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Abstract
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Hydrodynamic phenomena
are ubiquitous in living organisms and can
be used to manipulate cells or emulate physiological microenvironments
experienced in vivo. Hydrodynamic effects influence multiple cellular
properties and processes, including cell morphology, intracellular
processes, cell–cell signaling cascades and reaction kinetics,
and play an important role at the single-cell, multicellular, and
organ level. Selected hydrodynamic effects can also be leveraged to
control mechanical stresses, analyte transport, as well as local temperature
within cellular microenvironments. With a better understanding of
fluid mechanics at the micrometer-length scale and the advent of microfluidic
technologies, a new generation of experimental tools that provide
control over cellular microenvironments and emulate physiological
conditions with exquisite accuracy is now emerging. Accordingly, we
believe that it is timely to assess the concepts underlying hydrodynamic
control of cellular microenvironments and their applications and provide
some perspective on the future of such tools in in vitro cell-culture
models. Generally, we describe the interplay between living cells,
hydrodynamic stressors, and fluid flow-induced effects imposed on
the cells. This interplay results in a broad range of chemical, biological,
and physical phenomena in and around cells. More specifically, we
describe and formulate the underlying physics of hydrodynamic phenomena
affecting both adhered and suspended cells. Moreover, we provide an
overview of representative studies that leverage hydrodynamic effects
in the context of single-cell studies within microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Huber
- IBM Research-Zürich , Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland.,Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ali Oskooei
- IBM Research-Zürich , Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Casadevall I Solvas
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew deMello
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Govind V Kaigala
- IBM Research-Zürich , Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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202
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Lee D, Nam SM, Kim JA, Di Carlo D, Lee W. Active Control of Inertial Focusing Positions and Particle Separations Enabled by Velocity Profile Tuning with Coflow Systems. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2902-2911. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongwoo Lee
- Graduate
School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Nam
- Graduate
School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-ah Kim
- Graduate
School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department
of Bioengineering, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Wonhee Lee
- Graduate
School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Departiment
of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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203
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Yan W, Wu J, Wong KKY, Tsia KK. A high-throughput all-optical laser-scanning imaging flow cytometer with biomolecular specificity and subcellular resolution. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700178. [PMID: 29072813 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Image-based cellular assay advances approaches to dissect complex cellular characteristics through direct visualization of cellular functional structures. However, available technologies face a common challenge, especially when it comes to the unmet need for unraveling population heterogeneity at single-cell precision: higher imaging resolution (and thus content) comes at the expense of lower throughput, or vice versa. To overcome this challenge, a new type of imaging flow cytometer based upon an all-optical ultrafast laser-scanning imaging technique, called free-space angular-chirp-enhanced delay (FACED) is reported. It enables an imaging throughput (>20 000 cells s-1 ) 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than the camera-based imaging flow cytometers. It also has 2 critical advantages over optical time-stretch imaging flow cytometry, which achieves a similar throughput: (1) it is widely compatible to the repertoire of biochemical contrast agents, favoring biomolecular-specific cellular assay and (2) it enables high-throughput visualization of functional morphology of individual cells with subcellular resolution. These capabilities enable multiparametric single-cell image analysis which reveals cellular heterogeneity, for example, in the cell-death processes demonstrated in this work-the information generally masked in non-imaging flow cytometry. Therefore, this platform empowers not only efficient large-scale single-cell measurements, but also detailed mechanistic analysis of complex cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Yan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianglai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth K Y Wong
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin K Tsia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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204
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Tang F, Li W, Wang X. Design of a Single-Layer Microchannel for Continuous Sheathless Single-Stream Particle Inertial Focusing. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1786-1794. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department
of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory
of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department
of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weihua Li
- School
of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- State Key Laboratory
of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department
of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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205
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Tarn MD, Sikora SNF, Porter GCE, O’Sullivan D, Adams M, Whale TF, Harrison AD, Vergara-Temprado J, Wilson TW, Shim JU, Murray BJ. The study of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles via microfluidically generated droplets. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2018; 22:52. [PMID: 29720926 PMCID: PMC5915516 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-018-2069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) play a significant role in the climate and hydrological cycle by triggering ice formation in supercooled clouds, thereby causing precipitation and affecting cloud lifetimes and their radiative properties. However, despite their importance, INP often comprise only 1 in 103-106 ambient particles, making it difficult to ascertain and predict their type, source, and concentration. The typical techniques for quantifying INP concentrations tend to be highly labour-intensive, suffer from poor time resolution, or are limited in sensitivity to low concentrations. Here, we present the application of microfluidic devices to the study of atmospheric INPs via the simple and rapid production of monodisperse droplets and their subsequent freezing on a cold stage. This device offers the potential for the testing of INP concentrations in aqueous samples with high sensitivity and high counting statistics. Various INPs were tested for validation of the platform, including mineral dust and biological species, with results compared to literature values. We also describe a methodology for sampling atmospheric aerosol in a manner that minimises sampling biases and which is compatible with the microfluidic device. We present results for INP concentrations in air sampled during two field campaigns: (1) from a rural location in the UK and (2) during the UK's annual Bonfire Night festival. These initial results will provide a route for deployment of the microfluidic platform for the study and quantification of INPs in upcoming field campaigns around the globe, while providing a benchmark for future lab-on-a-chip-based INP studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Tarn
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | | | - Grace C. E. Porter
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Daniel O’Sullivan
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Mike Adams
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Thomas F. Whale
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | | | - Jesús Vergara-Temprado
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
- Present Address: Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theodore W. Wilson
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
- Present Address: Owlstone Medical Ltd., 127 Science Park, Cambridge, CB4 0GD UK
| | - Jung-uk Shim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
