201
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Liu S, Zhang W, Yang L, Zhou F, Liu P, Wang Y. Overexpression of bone morphogenetic protein 7 reduces oligodendrocytes loss and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:8764-8774. [PMID: 34390115 PMCID: PMC8435414 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), as a severe disease with no effective therapeutic measures, has always been a hot topic for scientists. Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), as a multifunctional cytokine, has been reported to exert protective effects on the nervous system. The present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect and the potential mechanisms of BMP7 on rats that suffered SCI. Rat models of SCI were established by the modified Allen's method. Adeno‐associated virus (AAV) was injected at T9 immediately before SCI to overexpress BMP7. Results showed that the expression of BMP7 decreased in the injured spinal cords that were at the same time demyelinated. AAV‐BMP7 partly reversed oligodendrocyte (OL) loss, and it was beneficial to maintain the normal structure of myelin. The intervention group showed an increase in the number of axons and Basso‐Beattie‐Bresnahan scores. Moreover, double‐labelled immunofluorescence images indicated p‐Smad1/5/9 and p‐STAT3 in OLs induced by BMP7 might be involved in the protective effects of BMP7. These findings suggest that BMP7 may be a feasible therapy for SCI to reduce demyelination and promote functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Liu
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force 921th Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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202
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Pereira JA, Gerber J, Ghidinelli M, Gerber D, Tortola L, Ommer A, Bachofner S, Santarella F, Tinelli E, Lin S, Rüegg MA, Kopf M, Toyka KV, Suter U. Mice carrying an analogous heterozygous dynamin 2 K562E mutation that causes neuropathy in humans develop predominant characteristics of a primary myopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:1253-1273. [PMID: 32129442 PMCID: PMC7254847 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some mutations affecting dynamin 2 (DNM2) can cause dominantly inherited Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) neuropathy. Here, we describe the analysis of mice carrying the DNM2 K562E mutation which has been associated with dominant-intermediate CMT type B (CMTDIB). Contrary to our expectations, heterozygous DNM2 K562E mutant mice did not develop definitive signs of an axonal or demyelinating neuropathy. Rather, we found a primary myopathy-like phenotype in these mice. A likely interpretation of these results is that the lack of a neuropathy in this mouse model has allowed the unmasking of a primary myopathy due to the DNM2 K562E mutation which might be overshadowed by the neuropathy in humans. Consequently, we hypothesize that a primary myopathy may also contribute to the disease mechanism in some CMTDIB patients. We propose that these findings should be considered in the evaluation of patients, the determination of the underlying disease processes and the development of tailored potential treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Pereira
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joanne Gerber
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monica Ghidinelli
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Gerber
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Tortola
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Ommer
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sven Bachofner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Santarella
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Tinelli
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shuo Lin
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus A Rüegg
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus V Toyka
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ueli Suter
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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203
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Ho WY, Chang JC, Lim K, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Nguyen AT, Foo JC, Muralidharan S, Viera-Ortiz A, Ong SJM, Hor JH, Agrawal I, Hoon S, Arogundade OA, Rodriguez MJ, Lim SM, Kim SH, Ravits J, Ng SY, Wenk MR, Lee EB, Tucker-Kellogg G, Ling SC. TDP-43 mediates SREBF2-regulated gene expression required for oligodendrocyte myelination. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212536. [PMID: 34347016 PMCID: PMC8348376 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol metabolism operates autonomously within the central nervous system (CNS), where the majority of cholesterol resides in myelin. We demonstrate that TDP-43, the pathological signature protein for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), influences cholesterol metabolism in oligodendrocytes. TDP-43 binds directly to mRNA of SREBF2, the master transcription regulator for cholesterol metabolism, and multiple mRNAs encoding proteins responsible for cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake, including HMGCR, HMGCS1, and LDLR. TDP-43 depletion leads to reduced SREBF2 and LDLR expression, and cholesterol levels in vitro and in vivo. TDP-43-mediated changes in cholesterol levels can be restored by reintroducing SREBF2 or LDLR. Additionally, cholesterol supplementation rescues demyelination caused by TDP-43 deletion. Furthermore, oligodendrocytes harboring TDP-43 pathology from FTD patients show reduced HMGCR and HMGCS1, and coaggregation of LDLR and TDP-43. Collectively, our results indicate that TDP-43 plays a role in cholesterol homeostasis in oligodendrocytes, and cholesterol dysmetabolism may be implicated in TDP-43 proteinopathies-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yun Ho
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jer-Cherng Chang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Computational Biology Programme, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aivi T Nguyen
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Juat Chin Foo
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sneha Muralidharan
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ashley Viera-Ortiz
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sarah J M Ong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin Hui Hor
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR Research Entities, Singapore
| | - Ira Agrawal
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shawn Hoon
- Molecular Engineering Laboratory, A*STAR Research Entities, Singapore
| | | | - Maria J Rodriguez
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Su Min Lim
- Department of Neurology, and Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, and Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - John Ravits
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Shi-Yan Ng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR Research Entities, Singapore
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edward B Lee
