treatment of bacterial infections, making it vitally important to understand their mechanism of action. Here, we investigate the nature of substrate binding within Lactococcus lactis LmrP, a prototypical multidrug transporter of the major facilitator superfamily. We determined the crystal structure of LmrP in a ligand-bound outward-open state and observed an embedded lipid in the binding cavity of LmrP, an observation supported by native mass spectrometry analyses. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the anionic lipid stabilizes the observed ligand-bound structure. Mutants engineered to disrupt binding of the embedded lipid display reduced transport of some, but not all, antibiotic substrates. Our results suggest that a lipid within the binding cavity could provide a malleable hydrophobic component that allows adaptation to the presence of different substrates, helping to explain the broad specificity of this protein and possibly other multidrug transporters.
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211
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Rathi E, Kumar A, Kini SG. Computational approaches in efflux pump inhibitors: current status and prospects. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1883-1890. [PMID: 32712312 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of bacterial infections is currently threatened by the development of antibiotic resistance and a poor pipeline of new antibiotics. Efflux pumps (EPs) are an integral part of the defense machinery of bacteria, preventing the entry of molecules, such as antibiotics, into the intracellular environment and resulting in antibiotic resistance. Therefore, research has focused on the discovery of novel EP inhibitors (EPIs), such as PAβN, D13-9001, and MBX2319. however, there are still no US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs targeting EPs because of the inadequate assimilation of the inhibitors. Here, we discuss the use of computational approaches for molecular mechanistic studies of EPIs to help direct future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Rathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Suvarna G Kini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.
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212
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Laws M, Shaaban A, Rahman KM. Antibiotic resistance breakers: current approaches and future directions. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 43:490-516. [PMID: 31150547 PMCID: PMC6736374 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections of antibiotic-resistant pathogens pose an ever-increasing threat to mankind. The investigation of novel approaches for tackling the antimicrobial resistance crisis must be part of any global response to this problem if an untimely reversion to the pre-penicillin era of medicine is to be avoided. One such promising avenue of research involves so-called antibiotic resistance breakers (ARBs), capable of re-sensitising resistant bacteria to antibiotics. Although some ARBs have previously been employed in the clinical setting, such as the β-lactam inhibitors, we posit that the broader field of ARB research can yet yield a greater diversity of more effective therapeutic agents than have been previously achieved. This review introduces the area of ARB research, summarises the current state of ARB development with emphasis on the various major classes of ARBs currently being investigated and their modes of action, and offers a perspective on the future direction of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Laws
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH
| | - Ali Shaaban
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH
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213
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Gangathraprabhu B, Kannan S, Santhanam G, Suryadevara N, Maruthamuthu M. A review on the origin of multidrug-resistant Salmonella and perspective of tailored phoP gene towards avirulence. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104352. [PMID: 32592823 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellosis continues to remain a health problem as the causative organism Salmonella spp. developed resistance to many of the antibiotics. As per World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that enteric fever, accounts for almost 16 million cases annually and over 600,000 deaths worldwide. Recent data revealed that the multi-drug resistance (MDR) rate of enteric fever was as high as 70% in Asian countries, as compared with the overall reported incidence of 50%. Emergence of MDR typhoid fever demands the use of newer antibiotics which also not offer promising effect in recent days. Effective antimicrobial therapy is required to control morbidity and prevent death from typhoid fever. The studies on PhoP/Q regulation revealed it as a best-characterized transcriptional regulation; a two-component system required for Salmonella pathogenesis which controls the expression of more than 40 genes. The PhoP DNA binding proteins possess positively charged amino acids such as arginine, lysine and histidine which present in the DNA binding site. Prevention of PhoP binding in phoP box may ultimately prevent the expression of many regulatory mechanism which plays vital role in Salmonella virulence. Deepness study of PhoP protein and various mutation swots may offer effectual controlling of MDR Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramani Gangathraprabhu
- Department of Microbial Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Suganya Kannan
- Central Research laboratory, Vinayaka Mission Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Vinayaka Missions Medical College and Hospital, Karaikal, Puducherry, India
| | - Geethanjali Santhanam
- Department of Home Science, Mother Teresa Women's University, Kodaikanal, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Nagaraja Suryadevara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, 42610, Selangor Dahrul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Murugan Maruthamuthu
- Department of Microbial Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, Tamilnadu, India.
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214
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Highly parallel lab evolution reveals that epistasis can curb the evolution of antibiotic resistance. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3105. [PMID: 32561723 PMCID: PMC7305214 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic perturbations that affect bacterial resistance to antibiotics have been characterized genome-wide, but how do such perturbations interact with subsequent evolutionary adaptation to the drug? Here, we show that strong epistasis between resistance mutations and systematically identified genes can be exploited to control spontaneous resistance evolution. We evolved hundreds of Escherichia coli K-12 mutant populations in parallel, using a robotic platform that tightly controls population size and selection pressure. We find a global diminishing-returns epistasis pattern: strains that are initially more sensitive generally undergo larger resistance gains. However, some gene deletion strains deviate from this general trend and curtail the evolvability of resistance, including deletions of genes for membrane transport, LPS biosynthesis, and chaperones. Deletions of efflux pump genes force evolution on inferior mutational paths, not explored in the wild type, and some of these essentially block resistance evolution. This effect is due to strong negative epistasis with resistance mutations. The identified genes and cellular functions provide potential targets for development of adjuvants that may block spontaneous resistance evolution when combined with antibiotics. The antibiotic resistance crisis calls for new ways of restricting the ability of bacteria to evolve resistance. Here, Lukačišinová et al. perform highly controlled evolution experiments in E. coli strains to identify genetic perturbations that strongly limit the evolution of antibiotic resistance through epistasis.
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215
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Kishk RM, Abdalla MO, Hashish AA, Nemr NA, El Nahhas N, Alkahtani S, Abdel-Daim MM, Kishk SM. Efflux MexAB-Mediated Resistance in P. aeruginosa Isolated from Patients with Healthcare Associated Infections. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060471. [PMID: 32549303 PMCID: PMC7350317 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, one of the most important challenges for physicians is the adequate treatment of infections due to multidrug resistant organism (MDR). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is considered an opportunistic organism causing different types of healthcare associated infections (HAIs). We aimed to investigate the MDR and pandrug resistance (PDR) rate in P. aeruginosa in our region and detect efflux-pump mexAB genes and the proposed binding interactions of five different categories of antimicrobial agents with the mexB pump. A total of 180 non-duplicated P. aeruginosa strains were isolated from patients with HAIs in the Suez Canal University Hospital. Phenotypically, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was done for all MDR and PDR strains before and after addition of efflux pump inhibitor carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP). Molecular detection of mexA and mexB genes was done by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Most of the isolated strains (126 strains) were MDR (70%); only 10 samples (5.5%) were PDR. MexA and mexB genes were detected in 88.2% (120 strains) and 70.5% (96 strains) of stains, respectively. All PDR strains (10 stains) carried both mexA and mexB genes. Efflux mexAB genes were detected in all MDR and PDR strains (136 strains). Molecular modeling studies were performed to investigate the modes of intermolecular binding interactions between the antimicrobial agents and mexB key amino acids that resulted in MDR and PDR. The current study reported high prevalence of MDR and PDR P. aeruginosa in patients with HAIs in the Suez Canal University Hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania M. Kishk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-1025-099-921
| | - Mohamed O. Abdalla
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (M.O.A.); (A.A.H.)
| | - Abdullah A. Hashish
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (M.O.A.); (A.A.H.)
| | - Nader A. Nemr
- Endemic and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Nihal El Nahhas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Moharram baik, Alexandria 21515, Egypt;
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.M.A.-D.)