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206
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Zhou Y, Ma Z, Ai Y. Sheathless inertial cell focusing and sorting with serial reverse wavy channel structures. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2018; 4:5. [PMID: 31057895 PMCID: PMC6220157 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-018-0005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Inertial microfluidics utilizing passive hydrodynamic forces has been attracting significant attention in the field of precise microscale manipulation owing to its low cost, simplicity and high throughput. In this paper, we present a novel channel design with a series of reverse wavy channel structures for sheathless inertial particle focusing and cell sorting. A single wavy channel unit consists of four semicircular segments, which produce periodically reversed Dean secondary flow along the cross-section of the channel. The balance between the inertial lift force and the Dean drag force results in deterministic equilibrium focusing positions, which also depends on the size of the flow-through particles and cells. Six sizes of fluorescent microspheres (15, 10, 7, 5, 3 and 1 μm) were used to study the size-dependent inertial focusing behavior. Our novel design with sharp-turning subunits could effectively focus particles as small as 3 μm, the average size of platelets, enabling the sorting of cancer cells from whole blood without the use of sheath flows. Utilizing an optimized channel design, we demonstrated the size-based sorting of MCF-7 breast cancer cells spiked in diluted whole blood samples without using sheath flows. A single sorting process was able to recover 89.72% of MCF-7 cells from the original mixture and enrich MCF-7 cells from an original purity of 5.3% to 68.9% with excellent cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinning Zhou
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372 Singapore
| | - Zhichao Ma
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372 Singapore
| | - Ye Ai
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372 Singapore
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207
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Ketpun D, Sailasuta A, Suwannaphan T, Bhanpattanakul S, Pimpin A, Srituravanich W, Sripumkhai W, Jeamsaksiri W, Piyaviriyakul P. The Viability of Single Cancer Cells after Exposure to Hydrodynamic Shear Stresses in a Spiral Microchannel: A Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumor Model. MICROMACHINES 2017; 9:E9. [PMID: 30393286 PMCID: PMC6187537 DOI: 10.3390/mi9010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory has the fundamental responsibility to study cancer stem cells (CSC) in various models of human and animal neoplasms. However, the major impediments that spike our accomplishment are the lack of universal biomarkers and cellular heterogeneity. To cope with these restrictions, we have tried to apply the concept of single cell analysis, which has hitherto been recommended throughout the world as an imperative solution pack for resolving such dilemmas. Accordingly, our first step was to utilize a predesigned spiral microchannel fabricated by our laboratory to perform size-based single cell separation using mast cell tumor (MCT) cells as a model. However, the impact of hydrodynamic shear stresses (HSS) on mechanical cell injury and viability in a spiral microchannel has not been fully investigated so far. Intuitively, our computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation has strongly revealed the formations of fluid shear stress (FSS) and extensional fluid stress (EFS) in the sorting system. The panel of biomedical assays has also disclosed cell degeneration and necrosis in the model. Therefore, we have herein reported the combinatorically detrimental effect of FSS and EFS on the viability of MCT cells after sorting in our spiral microchannel, with discussion on the possibly pathogenic mechanisms of HSS-induced cell injury in the study model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dettachai Ketpun
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Companion Animal Cancer-Research Unit (CAC-RU), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Research Fellow in Biomedical Engineering, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Achariya Sailasuta
- Companion Animal Cancer-Research Unit (CAC-RU), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Thammawit Suwannaphan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Sudchaya Bhanpattanakul
- Companion Animal Cancer-Research Unit (CAC-RU), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Alongkorn Pimpin
- Companion Animal Cancer-Research Unit (CAC-RU), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Werayut Srituravanich
- Companion Animal Cancer-Research Unit (CAC-RU), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Witsaroot Sripumkhai
- Thai Microelectronic Centre, Ministry of Science and Technology, Chachoengsao 24000, Thailand.
| | - Wutthinan Jeamsaksiri
- Thai Microelectronic Centre, Ministry of Science and Technology, Chachoengsao 24000, Thailand.
| | - Prapruddee Piyaviriyakul
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Companion Animal Cancer-Research Unit (CAC-RU), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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208
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Zhou T, Ge J, Shi L, Fan J, Liu Z, Woo Joo S. Dielectrophoretic choking phenomenon of a deformable particle in a converging-diverging microchannel. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:590-596. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhou
- Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College; Hainan University; Haikou Hainan P. R. China
| | - Jian Ge
- Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College; Hainan University; Haikou Hainan P. R. China
| | - Liuyong Shi
- Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College; Hainan University; Haikou Hainan P. R. China
| | - Junqing Fan
- Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College; Hainan University; Haikou Hainan P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Changchun Institute of Optics; Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP); Chinese Academy of Science; Changchun Jilin P. R. China
| | - Sang Woo Joo
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Yeungnam University; Gyongsan Korea
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209
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Che J, Yu V, Dhar M, Renier C, Matsumoto M, Heirich K, Garon EB, Goldman J, Rao J, Sledge GW, Pegram MD, Sheth S, Jeffrey SS, Kulkarni RP, Sollier E, Di Carlo D. Classification of large circulating tumor cells isolated with ultra-high throughput microfluidic Vortex technology. Oncotarget 2017; 7:12748-60. [PMID: 26863573 PMCID: PMC4914319 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are emerging as rare but clinically significant non-invasive cellular biomarkers for cancer patient prognosis, treatment selection, and treatment monitoring. Current CTC isolation approaches, such as immunoaffinity, filtration, or size-based techniques, are often limited by throughput, purity, large output volumes, or inability to obtain viable cells for downstream analysis. For all technologies, traditional immunofluorescent staining alone has been employed to distinguish and confirm the presence of isolated CTCs among contaminating blood cells, although cells isolated by size may express vastly different phenotypes. Consequently, CTC definitions have been non-trivial, researcher-dependent, and evolving. Here we describe a complete set of objective criteria, leveraging well-established cytomorphological features of malignancy, by which we identify large CTCs. We apply the criteria to CTCs enriched from stage IV lung and breast cancer patient blood samples using the High Throughput Vortex Chip (Vortex HT), an improved microfluidic technology for the label-free, size-based enrichment and concentration of rare cells. We achieve improved capture efficiency (up to 83%), high speed of processing (8 mL/min of 10x diluted blood, or 800 μL/min of whole blood), and high purity (avg. background of 28.8±23.6 white blood cells per mL of whole blood). We show markedly improved performance of CTC capture (84% positive test rate) in comparison to previous Vortex designs and the current FDA-approved gold standard CellSearch assay. The results demonstrate the ability to quickly collect viable and pure populations of abnormal large circulating cells unbiased by molecular characteristics, which helps uncover further heterogeneity in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Che
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Vortex Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Victor Yu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Manjima Dhar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Corinne Renier
