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The Influence of BRAF and KRAS Mutation Status on the Association between Aspirin Use and Survival after Colon Cancer Diagnosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170775. [PMID: 28125730 PMCID: PMC5268402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Use of aspirin after diagnosis of colon cancer has been associated with improved survival. Identification of cancer subtypes that respond to aspirin treatment may help develop personalized treatment regimens. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of BRAF and KRAS mutation status on the association between aspirin use and overall survival after colon cancer diagnosis. Methods A random selection of 599 patients with colon cancer were analyzed, selected from the Eindhoven Cancer Registry, and BRAF and KRAS mutation status was determined. Data on aspirin use (80 mg) were obtained from the PHARMO Database Network. Parametric survival models with exponential (Poisson) distribution were used. Results Aspirin use after colon cancer diagnosis was associated with improved overall survival in wild-type BRAF tumors, adjusted rate ratio (RR) of 0.60 (95% CI 0.44–0.83). In contrast, aspirin use in BRAF mutated tumors was not associated with an improved survival (RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.57–2.16). P-value for interaction was non-significant. KRAS mutational status did not differentiate in the association between aspirin use and survival. Conclusion Low-dose aspirin use after colon cancer diagnosis was associated with improved survival in BRAF wild-type tumors only. However, the large confidence interval of the rate ratio for the use of aspirin in patients with BRAF mutation does not rule out a possible benefit. These results preclude BRAF and KRAS mutation status to be used as a marker for individualized treatment with aspirin, if aspirin becomes regular adjuvant treatment for colon cancer patients in the future.
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202
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Colorectal Carcinoma: A General Overview and Future Perspectives in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010197. [PMID: 28106826 PMCID: PMC5297828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 780] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death. Most cases of CRC are detected in Western countries, with its incidence increasing year by year. The probability of suffering from colorectal cancer is about 4%–5% and the risk for developing CRC is associated with personal features or habits such as age, chronic disease history and lifestyle. In this context, the gut microbiota has a relevant role, and dysbiosis situations can induce colonic carcinogenesis through a chronic inflammation mechanism. Some of the bacteria responsible for this multiphase process include Fusobacterium spp, Bacteroides fragilis and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. CRC is caused by mutations that target oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and genes related to DNA repair mechanisms. Depending on the origin of the mutation, colorectal carcinomas can be classified as sporadic (70%); inherited (5%) and familial (25%). The pathogenic mechanisms leading to this situation can be included in three types, namely chromosomal instability (CIN), microsatellite instability (MSI) and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). Within these types of CRC, common mutations, chromosomal changes and translocations have been reported to affect important pathways (WNT, MAPK/PI3K, TGF-β, TP53), and mutations; in particular, genes such as c-MYC, KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, PTEN, SMAD2 and SMAD4 can be used as predictive markers for patient outcome. In addition to gene mutations, alterations in ncRNAs, such as lncRNA or miRNA, can also contribute to different steps of the carcinogenesis process and have a predictive value when used as biomarkers. In consequence, different panels of genes and mRNA are being developed to improve prognosis and treatment selection. The choice of first-line treatment in CRC follows a multimodal approach based on tumour-related characteristics and usually comprises surgical resection followed by chemotherapy combined with monoclonal antibodies or proteins against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth receptor (EGFR). Besides traditional chemotherapy, alternative therapies (such as agarose tumour macrobeads, anti-inflammatory drugs, probiotics, and gold-based drugs) are currently being studied to increase treatment effectiveness and reduce side effects.
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203
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Mahathre MM, Rida PC, Aneja R. The more the messier: centrosome amplification as a novel biomarker for personalized treatment of colorectal cancers. J Biomed Res 2016; 30:441-451. [PMID: 27924065 PMCID: PMC5138576 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20150109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is currently the third most common cancer and second most fatal cancer in the United States, resulting in approximately 600,000 deaths annually. Though colorectal cancer death rates are decreasing by about 3% every year, disease outcomes could be substantially improved with more research into the drivers of colon carcinogenesis, the determinants of aggressiveness in colorectal cancer and the identification of biomarkers that could enable choice of more optimal treatments. Colon carcinogenesis is notably a slow process that can take decades. Known factors that contribute to the development of colon cancer are mutational, epigenetic and environmental, and risk factors include age, history of polyps and family history of colon cancer. Colorectal cancers exhibit heterogeneity in their features and are often characterized by the presence of chromosomal instability, microscopic satellite instability, or CpG island methylator phenotype. In this review, we propose that centrosome amplification may be a widespread occurrence in colorectal cancers and could potently influence tumor biology. Moreover, the quantitation of this cancer-specific anomaly could offer valuable prognostic information and pave the way for further customization of treatment based on the organellar profile of patients. Patient stratification models that take into account centrosomal status could thus potentially reduce adverse side effects and result in improved outcomes for colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Mahathre
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Padmashree Cg Rida
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Novazoi Theranostics Inc., Plano, TX 75025, USA
| | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Center for Obesity Research, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;
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204
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Mima K, Nishihara R, Qian ZR, Cao Y, Sukawa Y, Nowak JA, Yang J, Dou R, Masugi Y, Song M, Kostic AD, Giannakis M, Bullman S, Milner DA, Baba H, Giovannucci EL, Garraway LA, Freeman GJ, Dranoff G, Garrett WS, Huttenhower C, Meyerson M, Meyerhardt JA, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Ogino S. Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal carcinoma tissue and patient prognosis. Gut 2016; 65:1973-1980. [PMID: 26311717 PMCID: PMC4769120 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 659] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulating evidence links the intestinal microbiota and colorectal carcinogenesis. Fusobacterium nucleatum may promote colorectal tumour growth and inhibit T cell-mediated immune responses against colorectal tumours. Thus, we hypothesised that the amount of F. nucleatum in colorectal carcinoma might be associated with worse clinical outcome. DESIGN We used molecular pathological epidemiology database of 1069 rectal and colon cancer cases in the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, and measured F. nucleatum DNA in carcinoma tissue. Cox proportional hazards model was used to compute hazard ratio (HR), controlling for potential confounders, including microsatellite instability (MSI, mismatch repair deficiency), CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations, and LINE-1 hypomethylation (low-level methylation). RESULTS Compared with F. nucleatum-negative cases, multivariable HRs (95% CI) for colorectal cancer-specific mortality in F. nucleatum-low cases and F. nucleatum-high cases were 1.25 (0.82 to 1.92) and 1.58 (1.04 to 2.39), respectively, (p for trend=0.020). The amount of F. nucleatum was associated with MSI-high (multivariable odd ratio (OR), 5.22; 95% CI 2.86 to 9.55) independent of CIMP and BRAF mutation status, whereas CIMP and BRAF mutation were associated with F. nucleatum only in univariate analyses (p<0.001) but not in multivariate analysis that adjusted for MSI status. CONCLUSIONS The amount of F. nucleatum DNA in colorectal cancer tissue is associated with shorter survival, and may potentially serve as a prognostic biomarker. Our data may have implications in developing cancer prevention and treatment strategies through targeting GI microflora by diet, probiotics and antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Mima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yin Cao
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Yasutaka Sukawa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jonathan A. Nowak
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Juhong Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development, Metabolic Disease Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruoxu Dou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yohei Masugi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Aleksandar D. Kostic
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Susan Bullman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Danny A. Milner
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Edward L. Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Levi A. Garraway
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gordon J. Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Wendy S. Garrett
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA,Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jeffrey A. Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Charles S. Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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205
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Atreya CE, Greene C, McWhirter RM, Ikram NS, Allen IE, Van Loon K, Venook AP, Yeh BM, Behr SC. Differential Radiographic Appearance of BRAF V600E-Mutant Metastatic Colorectal Cancer in Patients Matched by Primary Tumor Location. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2016; 14:1536-1543. [PMID: 27956538 PMCID: PMC5551390 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2016.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BRAF-mutant metastatic colorectal cancers (mCRCs) share many clinicopathologic features with right-sided colon tumors, including frequent peritoneal involvement. Because of the poorer outcomes associated with BRAF mutations, early enrollment in clinical trials has been encouraged. However, the use of standard eligibility and assessment criteria, such as measurable disease, has anecdotally impeded patient accrual and restricted appraisal of treatment response. We investigated whether the presence of a BRAF V600E mutation is differentially associated with sites and appearance of metastatic disease in patients matched by primary tumor location. METHODS A total of 40 patients with BRAF-mutant mCRC were matched to 80 patients with BRAF wild-type mCRC by location of primary tumor (right or left colon; rectum), sex, and age. Associations between BRAF mutation status and clinicopathologic characteristics and metastatic sites were analyzed using proportion tests. Survival was summarized with Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression methods. RESULTS The distribution of primary tumor locations was: 60% right colon, 30% left colon, and 10% rectum. Compared with BRAF wild-type tumors, BRAF-mutant tumors more commonly associated with peritoneal metastases (50% vs 31%; P=.045) and ascites (50% vs 24%; P=.0038). In patients with left colon primaries, BRAF mutations were associated with more frequent ascites (58% vs 12%; P=.0038) and less frequent liver metastases (42% vs 79%; P=.024). Among patients with right colon primaries, no significant difference in sites of disease by BRAF mutation status was observed. Disease was not measurable by RECIST 1.1 in 24% of patients with right-sided primary tumors, irrespective of BRAF mutation status. In the BRAF-mutated cohort, ascites correlated unfavorably with survival (hazard ratio, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.14, 4.83; P=.02). CONCLUSIONS Greater frequency of ascites and peritoneal metastases, which pose challenges for RECIST 1.1 interpretation of therapeutic outcomes, are seen with BRAF-mutant mCRC, even when patients are matched for primary tumor location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe E. Atreya
- Department of Medicine and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Claire Greene
- Department of Medicine and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Ryan M. McWhirter
- Department of Medicine and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | - I. Elaine Allen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Katherine Van Loon
- Department of Medicine and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Alan P. Venook
- Department of Medicine and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center
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206
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Nagy Á, Pongor LS, Szabó A, Santarpia M, Győrffy B. KRAS driven expression signature has prognostic power superior to mutation status in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2016; 140:930-937. [PMID: 27859136 PMCID: PMC5299512 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the prognostic role of KRAS mutation status in NSCLC still remains controversial. We hypothesize that the expression changes of genes affected by KRAS mutation status will have the most prominent effect and could be used as a prognostic signature in lung cancer. We divided NSCLC patients with mutation and RNA‐seq data into KRAS mutated and wild type groups. Mann‐Whitney test was used to identify genes showing altered expression between these cohorts. Mean expression of the top five genes was designated as a “transcriptomic fingerprint” of the mutation. We evaluated the effect of this signature on clinical outcome in 2,437 NSCLC patients using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Mutation of KRAS was most common in adenocarcinoma. Mutation status and KRAS expression were not correlated to prognosis. The transcriptomic fingerprint of KRAS include FOXRED2, KRAS, TOP1, PEX3 and ABL2. The KRAS signature had a high prognostic power. Similar results were achieved when using the second and third set of strongest genes. Moreover, all cutoff values delivered significant prognostic power (p < 0.01). The KRAS signature also remained significant (p < 0.01) in a multivariate analysis including age, gender, smoking history and tumor stage. We generated a “surrogate signature” of KRAS mutation status in NSCLC patients by computationally linking genotype and gene expression. We show that secondary effects of a mutation can have a higher prognostic relevance than the primary genetic alteration itself. What's new? As many as one‐quarter of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (AC), a form of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), exhibit tumor‐associated mutations in KRAS. Whether KRAS mutation status and expression are correlated to prognosis, however, remains unclear. In this study, a surrogate signature of KRAS mutation status was generated for NSCLC by relating genotype to gene‐expression signature. The approach led to the identification of a significant correlation between overall survival in lung AC and the transcriptomic fingerprint of somatic KRAS mutations. Three genes strongly influenced by KRAS mutation may be relevant to the search for novel NSCLC drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Nagy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Budapest, Magyar, Hungary.,Semmelweis University 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lőrinc Sándor Pongor