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.M.A.-D.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Safaa M. Kishk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
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216
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Baral B, Mozafari MR. Strategic Moves of "Superbugs" Against Available Chemical Scaffolds: Signaling, Regulation, and Challenges. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:373-400. [PMID: 32566906 PMCID: PMC7296549 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Superbugs' resistivity against available natural products has become an alarming global threat, causing a rapid deterioration in public health and claiming tens of thousands of lives yearly. Although the rapid discovery of small molecules from plant and microbial origin with enhanced bioactivity has provided us with some hope, a rapid hike in the resistivity of superbugs has proven to be the biggest therapeutic hurdle of all times. Moreover, several distinct mechanisms endowed by these notorious superbugs make them immune to these antibiotics subsequently causing our antibiotic wardrobe to be obsolete. In this unfortunate situation, though the time frame for discovering novel "hit molecules" down the line remains largely unknown, our small hope and untiring efforts injected in hunting novel chemical scaffolds with unique molecular targets using high-throughput technologies may safeguard us against these life-threatening challenges to some extent. Amid this crisis, the current comprehensive review highlights the present status of knowledge, our search for bacteria Achilles' heel, distinct molecular signaling that an opportunistic pathogen bestows to trespass the toxicity of antibiotics, and facile strategies and appealing therapeutic targets of novel drugs. Herein, we also discuss multidimensional strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Baral
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6, Turku, Finland
| | - M. R. Mozafari
- Australasian
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative, 8054 Monash University LPO, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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217
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Meng L, Liu H, Lan T, Dong L, Hu H, Zhao S, Zhang Y, Zheng N, Wang J. Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Pseudomonas spp. Isolated From Raw Milk Revealed by Whole Genome Sequencing. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1005. [PMID: 32655503 PMCID: PMC7326020 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychrotrophic bacteria in raw milk are most well known for their spoilage potential and the economic losses they cause to the dairy industry. Food-related psychrotrophic bacteria are increasingly reported to have antibiotic resistance features. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance patterns of Pseudomonas spp. isolated from bulk-tank milk. In total, we investigated the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of 86 Pseudomonas spp. isolates from raw milk. All strains were tested against 15 antimicrobial agents. Pseudomonas isolates were most highly resistant to imipenem (95.3%), followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (69.8%), aztreonam (60.5%), chloramphenicol (45.3%), and meropenem (27.9%). Their multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index values ranged from 0.0 to 0.8. Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of intrinsic resistance determinants, such as BcI, ampC-09, blaCTX-M, oprD, sul1, dfrE, catA1, catB3, catI, floR, and cmlV. Moreover, resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pumps were also found. This study provides further knowledge of the antibiotic resistance patterns of Pseudomonas spp. in milk, which may advance our understanding of resistance in Pseudomonas and suggests that antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas spp. in raw milk should be a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Meng
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tu Lan
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Dong
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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218
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Filipic B, Novovic K, Studholme DJ, Malesevic M, Mirkovic N, Kojic M, Jovcic B. Shotgun metagenomics reveals differences in antibiotic resistance genes among bacterial communities in Western Balkans glacial lakes sediments. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:383-397. [PMID: 32589623 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Long-term overuse of antibiotics has driven the propagation and spreading of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) such as efflux pumps in the environment, which can be transferred to clinically relevant pathogens. This study explored the abundance and diversity of ARGs and mobile genetic elements within bacterial communities from sediments of three Western Balkans glacial lakes: Plav Lake (high impact of human population), Black Lake (medium impact of human population) and Donje Bare Lake (remote lake, minimal impact of human population) via shotgun metagenomics. Assembled metagenomic sequences revealed that Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND) efflux pumps genes were most abundant in metagenome from the Plav Lake. The Integron Finder bioinformatics tool detected 38 clusters of attC sites lacking integron-integrases (CALIN) elements: 20 from Plav Lake, four from Black Lake and 14 from Donje Bare Lake. A complete integron sequence was recovered only from the assembled metagenome from Plav Lake. Plasmid contents within the metagenomes were similar, with proportions of contigs being plasmid-related: 1.73% for Plav Lake, 1.59% for Black Lake and 1.64% for Donje Bare Lake. The investigation showed that RNDs and mobile genetic elements content correlated with human population impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brankica Filipic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11221, Serbia E-mail: ; Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11010, Serbia
| | - Katarina Novovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11010, Serbia
| | | | - Milka Malesevic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11010, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Mirkovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11010, Serbia
| | - Milan Kojic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11010, Serbia
| | - Branko Jovcic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11010, Serbia; Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
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219
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Ullmann IF, Nygaard AB, Tunsjø HS, Charnock C. Whole genome sequencing and antibiotic diffusion assays, provide new insight on drug resistance in the genus Pedobacter. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5835219. [PMID: 32386210 PMCID: PMC7254926 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of four strains of the ‘environmental superbug’ Pedobacter isolated from sludge produced at Norwegian drinking water treatment plants, were characterized by whole genome sequencing and antibiotic susceptibility assays. As with previous studies on members of this genus, we found that the isolates were multi-drug resistant, and that this resistance included clinically important beta-lactams, aminoglycosides and the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin. Using the minION sequencing platform (Oxford Nanopore Technologies) combined with HiSeq PE150 Illumina sequencing data, the four isolates were assembled into genomes of single contigs. Analysis of the genomes revealed potential genetic factors possibly underlying some of the specific resistances observed. Metallo-beta-lactamase activity was detected in one isolate, and the same isolate contained a putative metallo-betalactamase gene resembling pedo-2. Furthermore, several genes related to multidrug efflux systems were found using the resistance database CARD. Additionally, the present study extends our knowledge on the phylogeny of this genus, adding four new genomes to the existing 50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Falkum Ullmann
- Oslo Metropolitan University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Life Sciences and Health, NO-0130, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Benteson Nygaard
- Oslo Metropolitan University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Life Sciences and Health, NO-0130, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hege Smith Tunsjø
- Oslo Metropolitan University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Life Sciences and Health, NO-0130, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Microbiology and Infection control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Colin Charnock
- Oslo Metropolitan University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Life Sciences and Health, NO-0130, Oslo, Norway
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220
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Subhadra B, Surendran S, Lim BR, Yim JS, Kim DH, Woo K, Kim HJ, Oh MH, Choi CH. Regulation of the AcrAB efflux system by the quorum-sensing regulator AnoR in Acinetobacter nosocomialis. J Microbiol 2020; 58:507-518. [PMID: 32462488 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-020-0185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug efflux pumps play an important role in antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity in bacteria. Here, we report the functional characterization of the RND (resistance-nodulation- division) efflux pump, AcrAB, in Acinetobacter nosocomialis. An in silico analysis revealed that homologues of the AcrAB efflux pump, comprising AcrA and AcrB, are widely distributed among different bacterial species. Deletion of acrA and/or acrB genes led to decreased biofilm/pellicle formation and reduced antimicrobial resistance in A. nosocomialis. RNA sequencing and mRNA expression analyses showed that expression of acrA/B was downregulated in a quorum sensing (QS) regulator (anoR)-deletion mutant, indicating transcriptional activation of the acrAB operon by AnoR in A. nosocomialis. Bioassays showed that secretion of N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) was unaffected in acrA and acrB deletion mutants; however, AHL secretion was limited in a deletion mutant of acrR, encoding the acrAB regulator, AcrR. An in silico analysis indicated the presence of AcrR-binding motifs in promoter regions of anoI (encoding AHL synthase) and anoR. Specific binding of AcrR was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, which revealed that AcrR binds to positions -214 and -217 bp upstream of the translational start sites of anoI and anoR, respectively, demonstrating transcriptional regulation of these QS genes by AcrR. The current study further addresses the possibility that AcrAB is controlled by the osmotic stress regulator, OmpR, in A. nosocomialis. Our data demonstrate that the AcrAB efflux pump plays a crucial role in biofilm/pellicle formation and antimicrobial resistance in A. nosocomialis, and is under the transcriptional control of a number of regulators. In addition, the study emphasizes the interrelationship of QS and AcrAB efflux systems in A. nosocomialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Subhadra
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Surya Surendran
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ra Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Sung Yim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ho Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Woo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Jung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Hwan Oh
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chul Hee Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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221
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The need for new antibacterial agents continues to grow, but success in development of antibiotics in recent years has been limited. To improve the chances that new compounds will progress into clinical trials and beyond, it is vital that we consider as early as possible in the process the various challenges that discoverers and developers of new antibiotics will face. AREAS COVERED The author looks at the factors that affect medicinal chemistry aimed at providing successful antibacterial agents. Target selection, target inhibition, accumulation in bacteria, and pharmacokinetics are all discussed, with a particular emphasis on how our current understanding should impact design and optimization strategies. EXPERT OPINION From the perspective of a medicinal chemist, the primary question when considering the various aspects of antibacterial drug discovery should be 'what can I design for?' It is important to be aware of the limitations of our understanding, and also the constraints and challenges that arise due to the diversity of the bacteria we try to address. Progress is needed to simplify approval pathways and to increase return on investment for the next generations of clinically useful agents to succeed.