- Vortex Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Melissa Matsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kyra Heirich
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Edward B Garon
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Goldman
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jianyu Rao
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Mark D Pegram
- Stanford Women's Cancer Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shruti Sheth
- Stanford Women's Cancer Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stefanie S Jeffrey
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Stanford Women's Cancer Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rajan P Kulkarni
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Dermatology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elodie Sollier
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Vortex Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,California NanoSystems Institue, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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210
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He L, Luo Z, Liu WR, Bai B. Capsule equilibrium positions near channel center in Poiseuille flow. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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211
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Shen S, Tian C, Li T, Xu J, Chen SW, Tu Q, Yuan MS, Liu W, Wang J. Spiral microchannel with ordered micro-obstacles for continuous and highly-efficient particle separation. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3578-3591. [PMID: 28975177 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00691h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Controllable manipulation of fluid flow is crucial for efficient particle separation, which is associated with plenty of biomedical and industrial applications. Microfluidic technologies have achieved promising progress in particle positioning depending on inertial force with or without the help of the Dean effect. Herein, we describe an inertial microfluidic system containing a spiral microchannel for various highly efficient particle separations. We demonstrated that Dean-like secondary flow can be regulated by geometric confinement in the microchannel. On the introduction of a library of micro-obstacles into the spiral microchannels, the resulting linear acceleration of secondary flow can be applied to remarkably enhance particle focusing in time and space. Further, multiple separating and sorting manipulations of particles including polymeric particles, circulating tumor cells, and blood cells, can be successfully accomplished in the dimension-confined spiral channels in a sheathless, high-throughput (typically 3 ml min-1), long-term (at least 4 h), and highly-efficient (up to 99.8% focusing) manner. The methodological achievement pointing to ease-of-use, effective, and high-throughput particle manipulations is useful for both laboratory and commercial developments of microfluidic systems in life and material sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Shen
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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212
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Bayat P, Rezai P. Semi-Empirical Estimation of Dean Flow Velocity in Curved Microchannels. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13655. [PMID: 29057886 PMCID: PMC5651805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Curved and spiral microfluidic channels are widely used in particle and cell sorting applications. However, the average Dean velocity of secondary vortices which is an important design parameter in these devices cannot be estimated precisely with the current knowledge in the field. In this paper, we used co-flows of dyed liquids in curved microchannels with different radii of curvatures and monitored the lateral displacement of fluids using optical microscopy. A quantitative Switching Index parameter was then introduced to calculate the average Dean velocity in these channels. Additionally, we developed a validated numerical model to expand our investigations to elucidating the effects of channel hydraulic diameter, width, and height as well as fluid kinematic viscosity on Dean velocity. Accordingly, a non-dimensional comprehensive correlation was developed based on our numerical model and validated against experimental results. The proposed correlation can be used extensively for the design of curved microchannels for manipulation of fluids, particles, and biological substances in spiral microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouriya Bayat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pouya Rezai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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213
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Holzner G, Stavrakis S, deMello A. Elasto-Inertial Focusing of Mammalian Cells and Bacteria Using Low Molecular, Low Viscosity PEO Solutions. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11653-11663. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Holzner
- Institute for Chemical and
Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stavros Stavrakis
- Institute for Chemical and
Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew deMello
- Institute for Chemical and
Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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214
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Wang L, Dandy DS. High-Throughput Inertial Focusing of Micrometer- and Sub-Micrometer-Sized Particles Separation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1700153. [PMID: 29051857 PMCID: PMC5644225 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability to study individual bacteria or subcellular organelles using inertial microfluidics is still nascent. This is due, in no small part, to the significant challenges associated with concentrating and separating specific sizes of micrometer and sub-micrometer bioparticles in a microfluidic format. In this study, using a rigid polymeric microfluidic network with optimized microchannel geometry dimensions, it is demonstrated that 2 µm, and even sub-micrometer, particles can be continuously and accurately focused to stable equilibrium positions. Suspensions have been processed at flow rates up to 1400 µL min-1 in an ultrashort 4 mm working channel length. A wide range of suspension concentrations-from 0.01 to 1 v/v%-have been systematically investigated, with yields greater than 97%, demonstrating the potential of this technology for large-scale implementation. Additionally, the ability of this chip to separate micrometer- and sub-micrometer-sized particles and to focus bioparticles (cyanobacteria) has been demonstrated. This study pushes the microfluidic inertial focusing particle range down to sub-micrometer length scales, enabling novel routes for investigation of individual microorganisms and subcellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Biomedical EngineeringColorado State University80523Fort CollinsCOUSA
| | - David S. Dandy
- School of Biomedical EngineeringColorado State University80523Fort CollinsCOUSA
- Chemical and Biological EngineeringColorado State University80523Fort CollinsCOUSA
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215
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Abstract
Cell concentration adjustment is intensively implemented routinely both in research and clinical laboratories. Centrifuge is the most prevalent technique for tuning biosample concentration. But it suffers from a number of drawbacks, such as requirement of experienced operator, high cost, low resolution, variable reproducibility and induced damage to sample. Herein we report on a cost-efficient alternative using inertial microfluidics. While the majority of existing literatures concentrate on inertial focusing itself, we identify the substantial role of the outlet system played in the device performance that has long been underestimated. The resistances of the outlets virtually involve in defining the cutoff size of a given inertial filtration channel. Following the comprehensive exploration of the influence of outlet system, we designed an inertial device with selectable outlets. Using both commercial microparticles and cultured Hep G2 cells, we have successfully demonstrated the automated concentration modification and observed several key advantages of our device as compared with conventional centrifuge, such as significantly reduced cell loss (only 4.2% vs. ~40% of centrifuge), better preservation of cell viability and less processing time as well as the increased reproducibility due to absence of manual operation. Furthermore, our device shows high effectiveness for concentrated sample (e.g., 1.8 × 106 cells/ml) as well. We envision its promising applications in the circumstance where repetitive sample preparation is intensely employed.