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Greg Tucker-Kellogg
- Computational Biology Programme, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuo-Chien Ling
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Program in Neuroscience and Behavior Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
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204
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Hoffmann M, Haselberger D, Hofmann T, Müller L, Janson K, Meister A, Das M, Vargas C, Keller S, Kastritis PL, Schmidt C, Hinderberger D. Nanoscale Model System for the Human Myelin Sheath. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3901-3912. [PMID: 34324309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are among the most common diseases in modern society. However, the molecular bases of diseases such as multiple sclerosis or Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease remain far from being fully understood. Research in this field is limited by the complex nature of native myelin and by difficulties in obtaining good in vitro model systems of myelin. Here, we introduce an easy-to-use model system of the myelin sheath that can be used to study myelin proteins in a native-like yet well-controlled environment. To this end, we present myelin-mimicking nanodiscs prepared through one of the amphiphilic copolymers styrene/maleic acid (SMA), diisobutylene/maleic acid (DIBMA), and styrene/maleimide sulfobetaine (SMA-SB). These nanodiscs were tested for their lipid composition using chromatographic (HPLC) and mass spectrometric (MS) methods and, utilizing spin probes within the nanodisc, their comparability with liposomes was studied. In addition, their binding behavior with bovine myelin basic protein (MBP) was scrutinized to ensure that the nanodiscs represent a suitable model system of myelin. Our results suggest that both SMA and SMA-SB are able to solubilize the myelin-like (cytoplasmic) liposomes without preferences for specific lipid headgroups or fatty acyl chains. In nanodiscs of both SMA and SMA-SB (called SMA(-SB)-lipid particles, short SMALPs or SMA-SBLPs, respectively), the polymers restrict the lipids' motion in the hydrophobic center of the bilayer. The headgroups of the lipids, however, are sterically less hindered in nanodiscs when compared with liposomes. Myelin-like SMALPs are able to bind bovine MBP, which can stack the lipid bilayers like in native myelin, showing the usability of these simple, well-controlled systems in further studies of protein-lipid interactions of native myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hoffmann
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - David Haselberger
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tommy Hofmann
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lisa Müller
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Straße 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kevin Janson
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Annette Meister
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Manabendra Das
- Molecular Biophysics, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Carolyn Vargas
- Molecular Biophysics, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.,Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences (IMB), NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/III, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sandro Keller
- Molecular Biophysics, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.,Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences (IMB), NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/III, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Panagiotis L Kastritis
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Carla Schmidt
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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205
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Cumulative Damage: Cell Death in Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081911. [PMID: 34440681 PMCID: PMC8393895 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, approximately 11% of all infants are born preterm, prior to 37 weeks’ gestation. In these high-risk neonates, encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP) is a major cause of both morbidity and mortality, especially for neonates who are born very preterm (<32 weeks gestation). EoP encompasses numerous types of preterm birth-related brain abnormalities and injuries, and can culminate in a diverse array of neurodevelopmental impairments. Of note, posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus of prematurity (PHHP) can be conceptualized as a severe manifestation of EoP. PHHP impacts the immature neonatal brain at a crucial timepoint during neurodevelopment, and can result in permanent, detrimental consequences to not only cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics, but also to white and gray matter development. In this review, the relevant literature related to the diverse mechanisms of cell death in the setting of PHHP will be thoroughly discussed. Loss of the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, ependymal cells and their motile cilia, and cellular structures within the glymphatic system are of particular interest. Greater insights into the injuries, initiating targets, and downstream signaling pathways involved in excess cell death shed light on promising areas for therapeutic intervention. This will bolster current efforts to prevent, mitigate, and reverse the consequential brain remodeling that occurs as a result of hydrocephalus and other components of EoP.
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206
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Chesnut M, Hartung T, Hogberg H, Pamies D. Human Oligodendrocytes and Myelin In Vitro to Evaluate Developmental Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7929. [PMID: 34360696 PMCID: PMC8347131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopment is uniquely sensitive to toxic insults and there are concerns that environmental chemicals are contributing to widespread subclinical developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). Increased DNT evaluation is needed due to the lack of such information for most chemicals in common use, but in vivo studies recommended in regulatory guidelines are not practical for the large-scale screening of potential DNT chemicals. It is widely acknowledged that developmental neurotoxicity is a consequence of disruptions to basic processes in neurodevelopment and that testing strategies using human cell-based in vitro systems that mimic these processes could aid in prioritizing chemicals with DNT potential. Myelination is a fundamental process in neurodevelopment that should be included in a DNT testing strategy, but there are very few in vitro models of myelination. Thus, there is a need to establish an in vitro myelination assay for DNT. Here, we summarize the routes of myelin toxicity and the known models to study this particular endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Chesnut
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.C.); (T.H.)