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Budapest, Magyar, Hungary.,Semmelweis University 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Szabó
- Semmelweis University 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mariacarmela Santarpia
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology 'G. Barresi', University of Messina, Italy
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Budapest, Magyar, Hungary.,Semmelweis University 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Budapest, Hungary
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207
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Mima K, Cao Y, Chan AT, Qian ZR, Nowak JA, Masugi Y, Shi Y, Song M, da Silva A, Gu M, Li W, Hamada T, Kosumi K, Hanyuda A, Liu L, Kostic AD, Giannakis M, Bullman S, Brennan CA, Milner DA, Baba H, Garraway LA, Meyerhardt JA, Garrett WS, Huttenhower C, Meyerson M, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS, Nishihara R, Ogino S. Fusobacterium nucleatum in Colorectal Carcinoma Tissue According to Tumor Location. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2016; 7:e200. [PMID: 27811909 PMCID: PMC5543402 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2016.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Evidence suggests a possible role of Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal carcinogenesis, especially in right-sided proximal colorectum. Considering a change in bowel contents and microbiome from proximal to distal colorectal segments, we hypothesized that the proportion of colorectal carcinoma enriched with F. nucleatum might gradually increase along the bowel subsites from rectum to cecum. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 1,102 colon and rectal carcinomas in molecular pathological epidemiology databases of the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. We measured the amount of F. nucleatum DNA in colorectal tumor tissue using a quantitative PCR assay and equally dichotomized F. nucleatum-positive cases (high vs. low). We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to examine the relationship of a bowel subsite variable (rectum, rectosigmoid junction, sigmoid colon, descending colon, splenic flexure, transverse colon, hepatic flexure, ascending colon, and cecum) with the amount of F. nucleatum. Results: The proportion of F. nucleatum-high colorectal cancers gradually increased from rectal cancers (2.5% 4/157) to cecal cancers (11% 19/178), with a statistically significant linear trend along all subsites (P<0.0001) and little evidence of non-linearity. The proportion of F. nucleatum-low cancers was higher in rectal, ascending colon, and cecal cancers than in cancers of middle segments. Conclusions: The proportion of F. nucleatum-high colorectal cancers gradually increases from rectum to cecum. Our data support the colorectal continuum model that reflects pathogenic influences of the gut microbiota on neoplastic and immune cells and challenges the prevailing two-colon (proximal vs. distal) dichotomy paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Mima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yin Cao
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Division of MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yohei Masugi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Annacarolina da Silva
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mancang Gu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wanwan Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keisuke Kosumi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akiko Hanyuda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aleksandar D Kostic
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan Bullman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caitlin A Brennan
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Danny A Milner
- Division of MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Levi A Garraway
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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208
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No association of CpG island methylator phenotype and colorectal cancer survival: population-based study. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:1359-1366. [PMID: 27811854 PMCID: PMC5129826 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have shown adverse effects of CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) on colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis. However, sample sizes were often limited and only few studies were able to adjust for relevant molecular features associated with CIMP. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of CIMP on CRC survival in a large population-based study with comprehensive adjustment. Methods: The CIMP status and other molecular tumour features were analysed in 1385 CRC patients diagnosed between 2003 and 2010. Detailed information were obtained from standardised personal interviews and medical records. During follow-up (median: 4.9 years), we assessed vital status, cause of death and therapy details. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of survival after CRC. Results: The CIMP-H occurred more frequently in patients with older age, female gender, cancer in the proximal colon, BRAF mutation and microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H). However, CIMP status was not associated with CRC prognosis in CRC patients (HR=1.00; 95% CI=0.72–1.40 for overall survival; HR=0.96; 95% CI=0.65–1.41 for disease-specific survival) or in any of the subgroups. Although CIMP status was associated with the presence of MSI-H and BRAF mutation, the prognostic effects of MSI-H (HR=0.49; 95% CI=0.27–0.90) and BRAF mutation (HR=1.78; 95% CI=1.10–2.84) were independent of CIMP status. Similar benefit of chemotherapy was found for CRC outcomes in both the CIMP-low/negative group and the CIMP-high group. Conclusions: CpG island methylator phenotype was not associated with CRC prognosis after adjusting for other important clinical factors and associated mutations.
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209
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Palomba G, Doneddu V, Cossu A, Paliogiannis P, Manca A, Casula M, Colombino M, Lanzillo A, Defraia E, Pazzola A, Sanna G, Putzu C, Ortu S, Scartozzi M, Ionta MT, Baldino G, Sarobba G, Capelli F, Sedda T, Virdis L, Barca M, Gramignano G, Budroni M, Tanda F, Palmieri G. Prognostic impact of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations in primary colorectal carcinomas: a population-based study. J Transl Med 2016; 14:292. [PMID: 27737711 PMCID: PMC5064898 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of oncogenes downstream the EGFR gene contributes to colorectal tumorigenesis and determines the sensitivity to anti-EGFR treatments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of KRAS, BRAF, NRAS and PIK3CA mutations in a large collection of CRC patients from genetically-homogeneous Sardinian population. Methods A total of 1284 Sardinian patients with histologically-proven diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and presenting with metastatic disease were included into the study. Genomic DNA was isolated from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary tumour tissue samples of CRC patients and screened for mutations in RAS and BRAF genes, using pyrosequencing assays, and in PIK3CA gene, using automated DNA sequencing assays. Results Overall, mutation rates were 35.6 % for KRAS, 4.1 % for NRAS, and 2.1 % for BRAF. Among available DNA samples, 114/796 (14.3 %) primary CRCs were found to carry a mutation in the PIK3CA gene. In this subset of patients analysed in all four genes, a pathogenetic mutation of at least one gene was discovered in about half (378/796; 47.5 %) of CRC cases. A mutated BRAF gene was found to steadily act as a negative prognostic factor for either time to progression as metastatic disease (from detection of primary CRC to diagnosis of first distant metastasis; p = 0.009) or partial survival (from diagnosis of advanced disease to the time of death or last control; p = 0.006) or overall survival (p < 0.001). No significant impact on prognosis was observed for mutated KRAS, NRAS, and PIK3CA genes or combined RAS mutations (all RAS). Conclusions Our study defines both prevalence and prognostic role of main activated oncogenes in a population-based large collection of CRC patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-1053-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Palomba
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Sassari, Italy
| | - Valentina Doneddu
- Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100, Sassari, PC, Italy
| | - Antonio Cossu
- Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100, Sassari, PC, Italy
| | - Panagiotis Paliogiannis
- Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100, Sassari, PC, Italy.
| | | | - Milena Casula
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Sassari, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Antonio Pazzola
- Medical Oncology Unit, University-Hospital of Sassari (AOU), Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sanna
- Medical Oncology Unit, University-Hospital of Sassari (AOU), Sassari, Italy
| | - Carlo Putzu
- Medical Oncology Unit, University-Hospital of Sassari (AOU), Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Mario Scartozzi
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Tito Sedda
- Oncology Unit, Local Health Agency, Oristano, Italy
| | - Luciano Virdis
- Oncology Unit, Local Health Agency, Carbonia-Iglesias, Italy
| | | | | | - Mario Budroni
- Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100, Sassari, PC, Italy
| | - Francesco Tanda
- Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100, Sassari, PC, Italy
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210
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Dou R, Nishihara R, Cao Y, Hamada T, Mima K, Masuda A, Masugi Y, Shi Y, Gu M, Li W, da Silva A, Nosho K, Zhang X, Meyerhardt JA, Giovannucci EL, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Qian ZR, Ogino S. MicroRNA let-7, T Cells, and Patient Survival in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:927-935. [PMID: 27737877 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Experimental evidence suggests that the let-7 family of noncoding RNAs suppresses adaptive immune responses, contributing to immune evasion by the tumor. We hypothesized that the amount of let-7a and let-7b expression in colorectal carcinoma might be associated with limited T-lymphocyte infiltrates in the tumor microenvironment and worse clinical outcome. Utilizing the molecular pathological epidemiology resources of 795 rectal and colon cancers in two U.S.-nationwide prospective cohort studies, we measured tumor-associated let-7a and let-7b expression levels by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR, and CD3+, CD8+, CD45RO (PTPRC)+, and FOXP3+ cell densities by tumor tissue microarray immunohistochemistry and computer-assisted image analysis. Logistic regression analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to assess associations of let-7a (and let-7b) expression (quartile predictor variables) with T-cell densities (binary outcome variables) and mortality, respectively, controlling for tumor molecular features, including microsatellite instability, CpG island methylator phenotype, LINE-1 methylation, and KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations. Compared with cases in the lowest quartile of let-7a expression, those in the highest quartile were associated with lower densities of CD3+ [multivariate odds ratio (OR), 0.40; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.23-0.67; Ptrend = 0.003] and CD45RO+ cells (multivariate OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.17-0.58; Ptrend = 0.0004), and higher colorectal cancer-specific mortality (multivariate hazard ratio, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.42-3.13; Ptrend = 0.001). In contrast, let-7b expression was not significantly associated with T-cell density or colorectal cancer prognosis. Our data support the role of let-7a in suppressing antitumor immunity in colorectal cancer and suggest let-7a as a potential target of immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(11); 927-35. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxu Dou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yin Cao
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Atsuhiro Masuda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yohei Masugi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mancang Gu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wanwan Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Annacarolina da Silva
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katsuhiko Nosho
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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211
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MLH1-deficient Colorectal Carcinoma With Wild-type BRAF and MLH1 Promoter Hypermethylation Harbor KRAS Mutations and Arise From Conventional Adenomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2016; 40:1390-9. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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212
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Mitsuhashi K, Yamamoto I, Kurihara H, Kanno S, Ito M, Igarashi H, Ishigami K, Sukawa Y, Tachibana M, Takahashi H, Tokino T, Maruyama R, Suzuki H, Imai K, Shinomura Y, Yamamoto H, Nosho K. Analysis of the molecular features of rectal carcinoid tumors to identify new biomarkers that predict biological malignancy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:22114-25. [PMID: 26090613 PMCID: PMC4673150 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors are relatively rare in the digestive tract, a quarter of them are present in the rectum. In the absence of specific tumor biomarkers, lymphatic or vascular invasion is generally used to predict the risk of lymph node metastasis. We, therefore, examined the genetic and epigenetic alterations potentially associated with lymphovascular invasion among 56 patients with rectal carcinoid tumors. We also conducted a microRNA (miRNA) array analysis. Our analysis failed to detect mutations in BRAF, KRAS, NRAS, or PIK3CA or any microsatellite instability (MSI); however, we did observe CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) positivity in 13% (7/56) of the carcinoid tumors. The CIMP-positive status was significantly correlated with lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.036). The array analysis revealed that microRNA-885 (miR-885)-5p was the most up-regulated miRNA in the carcinoid tumors with lymphovascular invasion compared with that in those without invasion. In addition, high miR-885-5p expression was independently associated with lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.0002). In conclusion, our findings suggest that miR-885-5p and CIMP status may be useful biomarkers for predicting biological malignancy in patients with rectal carcinoid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Mitsuhashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Itaru Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Kurihara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kanno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Miki Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Igarashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishigami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Sukawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mami Tachibana
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keiyukai Daini Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Tokino
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Reo Maruyama
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohzoh Imai
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Shinomura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Nosho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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213