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216
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Fachin F, Spuhler P, Martel-Foley JM, Edd JF, Barber TA, Walsh J, Karabacak M, Pai V, Yu M, Smith K, Hwang H, Yang J, Shah S, Yarmush R, Sequist LV, Stott SL, Maheswaran S, Haber DA, Kapur R, Toner M. Monolithic Chip for High-throughput Blood Cell Depletion to Sort Rare Circulating Tumor Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10936. [PMID: 28883519 PMCID: PMC5589885 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a treasure trove of information regarding the location, type and stage of cancer and are being pursued as both a diagnostic target and a means of guiding personalized treatment. Most isolation technologies utilize properties of the CTCs themselves such as surface antigens (e.g., epithelial cell adhesion molecule or EpCAM) or size to separate them from blood cell populations. We present an automated monolithic chip with 128 multiplexed deterministic lateral displacement devices containing ~1.5 million microfabricated features (12 µm-50 µm) used to first deplete red blood cells and platelets. The outputs from these devices are serially integrated with an inertial focusing system to line up all nucleated cells for multi-stage magnetophoresis to remove magnetically-labeled white blood cells. The monolithic CTC-iChip enables debulking of blood samples at 15-20 million cells per second while yielding an output of highly purified CTCs. We quantified the size and EpCAM expression of over 2,500 CTCs from 38 patient samples obtained from breast, prostate, lung cancers, and melanoma. The results show significant heterogeneity between and within single patients. Unbiased, rapid, and automated isolation of CTCs using monolithic CTC-iChip will enable the detailed measurement of their physicochemical and biological properties and their role in metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fachin
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Philipp Spuhler
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Joseph M Martel-Foley
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Jon F Edd
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Thomas A Barber
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - John Walsh
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Murat Karabacak
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Vincent Pai
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Melissa Yu
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Kyle Smith
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Henry Hwang
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Jennifer Yang
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Sahil Shah
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Ruby Yarmush
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Lecia V Sequist
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Shannon L Stott
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Shyamala Maheswaran
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Daniel A Haber
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Ravi Kapur
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Mehmet Toner
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.
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217
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218
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Mutlu BR, Smith KC, Edd JF, Nadar P, Dlamini M, Kapur R, Toner M. Non-equilibrium Inertial Separation Array for High-throughput, Large-volume Blood Fractionation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9915. [PMID: 28855584 PMCID: PMC5577162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic blood processing is used in a range of applications from cancer therapeutics to infectious disease diagnostics. As these applications are being translated to clinical use, processing larger volumes of blood in shorter timescales with high-reliability and robustness is becoming a pressing need. In this work, we report a scaled, label-free cell separation mechanism called non-equilibrium inertial separation array (NISA). The NISA mechanism consists of an array of islands that exert a passive inertial lift force on proximate cells, thus enabling gentler manipulation of the cells without the need of physical contact. As the cells follow their size-based, deterministic path to their equilibrium positions, a preset fraction of the flow is siphoned to separate the smaller cells from the main flow. The NISA device was used to fractionate 400 mL of whole blood in less than 3 hours, and produce an ultrapure buffy coat (96.6% white blood cell yield, 0.0059% red blood cell carryover) by processing whole blood at 3 mL/min, or ∼300 million cells/second. This device presents a feasible alternative for fractionating blood for transfusion, cellular therapy and blood-based diagnostics, and could significantly improve the sensitivity of rare cell isolation devices by increasing the processed whole blood volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris R Mutlu
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Kyle C Smith
- MicroMedicine Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, 02472, USA
| | - Jon F Edd
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Priyanka Nadar
- MicroMedicine Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, 02472, USA
| | - Mcolisi Dlamini
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Ravi Kapur
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.,MicroMedicine Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, 02472, USA
| | - Mehmet Toner
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA. .,Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.
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219
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Au SH, Edd J, Haber DA, Maheswaran S, Stott SL, Toner M. Clusters of Circulating Tumor Cells: a Biophysical and Technological Perspective. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017; 3:13-19. [PMID: 29226271 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of cancer associated deaths result from metastasis, yet the behaviors of its most potent cellular driver, circulating tumor cell clusters, are only beginning to be revealed. This review highlights recent advances to our understanding of tumor cell clusters with emphasis on enabling technologies. The importance of intercellular adhesions among cells in clusters have begun to be unraveled with the aid of promising microfluidic strategies for isolating clusters from patient blood. Due to their metastatic potency, the utility of circulating tumor cell clusters for cancer diagnosis, drug screening, precision oncology and as targets of antimetastatic therapeutics are being explored. The continued development of tools for exploring circulating tumor cell clusters will enhance our fundamental understanding of the metastatic process and may be instrumental in devising new strategies to suppress and eliminate metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam H Au
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK SW7 2AZ
| | - Jon Edd
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Daniel A Haber
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20815
| | - Shyamala Maheswaran
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Shannon L Stott
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, 02114
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220
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Lu X, Liu C, Hu G, Xuan X. Particle manipulations in non-Newtonian microfluidics: A review. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 500:182-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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221
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Morley ST, Walsh MT, Newport DT. Opportunities for Studying the Hydrodynamic Context for Breast Cancer Cell Spread Through Lymph Flow. Lymphat Res Biol 2017; 15:204-219. [PMID: 28749743 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2017.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system serves as the primary route for the metastatic spread of breast cancer cells (BCCs). A scarcity of information exists with regard to the advection of BCCs in lymph flow and a fundamental understanding of the response of BCCs to the forces in the lymphatics needs to be established. This review summarizes the flow environment metastatic BCCs are exposed to in the lymphatics. Special attention is paid to the behavior of cells/particles in microflows in an attempt to elucidate the behavior of BCCs under lymph flow conditions (Reynolds number <1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad T Morley
- 1 Faculty of Science & Engineering, School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
| | - Michael T Walsh
- 1 Faculty of Science & Engineering, School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland .,2 Health Research Institute, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
| | - David T Newport
- 1 Faculty of Science & Engineering, School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
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222
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Kwon T, Prentice H, Oliveira JD, Madziva N, Warkiani ME, Hamel JFP, Han J. Microfluidic Cell Retention Device for Perfusion of Mammalian Suspension Culture. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6703. [PMID: 28751635 PMCID: PMC5532224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06949-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous production of biologics, a growing trend in the biopharmaceutical industry, requires a reliable and efficient cell retention device that also maintains cell viability. Current filtration methods, such as tangential flow filtration using hollow-fiber membranes, suffer from membrane fouling, leading to significant reliability and productivity issues such as low cell viability, product retention, and an increased contamination risk associated with filter replacement. We introduce a novel cell retention device based on inertial sorting for perfusion culture of suspended mammalian cells. The device was characterized in terms of cell retention capacity, biocompatibility, scalability, and long-term reliability. This technology was demonstrated using a high concentration (>20 million cells/mL) perfusion culture of an IgG1-producing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line for 18-25 days. The device demonstrated reliable and clog-free cell retention, high IgG1 recovery (>99%) and cell viability (>97%). Lab-scale perfusion cultures (350 mL) were used to demonstrate the technology, which can be scaled-out with parallel devices to enable larger scale operation. The new cell retention device is thus ideal for rapid perfusion process development in a biomanufacturing workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehong Kwon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jonas De Oliveira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nyasha Madziva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jean-François P Hamel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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223
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Khojah R, Stoutamore R, Di Carlo D. Size-tunable microvortex capture of rare cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2542-2549. [PMID: 28613306 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00355b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Inertial separation of particles and cells based on their size has advanced significantly over the last decade. However, size-based inertial separation methods require precise tuning of microfluidic device geometries to adjust the separation size of particles or cells. Here, we show a passive capture method that targets a wide size range of cells by controlling the flow conditions in a single device geometry. This multimodal capture device is designed to generate laminar vortices in lateral cavities that branch from long rectangular channels. Micro-vortices generated at lower Reynolds numbers capture and stabilize large particles in equilibrium orbits or limit cycles near the vortex core. Other smaller particles or cells orbit near the vortex boundaries and they are susceptible to exiting the cavity flow. In the same cavity, however, at higher Reynolds number, we observe small particles migrating inward. This evolution in limit cycle trajectories led to a corresponding evolution in the average size of captured particles, indicating that the outermost orbits are less stable. We identify three phases of capture as a function of Reynolds number that give rise to unique particle orbit trajectories. Flow-based switching overcomes a major engineering challenge to automate capture and release of polydisperse cell subpopulations. The approach can expand clinical applications of label free trapping in isolating and processing a larger subset of rare cells like circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood and other body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Khojah
- Department of Bioengineering and University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90055, USA.