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222
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Impact of Intrinsic Resistance Mechanisms on Potency of QPX7728, a New Ultrabroad-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Inhibitor of Serine and Metallo-Beta-Lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00552-20. [PMID: 32229498 PMCID: PMC7269478 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00552-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
QPX7728 is an ultrabroad-spectrum boronic acid beta-lactamase inhibitor that demonstrates inhibition of key serine and metallo-beta-lactamases at a nanomolar concentration range in biochemical assays with purified enzymes. The broad-spectrum inhibitory activity of QPX7728 observed in biochemical experiments translates into enhancement of the potency of many beta-lactams against strains of target pathogens producing beta-lactamases. The impacts of bacterial efflux and permeability on inhibitory potency were determined using isogenic panels of KPC-3-producing isogenic strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and OXA-23-producing strains of Acinetobacter baumannii with various combinations of efflux and porin mutations. QPX7728 is an ultrabroad-spectrum boronic acid beta-lactamase inhibitor that demonstrates inhibition of key serine and metallo-beta-lactamases at a nanomolar concentration range in biochemical assays with purified enzymes. The broad-spectrum inhibitory activity of QPX7728 observed in biochemical experiments translates into enhancement of the potency of many beta-lactams against strains of target pathogens producing beta-lactamases. The impacts of bacterial efflux and permeability on inhibitory potency were determined using isogenic panels of KPC-3-producing isogenic strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and OXA-23-producing strains of Acinetobacter baumannii with various combinations of efflux and porin mutations. QPX7728 was minimally affected by multidrug resistance efflux pumps either in Enterobacteriaceae or in nonfermenters, such as P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii. Against P. aeruginosa, the potency of QPX7728 was further enhanced when the outer membrane was permeabilized. The potency of QPX7728 against P. aeruginosa was not affected by inactivation of the carbapenem porin OprD. While changes in OmpK36 (but not OmpK35) reduced the potency of QPX7728 (8- to 16-fold), QPX7728 (4 μg/ml) nevertheless completely reversed the KPC-mediated meropenem resistance in strains with porin mutations, consistent with the lesser effect of these mutations on the potency of QPX7728 compared to that of other agents. The ultrabroad-spectrum beta-lactamase inhibition profile, combined with enhancement of the activity of multiple beta-lactam antibiotics with various sensitivities to the intrinsic resistance mechanisms of efflux and permeability, indicates that QPX7728 is a useful inhibitor for use with multiple beta-lactam antibiotics.
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223
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Holden ER, Webber MA. MarA, RamA, and SoxS as Mediators of the Stress Response: Survival at a Cost. Front Microbiol 2020. [PMID: 32431683 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To survive and adapt to changing environments, bacteria have evolved mechanisms to express appropriate genes at appropriate times. Exposure to antimicrobials triggers a global stress response in Enterobacteriaceae, underpinned by activation of a family of transcriptional regulators, including MarA, RamA, and SoxS. These control a program of altered gene expression allowing a rapid and measured response to improve fitness in the presence of toxic drugs. Increased expression of marA, ramA, and soxS up regulates efflux activity to allow detoxification of the cell. However, this also results in trade-offs in other phenotypes, such as impaired growth rates, biofilm formation and virulence. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the trade-offs that exist between drug survival and other phenotypes that result from induction of marA, ramA, and soxS. Additionally, we present some new findings linking expression of these regulators and biofilm formation in Enterobacteriaceae, thereby demonstrating the interconnected nature of regulatory networks within the cell and explaining how trade-offs can exist between important phenotypes. This has important implications for our understanding of how bacterial virulence and biofilms can be influenced by exposure to antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Holden
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Webber
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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224
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Holden ER, Webber MA. MarA, RamA, and SoxS as Mediators of the Stress Response: Survival at a Cost. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:828. [PMID: 32431683 PMCID: PMC7216687 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To survive and adapt to changing environments, bacteria have evolved mechanisms to express appropriate genes at appropriate times. Exposure to antimicrobials triggers a global stress response in Enterobacteriaceae, underpinned by activation of a family of transcriptional regulators, including MarA, RamA, and SoxS. These control a program of altered gene expression allowing a rapid and measured response to improve fitness in the presence of toxic drugs. Increased expression of marA, ramA, and soxS up regulates efflux activity to allow detoxification of the cell. However, this also results in trade-offs in other phenotypes, such as impaired growth rates, biofilm formation and virulence. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the trade-offs that exist between drug survival and other phenotypes that result from induction of marA, ramA, and soxS. Additionally, we present some new findings linking expression of these regulators and biofilm formation in Enterobacteriaceae, thereby demonstrating the interconnected nature of regulatory networks within the cell and explaining how trade-offs can exist between important phenotypes. This has important implications for our understanding of how bacterial virulence and biofilms can be influenced by exposure to antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Holden
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Webber
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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225
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Rodrigues L, Cravo P, Viveiros M. Efflux pump inhibitors as a promising adjunct therapy against drug resistant tuberculosis: a new strategy to revisit mycobacterial targets and repurpose old drugs. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:741-757. [PMID: 32434397 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1760845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 2018, an estimated 377,000 people developed multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), urging for new effective treatments. In the last years, it has been accepted that efflux pumps play an important role in the evolution of drug resistance. Strategies are required to mitigate the consequences of the activity of efflux pumps. AREAS COVERED Based upon the literature available in PubMed, up to February 2020, on the diversity of efflux pumps in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their association with drug resistance, studies that identified efflux inhibitors and their effect on restoring the activity of antimicrobials subjected to efflux are reviewed. These support a new strategy for the development of anti-TB drugs, including efflux inhibitors, using in silico drug repurposing. EXPERT OPINION The current literature highlights the contribution of efflux pumps in drug resistance in M. tuberculosis and that efflux inhibitors may help to ensure the effectiveness of anti-TB drugs. However, despite the usefulness of efflux inhibitors in in vitro studies, in most cases their application in vivo is restricted due to toxicity. In a time when new drugs are needed to fight MDR-TB and extensively drug-resistant TB, cost-effective strategies to identify safer efflux inhibitors should be implemented in drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Rodrigues
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL , Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Cravo
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL , Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL , Lisboa, Portugal
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226
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Vandera KKA, Picconi P, Valero M, González-Gaitano G, Woods A, Zain NMM, Bruce KD, Clifton LA, Skoda MWA, Rahman KM, Harvey RD, Dreiss CA. Antibiotic-in-Cyclodextrin-in-Liposomes: Formulation Development and Interactions with Model Bacterial Membranes. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2354-2369. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi-Kelli A. Vandera
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Pietro Picconi
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Margarita Valero
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Salamanca, ES E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Arcadia Woods
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Nur Masirah M. Zain
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Kenneth D. Bruce
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Luke A. Clifton
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, ISIS, 1-27, R3, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
| | | | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Richard D. Harvey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cécile A. Dreiss
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
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227
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Gautam V, Kumar S, Patil PP, Meletiadis J, Patil PB, Mouton JW, Sharma M, Daswal A, Singhal L, Ray P, Singh M. Exploring the Interplay of Resistance Nodulation Division Efflux Pumps, AmpC and OprD in Antimicrobial Resistance of Burkholderia cepacia Complex in Clinical Isolates. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 26:1144-1152. [PMID: 32354297 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed at investigating the association of gene expression of multidrug efflux pumps (MexA, MexC, MexE, and MexX), the outer membrane porin OprD, and the β-lactamase AmpC with the antimicrobial susceptibility among 44 clinical isolates of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). Results: Increased expression of ampC gene showed significant association with reduced susceptibility to chloramphenicol. In fact, reduced susceptibility to chloramphenicol was correlated with overexpression of most genes (ampC, mexC, mexE, and mexX) studied here in majority (>95%) of the Bcc isolates. Increased mexA expression showed significant association with reduced susceptibility to β-lactam antimicrobials (ceftazidime, piperacillin-tazobactam, and meropenem) and co-trimoxazole. Reduced susceptibility to meropenem also showed significant correlation with overexpression of mexC and mexX, whereas reduced susceptibility to ceftazidime was also associated with mexE overexpression. Reduced susceptibility to levofloxacin was significantly associated with overexpression of mexX. The involvement of the efflux pumps in levofloxacin and ceftazidime resistance was further inferred from the finding that the efflux pump inhibitor, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone reduced minimum inhibitory concentrations for both the antimicrobials. Conclusions: To conclude, this study explored the high-level expression of mexC, mexE, and mexX efflux pumps genes and ampC in the clinical isolates of Bcc, which can be targeted at treating infections caused by Bcc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Gautam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prashant P Patil
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics and Evolution, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Joseph Meletiadis
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Prabhu B Patil
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics and Evolution, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Johan W Mouton
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Megha Sharma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anmol Daswal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Lipika Singhal
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pallab Ray
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Meenu Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Straniero V, Suigo L, Casiraghi A, Sebastián-Pérez V, Hrast M, Zanotto C, Zdovc I, De Giuli Morghen C, Radaelli A, Valoti E. Benzamide Derivatives Targeting the Cell Division Protein FtsZ: Modifications of the Linker and the Benzodioxane Scaffold and Their Effects on Antimicrobial Activity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9040160. [PMID: 32260339 PMCID: PMC7235863 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9040160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous temperature-sensitive Z (FtsZ) is a prokaryotic protein with an essential role in the bacterial cell division process. It is widely conserved and expressed in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. In the last decade, several research groups have pointed out molecules able to target FtsZ in Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and other Gram-positive strains, with sub-micromolar Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs). Conversely, no promising derivatives active on Gram-negatives have been found up to now. Here, we report our results on a class of benzamide compounds, which showed comparable inhibitory activities on both S. aureus and Escherichia coli FtsZ, even though they proved to be substrates of E. coli efflux pump AcrAB, thus affecting the antimicrobial activity. These surprising results confirmed how a single molecule can target both species while maintaining potent antimicrobial activity. A further computational study helped us decipher the structural features necessary for broad spectrum activity and assess the drug-like profile and the on-target activity of this family of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Straniero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy; (L.S.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (E.V.); Tel.: +39-0250319361 (V.S.); +39-0250319334 (E.V.)