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Fessler E, Medema JP. Colorectal Cancer Subtypes: Developmental Origin and Microenvironmental Regulation. Trends Cancer 2016; 2:505-518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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214
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Nearchou A, Pentheroudakis G. The significance of tumor-associated immune response in molecular taxonomy, prognosis and therapy of colorectal cancer patients. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:271. [PMID: 27563658 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.05.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The importance of host immune response in colorectal cancer (CRC) has been constantly revealed through the last 10 years. A number of relevant immune markers have been introduced as prognostic and are now been used alone or in combination with each other in clinical practice. Efforts establishing a worldwide consensus on the implications of immune-profiles in conjunction to other factors are designed in the right direction in order to more effectively categorize patients with CRC in groups that might benefit from currently used or future applied therapies. On the other hand, a number of clinical trials have evolved the application of immunotherapies in patients with CRC both in the adjuvant and palliative setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nearchou
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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215
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Kudryavtseva AV, Lipatova AV, Zaretsky AR, Moskalev AA, Fedorova MS, Rasskazova AS, Shibukhova GA, Snezhkina AV, Kaprin AD, Alekseev BY, Dmitriev AA, Krasnov GS. Important molecular genetic markers of colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:53959-53983. [PMID: 27276710 PMCID: PMC5288236 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks third in the incidences of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. CRC is rather heterogeneous with regard to molecular genetic characteristics and pathogenic pathways. A wide spectrum of biomarkers is used for molecular subtype determination, prognosis, and estimation of sensitivity to different drugs in practice. These biomarkers can include germline and somatic mutations, chromosomal aberrations, genomic abnormalities, gene expression alterations at mRNA or protein level and changes in DNA methylation status. In the present review we discuss the most important and well-studied CRC biomarkers, and their potential clinical significance and current approaches to molecular classification of colorectal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- National Medical Research Radiological Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V. Lipatova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrew R. Zaretsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Moskalev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria S. Fedorova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- National Medical Research Radiological Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Galina A. Shibukhova
- National Medical Research Radiological Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Andrey D. Kaprin
- National Medical Research Radiological Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Y. Alekseev
- National Medical Research Radiological Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - George S. Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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216
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Morley-Bunker A, Walker LC, Currie MJ, Pearson J, Eglinton T. Translating colorectal cancer genetics into clinically useful biomarkers. Colorectal Dis 2016; 18:749-62. [PMID: 26990814 DOI: 10.1111/codi.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major health problem worldwide accounting for over a million deaths annually. While many patients with Stage II and III CRC can be cured with combinations of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, this is morbid costly treatment and a significant proportion will suffer recurrence and eventually die of CRC. Increased understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of CRC has the potential to identify high risk patients and target therapy more appropriately. Despite increased understanding of the molecular events underlying CRC development, established molecular techniques have only produced a limited number of biomarkers suitable for use in routine clinical practice to predict risk, prognosis and response to treatment. Recent rapid technological developments, however, have made genomic sequencing of CRC more economical and efficient, creating potential for the discovery of genetic biomarkers that have greater diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic capabilities for the management of CRC. This paper reviews the current understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of CRC, and summarizes molecular biomarkers that surgeons will encounter in current clinical use as well as those under development in clinical and preclinical trials. New molecular technologies are reviewed together with their potential impact on the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of CRC and their potential clinical utility in classification, diagnosis, prognosis and targeting of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Morley-Bunker
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - L C Walker
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M J Currie
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J Pearson
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - T Eglinton
- Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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217
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Britzen-Laurent N, Herrmann C, Naschberger E, Croner RS, Stürzl M. Pathophysiological role of guanylate-binding proteins in gastrointestinal diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:6434-6443. [PMID: 27605879 PMCID: PMC4968125 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i28.6434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) are interferon-stimulated factors involved in the defense against cellular pathogens and inflammation. These proteins, particularly GBP-1, the most prominent member of the family, have been established as reliable markers of interferon-γ-activated cells in various diseases, including colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). In CRC, GBP-1 expression is associated with a Th1-dominated angiostatic micromilieu and is correlated with a better outcome. Inhibition of tumor growth by GBP-1 is the result of its strong anti-angiogenic activity as well as its direct anti-tumorigenic effect on tumor cells. In IBD, GBP-1 mediates the anti-proliferative effects of interferon-γ on intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, it plays a protective role on the mucosa by preventing cell apoptosis, by inhibiting angiogenesis and by regulating the T-cell receptor signaling. These functions rely to a large extent on the ability of GBP-1 to interact with and remodel the actin cytoskeleton.
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218
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Bronte G, Silvestris N, Castiglia M, Galvano A, Passiglia F, Sortino G, Cicero G, Rolfo C, Peeters M, Bazan V, Fanale D, Giordano A, Russo A. New findings on primary and acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: do all roads lead to RAS? Oncotarget 2016; 6:24780-96. [PMID: 26318427 PMCID: PMC4694794 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor therapy with the monoclonal antibodies cetuximab and panitumumab is the main targeted treatment to combine with standard chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. Many clinical studies have shown the benefit of the addition of these agents for patients without mutations in the EGFR pathway. Many biomarkers, including KRAS and NRAS mutations, BRAF mutations, PIK3CA mutations, PTEN loss, AREG and EREG expression, and HER-2 amplification have already been identified to select responders to anti-EGFR agents. Among these alterations KRAS and NRAS mutations are currently recognized as the best predictive factors for primary resistance. Liquid biopsy, which helps to isolate circulating tumor DNA, is an innovative method to study both primary and acquired resistance to anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies. However, high-sensitivity techniques should be used to enable the identification of a wide set of gene mutations related to resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bronte
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit,National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Marta Castiglia
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Galvano
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Passiglia
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sortino
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cicero
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Marc Peeters
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Viviana Bazan
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele Fanale
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Surgery & Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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219
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Palomba G, Cossu A, Paliogiannis P, Pazzola A, Baldino G, Scartozzi M, Ionta MT, Ortu S, Capelli F, Lanzillo A, Sedda T, Sanna G, Barca M, Virdis L, Budroni M, Palmieri G. Prognostic role of KRAS mutations in Sardinian patients with colorectal carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1415-1421. [PMID: 27446446 PMCID: PMC4950545 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of mutations in the KRAS gene is a predictor of a poor clinical response to EGFR-targeted agents in patients affected by colorectal cancer (CRC), but its significance as a global prognostic factor remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of the KRAS mutational status on time to first metastasis (TTM) and overall survival (OS) in a cohort of Sardinian CRC patients. A total of 551 patients with metastatic CRC at the time of enrolment were included. Clinical and pathological features of the disease, including follow-up information, were obtained from medical records and cancer registry data. For mutational analysis formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples were processed using a standard protocol. The coding sequence and splice junctions of exons 2 and 3 of the KRAS gene were screened for mutations by direct automated sequencing. Overall, 186 KRAS mutations were detected in 183/551 (33%) patients: 125 (67%) were located in codon 12, 36 (19%) in codon 13, and 18 (10%) in codon 61. The remaining mutations (7; 4%) were detected in uncommonly-affected codons. No significant correlation between KRAS mutations and gender, age, anatomical location and stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis was identified. Furthermore, no prognostic value of KRAS mutations was found considering either TTM or OS. When patients were stratified by KRAS mutational status and gender, males were significantly associated with a longer TTM. The results of the present study indicate that KRAS mutation correlated with a slower metastatic progression in males with CRC from Sardinia, irrespective of the age at diagnosis and the codon of the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Palomba
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Cossu
- Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Panagiotis Paliogiannis
- Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Pazzola
- Oncology Unit, Local Health Unit (ASL1), 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Mario Scartozzi
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Ionta
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ortu
- Oncology Unit, Local Health Unit (ASL2), 07026 Olbia, Italy
| | | | | | - Tito Sedda
- Oncology Unit, Local Health Unit (ASL), 09170 Oristano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sanna
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital University (AOU), 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Michela Barca
- Oncology Unit, Local Health Unit (ASL4), 08045 Lanusei, Italy
| | - Luciano Virdis
- Oncology Unit, Local Health Unit (ASL7), 09013 Carbonia-Iglesias, Italy
| | - Mario Budroni
- Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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220
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Cha Y, Kim KJ, Han SW, Rhee YY, Bae JM, Wen X, Cho NY, Lee DW, Lee KH, Kim TY, Oh DY, Im SA, Bang YJ, Jeong SY, Park KJ, Kang GH, Kim TY. Adverse prognostic impact of the CpG island methylator phenotype in metastatic colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:164-71. [PMID: 27310704 PMCID: PMC4947699 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The association between the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) and clinical outcomes in metastatic colorectal cancer remains unclear. We investigated the prognostic impact of CIMP in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with systemic chemotherapy. Methods: Eight CIMP-specific promoters (CACNA1G, IGF2, NEUROG1, RUNX3, SOCS1, CDKN2A, CRABP1, and MLH1) were examined. The CIMP status was determined by the number of methylated promoters as high (⩾5), low (1–4), and negative (0). Results: A total of 153 patients were included (men/women, 103/50; median age, 61 years; range, 22–80 years). The CIMP status was negative/low/high in 77/ 69/7 patients, respectively. Overall survival (OS) was significantly different among the three CIMP groups, with median values of 35.7, 22.2, and 9.77 months for the negative, low, and high groups, respectively (P<0.001). For patients treated with fluoropyrimidine and oxaliplatin first-line chemotherapy (N=128), OS and progression-free survival (PFS) were significantly different among the three CIMP groups; the median OS was 37.9, 23.8, and 6.77 months for the negative, low, and high groups, respectively (P<0.001), while the median PFS was 9.97, 7.87, and 1.83 months, respectively (P=0.002). Response rates were marginally different among the three CIMP groups (53.4% vs 45.1% vs 16.7%, respectively; P=0.107). For patients treated with fluoropyrimidine and irinotecan second-line chemotherapy (N=86), only OS showed a difference according to the CIMP status, with median values of 20.4, 13.4, and 2.90 months for the negative, low, and high groups, respectively (P<0.001). Conclusions: The CIMP status is a negative prognostic factor for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Ju Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sae-Won Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ye Young Rhee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Mo Bae
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xianyu Wen
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nam-Yun Cho
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae-Won Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Do-Youn Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seock-Ah Im
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yung-Jue Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu Joo Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gyeong Hoon Kang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-You Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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221
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Minarikova P, Benesova L, Halkova T, Belsanova B, Suchanek S, Cyrany J, Tuckova I, Bures J, Zavoral M, Minarik M. Longitudinal molecular characterization of endoscopic specimens from colorectal lesions. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:4936-4945. [PMID: 27239120 PMCID: PMC4873886 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i20.4936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To compare molecular profiles of proximal colon, distal colon and rectum in large adenomas, early and late carcinomas. To assess feasibility of testing directed at molecular markers from this study in routine clinical practice.