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224
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Shakeel Syed M, Rafeie M, Henderson R, Vandamme D, Asadnia M, Ebrahimi Warkiani M. A 3D-printed mini-hydrocyclone for high throughput particle separation: application to primary harvesting of microalgae. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2459-2469. [PMID: 28695927 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00294g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The separation of micro-sized particles in a continuous flow is crucial part of many industrial processes, from biopharmaceutical manufacturing to water treatment. Conventional separation techniques such as centrifugation and membrane filtration are largely limited by factors such as clogging, processing time and operation efficiency. Microfluidic based techniques have been gaining great attention in recent years as efficient and powerful approaches for particle-liquid separation. Yet the production of such systems using standard micro-fabrication techniques is proven to be tedious, costly and have cumbersome user interfaces, which all render commercialization difficult. Here, we demonstrate the design, fabrication and evaluation based on CFD simulation as well as experimentation of 3D-printed miniaturized hydrocyclones with smaller cut-size for high-throughput particle/cell sorting. The characteristics of the mini-cyclones were numerically investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques previously revealing that reduction in the size of the cyclone results in smaller cut-size of the particles. To showcase its utility, high-throughput algae harvesting from the medium with low energy input is demonstrated for the marine microalgae Tetraselmis suecica. Final microalgal biomass concentration was increased by 7.13 times in 11 minutes of operation time using our designed hydrocyclone (HC-1). We expect that this elegant approach can surmount the shortcomings of other microfluidic technologies such as clogging, low-throughput, cost and difficulty in operation. By moving away from production of planar microfluidic systems using conventional microfabrication techniques and embracing 3D-printing technology for construction of discrete elements, we envision 3D-printed mini-cyclones can be part of a library of standardized active and passive microfluidic components, suitable for particle-liquid separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira Shakeel Syed
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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225
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Liu Y, Lu H. Microfluidics in systems biology-hype or truly useful? Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 39:215-220. [PMID: 27267565 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Systems biology often relies on large-scale measurements and model-building to understand how complex biological systems function. Microfluidic technology has been touted as a tool for high-throughput experiments and has been a valuable tool to some systems biology research. This review focuses on applications where microfluidics can enhance experimental sensitivity and throughput, particularly in recent development in single-cell analyses and analyses on multi-cellular or complex biological entities. We conclude that microfluidics is not necessarily always useful for systems biology, but when used appropriately can greatly enhance experimentalists' ability to measure and control, and thereby enhance the understanding of and expand the utility of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, United States
| | - Hang Lu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, United States.
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226
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Abstract
The interdisciplinary research field of microfluidics has the potential to revolutionize current technologies that require the handling of a small amount of fluid, a fast response, low costs and automation. Microfluidic platforms that handle small amounts of liquid have been categorised as continuous-flow microfluidics and digital microfluidics. The first part of this paper discusses the recent advances of the two main and opposing applications of liquid handling in continuous-flow microfluidics: mixing and separation. Mixing and separation are essential steps in most lab-on-a-chip platforms, as sample preparation and detection are required for a variety of biological and chemical assays. The second part discusses the various digital microfluidic strategies, based on droplets and liquid marbles, for the manipulation of discrete microdroplets. More advanced digital microfluidic devices combining electrowetting with other techniques are also introduced. The applications of the emerging field of liquid-marble-based digital microfluidics are also highlighted. Finally, future perspectives on microfluidic liquid handling are discussed.
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227
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Chen Q, Li D, Lin J, Wang M, Xuan X. Simultaneous Separation and Washing of Nonmagnetic Particles in an Inertial Ferrofluid/Water Coflow. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6915-6920. [PMID: 28548482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic fluids (e.g., paramagnetic solutions and ferrofluids) have been increasingly used for label-free separation of nonmagnetic particles in microfluidic devices. Their biocompatibility, however, becomes a concern in high-throughput or large-volume applications. One way to potentially resolve this issue is resuspending the particles that are separated in a magnetic fluid immediately into a biocompatible buffer. We demonstrate herein the proof-of-principle of the first integration of negative magnetophoresis and inertial focusing for a simultaneous separation and washing of nonmagnetic particles in coflowing ferrofluid and water streams. The two operations take place in parallel in a simple T-shaped rectangular microchannel with a nearby permanent magnet. We find that the larger and smaller particles' exiting positions (and hence their separation distance) in the sheath water and ferrofluid suspension, respectively, vary with the total flow rate or the flow rate ratio between the two streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0921, United States.,MOA Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology (Beijing), China Agricultural University , Beijing 10083, China
| | - Di Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0921, United States
| | - Jianhan Lin
- MOA Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology (Beijing), China Agricultural University , Beijing 10083, China
| | - Maohua Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology (Beijing), China Agricultural University , Beijing 10083, China
| | - Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0921, United States
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228
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Collins DJ, Khoo BL, Ma Z, Winkler A, Weser R, Schmidt H, Han J, Ai Y. Selective particle and cell capture in a continuous flow using micro-vortex acoustic streaming. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1769-1777. [PMID: 28394386 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00215g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic streaming has emerged as a promising technique for refined microscale manipulation, where strong rotational flow can give rise to particle and cell capture. In contrast to hydrodynamically generated vortices, acoustic streaming is rapidly tunable, highly scalable and requires no external pressure source. Though streaming is typically ignored or minimized in most acoustofluidic systems that utilize other acoustofluidic effects, we maximize the effect of acoustic streaming in a continuous flow using a high-frequency (381 MHz), narrow-beam focused surface acoustic wave. This results in rapid fluid streaming, with velocities orders of magnitude greater than that of the lateral flow, to generate fluid vortices that extend the entire width of a 400 μm wide microfluidic channel. We characterize the forces relevant for vortex formation in a combined streaming/lateral flow system, and use these acoustic streaming vortices to selectively capture 2 μm from a mixed suspension with 1 μm particles and human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-231) from red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Collins
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore.