| | - Lorenzo Suigo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy; (L.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Casiraghi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy; (L.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Victor Sebastián-Pérez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Exscientia, The Schrödinger Building, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GE, UK
| | - Martina Hrast
- Pharmacy Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta, 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Carlo Zanotto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129 Milano, Italy; (C.Z.); (A.R.)
| | - Irena Zdovc
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva, 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Carlo De Giuli Morghen
- Department of Chemical – Pharmaceutical and Biomolecular Technologies, Catholic University “Our Lady of Good Counsel”, Rr. Dritan Hoxha, 1025 Tirana, Albania;
| | - Antonia Radaelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129 Milano, Italy; (C.Z.); (A.R.)
| | - Ermanno Valoti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy; (L.S.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (E.V.); Tel.: +39-0250319361 (V.S.); +39-0250319334 (E.V.)
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229
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Zhang H, Chen S, Zhang Q, Long Z, Yu Y, Fang H. Fungicides enhanced the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in greenhouse soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113877. [PMID: 31926390 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Long-term substantial application of fungicides in greenhouse cultivation led to residual pollution in soils and then altered soil microbial community. However, it is unclear whether residual fungicides could affect the diversity and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in greenhouse soils. Here, the dissipation of fungicides and its impact on the abundance of ARGs were determined using shotgun metagenomic sequencing in the greenhouse and mountain soils under laboratory conditions. Our results showed the greenhouse soils harbored more diverse and abundant ARGs than the mountain soils. The application of carbendazim, azoxystrobin, and chlorothalonil could increase the abundance of total ARGs in the greenhouse soils, especially for those dominant ARG subtypes including sul2, sul1, aadA, tet(L), tetA(G), and tetX2. The abundant ARGs were significantly correlated with mobile genetic elements (MGEs, e.g. intI1and R485) in the greenhouse soils but no significant relationship in the mountain soils. Meanwhile, the co-occurrence patterns of ARGs and MGEs, e.g., sul2 and R485, sul1 and transposase, were further verified via the genetic arrangement of genes on the metagenome-assembled contigs in the greenhouse soils. Additionally, host tracking analysis indicated that ARGs were mainly carried by enterobacteria in the greenhouse soils but actinomyces in the mountain soils. These findings confirmed that some fungicides might serve as the co-selectors of ARGs and elevated their abundance via MGEs-mediated horizontal gene transfer in the greenhouse soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houpu Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shiyu Chen
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qianke Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhengnan Long
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yunlong Yu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hua Fang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Abushaheen MA, Muzaheed, Fatani AJ, Alosaimi M, Mansy W, George M, Acharya S, Rathod S, Divakar DD, Jhugroo C, Vellappally S, Khan AA, Shaik J, Jhugroo P. Antimicrobial resistance, mechanisms and its clinical significance. Dis Mon 2020; 66:100971. [PMID: 32201008 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2020.100971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial agents play a key role in controlling and curing infectious disease. Soon after the discovery of the first antibiotic, the challenge of antibiotic resistance commenced. Antimicrobial agents use different mechanisms against bacteria to prevent their pathogenesis and they can be classified as bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Antibiotics are one of the antimicrobial agents which has several classes, each with different targets. Consequently, bacteria are endlessly using methods to overcome the effectivity of the antibiotics by using distinct types of mechanisms. Comprehending the mechanisms of resistance is vital for better understanding and to continue use of current antibiotics. Which also helps to formulate synthetic antimicrobials to overcome the current mechanism of resistance. Also, encourage in prudent use and misuse of antimicrobial agents. Thus, decline in treatment costs and in the rate of morbidity and mortality. This review will be concentrating on the mechanism of actions of several antibiotics and how bacteria develop resistance to them, as well as the method of acquiring the resistance in several bacteria and how can a strain be resistant to several types of antibiotics. This review also analyzes the prevalence, major clinical implications, clinical causes of antibiotic resistance. Further, it evaluates the global burden of antimicrobial resistance, identifies various challenges and strategies in addressing the issue. Finally, put forward certain recommendations to prevent the spread and reduce the rate of resistance growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Ali Abushaheen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muzaheed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Amal Jamil Fatani
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alosaimi
- Consultant, Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdul Aziz University for Health Sciences, P.O Box: 22490, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael Mansy
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia; Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Merin George
- General Dentist and Public Health Researcher, Australia
| | - Sadananda Acharya
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanjay Rathod
- Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Microbiology, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga- 585106, India
| | - Darshan Devang Divakar
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chitra Jhugroo
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajith Vellappally
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aftab Ahmed Khan
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jilani Shaik
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Poojdev Jhugroo
- CAP Research Ltd., 2nd Floor Orbis Court, 132 St Jean Road 72218 Quatre Bornes, Mauritius
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Cruz RMD, Zelli R, Benhsain S, Cruz RMD, Siqueira‐Júnior JP, Décout J, Mingeot‐Leclercq M, Mendonça‐Junior FJB. Synthesis and Evaluation of 2‐Aminothiophene Derivatives as
Staphylococcus aureus
Efflux Pump Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:716-725. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rayssa M. D. Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences State University of Paraiba Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery João Pessoa PB Brazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Federal University of Paraiba Post-Graduation Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products João Pessoa PB Brazil
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire University Grenoble Alpes CNRS Grenoble France
- Department of Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute Brussels Belgium
| | - Renaud Zelli
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire University Grenoble Alpes CNRS Grenoble France
| | - Sarah Benhsain
- Department of Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute Brussels Belgium
| | - Ryldene M. D. Cruz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Federal University of Paraiba Post-Graduation Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products João Pessoa PB Brazil
| | - José P. Siqueira‐Júnior
- Department of Molecular Biology Federal University of Paraiba Laboratory of Microorganism Genetics João Pessoa/PB Brazil
| | - Jean‐Luc Décout
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire University Grenoble Alpes CNRS Grenoble France
| | - Marie‐Paule Mingeot‐Leclercq
- Department of Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute Brussels Belgium
| | - Francisco J. B. Mendonça‐Junior
- Department of Biological Sciences State University of Paraiba Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery João Pessoa PB Brazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Federal University of Paraiba Post-Graduation Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products João Pessoa PB Brazil