METHODS: A prospective 3-year study has resulted in the acquisition of samples from 159 large adenomas and 138 carcinomas along with associated clinical parameters including localization, grade and histological type for adenomas and localization and stage for carcinomas. A complex molecular phenotyping has been performed using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification technique for the evaluation of CpG-island methylator phenotype (CIMP), PCR fragment analysis for detection of microsatellite instability and denaturing capillary electrophoresis for sensitive detection of somatic mutations in KRAS, BRAF, TP53 and APC genes.
RESULTS: Molecular types according to previously introduced Jass classification have been evaluated for large adenomas and early and late carcinomas. An increase in CIMP+ type, eventually accompanied with KRAS mutations, was notable between large adenomas and early carcinomas. As expected, the longitudinal observations revealed a correlation of the CIMP+/BRAF+ type with proximal location.
CONCLUSION: Prospective molecular classification of tissue specimens is feasible in routine endoscopy practice. Increased frequency of some molecular types corresponds to the developmental stages of colorectal tumors. As expected, a clear distinction is notable for tumors located in proximal colon supposedly arising from the serrated (methylation) pathway.
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222
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Immunohistochemical staining for p16 and BRAFV600E is useful to distinguish between sporadic and hereditary (Lynch syndrome-related) microsatellite instable colorectal carcinomas. Virchows Arch 2016; 469:135-44. [PMID: 27220764 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-016-1958-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) protein analysis by immunohistochemistry (IHC) can identify colorectal cancer (CRC) with microsatellite instability (MSI). As MLH1-deficient CRC can be hereditary or sporadic, markers to distinguish between them are needed. MLH1 promoter methylation assay is the reference method; however, sometimes, it is challenging on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples. We assessed by IHC the expression of BRAFV600E, p16, MGMT, and CDX2 in 55 MLH1-deficient MSI CRC samples (of which 8 had a germline MLH1 mutation) to determine whether this panel differentiates between sporadic and hereditary CRCs. We also analyzed MLH1 promoter methylation by methylation-specific PCR and pyrosequencing and BRAF status by genotyping. None of the hereditary CRCs showed MLH1 methylation, BRAF mutation, BRAFV600E-positive immunostaining, or loss of p16 expression. We detected MLH1 promoter methylation in 67 % and a BRAF mutation in 42 % of CRC, all showing MLH1 promoter methylation. BRAFV600E IHC and BRAF genotyping gave concordant results in all but two samples. Loss of expression of p16 was found in 30 % of CRC with methylation of the MLH1 promoter, but its expression was retained in all non-methylated and part of MLH1-methylated tumors (100 % specificity, 30 % sensitivity). CDX2 and MGMT expression was not associated with MLH1 status. Thus, BRAFV600E and p16 IHC may help in differentiating sporadic from hereditary MLH1-deficient CRC with MSI. Specifically, p16 IHC might be used as a surrogate marker for MLH1 promoter methylation, because all p16-negative CRCs displayed MLH1 methylation, whereas hereditary CRCs were all p16-positive.
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223
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Prasetyanti PR, Capone E, Barcaroli D, D'Agostino D, Volpe S, Benfante A, van Hooff S, Iacobelli V, Rossi C, Iacobelli S, Medema JP, De Laurenzi V, Sala G. ErbB-3 activation by NRG-1β sustains growth and promotes vemurafenib resistance in BRAF-V600E colon cancer stem cells (CSCs). Oncotarget 2016; 6:16902-11. [PMID: 26160848 PMCID: PMC4627280 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 5-10% of metastatic colorectal cancers harbor a BRAF-V600E mutation, which is correlated with resistance to EGFR-targeted therapies and worse clinical outcome. Vice versa, targeted inhibition of BRAF-V600E with the selective inhibitor PLX 4032 (Vemurafenib) is severely limited due to feedback re-activation of EGFR in these tumors. Mounting evidence indicates that upregulation of the ErbB-3 signaling axis may occur in response to several targeted therapeutics, including Vemurafenib, and NRG-1β-dependent re-activation of the PI3K/AKT survival pathway has been associated with therapy resistance. Here we show that colon CSCs express, next to EGFR and ErbB-2, also significant amounts of ErbB-3 on their membrane. This expression is functional as NRG-1β strongly induces AKT/PKB and ERK phosphorylation, cell proliferation, clonogenic growth and promotes resistance to Vemurafenib in BRAF-V600E mutant colon CSCs. This resistance was completely dependent on ErbB-3 expression, as evidenced by knockdown of ErbB-3. More importantly, resistance could be alleviated with therapeutic antibody blocking ErbB-3 activation, which impaired NRG-1β-driven AKT/PKB and ERK activation, clonogenic growth in vitro and tumor growth in xenograft models. In conclusion, our findings suggest that targeting ErbB-3 receptors could represent an effective therapeutic approach in BRAF-V600E mutant colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramudita R Prasetyanti
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands
| | - Emily Capone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Centro Studi sull'Invecchiamento, Ce.S.I., Chieti, Italy
| | - Daniela Barcaroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Centro Studi sull'Invecchiamento, Ce.S.I., Chieti, Italy
| | - Daniela D'Agostino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Centro Studi sull'Invecchiamento, Ce.S.I., Chieti, Italy
| | - Silvia Volpe
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Centro Studi sull'Invecchiamento, Ce.S.I., Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonina Benfante
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sander van Hooff
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands
| | - Valentina Iacobelli
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cosmo Rossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Centro Studi sull'Invecchiamento, Ce.S.I., Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Iacobelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Centro Studi sull'Invecchiamento, Ce.S.I., Chieti, Italy.,MediaPharma s.r.l., Chieti, Italy
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo De Laurenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Centro Studi sull'Invecchiamento, Ce.S.I., Chieti, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sala
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Centro Studi sull'Invecchiamento, Ce.S.I., Chieti, Italy.,MediaPharma s.r.l., Chieti, Italy
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224
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Hanyuda A, Ogino S, Qian ZR, Nishihara R, Song M, Mima K, Inamura K, Masugi Y, Wu K, Meyerhardt JA, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci EL, Cao Y. Body mass index and risk of colorectal cancer according to tumor lymphocytic infiltrate. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:854-68. [PMID: 27037951 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Higher body mass index (BMI), higher body adiposity and obesity have been associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer. Evidence suggests that excess energy balance may influence systemic immune and inflammatory status. Thus, we hypothesized that the positive association between BMI and colorectal cancer risk might differ according to colorectal carcinoma subtypes according to levels of histopathological lymphocytic reaction to tumor. We collected biennial questionnaire data on weight and baseline height information in two prospective cohort studies, the Nurses' Health Study (1980-2010) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2010). Utilizing duplication-method Cox proportional hazards regression models, we prospectively assessed the association between BMI and risk of colorectal cancer subtypes according to the degree of Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction, peritumoral lymphocytic reaction, intratumoral periglandular reaction, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, the overall lymphocytic reaction score, or T-cell [CD3(+) , CD8(+) , CD45RO (PTPRC)(+) or FOXP3(+) ] density in tumor tissue. Statistical significance level was adjusted for multiple hypotheses testing by Bonferroni correction. During follow up of 1,708,029 men and women (over 3,346,752 person-years), we documented 1,436 incident rectal and colon cancer cases with available formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue materials and pathological immunity data. BMI was significantly associated with higher risk of overall colorectal cancer (Ptrend < 0.001); however, the association of BMI with colorectal carcinoma risk did not significantly differ by the level of lymphocytic reaction or T-cell infiltration in tumor tissue status (Pheterogeneity > 0.10). BMI may be associated with risk of colorectal cancer regardless of levels of lymphocytic response to tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hanyuda
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Division of MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kentaro Inamura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, JFCR, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Masugi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yin Cao
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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225
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Vogelaar FJ, Erning FNV, Reimers MS, Linden HVD, Pruijt H, Brule AJCVD, Bosscha K. The Prognostic Value of Microsatellite Instability, KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA Mutations in Stage II Colon Cancer Patients. Mol Med 2016; 21:1038-1046. [PMID: 26716438 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of personalized cancer medicine, identifying mutations within patient tumors plays an important role in defining high-risk stage II colon cancer patients. The prognostic role of BRAF V600E mutation, microsatellite instability (MSI) status, KRAS mutation and PIK3CA mutation in stage II colon cancer patients is not settled. We retrospectively analyzed 186 patients with stage II colon cancer who underwent an oncological resection but were not treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. KRAS mutations, PIK3CA mutation, V600E BRAF mutation and MSI status were determined. Survival analyses were performed. Mutations were found in the patients with each mutation in the following percentages: 23% (MSI), 35% (KRAS), 19% (BRAF) and 11% (PIK3CA). A trend toward worse overall survival (OS) was seen in patients with an MSI (5-year OS 74% versus 82%, adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.6-4.9) and a KRAS-mutated tumor (5-year OS 77% versus 82%, adjusted HR 1.7, 95% CI 0.8-3.5). MSI and BRAF-mutated tumors tended to correlate with poorer disease-free survival (DFS) (5-year DFS 60% versus 78%, adjusted HR 1.6, 95% CI 0.5-2.1 and 5-year DFS 57% versus 77%, adjusted HR 1.1, 95% CI 0.4-2.6 respectively). In stage II colon cancer patients not treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, BRAF mutation and MSI status both tended to have a negative prognostic effect on disease-free survival. KRAS and MSI status also tended to be correlated with worse overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jeroen Vogelaar
- Department of Surgery, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, VieCuri Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Felice N van Erning
- Department of Research, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (IKNL), Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies S Reimers
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans Pruijt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, The Netherlands
| | | | - Koop Bosscha
- Department of Surgery, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, The Netherlands
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226
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Bosch LJW, Luo Y, Lao VV, Snaebjornsson P, Trooskens G, Vlassenbroeck I, Mongera S, Tang W, Welcsh P, Herman JG, Koopman M, Nagtegaal ID, Punt CJA, van Criekinge W, Meijer GA, Monnat RJ, Carvalho B, Grady WM. WRN Promoter CpG Island Hypermethylation Does Not Predict More Favorable Outcomes for Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treated with Irinotecan-Based Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4612-22. [PMID: 27121793 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE WRN promoter CpG island hypermethylation in colorectal cancer has been reported to increase sensitivity to irinotecan-based therapies. We aimed to characterize methylation of the WRN promoter, determine the effect of WRN promoter hypermethylation upon expression, and validate a previous report that WRN promoter hypermethylation predicts improved outcomes for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treated with irinotecan-based therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN WRN methylation status was assessed using methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing assays. WRN expression was determined using qRT-PCR and Western blotting. WRN methylation status was correlated with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in 183 patients with mCRC. Among these patients, 90 received capecitabine monotherapy as first-line therapy, and 93 received capecitabine plus irinotecan (CAPIRI) therapy as part of the CAIRO phase III clinical trial. RESULTS WRN mRNA and WRN protein expression levels were low in colorectal cancer cell lines and in primary colorectal cancer and were largely independent of WRN methylation status. Patients with methylated WRN colorectal cancer had a shorter OS compared with patients who had unmethylated WRN colorectal cancer (HR = 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-2.2; P = 0.003). Patients with unmethylated WRN showed a significantly longer PFS when treated with CAPIRI compared with capecitabine alone (HR = 0.48; 95% CI, 0.32-0.70; P = 0.0001). In contrast, patients did not benefit from adding irinotecan to capecitabine when WRN was methylated (HR = 1.1; 95% CI, 0.69-1.77; P = 0.7). CONCLUSIONS WRN expression is largely independent of WRN promoter hypermethylation in colorectal cancer. Moreover, we could not validate the previous finding that WRN promoter hypermethylation predicts improved clinical outcomes of mCRC treated with irinotecan-based therapy and found instead the opposite result. Clin Cancer Res; 22(18); 4612-22. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J W Bosch