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229
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Magneto-Hydrodynamic Fractionation (MHF) for continuous and sheathless sorting of high-concentration paramagnetic microparticles. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 19:39. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-017-0178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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230
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Morley ST, Walsh MT, Newport DT. The advection of microparticles, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in response to very low Reynolds numbers. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:034105. [PMID: 28529671 PMCID: PMC5419862 DOI: 10.1063/1.4983149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is an extensive vascular network that serves as the primary route for the metastatic spread of breast cancer cells (BCCs). The dynamics by which BCCs travel in the lymphatics to distant sites, and eventually establish metastatic tumors, remain poorly understood. Particle tracking techniques were employed to analyze the behavior of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 BCCs which were exposed to lymphatic flow conditions in a 100 μm square microchannel. The behavior of the BCCs was compared to rigid particles of various diameters (η = dp/H= 0.05-0.32) that have been used to simulate cell flow in lymph. Parabolic velocity profiles were recorded for all particle sizes. All particles were found to lag the fluid velocity, the larger the particle the slower its velocity relative to the local flow (5%-15% velocity lag recorded). A distinct difference between the behavior of BCCs and particles was recorded. The BCCs travelled approximately 40% slower than the undisturbed flow, indicating that morphology and size affects their response to lymphatic flow conditions (Re < 1). BCCs adhered together, forming aggregates whose behavior was irregular. At lymphatic flow rates, MCF-7s were distributed uniformly across the channel in comparison to the MDA-MB-231 cells which travelled in the central region (88% of cells found within 0.35 ≤ W ≤ 0.64), indicating that metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells are subjected to a lower range of shear stresses in vivo. This suggests that both size and deformability need to be considered when modelling BCC behavior in the lymphatics. This finding will inform the development of in vitro lymphatic flow and metastasis models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad T Morley
- School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - David T Newport
- School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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231
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Giuffrida MC, Spoto G. Integration of isothermal amplification methods in microfluidic devices: Recent advances. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 90:174-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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232
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All-passive pixel super-resolution of time-stretch imaging. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44608. [PMID: 28303936 PMCID: PMC5356014 DOI: 10.1038/srep44608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on image encoding in a serial-temporal format, optical time-stretch imaging entails a stringent requirement of state-of-the-art fast data acquisition unit in order to preserve high image resolution at an ultrahigh frame rate - hampering the widespread utilities of such technology. Here, we propose a pixel super-resolution (pixel-SR) technique tailored for time-stretch imaging that preserves pixel resolution at a relaxed sampling rate. It harnesses the subpixel shifts between image frames inherently introduced by asynchronous digital sampling of the continuous time-stretch imaging process. Precise pixel registration is thus accomplished without any active opto-mechanical subpixel-shift control or other additional hardware. Here, we present the experimental pixel-SR image reconstruction pipeline that restores high-resolution time-stretch images of microparticles and biological cells (phytoplankton) at a relaxed sampling rate (≈2-5 GSa/s)-more than four times lower than the originally required readout rate (20 GSa/s) - is thus effective for high-throughput label-free, morphology-based cellular classification down to single-cell precision. Upon integration with the high-throughput image processing technology, this pixel-SR time-stretch imaging technique represents a cost-effective and practical solution for large scale cell-based phenotypic screening in biomedical diagnosis and machine vision for quality control in manufacturing.
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233
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Dean Flow Dynamics in Low-Aspect Ratio Spiral Microchannels. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44072. [PMID: 28281579 PMCID: PMC5345076 DOI: 10.1038/srep44072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of microfluidic cell-sorting devices has emerged in recent years, based on both passive and active methods of separation. Curvilinear channel geometries are often used in these systems due to presence of secondary flows, which can provide high throughput and sorting efficiency. Most of these devices are designed on the assumption of two counter rotating Dean vortices present in the curved rectangular channels and existing in the state of steady rotation and amplitude. In this work, we investigate these secondary flows in low aspect ratio spiral rectangular microchannels and define their development with respect to the channel aspect ratio and Dean number. This work is the first to experimentally and numerically investigate Dean flows in microchannels for Re > 100, and show presence of secondary Dean vortices beyond a critical Dean number. We further demonstrate the impact of these multiple vortices on particle and cell focusing. Ultimately, this work offers new insights into secondary flow instabilities for low-aspect ratio, spiral microchannels, with improved flow models for design of more precise and efficient microfluidic devices for applications such as cell sorting and micromixing.