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Wang P, Hu L, Hao Z. Palmatine Is a Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance (PMQR) Inhibitor That Restores the Activity of Ciprofloxacin Against QnrS and AAC(6')-Ib-cr-Producing Escherichia coli. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:749-759. [PMID: 32210589 PMCID: PMC7069587 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s242304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) is a global challenge in the treatment of clinical disease in both humans and animals and is exacerbated by the presence of different PMQR genes existing in the same bacterial strain. Here, we discovered that a natural isoquinoline alkaloid palmatine extracted from traditional Chinese medicinal plants effectively inhibited the activity of PMQR proteins QnrS and AAC(6′)-Ib-cr. Methods In total 120 clinical ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) were screened for the presence of qnrS and aac(6ʹ)-Ib-cr by PCR. Recombinant E. coli that produced QnrS or AAC(6ʹ)-Ib-cr proteins were constructed and the correct expression was confirmed by MALDI/TOF MS analysis and SDS-PAGE. A minimal inhibitory concentration (MICs) assay, growth curve assay and time-kill assay were conducted to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of palmatine and the combination of palmatine and ciprofloxacin. Cytotoxicity assays and mouse thigh infection model were used to evaluate the in vivo synergies. Molecular docking, gyrase supercoiling assay and acetylation assay were used to clarify the mechanism of action. Results Palmatine effectively restored the activity of ciprofloxacin against qnrS and aac(6ʹ)-Ib-cr-positive E. coli strains in a synergistic manner in vitro. In addition, the combined therapy significantly reduced the bacterial burden in a mouse thigh infection model. Molecular docking revealed that palmatine bound at the functional large loop B of QnrS and Trp102Arg and Asp179Tyr in the binding pocket of AAC(6′)-Ib-cr. Furthermore, interaction analysis confirmed that palmatine reduced the gyrase protective effect of QnrS and the acetylation effect of AAC(6′)-Ib-cr. Conclusion Our findings suggest that palmatine is a potential efficacious compound to restore PMQR-mediated ciprofloxacin resistance and warrants further preclinical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Agricultural Bio-Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Longfei Hu
- Agricultural Bio-Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Hao
- National Centre for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100089, People's Republic of China
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233
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Abdi SN, Ghotaslou R, Ganbarov K, Mobed A, Tanomand A, Yousefi M, Asgharzadeh M, Kafil HS. Acinetobacter baumannii Efflux Pumps and Antibiotic Resistance. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:423-434. [PMID: 32104014 PMCID: PMC7024869 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s228089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial pathogen and gram-negative coccobacillus that is responsible for opportunistic infections, pneumonia, and infections of the urinary tract, bloodstream, skin, and soft tissue. This bacterium poses a major public health problem due to inducing resistance to several drugs, isolates, multidrug treatment, and occasionally pan drugs. Drug resistance is not only a major concern caused by A. baumannii but also is considered as the main challenge in many other pathogens. Several factors such as the efflux pump are associated with antibiotic resistance, biofilm production, and genetic mutations. In this review, A. baumannii is introduced in then some of the practical works conducted on the existing efflux pump are reviewed. The importance of the efflux pump is considered in this paper in relation to the antibiotic resistance and mechanisms developed for the inhibition of these pumps as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Naser Abdi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Ghotaslou
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khudaverdi Ganbarov
- Department of Microbiology, Baku State University, Baku, Republic of Azerbaijan
| | - Ahmad Mobed
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asghar Tanomand
- Department of Basic Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asgharzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Palma F, Brauge T, Radomski N, Mallet L, Felten A, Mistou MY, Brisabois A, Guillier L, Midelet-Bourdin G. Dynamics of mobile genetic elements of Listeria monocytogenes persisting in ready-to-eat seafood processing plants in France. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:130. [PMID: 32028892 PMCID: PMC7006209 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Listeria monocytogenes Clonal Complexes (CCs) have been epidemiologically associated with foods, especially ready-to-eat (RTE) products for which the most likely source of contamination depends on the occurrence of persisting clones in food-processing environments (FPEs). As the ability of L. monocytogenes to adapt to environmental stressors met in the food chain challenges the efforts to its eradication from FPEs, the threat of persistent strains to the food industry and public health authorities continues to rise. In this study, 94 food and FPEs L. monocytogenes isolates, representing persistent subtypes contaminating three French seafood facilities over 2-6 years, were whole-genome sequenced to characterize their genetic diversity and determine the biomarkers associated with long-term survival in FPEs. RESULTS Food and FPEs isolates belonged to five CCs, comprising long-term intra- and inter-plant persisting clones. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as plasmids, prophages and transposons were highly conserved within CCs, some of which harboured genes for resistance to chemical compounds and biocides used in the processing plants. Some of these genes were found in a 90.8 kbp plasmid, predicted to be" mobilizable", identical in isolates from CC204 and CC155, and highly similar to an 81.6 kbp plasmid from isolates belonging to CC7. These similarities suggest horizontal transfer between isolates, accompanied by deletion and homologous recombination in isolates from CC7. Prophage profiles characterized persistent clonal strains and several prophage-loci were plant-associated. Notably, a persistent clone from CC101 harboured a novel 31.5 kbp genomic island that we named Listeria genomic island 3 (LGI3), composed by plant-associated loci and chromosomally integrating cadmium-resistance determinants cadA1C. CONCLUSIONS Genome-wide analysis indicated that inter- and intra-plant persisting clones harbour conserved MGEs, likely acquired in FPEs and maintained by selective pressures. The presence of closely related plasmids in L. monocytogenes CCs supports the hypothesis of horizontal gene transfer conferring enhanced survival to FPE-associated stressors, especially in hard-to-clean harbourage sites. Investigating the MGEs evolutionary and transmission dynamics provides additional resolution to trace-back potentially persistent clones. The biomarkers herein discovered provide new tools for better designing effective strategies for the removal or reduction of resident L. monocytogenes in FPEs to prevent contamination of RTE seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Palma
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Thomas Brauge
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Nicolas Radomski
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ludovic Mallet
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Arnaud Felten
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Michel-Yves Mistou
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- INRAE, MaIAGE, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Anne Brisabois
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Laurent Guillier
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Atzori A, Malloci G, Cardamone F, Bosin A, Vargiu AV, Ruggerone P. Molecular Interactions of Carbapenem Antibiotics with the Multidrug Efflux Transporter AcrB of Escherichia coli. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E860. [PMID: 32013182 PMCID: PMC7037162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The drug/proton antiporter AcrB, engine of the major efflux pump AcrAB(Z)-TolC of Escherichia coli and other bacteria, is characterized by its impressive ability to transport chemically diverse compounds, conferring a multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotype. Although hundreds of small molecules are known to be AcrB substrates, only a few co-crystal structures are available to date. Computational methods have been therefore intensively employed to provide structural and dynamical fingerprints related to transport and inhibition of AcrB. In this work, we performed a systematic computational investigation to study the interaction between representative carbapenem antibiotics and AcrB. We focused on the interaction of carbapenems with the so-called distal pocket, a region known for its importance in binding inhibitors and substrates of AcrB. Our findings reveal how the different physico-chemical nature of these antibiotics is reflected on their binding preference for AcrB. The molecular-level information provided here could help design new antibiotics less susceptible to the efflux mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuliano Malloci
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy; (A.A.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (P.R.)
| | | | | | - Attilio Vittorio Vargiu
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy; (A.A.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (P.R.)