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yanxin Luo
- Clinical Research Division, Department of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Victoria V Lao
- Clinical Research Division, Department of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Petur Snaebjornsson
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Geert Trooskens
- Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Sandra Mongera
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Weiliang Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington
| | - Piri Welcsh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington
| | - James G Herman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Miriam Koopman
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Iris D Nagtegaal
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J A Punt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wim van Criekinge
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. MDxHealth SA, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gerrit A Meijer
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raymond J Monnat
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington. Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Beatriz Carvalho
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - William M Grady
- Clinical Research Division, Department of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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227
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Kuehn F, Mullins CS, Krohn M, Harnack C, Ramer R, Krämer OH, Klar E, Huehns M, Linnebacher M. Establishment and characterization of HROC69 - a Crohn´s related colonic carcinoma cell line and its matched patient-derived xenograft. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24671. [PMID: 27087592 PMCID: PMC4834534 DOI: 10.1038/srep24671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) seems to be a rather unique entity and differs in its genetic alterations, tumour formation capacities, and clinical features from sporadic colorectal carcinoma. Most descriptions about tumour biology of CAC refer to ulcerative colitis; data about Crohn´s colitis related carcinomas are scarce. The majority of patients with Crohn´s disease are under immunosuppression which generates a different environment for tumour growth. We first describe the clinical case of a fast growing CAC in a long-term immunosuppressed patient with Crohn´s disease and successful establishment and characterization of carcinoma cell lines along with their corresponding patient-derived xenograft. Subsequently, these tumor models were molecularly and functionally analysed. Beside numerous chromosomal alterations, mutations in TP53, APC, PTEN and SMAD3 were identified. The cell lines express numerous cancer testis antigens, surface molecules involved in immune evasion but low levels of HLA class I molecules. They show strong invasive but in comparison weak migratory activity. The present work is the first description of patient-derived in vitro and in vivo models for CAC from a Crohn´s disease patient. They might be valuable tools for analysis of genetic and epigenetic alterations, biomarker identification, functional testing, including response prediction, and the development of specific therapeutical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kuehn
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General-, Thoracic-, Vascular- and Transplantation Surgery, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christina S Mullins
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Rostock, Germany
| | - Mathias Krohn
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christine Harnack
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General-, Thoracic-, Vascular- and Transplantation Surgery, Rostock, Germany
| | - Robert Ramer
- University Medicine Rostock, Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Rostock, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department of Toxicology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ernst Klar
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General-, Thoracic-, Vascular- and Transplantation Surgery, Rostock, Germany
| | - Maja Huehns
- University Medicine Rostock, Institute of Pathology, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Rostock, Germany
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228
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Prognostic impact of mutation profiling in patients with stage II and III colon cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24310. [PMID: 27074743 PMCID: PMC4830995 DOI: 10.1038/srep24310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of colorectal cancer (CRC) associates with accumulation of genetic mutations include the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway. However, whether mutations in KRAS together with downstream factors BRAF, PIK3CA and NRAS impact prognosis is still unclear for stage II-III colon cancer. In the present study a total of 228 stage II-III colon cancer samples were retrospectively collected, KRAS (codons 12, 13 and 61), BRAF (exon 11 and exon 15), PIK3CA (exon 9 and exon 20) and NRAS (codons 12, 13 and 61) status was detected by Sanger sequencing, 37.89% (86/227) tumors harbored a KRAS mutation, 7.02% (16/228) harbored a BRAF mutation, 13.18% (29/220) harbored a PIK3CA mutation and 0.89% (2/224) harbored a NRAS mutation. NRAS mutations existed only in stage II colon cancer. Older groups harbored a higher KRAS and BRAF mutation (P < 0.05), PIK3CA (exon9) mutations appeared more common in worse differentiation tumors (P = 0.032). Moreover, PIK3CA (E545K) mutation was significantly associated with tumor recurrence (P = 0.031) and acted independently prognostic for poor OS (P = 0.044), while only in stage III colon cancer. KRAS, BRAF and NRAS mutations do not have major prognostic value in stage II and III colon cancer, subtypes of gene mutations should be further investigated for a better understanding in CRC.
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229
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Murcia O, Juárez M, Hernández-Illán E, Egoavil C, Giner-Calabuig M, Rodríguez-Soler M, Jover R. Serrated colorectal cancer: Molecular classification, prognosis, and response to chemotherapy. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:3516-3530. [PMID: 27053844 PMCID: PMC4814638 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i13.3516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular advances support the existence of an alternative pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis that is based on the hypermethylation of specific DNA regions that silences tumor suppressor genes. This alternative pathway has been called the serrated pathway due to the serrated appearance of tumors in histological analysis. New classifications for colorectal cancer (CRC) were proposed recently based on genetic profiles that show four types of molecular alterations: BRAF gene mutations, KRAS gene mutations, microsatellite instability, and hypermethylation of CpG islands. This review summarizes what is known about the serrated pathway of CRC, including CRC molecular and clinical features, prognosis, and response to chemotherapy.
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230
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Chen KH, Lin YL, Liau JY, Tsai JH, Tseng LH, Lin LI, Liang JT, Lin BR, Hung JS, Chang YL, Yeh KH, Cheng AL. BRAF mutation may have different prognostic implications in early- and late-stage colorectal cancer. Med Oncol 2016; 33:39. [PMID: 27034263 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-016-0756-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic implication of BRAF mutant colorectal cancer remains paradoxical. Records of BRAF mutant and wild-type colorectal cancer patients at all stages were reviewed. Clinicopathologic features, including microsatellite instability, CpG islands methylator phenotype, and overall survival, of these patients were analyzed. Between 2005 and 2013, 428 colorectal cancer patients were enrolled in this study. The overall survival between BRAF mutant and wild-type patients with early-stage (stages I and II) colorectal cancer differed nonsignificantly (P = 0.99). By contrast, in late-stage (stages III and IV) patients, the median overall survival of BRAF mutant patients (N = 25) was significantly poorer than that of BRAF wild-type (N = 207) patients (BRAF mutant: 21.3 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.1-35.5); BRAF wild-type: 53.5 months (95% CI 37.5-69.5), P < 0.0001). In early-stage patients, we found that BRAF mutation was significantly associated with CpG island methylator phenotype-positive (P < 0.001), and microsatellite instability-high status (P = 0.0013). Conversely, in late-stage patients, BRAF mutation was significantly associated with CpG island methylator phenotype-positive (P = 0.0015) and the right-side colon (P = 0.014). BRAF mutation may have different prognostic implications in early- and late-stage colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsing Chen
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No 7, Chung-Shan South Rd, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan.,National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Lin
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No 7, Chung-Shan South Rd, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Yu Liau
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Huei Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hui Tseng
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-In Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Tung Liang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Been-Ren Lin
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Shiang Hung
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Leong Chang
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department and Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Huei Yeh
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No 7, Chung-Shan South Rd, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ann-Lii Cheng
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No 7, Chung-Shan South Rd, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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231
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Mima K, Sukawa Y, Nishihara R, Qian ZR, Yamauchi M, Inamura K, Kim SA, Masuda A, Nowak JA, Nosho K, Kostic AD, Giannakis M, Watanabe H, Bullman S, Milner DA, Harris CC, Giovannucci E, Garraway LA, Freeman GJ, Dranoff G, Chan AT, Garrett WS, Huttenhower C, Fuchs CS, Ogino S. Fusobacterium nucleatum and T Cells in Colorectal Carcinoma. JAMA Oncol 2016. [PMID: 26181352 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Evidence indicates a complex link between gut microbiome, immunity, and intestinal tumorigenesis. To target the microbiota and immunity for colorectal cancer prevention and therapy, a better understanding of the relationship between microorganisms and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment is needed. Experimental evidence suggests that Fusobacterium nucleatum may promote colonic neoplasia development by downregulating antitumor T cell-mediated adaptive immunity. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that a greater amount of F nucleatum in colorectal carcinoma tissue is associated with a lower density of T cells in tumor tissue. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 598 rectal and colon carcinoma cases in 2 US nationwide prospective cohort studies with follow-up through 2006, the Nurses' Health Study (participants enrolled in 1976) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (participants enrolled in 1986). Tissue collection and processing were performed from 2002 through 2008, and immunity assessment, 2008 through 2009. From 2013 through 2014, the amount of F nucleatum in colorectal carcinoma tissue was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay; we equally dichotomized positive cases (high vs low). Multivariable ordinal logistic regression analysis was conducted in 2014 to assess associations of the amount of F nucleatum with densities (quartiles) of T cells in tumor tissue, controlling for clinical and tumor molecular features, including microsatellite instability, CpG island methylator phenotype, long interspersed nucleotide element-1 (LINE-1) methylation, and KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutation status. We adjusted the 2-sided α level to .013 for multiple hypothesis testing. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Densities of CD3+, CD8+, CD45RO (protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C [PTPRC])+, and FOXP3+ T cells in tumor tissue, determined by means of tissue microarray immunohistochemical analysis and computer-assisted image analysis. RESULTS F nucleatum was detected in colorectal carcinoma tissue in 76 (13%) of 598 cases. Compared with F nucleatum-negative cases, F nucleatum-high cases were inversely associated with the density of CD3+ T cells (for a unit increase in quartile categories of CD3+ T cells as an outcome: multivariable odds ratio, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.26-0.87]; P for trend = .006). The amount of F nucleatum was not significantly associated with the density of CD8+, CD45RO+, or FOXP3+ T cells (P fortrend = .24, .88, and .014, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The amount of tissue F nucleatum is inversely associated with CD3+ T-cell density in colorectal carcinoma tissue. On validation, our human population data may provide an impetus for further investigations on potential interactive roles of Fusobacterium and host immunity in colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Mima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yasutaka Sukawa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts3Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mai Yamauchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kentaro Inamura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts4Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sun A Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Atsuhiro Masuda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katsuhiko Nosho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Aleksandar D Kostic
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts8Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts8Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hideo Watanabe