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234
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Ding Y, Choo J, deMello AJ. From single-molecule detection to next-generation sequencing: microfluidic droplets for high-throughput nucleic acid analysis. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2017; 21:58. [PMID: 32214953 PMCID: PMC7087872 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-017-1889-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Droplet-based microfluidic technologies have proved themselves to be of significant utility in the performance of high-throughput chemical and biological experiments. By encapsulating and isolating reagents within femtoliter-nanoliter droplet, millions of (bio) chemical reactions can be processed in a parallel fashion and on ultra-short timescales. Recent applications of such technologies to genetic analysis have suggested significant utility in low-cost, efficient and rapid workflows for DNA amplification, rare mutation detection, antibody screening and next-generation sequencing. To this end, we describe and highlight some of the most interesting recent developments and applications of droplet-based microfluidics in the broad area of nucleic acid analysis. In addition, we also present a cursory description of some of the most essential functional components, which allow the creation of integrated and complex workflows based on flowing streams of droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ding
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588 Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew J. deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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235
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Liu C, Hu G. High-Throughput Particle Manipulation Based on Hydrodynamic Effects in Microchannels. MICROMACHINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC6190449 DOI: 10.3390/mi8030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China;
| | - Guoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-8254-4298
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236
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Warning AD, Datta AK. Mechanistic understanding of non-spherical bacterial attachment and deposition on plant surface structures. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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237
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Robinson M, Marks H, Hinsdale T, Maitland K, Coté G. Rapid isolation of blood plasma using a cascaded inertial microfluidic device. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:024109. [PMID: 28405258 PMCID: PMC5367146 DOI: 10.1063/1.4979198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Blood, saliva, mucus, sweat, sputum, and other biological fluids are often hindered in their ability to be used in point-of-care (POC) diagnostics because their assays require some form of off-site sample pre-preparation to effectively separate biomarkers from larger components such as cells. The rapid isolation, identification, and quantification of proteins and other small molecules circulating in the blood plasma from larger interfering molecules are therefore particularly important factors for optical blood diagnostic tests, in particular, when using optical approaches that incur spectroscopic interference from hemoglobin-rich red blood cells (RBCs). In this work, a sequential spiral polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device for rapid (∼1 min) on-chip blood cell separation is presented. The chip utilizes Dean-force induced migration via two 5-loop Archimedean spirals in series. The chip was characterized in its ability to filter solutions containing fluorescent beads and silver nanoparticles and further using blood solutions doped with a fluorescent protein. Through these experiments, both cellular and small molecule behaviors in the chip were assessed. The results exhibit an average RBC separation efficiency of ∼99% at a rate of 5.2 × 106 cells per second while retaining 95% of plasma components. This chip is uniquely suited for integration within a larger point-of-care diagnostic system for the testing of blood plasma, and the use of multiple filtering spirals allows for the tuning of filtering steps, making this device and the underlying technique applicable for a wide range of separation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Robinson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - H Marks
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - T Hinsdale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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238
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A comparison of microfiltration and inertia-based microfluidics for large scale suspension separation. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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239
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Go T, Byeon H, Lee SJ. Focusing and alignment of erythrocytes in a viscoelastic medium. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41162. [PMID: 28117428 PMCID: PMC5259727 DOI: 10.1038/srep41162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viscoelastic fluid flow-induced cross-streamline migration has recently received considerable attention because this process provides simple focusing and alignment over a wide range of flow rates. The lateral migration of particles depends on the channel geometry and physicochemical properties of particles. In this study, digital in-line holographic microscopy (DIHM) is employed to investigate the lateral migration of human erythrocytes induced by viscoelastic fluid flow in a rectangular microchannel. DIHM provides 3D spatial distributions of particles and information on particle orientation in the microchannel. The elastic forces generated in the pressure-driven flows of a viscoelastic fluid push suspended particles away from the walls and enforce erythrocytes to have a fixed orientation. Blood cell deformability influences the lateral focusing and fixed orientation in the microchannel. Different from rigid spheres and hardened erythrocytes, deformable normal erythrocytes disperse from the channel center plane, as the flow rate increases. Furthermore, normal erythrocytes have a higher angle of inclination than hardened erythrocytes in the region near the side-walls of the channel. These results may guide the label-free diagnosis of hematological diseases caused by abnormal erythrocyte deformability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taesik Go
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Hyeokjun Byeon
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
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240
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Nivedita N, Garg N, Lee AP, Papautsky I. A high throughput microfluidic platform for size-selective enrichment of cell populations in tissue and blood samples. Analyst 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00290d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We present an integrated platform for highly selective separation and enrichment of cells from blood and tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Nivedita
- Department of Pharmacology
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Chapel Hill
- USA
| | - Neha Garg
- BioMiNT Lab
- Biomedical Engineering Department
- University of California
- Irvine
- USA
| | - Abraham P. Lee
- BioMiNT Lab
- Biomedical Engineering Department
- University of California
- Irvine
- USA
| | - Ian Papautsky
- NSF Center for Advanced Design and Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM)
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Illinois at Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
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241
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Inertial Microfluidics: Mechanisms and Applications. ADVANCED MECHATRONICS AND MEMS DEVICES II 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32180-6_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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242
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Wang X, Gao H, Dindic N, Kaval N, Papautsky I. A low-cost, plug-and-play inertial microfluidic helical capillary device for high-throughput flow cytometry. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:014107. [PMID: 28798842 PMCID: PMC5533498 DOI: 10.1063/1.4974903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Glass capillary tubes have been widely used in microfluidics for generating microdroplets and microfibers. Here, we report on the application of glass capillary to inertial focusing of microparticles and cells for high-throughput flow cytometry. Our device uses a commercially available capillary tube with a square cross-section. Wrapping the tube into a helical shape induces the Dean vortices that aid focusing of cells or microbeads into a single position. We investigated the inertial focusing of microbeads in the device at various Re and concentrations and demonstrated 3D focusing with ∼100% efficiency for a wide range of microparticle diameters. We integrated the device with a laser counting system and demonstrated continuous counting of 10 μm microbeads with a high throughput of 13 000 beads/s as well as counting of fluorescently labeled white blood cells in the diluted whole blood. The helical capillary device offers a number of key advantages, including rapid and ultra-low-cost plug-and-play fabrication, optical transparency, and full compatibility with bright field or fluorescent imaging, easy re-configurability of the device radius for tuning focusing behavior, and ability to rotate for easy side-wall observation. With precise and consistent 3D focusing of microbeads and cells with a wide range of sizes at high throughput and without the use of sheath flows, we envision that this simple capillary-based inertial microfluidic device will create new opportunities for this technique to be widely adopted in the laboratory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - Hua Gao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - Nadja Dindic
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - Necati Kaval
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - Ian Papautsky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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243