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Williams AN, Stavrinides J. Pantoea Natural Product 3 is encoded by an eight-gene biosynthetic gene cluster and exhibits antimicrobial activity against multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiol Res 2020; 234:126412. [PMID: 32062363 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa continue to pose a serious health threat worldwide. Two Pantoea agglomerans strains, 3581 and SN01080, produce an antibiotic effective against these pathogens. To identify the antibiotic biosynthetic gene clusters, independent genetic screens were conducted for each strain using a mini-Tn5 transposon, which resulted in the identification of the same conserved eight-gene cluster. We have named this antibiotic Pantoea Natural Product 3 (PNP-3). The PNP-3 biosynthetic cluster is composed of genes encoding two Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) transporters, an ArsR family regulator, and five predicted enzymes. The biosynthetic gene cluster is found in only a few Pantoea strains and is not present within the antiSMASH and BAGEL4 databases, suggesting it may be novel. In strain 3581, PNP-3 production is linked to pantocin A production, where loss of pantocin A production results in a larger PNP-3 zone of inhibition. To evaluate the spectrum of activity, PNP-3 producers, including several PNP-3 mutants and pantocin A site-directed mutants, were tested against a collection of clinical, drug-resistant strains of A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa, as well as, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans. PNP-3 was found to be effective against all strains except vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus under the tested conditions. Heterologous expression of the four predicted biosynthetic genes in Erwinia amylovora resulted in antibiotic production, providing a means for future overexpression and purification. PNP-3 is a natural product that is effective against drug-resistant A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and enteric species for which there are currently few treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Williams
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan, S4S0A2, Canada
| | - John Stavrinides
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan, S4S0A2, Canada.
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Shi Y, Hua X, Xu Q, Yang Y, Zhang L, He J, Mu X, Hu L, Leptihn S, Yu Y. Mechanism of eravacycline resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii mediated by a deletion mutation in the sensor kinase adeS, leading to elevated expression of the efflux pump AdeABC. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104185. [PMID: 31923725 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an important pathogen and presents a major burden in healthcare as strains frequently cause hospital associated opportunistic infections with high mortality rates. Due to increasing numbers of drug resistant A. baumannii strains, newly developed antibiotics are being used to treat infections caused by such strains. One novel synthetic antibiotic of the tetracycline class with activity against A. baumannii is eravacycline. To investigate possible mechanisms of eravacycline resistance, we performed an in vitro evolution experiment to select for an eravacycline resistant strain, with the clinical isolate MDR-ZJ06 as parental strain. We obtained a strain designated MDR-ZJ06-E6 that was able to grow in 64-fold MIC. Genomic mutations were identified by whole genome sequencing, where we found a deletion mutation in the gene adeS. Using complementation experiments, including growth rate determination and antibiotics susceptibility testing, we could confirm that this mutation was responsible for eravacycline resistance of strain MDR-ZJ06-E6. As a mechanism of resistance, we identified a significant overexpression of the efflux pump AdeABC which seems to be regulated by the mutation in adeS in A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Hua
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Qingye Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunxing Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linyue Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jintao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinli Mu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Hu
- Department of critical care medicine, Hangzhou General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sebastian Leptihn
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunsong Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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238
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Xu Y, Niu H, Hu T, Zhang L, Su S, He H, Wang H, Zhang D. High Expression of Metallo-β-Lactamase Contributed to the Resistance to Carbapenem in Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Baotou, China. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:35-43. [PMID: 32021318 PMCID: PMC6954094 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s233987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has become a major public health concern. This study aimed to determine the resistance mechanisms to carbapenem in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods A total of 62 clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA) were collected from 2015 to 2017. Imipenem (IPM)–EDTA disk synergy test was used to screen strains that produced metallo-β-lactamase. In addition, the genes for outer membrane protein OprD2, metallo-β-lactamase and mexR gene were amplified and sequenced. Expression of mexA was detected by real-time PCR. Results Disk synergy test showed that 51.6% (32/62) of the strains were positive for metallo-β-lactamase. PCR showed that 84.4% of the strains were SIM-positive (27/32), 15.6% of the strains were IMP-positive (5/32), and 12.5% of the strains were VIM-positive (4/32). SPM-positive and GIM-positive strains were not detected. In addition, 5 of the 62 strains had small deletions and/or point mutations in OprD2. Three strains had a high expression of mexA, while eight strains were positive for the regulatory gene mexR with no mutations detected by DNA sequencing. Conclusion Expression of metallo-β-lactamase is the main resistance mechanism of P. aeruginosa to carbapenem. Mutations in OprD2 and/or the overexpression of efflux pump MexAB-OprM may contribute to P. aeruginosa resistance to carbapenem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Xu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiying Niu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongping Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanna Su
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijie He
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, People's Republic of China
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239
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Kim S, Kim SH, Ahn J, Jo I, Lee ZW, Choi SH, Ha NC. Crystal Structure of the Regulatory Domain of MexT, a Transcriptional Activator of the MexEFOprN Efflux Pump in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol Cells 2019; 42:850-857. [PMID: 31722511 PMCID: PMC6939650 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , has multiple multidrug efflux pumps. MexT, a LysR-type transcriptional regulator, functions as a transcriptional activator of the MexEF-OprN efflux system. MexT consists of an N-terminal DNA-binding domain and a C-terminal regulatory domain (RD). Little is known regarding MexT ligands and its mechanism of activation. We elucidated the crystal structure of the MexT RD at 2.0 Å resolution. The structure comprised two protomer chains in a dimeric arrangement. MexT possessed an arginine-rich region and a hydrophobic patch lined by a variable loop, both of which are putative ligand-binding sites. The three-dimensional structure of MexT provided clues to the interacting ligand structure. A DNase I footprinting assay of full-length MexT identified two MexT-binding sequence in the mexEF oprN promoter. Our findings enhance the understanding of the regulation of MexT-dependent activation of efflux pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhyeon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Songhee H. Kim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Jinsook Ahn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Inseong Jo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Zee-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Sang Ho Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Nam-Chul Ha
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
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240
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Sharma A, Gupta VK, Pathania R. Efflux pump inhibitors for bacterial pathogens: From bench to bedside. Indian J Med Res 2019; 149:129-145. [PMID: 31219077 PMCID: PMC6563736 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2079_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of antibiotics, bacterial infections were supposed to be a thing of past. However, this instead led to the selection and evolution of bacteria with mechanisms to counter the action of antibiotics. Antibiotic efflux is one of the major mechanisms, whereby bacteria pump out the antibiotics from their cellular interior to the external environment using special transporter proteins called efflux pumps. Inhibiting these pumps seems to be an attractive strategy at a time when novel antibiotic supplies are dwindling. Molecules capable of inhibiting these pumps, known as efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), have been viewed as potential therapeutic agents that can rejuvenate the activity of antibiotics that are no longer effective against bacterial pathogens. EPIs follow some general mechanisms of efflux inhibition and are derived from various natural as well as synthetic sources. This review focuses on EPIs and identifies the challenges that have kept these futuristic therapeutics away from the commercial realm so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atin Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Ranjana Pathania
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
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241
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Research and Technological Advances Regarding the Study of the Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria Related to Animal Husbandry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16244896. [PMID: 31817253 PMCID: PMC6950033 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16244896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of antimicrobials in animal farms poses serious safety hazards to both the environment and public health, and this trend is likely to continue. Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) are a class of emerging pollutants that are difficult to remove once introduced. Understanding the environmental transfer of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and ARGs is pivotal for creating control measures. In this review, we summarize the research progress on the spread and detection of ARB and ARG pollution related to animal husbandry. Molecular methods such as high-throughput sequencing have greatly enriched the information about ARB communities. However, it remains challenging to delineate mechanisms regarding ARG induction, transmission, and tempo-spatial changes in the whole process, from animal husbandry to multiple ecosystems. As a result, future research should be more focused on the mechanisms of ARG induction, transmission, and control. We also expect that future research will rely more heavily on metagenomic -analysis, metatranscriptomic sequencing, and multi-omics technologies
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242
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Singh R, Dwivedi SP, Gaharwar US, Meena R, Rajamani P, Prasad T. Recent updates on drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:1547-1567. [PMID: 31595643 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) along with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and malaria rank among the top three fatal infectious diseases which pose threat to global public health, especially in middle and low income countries. TB caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an airborne infectious disease and one-third of the world's population gets infected with TB leading to nearly 1·6 million deaths annually. TB drugs are administered in different combinations of four first-line drugs (rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol) which form the core of treatment regimens in the initial treatment phase of 6-9 months. Several reasons account for the failure of TB therapy such as (i) late diagnosis, (ii) lack of timely and proper administration of effective drugs, (iii) lower availability of less toxic, inexpensive and effective drugs, (iv) long treatment duration, (v) nonadherence to drug regimen and (vi) evolution of drug-resistant TB strains. Drug-resistant TB poses a significant challenge to TB therapy and control programs. In the background of worldwide emergence of 558 000 new TB cases with resistance to rifampicin in the year 2017 and of them, 82% becoming multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), it is essential to continuously update the knowledge on the mechanisms and molecular basis for evolution of Mtb drug resistance. This narrative and traditional review summarizes the progress on the anti-tubercular agents, their mode of action and drug resistance mechanisms in Mtb. The aim of this review is to provide recent updates on drug resistance mechanisms, newly developed/repurposed anti-TB agents in pipeline and international recommendations to manage MDR-TB. It is based on recent literature and WHO guidelines and aims to facilitate better understanding of drug resistance for effective TB therapy and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Singh
- AIRF & Special Centre for Nano Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - S P Dwivedi
- IFTM University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - U S Gaharwar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - R Meena
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - P Rajamani
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - T Prasad
- AIRF & Special Centre for Nano Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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243
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Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria: Mechanisms, Evolution, and Persistence. J Mol Evol 2019; 88:26-40. [PMID: 31659373 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-019-09914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, we have seen antimicrobial resistance rapidly emerge at a global scale and spread from one country to the other faster than previously thought. Superbugs and multidrug-resistant bacteria are endemic in many parts of the world. There is no question that the widespread use, overuse, and misuse of antimicrobials during the last 80 years have been associated with the explosion of antimicrobial resistance. On the other hand, the molecular pathways behind the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria were present since ancient times. Some of these mechanisms are the ancestors of current resistance determinants. Evidently, there are plenty of putative resistance genes in the environment, however, we cannot yet predict which ones would be able to be expressed as phenotypes in pathogenic bacteria and cause clinical disease. In addition, in the presence of inhibitory and sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics in natural habitats, one could assume that novel resistance mechanisms will arise against antimicrobial compounds. This review presents an overview of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, and describes how these have evolved and how they continue to emerge. As antimicrobial strategies able to bypass the development of resistance are urgently needed, a better understanding of the critical factors that contribute to the persistence and spread of antimicrobial resistance may yield innovative perspectives on the design of such new therapeutic targets.