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts8Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Susan Bullman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts8Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Danny A Milner
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts9Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Curtis C Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts3Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Levi A Garraway
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts8Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts10Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts10Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts12Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts8Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts8Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts11Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts3Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts5Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital
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232
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Mima K, Sukawa Y, Nishihara R, Qian ZR, Yamauchi M, Inamura K, Kim SA, Masuda A, Nowak JA, Nosho K, Kostic AD, Giannakis M, Watanabe H, Bullman S, Milner DA, Harris CC, Giovannucci E, Garraway LA, Freeman GJ, Dranoff G, Chan AT, Garrett WS, Huttenhower C, Fuchs CS, Ogino S. Fusobacterium nucleatum and T Cells in Colorectal Carcinoma. JAMA Oncol 2016; 1:653-61. [PMID: 26181352 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Evidence indicates a complex link between gut microbiome, immunity, and intestinal tumorigenesis. To target the microbiota and immunity for colorectal cancer prevention and therapy, a better understanding of the relationship between microorganisms and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment is needed. Experimental evidence suggests that Fusobacterium nucleatum may promote colonic neoplasia development by downregulating antitumor T cell-mediated adaptive immunity. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that a greater amount of F nucleatum in colorectal carcinoma tissue is associated with a lower density of T cells in tumor tissue. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 598 rectal and colon carcinoma cases in 2 US nationwide prospective cohort studies with follow-up through 2006, the Nurses' Health Study (participants enrolled in 1976) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (participants enrolled in 1986). Tissue collection and processing were performed from 2002 through 2008, and immunity assessment, 2008 through 2009. From 2013 through 2014, the amount of F nucleatum in colorectal carcinoma tissue was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay; we equally dichotomized positive cases (high vs low). Multivariable ordinal logistic regression analysis was conducted in 2014 to assess associations of the amount of F nucleatum with densities (quartiles) of T cells in tumor tissue, controlling for clinical and tumor molecular features, including microsatellite instability, CpG island methylator phenotype, long interspersed nucleotide element-1 (LINE-1) methylation, and KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutation status. We adjusted the 2-sided α level to .013 for multiple hypothesis testing. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Densities of CD3+, CD8+, CD45RO (protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C [PTPRC])+, and FOXP3+ T cells in tumor tissue, determined by means of tissue microarray immunohistochemical analysis and computer-assisted image analysis. RESULTS F nucleatum was detected in colorectal carcinoma tissue in 76 (13%) of 598 cases. Compared with F nucleatum-negative cases, F nucleatum-high cases were inversely associated with the density of CD3+ T cells (for a unit increase in quartile categories of CD3+ T cells as an outcome: multivariable odds ratio, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.26-0.87]; P for trend = .006). The amount of F nucleatum was not significantly associated with the density of CD8+, CD45RO+, or FOXP3+ T cells (P fortrend = .24, .88, and .014, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The amount of tissue F nucleatum is inversely associated with CD3+ T-cell density in colorectal carcinoma tissue. On validation, our human population data may provide an impetus for further investigations on potential interactive roles of Fusobacterium and host immunity in colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Mima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yasutaka Sukawa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts3Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mai Yamauchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kentaro Inamura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts4Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sun A Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Atsuhiro Masuda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katsuhiko Nosho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Aleksandar D Kostic
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts8Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts8Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hideo Watanabe
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts8Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Susan Bullman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts8Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Danny A Milner
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts9Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Curtis C Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts3Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Levi A Garraway
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts8Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts10Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts10Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts12Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts8Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts8Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts11Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts3Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts5Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital
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233
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Elhamamsy AR. DNA methylation dynamics in plants and mammals: overview of regulation and dysregulation. Cell Biochem Funct 2016; 34:289-98. [PMID: 27003927 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a major epigenetic marking mechanism regulating various biological functions in mammals and plant. The crucial role of DNA methylation has been observed in cellular differentiation, embryogenesis, genomic imprinting and X-chromosome inactivation. Furthermore, DNA methylation takes part in disease susceptibility, responses to environmental stimuli and the biodiversity of natural populations. In plant, different types of environmental stress have demonstrated the ability to alter the archetype of DNA methylation through the genome, change gene expression and confer a mechanism of adaptation. DNA methylation dynamics are regulated by three processes de novo DNA methylation, methylation maintenance and DNA demethylation. These processes have their similarities and differences between mammals and plants. Furthermore, the dysregulation of DNA methylation dynamics represents one of the primary molecular mechanisms of developing diseases in mammals. This review discusses the regulation and dysregulation of DNA methylation in plants and mammals. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Rafat Elhamamsy
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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234
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McCleary NJ, Sato K, Nishihara R, Inamura K, Morikawa T, Zhang X, Wu K, Yamauchi M, Kim SA, Sukawa Y, Mima K, Qian ZR, Fuchs CS, Ogino S, Meyerhardt JA. Prognostic Utility of Molecular Factors by Age at Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:1489-98. [PMID: 26490308 PMCID: PMC4888056 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We hypothesized that adverse prognostic associations of specific tumor molecular factors vary by patient age at colorectal cancer diagnosis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined the prognostic associations and interactions by age at colorectal cancer diagnosis (<60 vs. 60-74 vs. ≥75 years old) of key molecular factors-CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), microsatellite instability (MSI), KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations, and nuclear CTNNB1 expression status-on colorectal cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS), using 1,280 incident colorectal cancer cases (median age, 69 years; range, 38-91 years) within the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study cohorts. RESULTS MSI-high was associated with better survival, whereas BRAF mutation was associated with worse survival, but these associations did not appreciably differ by age group. Status of CIMP, KRAS mutation, or PIK3CA mutation was not associated with prognosis regardless of age. Nuclear CTNNB1 expression was associated with a trend toward worse prognosis among older adults [age ≥ 75 years; multivariate HR, 1.67; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.89-3.13 (for CSS); multivariate HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 0.93-2.24 (for OS)] but not among younger patients, and there was a statistically significant interaction by age (Pinteraction = 0.03 for CSS; Pinteraction = 0.007 for OS). CONCLUSIONS Tumor nuclear CTNNB1 expression may be associated with higher mortality among older patients with colorectal cancer but not among younger patients. Our findings need to be confirmed in independent datasets. Detailed exploration of tumor molecular signatures in older patients with colorectal cancer in large populations is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine J McCleary
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Kaori Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kentaro Inamura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Teppei Morikawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mai Yamauchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sun A Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yasutaka Sukawa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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Cho SS, Kim Y, Yoon J, Seo M, Shin SK, Kwon EY, Kim SE, Bae YJ, Lee S, Sung MK, Choi MS, Park T. A Model-Based Joint Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes and Phenotype-Associated Genes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149086. [PMID: 26964035 PMCID: PMC4786130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, many analytical methods and tools have been developed for microarray data. The detection of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among different treatment groups is often a primary purpose of microarray data analysis. In addition, association studies investigating the relationship between genes and a phenotype of interest such as survival time are also popular in microarray data analysis. Phenotype association analysis provides a list of phenotype-associated genes (PAGs). However, it is sometimes necessary to identify genes that are both DEGs and PAGs. We consider the joint identification of DEGs and PAGs in microarray data analyses. The first approach we used was a naïve approach that detects DEGs and PAGs separately and then identifies the genes in an intersection of the list of PAGs and DEGs. The second approach we considered was a hierarchical approach that detects DEGs first and then chooses PAGs from among the DEGs or vice versa. In this study, we propose a new model-based approach for the joint identification of DEGs and PAGs. Unlike the previous two-step approaches, the proposed method identifies genes simultaneously that are DEGs and PAGs. This method uses standard regression models but adopts different null hypothesis from ordinary regression models, which allows us to perform joint identification in one-step. The proposed model-based methods were evaluated using experimental data and simulation studies. The proposed methods were used to analyze a microarray experiment in which the main interest lies in detecting genes that are both DEGs and PAGs, where DEGs are identified between two diet groups and PAGs are associated with four phenotypes reflecting the expression of leptin, adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor 1, and insulin. Model-based approaches provided a larger number of genes, which are both DEGs and PAGs, than other methods. Simulation studies showed that they have more power than other methods. Through analysis of data from experimental microarrays and simulation studies, the proposed model-based approach was shown to provide a more powerful result than the naïve approach and the hierarchical approach. Since our approach is model-based, it is very flexible and can easily handle different types of covariates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Sunghwan Cho
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Kwan-ak St. 599, Kwan-ak Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yongkang Kim
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Kwan-ak St. 599, Kwan-ak Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Yoon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Kwan-ak St. 599, Kwan-ak Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minseok Seo
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Kwan-ak St. 599, Kwan-ak Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-kyung Shin
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kwon
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Jung Bae
- Division of Food Science and Culinary Arts, Shinhan University, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Seungyeoun Lee
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Sung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Sook Choi