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Özbey A, Karimzadehkhouei M, Akgönül S, Gozuacik D, Koşar A. Inertial Focusing of Microparticles in Curvilinear Microchannels. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38809. [PMID: 27991494 PMCID: PMC5171716 DOI: 10.1038/srep38809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A passive, continuous and size-dependent focusing technique enabled by “inertial microfluidics”, which takes advantage of hydrodynamic forces, is implemented in this study to focus microparticles. The objective is to analyse the decoupling effects of inertial forces and Dean drag forces on microparticles of different sizes in curvilinear microchannels with inner radius of 800 μm and curvature angle of 280°, which have not been considered in the literature related to inertial microfluidics. This fundamental approach gives insight into the underlying physics of particle dynamics and offers continuous, high-throughput, label-free and parallelizable size-based particle separation. Our design allows the same footprint to be occupied as straight channels, which makes parallelization possible with optical detection integration. This feature is also useful for ultrahigh-throughput applications such as flow cytometers with the advantages of reduced cost and size. The focusing behaviour of 20, 15 and 10 μm fluorescent polystyrene microparticles was examined for different channel Reynolds numbers. Lateral and vertical particle migrations and the equilibrium positions of these particles were investigated in detail, which may lead to the design of novel microfluidic devices with high efficiency and high throughput for particle separation, rapid detection and diagnosis of circulating tumour cells with reduced cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Özbey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Molecular Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Orhanli-Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Mehrdad Karimzadehkhouei
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Molecular Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Orhanli-Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Sarp Akgönül
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Molecular Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Orhanli-Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Devrim Gozuacik
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Orhanli-Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey.,Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano-Diagnostics (EFSUN), Sabanci University, Orhanli-Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Ali Koşar
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Molecular Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Orhanli-Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey.,Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano-Diagnostics (EFSUN), Sabanci University, Orhanli-Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
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244
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Song Y, Wang C, Li M, Pan X, Li D. Focusing particles by induced charge electrokinetic flow in a microchannel. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:666-75. [PMID: 26640123 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel method of sheathless particle focusing by induced charge electrokinetic flow in a microchannel is presented in this paper. By placing a pair of metal plates on the opposite walls of the channel and applying an electrical field, particle focusing is achieved due to the two pairs of vortex that constrain the flow of the particle solution. As an example, the trajectories of particles under different electrical fields with only one metal plate on one side channel wall were numerically simulated and experimentally validated. Other flow focusing effects, such as the focused width ratio (focused width/channel width) and length ratio (focused length/half-length of metal plate) of the sample solution, were also numerically studied. The results show that the particle firstly passes through the gaps between the upstream vortices and the channel walls. Afterwards, the particle is focused to pass through the gap between the two downstream vortices that determine the focused particle position. Numerical simulations show that the focused particle stream becomes thin with the increases in the applied electrical field and the length of the metal plates. As regards to the focused length ratio of the focused stream, however, it slightly increases with the increase in the applied electrical field and almost keeps constant with the increase in the length of the metal plate. The size of the focused sample solution, therefore, can be easily adjusted by controlling the applied electrical field and the sizes of the metal plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Song
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Chengfa Wang
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Xinxiang Pan
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Dongqing Li
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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245
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Li D, Lu X, Xuan X. Viscoelastic Separation of Particles by Size in Straight Rectangular Microchannels: A Parametric Study for a Refined Understanding. Anal Chem 2016; 88:12303-12309. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Li
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0921, United States
| | - Xinyu Lu
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0921, United States
| | - Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0921, United States
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246
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Cascading and Parallelising Curvilinear Inertial Focusing Systems for High Volume, Wide Size Distribution, Separation and Concentration of Particles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36386. [PMID: 27808244 PMCID: PMC5093461 DOI: 10.1038/srep36386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inertial focusing is a microfluidic based separation and concentration technology that has expanded rapidly in the last few years. Throughput is high compared to other microfluidic approaches although sample volumes have typically remained in the millilitre range. Here we present a strategy for achieving rapid high volume processing with stacked and cascaded inertial focusing systems, allowing for separation and concentration of particles with a large size range, demonstrated here from 30 μm–300 μm. The system is based on curved channels, in a novel toroidal configuration and a stack of 20 devices has been shown to operate at 1 L/min. Recirculation allows for efficient removal of large particles whereas a cascading strategy enables sequential removal of particles down to a final stage where the target particle size can be concentrated. The demonstration of curved stacked channels operating in a cascaded manner allows for high throughput applications, potentially replacing filtration in applications such as environmental monitoring, industrial cleaning processes, biomedical and bioprocessing and many more.
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247
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248
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Li D, Lu X, Song Y, Wang J, Li D, Xuan X. Sheathless electrokinetic particle separation in a bifurcating microchannel. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:054104. [PMID: 27703590 PMCID: PMC5035298 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Particle separation has found practical applications in many areas from industry to academia. Current electrokinetic particle separation techniques primarily rely on dielectrophoresis, where the electric field gradients are generated by either active microelectrodes or inert micro-insulators. We develop herein a new type of electrokinetic method to continuously separate particles in a bifurcating microchannel. This sheath-free separation makes use of the inherent wall-induced electrical lift to focus particles towards the centerline of the main-branch and then deflect them to size-dependent flow paths in each side-branch. A theoretical model is also developed to understand such a size-based separation, which simulates the experimental observations with a good agreement. This electric field-driven sheathless separation can potentially be operated in a parallel or cascade mode to increase the particle throughput or resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0921, USA
| | - Xinyu Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0921, USA
| | - Yongxin Song
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University , Dalian 116026, China
| | - Junsheng Wang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University , Dalian 116026, China
| | - Dongqing Li
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0921, USA
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249
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Thomas C, Lu X, Todd A, Raval Y, Tzeng T, Song Y, Wang J, Li D, Xuan X. Charge‐based separation of particles and cells with similar sizes via the wall‐induced electrical lift. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:320-326. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cory Thomas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Clemson University Clemson SC USA
| | - Xinyu Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Clemson University Clemson SC USA
| | - Andrew Todd
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Clemson University Clemson SC USA
| | - Yash Raval
- Department of Biological Sciences Clemson University Clemson SC USA
| | - Tzuen‐Rong Tzeng
- Department of Biological Sciences Clemson University Clemson SC USA
| | - Yongxin Song
- College of Marine Engineering Dalian Maritime University Dalian P.R. China
| | - Junsheng Wang
- College of Information Science and Technology Dalian Maritime University Dalian P.R. China
| | - Dongqing Li
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo ON Canada
| | - Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Clemson University Clemson SC USA
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250
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Weatherall E, Hauer P, Vogel R, Willmott GR. Pulse Size Distributions in Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8648-56. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Vogel
- Izon Science Limited, 8C Homersham Place, P.O. Box 39168,
Burnside, Christchurch 8053, New Zealand
- School
of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Geoff R. Willmott
- The
Departments of Physics and Chemistry, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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