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244
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Kobylka J, Kuth MS, Müller RT, Geertsma ER, Pos KM. AcrB: a mean, keen, drug efflux machine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1459:38-68. [PMID: 31588569 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria are intrinsically resistant against cytotoxic substances by means of their outer membrane and a network of multidrug efflux systems, acting in synergy. Efflux pumps from various superfamilies with broad substrate preferences sequester and pump drugs across the inner membrane to supply the highly polyspecific and powerful tripartite resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) efflux pumps with compounds to be extruded across the outer membrane barrier. In Escherichia coli, the tripartite efflux system AcrAB-TolC is the archetype RND multiple drug efflux pump complex. The homotrimeric inner membrane component acriflavine resistance B (AcrB) is the drug specificity and energy transduction center for the drug/proton antiport process. Drugs are bound and expelled via a cycle of mainly three consecutive states in every protomer, constituting a flexible alternating access channel system. This review recapitulates the molecular basis of drug and inhibitor binding, including mechanistic insights into drug efflux by AcrB. It also summarizes 17 years of mutational analysis of the gene acrB, reporting the effect of every substitution on the ability of E. coli to confer resistance toward antibiotics (http://goethe.link/AcrBsubstitutions). We emphasize the functional robustness of AcrB toward single-site substitutions and highlight regions that are more sensitive to perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kobylka
- Institute of Biochemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Miriam S Kuth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Reinke T Müller
- Institute of Biochemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eric R Geertsma
- Institute of Biochemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaas M Pos
- Institute of Biochemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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245
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Whittle EE, Legood SW, Alav I, Dulyayangkul P, Overton TW, Blair JMA. Flow Cytometric Analysis of Efflux by Dye Accumulation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2319. [PMID: 31636625 PMCID: PMC6787898 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative infections are increasingly difficult to treat because of their impermeable outer membranes (OM) and efflux pumps which maintain a low intracellular accumulation of antibiotics within cells. Historically, measurement of accumulation of drugs or dyes within Gram-negative cells has concentrated on analyzing whole bacterial populations. Here, we have developed a method to measure the intracellular accumulation of ethidium bromide, a fluorescent DNA intercalating dye, in single cells using flow cytometry. Bacterial cells were stained with SYTOTM 84 to easily separate cells from background cell debris. Ethidium bromide fluorescence was then measured within the SYTOTM 84 positive population to measure accumulation. In S. Typhimurium SL1344, ethidium bromide accumulation was low, however, in a number of efflux mutants, accumulation of ethidium bromide increased more than twofold, comparable to previous whole population analysis of accumulation. We demonstrate simultaneous measurement of ethidium bromide accumulation and GFP allowing quantification of gene expression or other facets of phenotype in single cells. In addition, we show here that this assay can be adapted for use with efflux inhibitors, with both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and with other fluorescent substrates with different fluorescence spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Whittle
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon W Legood
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ilyas Alav
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Punyawee Dulyayangkul
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tim W Overton
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica M A Blair
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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246
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Benomar S, Evans KC, Unckless RL, Chandler JR. Efflux Pumps in Chromobacterium Species Increase Antibiotic Resistance and Promote Survival in a Coculture Competition Model. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e00908-19. [PMID: 31324628 PMCID: PMC6752006 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00908-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Chromobacterium genus include opportunistic but often-fatal pathogens and soil saprophytes with highly versatile metabolic capabilities. In previous studies of Chromobacterium subtsugae (formerly C. violaceum) strain CV017, we identified a resistance nodulation division (RND)-family efflux pump (CdeAB-OprM) that confers resistance to several antibiotics, including the bactobolin antibiotic produced by the soil saprophyte Burkholderia thailandensis Here, we show the cdeAB-oprM genes increase C. subtsugae survival in a laboratory competition model with B. thailandensis We also demonstrate that adding sublethal bactobolin concentrations to the coculture increases C. subtsugae survival, but this effect is not through CdeAB-OprM. Instead, the increased survival requires a second, previously unreported pump we call CseAB-OprN. We show that in cells exposed to sublethal bactobolin concentrations, the cseAB-oprN genes are transcriptionally induced, and this corresponds to an increase in bactobolin resistance. Induction of this pump is highly specific and sensitive to bactobolin, while CdeAB-OprM appears to have a broader range of antibiotic recognition. We examine the distribution of cseAB-oprN and cdeAB-oprM gene clusters in members of the Chromobacterium genus and find the cseAB-oprN genes are limited to the nonpathogenic C. subtsugae strains, whereas the cdeAB-oprM genes are more widely distributed among members of the Chromobacterium genus. Our results provide new information on the antibiotic resistance mechanisms of Chromobacterium species and highlight the importance of efflux pumps for saprophytic bacteria existing in multispecies communities.IMPORTANCE Antibiotic efflux pumps are best known for increasing antibiotic resistance of pathogens; however, the role of these pumps in saprophytes is much less well defined. This study describes two predicted efflux pump gene clusters in the Chromobacterium genus, which is comprised of both nonpathogenic saprophytes and species that cause highly fatal human infections. One of the predicted efflux pump clusters is present in every member of the Chromobacterium genus and increases resistance to a broad range of antibiotics. The other gene cluster has more narrow antibiotic specificity and is found only in Chromobacterium subtsugae, a subset of entirely nonpathogenic species. We demonstrate the role of both pumps in increasing antibiotic resistance and demonstrate the importance of efflux-dependent resistance induction for C. subtsugae survival in a dual-species competition model. These results have implications for managing antibiotic-resistant Chromobacterium infections and for understanding the evolution of efflux pumps outside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saida Benomar
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Kara C Evans
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Robert L Unckless
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Josephine R Chandler
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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247
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Chernov VM, Chernova OA, Mouzykantov AA, Medvedeva ES, Baranova NB, Malygina TY, Aminov RI, Trushin MV. Antimicrobial resistance in mollicutes: known and newly emerging mechanisms. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:5057471. [PMID: 30052940 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is devoted to the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in mollicutes (class Bacilli, subclass Mollicutes), the smallest self-replicating bacteria, that can cause diseases in plants, animals and humans, and also contaminate cell cultures and vaccine preparations. Research in this area has been mainly based on the ubiquitous mollicute and the main contaminant of cell cultures, Acholeplasma laidlawii. The omics technologies applied to this and other bacteria have yielded a complex picture of responses to antimicrobials, including their removal from the cell, the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes and mutations that potentially allow global reprogramming of many cellular processes. This review provides a brief summary of well-known resistance mechanisms that have been demonstrated in several mollicutes species and, in more detail, novel mechanisms revealed in A. laidlawii, including the least explored vesicle-mediated transfer of short RNAs with a regulatory potency. We hope that this review highlights new avenues for further studies on antimicrobial resistance in these bacteria for both a basic science and an application perspective of infection control and management in clinical and research/production settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav M Chernov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS 2/31 Lobachevsky Str., Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation.,Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Olga A Chernova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS 2/31 Lobachevsky Str., Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation.,Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A Mouzykantov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS 2/31 Lobachevsky Str., Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation.,Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Elena S Medvedeva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS 2/31 Lobachevsky Str., Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation.,Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia B Baranova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS 2/31 Lobachevsky Str., Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation.,Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana Y Malygina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS 2/31 Lobachevsky Str., Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation