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Taesung Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Kwan-ak St. 599, Kwan-ak Gu, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Kwan-ak St. 599, Kwan-ak Gu, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Waldmann E, Ferlitsch M, Binder N, Sellner F, Karner J, Heinisch B, Klimpfinger M, Trauner M. Tumor and Patient Characteristics of Individuals with Mismatch Repair Deficient Colorectal Cancer. Digestion 2016; 91:286-93. [PMID: 25924923 DOI: 10.1159/000381284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate tumor and patient characteristics of individuals with mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient colorectal carcinomas. METHODS We immunhistochemically investigated tissue samples of 307 consecutive patients with colorectal cancer for defects in DNA MMR proteins (hMLH1, hMSH2, hMSH6, hPMS2) and those with mutations further for microsatellite instability (MSI) and BRAF V600E mutations. RESULTS 32/308 (10.4%) tumors showed MMR deficiency. Seventy five percent (n = 24) had loss of hMLH1 and hPMS2 expression, 3% (n = 1) of hPMS2 alone, 18.8% (n = 6) of hMSH6 and hMSH2, 3% (n = 1) of hMSH2 alone. All MMR-deficient tumors showed high MSI. These tumors occurred preferably in the right-sided colon, in women and showed specific histological features. We obtained the family history of 18/32 patients; 2 (11.1%) met Amsterdam Criteria, 5 (27.8%) Bethesda Guidelines and 6 (33.3%) revised Bethesda Guidelines. BRAF V600E mutations were found in 16 (67%) of hMLH1 and none of the hMSH2 deficient tumors. CONCLUSION We suggest using immunhistochemical testing of tumor tissues with subsequent MSI analysis, which may be justified as a screening method for MMR deficiency in colorectal cancer, since it identifies patients with possibly hereditary defects and unalike response to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Waldmann
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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237
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Mima K, Nishihara R, Yang J, Dou R, Masugi Y, Shi Y, da Silva A, Cao Y, Song M, Nowak J, Gu M, Li W, Morikawa T, Zhang X, Wu K, Baba H, Giovannucci EL, Meyerhardt JA, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Qian ZR, Ogino S. MicroRNA MIR21 (miR-21) and PTGS2 Expression in Colorectal Cancer and Patient Survival. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3841-8. [PMID: 26957558 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2, cyclooxygenase-2; a target of aspirin) produces inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and contributes to colorectal neoplasia development. PTGS2-driven inflammatory responses can induce tumor expression of microRNA MIR21 (miR-21) that can increase local PGE2 level by downregulating PGE2-metabolizing enzymes. We hypothesized that the prognostic association of tumor MIR21 expression level in colorectal carcinoma might depend on inflammatory tumor microenvironment and be stronger in tumors expressing high-level PTGS2. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Utilizing 765 rectal and colon cancer specimens in the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we measured MIR21 expression by quantitative reverse transcription PCR, and PTGS2 expression by immunohistochemistry. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to assess statistical interaction between MIR21 and PTGS2 in colorectal cancer-specific survival analysis, controlling for potential confounders including microsatellite instability, CpG island methylator phenotype, LINE-1 methylation level, and KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations. RESULTS Tumor MIR21 expression level was associated with higher colorectal cancer-specific mortality (Ptrend = 0.029), and there was a statistically significant interaction between MIR21 and PTGS2 (Pinteraction = 0.0004). The association between MIR21 expression and colorectal cancer-specific mortality was statistically significant in PTGS2-high cancers (multivariable hazard ratio of the highest vs. lowest quartile of MIR21, 2.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.42-3.67; Ptrend = 0.0004) but not in PTGS2-absent/low cancers (Ptrend = 0.22). CONCLUSIONS MIR21 expression level in colorectal carcinoma is associated with worse clinical outcome, and this association is stronger in carcinomas expressing high-level PTGS2, suggesting complex roles of immunity and inflammation in tumor progression. Clin Cancer Res; 22(15); 3841-8. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Mima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Juhong Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ruoxu Dou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yohei Masugi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Annacarolina da Silva
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yin Cao
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan Nowak
- Division of MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mancang Gu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wanwan Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Teppei Morikawa
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Division of MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Abdel-Rahman WM, Lotsari-Salomaa JE, Kaur S, Niskakoski A, Knuutila S, Järvinen H, Mecklin JP, Peltomäki P. The Role of Chromosomal Instability and Epigenetics in Colorectal Cancers Lacking β-Catenin/TCF Regulated Transcription. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:6089658. [PMID: 27047543 PMCID: PMC4800109 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6089658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
All colorectal cancer cell lines except RKO displayed active β-catenin/TCF regulated transcription. This feature of RKO was noted in familial colon cancers; hence our aim was to dissect its carcinogenic mechanism. MFISH and CGH revealed distinct instability of chromosome structure in RKO. Gene expression microarray of RKO versus 7 colon cancer lines (with active Wnt signaling) and 3 normal specimens revealed 611 differentially expressed genes. The majority of the tested gene loci were susceptible to LOH in primary tumors with various β-catenin localizations as a surrogate marker for β-catenin activation. The immunohistochemistry of selected genes (IFI16, RGS4, MCTP1, DGKI, OBCAM/OPCML, and GLIPR1) confirmed that they were differentially expressed in clinical specimens. Since epigenetic mechanisms can contribute to expression changes, selected target genes were evaluated for promoter methylation in patient specimens from sporadic and hereditary colorectal cancers. CMTM3, DGKI, and OPCML were frequently hypermethylated in both groups, whereas KLK10, EPCAM, and DLC1 displayed subgroup specificity. The overall fraction of hypermethylated genes was higher in tumors with membranous β-catenin. We identified novel genes in colorectal carcinogenesis that might be useful in personalized tumor profiling. Tumors with inactive Wnt signaling are a heterogeneous group displaying interaction of chromosomal instability, Wnt signaling, and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael M. Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Sippy Kaur
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni Niskakoski
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Knuutila
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, 00029 HUS, Finland
| | - Heikki Järvinen
- Second Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, 00029 HUS, Finland
| | - Jukka-Pekka Mecklin
- Department of Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, 40620 Jyväskylä, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Päivi Peltomäki
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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239
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Sameer AS, Nissar S. Understanding Epigenetics: an Alternative Mechanism of Colorectal Carcinogenesis. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-016-0317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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240
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Jia M, Gao X, Zhang Y, Hoffmeister M, Brenner H. Different definitions of CpG island methylator phenotype and outcomes of colorectal cancer: a systematic review. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:25. [PMID: 26941852 PMCID: PMC4776403 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Contradictory results were reported for the prognostic role of CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) among colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Differences in the definitions of CIMP were the most common explanation for these discrepancies. The aim of this systematic review was to give an overview of the published studies on CRC prognosis according to the different definitions of CIMP. A systematic literature search was performed in MEDLINE and ISI Web of Science for articles published until 3 April 2015. Data extraction included information about the study population, the definition of CIMP, and investigated outcomes. Thirty-six studies were included in this systematic review. Among them, 30 studies reported the association of CIMP and CRC prognosis and 11 studies reported the association of CIMP with survival after CRC therapy. Overall, 16 different definitions of CIMP were identified. The majority of studies reported a poorer prognosis for patients with CIMP-positive (CIMP+)/CIMP-high (CIMP-H) CRC than with CIMP-negative (CIMP-)/CIMP-low (CIMP-L) CRC. Inconsistent results or varying effect strengths could not be explained by different CIMP definitions used. No consistent variation in response to specific therapies according to CIMP status was found. Comparative analyses of different CIMP panels in the same large study populations are needed to further clarify the role of CIMP definitions and to find out how methylation information can best be used to predict CRC prognosis and response to specific CRC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jia
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xu Gao
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yan Zhang
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Hoffmeister
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany ; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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241
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Savio AJ, Daftary D, Dicks E, Buchanan DD, Parfrey PS, Young JP, Weisenberger D, Green RC, Gallinger S, McLaughlin JR, Knight JA, Bapat B. Promoter methylation of ITF2, but not APC, is associated with microsatellite instability in two populations of colorectal cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:113. [PMID: 26884349 PMCID: PMC4756469 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant Wnt signaling activation occurs commonly in colorectal carcinogenesis, leading to upregulation of many target genes. APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) is an important component of the β-catenin destruction complex, which regulates Wnt signaling, and is often mutated in colorectal cancer (CRC). In addition to mutational events, epigenetic changes arise frequently in CRC, specifically, promoter hypermethylation which silences tumor suppressor genes. APC and the Wnt signaling target gene ITF2 (immunoglobulin transcription factor 2) incur hypermethylation in various cancers, however, methylation-dependent regulation of these genes in CRC has not been studied in large, well-characterized patient cohorts. The microsatellite instability (MSI) subtype of CRC, featuring DNA mismatch repair deficiency and often promoter hypermethylation of MutL homolog 1 (MLH1), has a favorable outcome and is characterized by different chemotherapeutic responses than microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors. Other epigenetic events distinguishing these subtypes have not yet been fully elucidated. METHODS Here, we quantify promoter methylation of ITF2 and APC by MethyLight in two case-case studies nested in population-based CRC cohorts from the Ontario Familial Colorectal Cancer Registry (n = 330) and the Newfoundland Familial Colorectal Cancer Registry (n = 102) comparing MSI status groups. RESULTS ITF2 and APC methylation are significantly associated with tumor versus normal state (both P < 1.0 × 10(-6)). ITF2 is methylated in 45.8% of MSI cases and 26.9% of MSS cases and is significantly associated with MSI in Ontario (P = 0.002) and Newfoundland (P = 0.005) as well as the MSI-associated feature of MLH1 promoter hypermethylation (P = 6.72 × 10(-4)). APC methylation, although tumor-specific, does not show a significant association with tumor subtype, age, gender, or stage, indicating it is a general tumor-specific CRC biomarker. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates, for the first time, MSI-associated ITF2 methylation, and further reveals the subtype-specific epigenetic events modulating Wnt signaling in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Savio
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Darshana Daftary
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Ontario Familial Colorectal Cancer Registry, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Elizabeth Dicks
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
| | - Daniel D Buchanan
- Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Patrick S Parfrey
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
| | - Joanne P Young
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Daniel Weisenberger
- USC Epigenome Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Roger C Green
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Ontario Familial Colorectal Cancer Registry, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - John R McLaughlin
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Ontario Familial Colorectal Cancer Registry, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Julia A Knight
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Bharati Bapat
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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242
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Yi JH, Liu J, Wang KH. CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:558-565. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i4.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and is caused by accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes. With the discovery of CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), more and more studies have focused on epigenetic modifications in CRC. CIMP is found in a subset of CRC with an exceptionally high frequency of methylated genes. Current research shows that CIMP has several molecular characteristics and is significantly associated with multiple clinicopathological features, but the mechanim of CIMP is still unclear. The prognosis and treatment response in CRC with CIMP are largely different form those of other CRCs, however, the absence of widely accepted CIMP biomarkers has prevented the clinical applications of CIMP to guide the personalized therapy of CRC.