| | - Rustam I Aminov
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Maxim V Trushin
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
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Gómez-Tangarife VJ, Gómez-Restrepo AJ, Robledo-Restrepo J, Hernández-Sarmiento JM. [Drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: contribution of constituent and acquired mechanisms]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 20:491-497. [PMID: 30843986 DOI: 10.15446/rsap.v20n4.50575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Due to the emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR-MTB) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR-MTB) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates, the failure rates of standard treatment regimens are high, thus becoming a major public health challenge worldwide. Resistance to anti-tuberculous (anti-TB) drugs is attributed mainly to specific mutations in target genes; however, a proportion of drug-resistant MTB isolates do not have mutations in these genes, which suggests the involvement of other mechanisms, such as the low permeability of the mycobacterial cell wall, enzymatic modification and/or efflux pumps. Clinical drug resistance to anti-TB drugs occurs largely as a result of the selection of resistant mutants caused by poor patient adherence to treatment, inappropriate follow-ups and prescriptions, suboptimal doses of drugs and poor access to health services and treatment. Major advances in molecular biology tools and the availability of the complete genome sequences of MTB have contributed to improve understanding of the mechanisms of resistance to the main anti-TB drugs. Better knowledge of the drug-resistance of MTB will contribute to the identification of new therapeutic targets to design new drugs, develop new diagnostic tests and/or improve methods currently available for the rapid detection of drug-resistant TB. This article presents an updated review of the mechanisms and molecular basis of drug resistance in MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica J Gómez-Tangarife
- VG: Bacterióloga y Laboratorista. Clínico. M. Sc. Ciencias Médicas -Microbiología Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas. Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Alex J Gómez-Restrepo
- AG: Bibliotecólogo. M. Sc. Bibliotecología y Ciencias de la Información, Medellín, Colombia. Institución: Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas.
| | - Jaime Robledo-Restrepo
- JR: MD. Ph. D. Ciencias Médicas. - Microbiología, Institución: Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana y Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas. Medellín, Colombia.
| | - José M Hernández-Sarmiento
- JH: MD. M. Sc.; Ph. D. Ciencias Médicas - Microbiología., Institución: Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. Medellín, Colombia.
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Rovira P, McAllister T, Lakin SM, Cook SR, Doster E, Noyes NR, Weinroth MD, Yang X, Parker JK, Boucher C, Booker CW, Woerner DR, Belk KE, Morley PS. Characterization of the Microbial Resistome in Conventional and "Raised Without Antibiotics" Beef and Dairy Production Systems. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1980. [PMID: 31555225 PMCID: PMC6736999 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Metagenomic investigations have the potential to provide unprecedented insights into microbial ecologies, such as those relating to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We characterized the microbial resistome in livestock operations raising cattle conventionally (CONV) or without antibiotic exposures (RWA) using shotgun metagenomics. Samples of feces, wastewater from catchment basins, and soil where wastewater was applied were collected from CONV and RWA feedlot and dairy farms. After DNA extraction and sequencing, shotgun metagenomic reads were aligned to reference databases for identification of bacteria (Kraken) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) accessions (MEGARes). Differences in microbial resistomes were found across farms with different production practices (CONV vs. RWA), types of cattle (beef vs. dairy), and types of sample (feces vs. wastewater vs. soil). Feces had the greatest number of ARGs per sample (mean = 118 and 79 in CONV and RWA, respectively), with tetracycline efflux pumps, macrolide phosphotransferases, and aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferases mechanisms of resistance more abundant in CONV than in RWA feces. Tetracycline and macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin classes of resistance were more abundant in feedlot cattle than in dairy cow feces, whereas the β-lactam class was more abundant in dairy cow feces. Lack of congruence between ARGs and microbial communities (procrustes analysis) suggested that other factors (e.g., location of farms, cattle source, management practices, diet, horizontal ARGs transfer, and co-selection of resistance), in addition to antimicrobial use, could have impacted resistome profiles. For that reason, we could not establish a cause–effect relationship between antimicrobial use and AMR, although ARGs in feces and effluents were associated with drug classes used to treat animals according to farms’ records (tetracyclines and macrolides in feedlots, β-lactams in dairies), whereas ARGs in soil were dominated by multidrug resistance. Characterization of the “resistance potential” of animal-derived and environmental samples is the first step toward incorporating metagenomic approaches into AMR surveillance in agricultural systems. Further research is needed to assess the public-health risk associated with different microbial resistomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rovira
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Tim McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Steven M Lakin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Shaun R Cook
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Enrique Doster
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Noelle R Noyes
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Maggie D Weinroth
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Xiang Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer K Parker
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Christina Boucher
- Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Calvin W Booker
- Feedlot Health Management Services, Ltd., Okotoks, AB, Canada
| | - Dale R Woerner
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Keith E Belk
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Paul S Morley
- VERO - Veterinary Education, Research, and Outreach Program, Texas A&M University and West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States
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Jindal S, Yang L, Day PJ, Kell DB. Involvement of multiple influx and efflux transporters in the accumulation of cationic fluorescent dyes by Escherichia coli. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:195. [PMID: 31438868 PMCID: PMC6704527 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is widely believed that most xenobiotics cross biomembranes by diffusing through the phospholipid bilayer, and that the use of protein transporters is an occasional adjunct. According to an alternative view, phospholipid bilayer transport is negligible, and several different transporters may be involved in the uptake of an individual molecular type. We recognise here that the availability of gene knockout collections allows one to assess the contributions of all potential transporters, and flow cytometry based on fluorescence provides a convenient high-throughput assay for xenobiotic uptake in individual cells. Results We used high-throughput flow cytometry to assess the ability of individual gene knockout strains of E coli to take up two membrane-permeable, cationic fluorescent dyes, namely the carbocyanine diS-C3(5) and the DNA dye SYBR Green. Individual strains showed a large range of distributions of uptake. The range of modal steady-state uptakes for the carbocyanine between the different strains was 36-fold. Knockouts of the ATP synthase α- and β-subunits greatly inhibited uptake, implying that most uptake was ATP-driven rather than being driven by a membrane potential. Dozens of transporters changed the steady-state uptake of the dye by more than 50% with respect to that of the wild type, in either direction (increased or decreased); knockouts of known influx and efflux transporters behaved as expected, giving credence to the general strategy. Many of the knockouts with the most reduced uptake were transporter genes of unknown function (‘y-genes’). Similarly, several overexpression variants in the ‘ASKA’ collection had the anticipated, opposite effects. Similar results were obtained with SYBR Green (the range being approximately 69-fold). Although it too contains a benzothiazole motif there was negligible correlation between its uptake and that of the carbocyanine when compared across the various strains (although the membrane potential is presumably the same in each case). Conclusions Overall, we conclude that the uptake of these dyes may be catalysed by a great many transporters of putatively broad and presently unknown specificity, and that the very large range between the ‘lowest’ and the ‘highest’ levels of uptake, even in knockouts of just single genes, implies strongly that phospholipid bilayer transport is indeed negligible. This work also casts serious doubt upon the use of such dyes as quantitative stains for representing either bioenergetic parameters or the amount of cellular DNA in unfixed cells (in vivo). By contrast, it opens up their potential use as transporter assay substrates in high-throughput screening. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1561-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijan Jindal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Lei Yang
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Philip J Day
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK. .,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark. .,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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