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243
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Song M, Nishihara R, Wang M, Chan AT, Qian ZR, Inamura K, Zhang X, Ng K, Kim SA, Mima K, Sukawa Y, Nosho K, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci EL, Wu K, Ogino S. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and colorectal cancer risk according to tumour immunity status. Gut 2016; 65:296-304. [PMID: 25591978 PMCID: PMC4503524 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence suggests protective effects of vitamin D and antitumour immunity on colorectal cancer risk. Immune cells in tumour microenvironment can convert 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] to bioactive 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, which influences neoplastic and immune cells as an autocrine and paracrine factor. Thus, we hypothesised that the inverse association between vitamin D and colorectal cancer risk might be stronger for cancers with high-level immune response than those with low-level immune response. DESIGN We designed a nested case-control study (318 rectal and colon carcinoma cases and 624 matched controls) within the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study using molecular pathological epidemiology database. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to assess the association of plasma 25(OH)D with tumour subtypes according to the degree of lymphocytic reaction, tumour-infiltrating T cells (CD3+, CD8+, CD45RO+ (PTPRC) and FOXP3+ cells), microsatellite instability or CpG island methylator phenotype. RESULTS The association of plasma 25(OH)D with colorectal carcinoma differed by the degree of intratumoural periglandular reaction (p for heterogeneity=0.001); high 25(OH)D was associated with lower risk of tumour with high-level reaction (comparing the highest versus lowest tertile: OR 0.10; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.35; p for trend<0.001), but not risk of tumour with lower-level reaction (p for trend>0.50). A statistically non-significant difference was observed for the associations of 25(OH)D with tumour subtypes according to CD3+ T cell density (p for heterogeneity=0.03; adjusted statistical significance level of α=0.006). CONCLUSIONS High plasma 25(OH)D level is associated with lower risk of colorectal cancer with intense immune reaction, supporting a role of vitamin D in cancer immunoprevention through tumour-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Molin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kentaro Inamura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kimmie Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sun A Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yasutaka Sukawa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Katsuhiko Nosho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Charles S. Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Edward L. Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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244
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Hang JF, Li AFY, Chang SC, Liang WY. Immunohistochemical detection of theBRAFV600E mutant protein in colorectal cancers in Taiwan is highly concordant with the molecular test. Histopathology 2016; 69:54-62. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Fan Hang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- School of Medicine; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Anna Fen-Yau Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- School of Medicine; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ching Chang
- School of Medicine; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Surgery; Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yih Liang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- School of Medicine; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
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245
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Nosho K, Sukawa Y, Adachi Y, Ito M, Mitsuhashi K, Kurihara H, Kanno S, Yamamoto I, Ishigami K, Igarashi H, Maruyama R, Imai K, Yamamoto H, Shinomura Y. Association of Fusobacterium nucleatum with immunity and molecular alterations in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:557-566. [PMID: 26811607 PMCID: PMC4716059 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i2.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human intestinal microbiome plays a major role in human health and diseases, including colorectal cancer. Colorectal carcinogenesis represents a heterogeneous process with a differing set of somatic molecular alterations, influenced by diet, environmental and microbial exposures, and host immunity. Fusobacterium species are part of the human oral and intestinal microbiota. Metagenomic analyses have shown an enrichment of Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) in colorectal carcinoma tissue. Using 511 colorectal carcinomas from Japanese patients, we assessed the presence of F. nucleatum. Our results showed that the frequency of F. nucleatum positivity in the Japanese colorectal cancer was 8.6% (44/511), which was lower than that in United States cohort studies (13%). Similar to the United States studies, F. nucleatum positivity in Japanese colorectal cancers was significantly associated with microsatellite instability (MSI)-high status. Regarding the immune response in colorectal cancer, high levels of infiltrating T-cell subsets (i.e., CD3+, CD8+, CD45RO+, and FOXP3+ cells) have been associated with better patient prognosis. There is also evidence to indicate that molecular features of colorectal cancer, especially MSI, influence T-cell-mediated adaptive immunity. Concerning the association between the gut microbiome and immunity, F. nucleatum has been shown to expand myeloid-derived immune cells, which inhibit T-cell proliferation and induce T-cell apoptosis in colorectal cancer. This finding indicates that F. nucleatum possesses immunosuppressive activities by inhibiting human T-cell responses. Certain microRNAs are induced during the macrophage inflammatory response and have the ability to regulate host-cell responses to pathogens. MicroRNA-21 increases the levels of IL-10 and prostaglandin E2, which suppress antitumor T-cell-mediated adaptive immunity through the inhibition of the antigen-presenting capacities of dendritic cells and T-cell proliferation in colorectal cancer cells. Thus, emerging evidence may provide insights for strategies to target microbiota, immune cells and tumor molecular alterations for colorectal cancer prevention and treatment. Further investigation is needed to clarify the association of Fusobacterium with T-cells and microRNA expressions in colorectal cancer.
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246
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Kim SA, Inamura K, Yamauchi M, Nishihara R, Mima K, Sukawa Y, Li T, Yasunari M, Morikawa T, Fitzgerald KC, Fuchs CS, Wu K, Chan AT, Zhang X, Ogino S, Qian ZR. Loss of CDH1 (E-cadherin) expression is associated with infiltrative tumour growth and lymph node metastasis. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:199-206. [PMID: 26742007 PMCID: PMC4815802 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Loss of CDH1 (E-cadherin) expression in cancer cells may promote cell migration and invasion. Therefore, we hypothesised that loss of CDH1 expression in colorectal carcinoma might be associated with aggressive features and clinical outcome. Methods: Utilising molecular pathological epidemiology database of 689 rectal and colon cancer cases in the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we assessed tumour CDH1 expression by immunohistochemistry. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess association of CDH1 loss with tumour growth pattern (expansile-intermediate vs infiltrative) and lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis, controlling for potential confounders including microsatellite instability, CpG island methylator phenotype, LINE-1 methylation, and PIK3CA, BRAF and KRAS mutations. Mortality according to CDH1 status was assessed using Cox proportional hazards model. Results: Loss of tumour CDH1 expression was observed in 356 cases (52%), and associated with infiltrative tumour growth pattern (odds ratio (OR), 2.02; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.23–3.34; P=0.006) and higher pN stage (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.23–2.43; P=0.001). Tumour CDH1 expression was not significantly associated with distant metastasis or prognosis. Conclusions: Loss of CDH1 expression in colorectal cancer is associated with infiltrative tumour growth pattern and lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun A Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue M420, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kentaro Inamura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue M420, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mai Yamauchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue M420, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue M420, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue Building 2, room 213, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue M420, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yasutaka Sukawa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue M420, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue M420, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Mika Yasunari
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue M420, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Teppei Morikawa
- Department of Pathology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kathryn C Fitzgerald
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue M420, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, 29 Wigglesworth Street, Boston, MA 02120, USA
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue Building 2, room 213, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, 29 Wigglesworth Street, Boston, MA 02120, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, GRJ-722, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, 29 Wigglesworth Street, Boston, MA 02120, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue M420, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, 29 Wigglesworth Street, Boston, MA 02120, USA
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue M420, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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247
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Mohammed AA, El-Tanni H, El-Khatib HM, Mirza AA, El-Kashif AT. WITHDRAWN: Molecular classification of colorectal cancer: Current perspectives and controversies. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2016:S1110-0362(15)00109-0. [PMID: 26754152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnci.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the editor. The authors have plagiarized part of a paper that had already appeared in ASCO EDUCATIONAL BOOK (2014), 91-99 (http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/content/114000091-144). One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that their work is original and has not appeared in a publication elsewhere. Re-use of any data should be appropriately cited. As such this article represents an abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy. This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrallah A Mohammed
- Medical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt; Oncology Center, King Abdullah Medical City-Holy Capital, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hani El-Tanni
- Oncology Center, King Abdullah Medical City-Holy Capital, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani M El-Khatib
- Oncology Center, King Abdullah Medical City-Holy Capital, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Mirza
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr T El-Kashif
- Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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248
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Clarke CN, Kopetz ES. BRAF mutant colorectal cancer as a distinct subset of colorectal cancer: clinical characteristics, clinical behavior, and response to targeted therapies. J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 6:660-7. [PMID: 26697199 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite new and more effective cytotoxic chemotherapy, limitations to conventional agents have been reached in a subset of patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). The identification of novel prognostic and predictive biomarkers to guide individualized treatment plans is critical to overcoming therapeutic resistance. Mutation of the BRAF proto-oncogene is linked to a variety of cancers and is increasingly being used as a prognostic tool and therapeutic target. This paper is a comprehensive review of the literature that summarizes the clinical, pathologic, and molecular features of BRAF mutated CRC that support the hypothesis that BRAF mutant cancers represent a distinct subset of CRC with its own clinical implications with regard to prognosis, treatments and emerging therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callisia N Clarke
- 1 Department of Surgical Oncology, 2 Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - E Scott Kopetz
- 1 Department of Surgical Oncology, 2 Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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249
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Schafroth C, Galván JA, Centeno I, Koelzer VH, Dawson HE, Sokol L, Rieger G, Berger MD, Hädrich M, Rosenberg R, Nitsche U, Schnüriger B, Langer R, Inderbitzin D, Lugli A, Zlobec I. VE1 immunohistochemistry predicts BRAF V600E mutation status and clinical outcome in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 6:41453-63. [PMID: 26496026 PMCID: PMC4747166 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM VE1 is a monoclonal antibody detecting mutant BRAFV(600E) protein by immunohistochemistry. Here we aim to determine the inter-observer agreement and concordance of VE1 with mutational status, investigate heterogeneity in colorectal cancers and metastases and determine the prognostic effect of VE1 in colorectal cancer patients. METHODS Concordance of VE1 with mutational status and inter-observer agreement were tested on a pilot cohort of colorectal cancers (n = 34), melanomas (n = 23) and thyroid cancers (n = 8). Two prognostic cohorts were evaluated (n = 259, Cohort 1 and n = 226, Cohort 2) by multiple-punch tissue microarrays. VE1 staining on preoperative biopsies (n = 118 patients) was compared to expression in resections. Primary tumors and metastases from 13 patients were tested for VE1 heterogeneity using a tissue microarray generated from all available blocks (n = 100 blocks). RESULTS Inter-observer agreement was 100% (kappa = 1.0). Concordance between VE1 and V600E mutation was 98.5%. Cohort 1: VE1 positivity (seen in 13.5%) was associated with older age (p = 0.0175) and MLH1 deficiency (p < 0.0001). Cohort 2: VE1 positivity (seen in 12.8%) was associated with female gender (p = 0.0016), right-sided tumor location (p < 0.0001), higher tumor grade (p < 0.0001) and mismatch repair (MMR)-deficiency (p < 0.0001). In survival analysis, MMR status and postoperative therapy were identified as possible confounding factors. Adjusting for these features, VE1 was an unfavorable prognostic factor. Preoperative biopsy staining matched resections in all cases except one. No heterogeneity was found across any primary/metastatic tumor blocks. CONCLUSION VE1 is highly concordant for V600E and homogeneously expressed suggesting staining can be analysed on resection specimens, preoperative biopsies, metastatic lesions and tissue microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schafroth
- Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - José A. Galván
- Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Irene Centeno
- Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Viktor H. Koelzer
- Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heather E. Dawson
- Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lena Sokol
- Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Rieger
- Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin D. Berger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marion Hädrich
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert Rosenberg
- Department of Surgery, Kantonsspital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Nitsche
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Beat Schnüriger
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rupert Langer
- Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Inderbitzin
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, Tiefenau Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Lugli
- Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Inti Zlobec
- Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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250
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Gallois C, Laurent-Puig P, Taieb J. Methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer: A prognostic factor or not? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 99:74-80. [PMID: 26702883 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is due to different types of genetic alterations that are translated into different phenotypes. Among them, CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP+) is the most recently involved in carcinogenesis of some CRC. The malignant transformation in this case is mainly due to the transcriptional inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. CIMP+ are reported to be more frequently found in the elderly and in women. The tumors are more frequently located in the proximal part of the colon, BRAF mutated and are associated with microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype. All sporadic MSI CRC belong to the methylator phenotype, however some non MSI CRC may also harbor a methylator phenotype. The prognostic value of CIMP is not well known. Most studies show a worse prognosis in CIMP+ CRC, and adjuvant treatments seem to be more efficient. We review here the current knowledge on prognostic and predictive values in CIMP+ CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gallois
- Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Department of Hepatogastroenterology and GI Oncology, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - P Laurent-Puig
- UMRS 1147 Paris Descartes University, Personalized medicine; Pharmacogenetic; Therapeutic optimization, Paris, France
| | - J Taieb
- Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Department of Hepatogastroenterology and GI Oncology, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.
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