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.C.); (T.H.)
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Helena Hogberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.C.); (T.H.)
| | - David Pamies
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.C.); (T.H.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland
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207
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Kalafatakis I, Karagogeos D. Oligodendrocytes and Microglia: Key Players in Myelin Development, Damage and Repair. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1058. [PMID: 34356682 PMCID: PMC8301746 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes, the myelin-making cells of the CNS, regulate the complex process of myelination under physiological and pathological conditions, significantly aided by other glial cell types such as microglia, the brain-resident, macrophage-like innate immune cells. In this review, we summarize how oligodendrocytes orchestrate myelination, and especially myelin repair after damage, and present novel aspects of oligodendroglial functions. We emphasize the contribution of microglia in the generation and regeneration of myelin by discussing their beneficial and detrimental roles, especially in remyelination, underlining the cellular and molecular components involved. Finally, we present recent findings towards human stem cell-derived preclinical models for the study of microglia in human pathologies and on the role of microbiome on glial cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Kalafatakis
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Basic Science, University of Crete Medical School, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- IMBB FORTH, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Basic Science, University of Crete Medical School, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- IMBB FORTH, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
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208
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Abbas E, Hassan MA, Sokpor G, Kiszka K, Pham L, Kerimoglu C, Fischer A, Nguyen HP, Staiger JF, Tuoc T. Conditional Loss of BAF (mSWI/SNF) Scaffolding Subunits Affects Specification and Proliferation of Oligodendrocyte Precursors in Developing Mouse Forebrain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:619538. [PMID: 34336815 PMCID: PMC8320002 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.619538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are responsible for axon myelination in the brain and spinal cord. Generation of oligodendrocytes entails highly regulated multistage neurodevelopmental events, including proliferation, differentiation and maturation. The chromatin remodeling BAF (mSWI/SNF) complex is a notable regulator of neural development. In our previous studies, we determined the indispensability of the BAF complex scaffolding subunits BAF155 and BAF170 for neurogenesis, whereas their role in gliogenesis is unknown. Here, we show that the expression of BAF155 and BAF170 is essential for the genesis of oligodendrocytes during brain development. We report that the ablation of BAF155 and BAF170 in the dorsal telencephalic (dTel) neural progenitors or in oligodendrocyte-producing progenitors in the ventral telencephalon (vTel) in double-conditional knockout (dcKO) mouse mutants, perturbed the process of oligodendrogenesis. Molecular marker and cell cycle analyses revealed impairment of oligodendrocyte precursor specification and proliferation, as well as overt depletion of oligodendrocytes pool in dcKO mutants. Our findings unveil a central role of BAF155 and BAF170 in oligodendrogenesis, and thus substantiate the involvement of the BAF complex in the production of oligodendrocytes in the forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Abbas
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mohamed A Hassan
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Egypt
| | - Godwin Sokpor
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kamila Kiszka
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Linh Pham
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Cemil Kerimoglu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andre Fischer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Egypt
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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209
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Van Broeckhoven J, Sommer D, Dooley D, Hendrix S, Franssen AJPM. Macrophage phagocytosis after spinal cord injury: when friends become foes. Brain 2021; 144:2933-2945. [PMID: 34244729 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), macrophages can exert either beneficial or detrimental effects depending on their phenotype. Aside from their critical role in inflammatory responses, macrophages are also specialized in the recognition, engulfment, and degradation of pathogens, apoptotic cells, and tissue debris. They promote remyelination and axonal regeneration by removing inhibitory myelin components and cellular debris. However, excessive intracellular presence of lipids and dysregulated intracellular lipid homeostasis result in the formation of foamy macrophages. These develop a pro-inflammatory phenotype that may contribute to further neurological decline. Additionally, myelin-activated macrophages play a crucial role in axonal dieback and retraction. Here, we review the opposing functional consequences of phagocytosis by macrophages in SCI, including remyelination and regeneration versus demyelination, degeneration, and axonal dieback. Furthermore, we discuss how targeting the phagocytic ability of macrophages may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Van Broeckhoven
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Daniela Sommer
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Dearbhaile Dooley
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aimée J P M Franssen
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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210
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Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) retain the capacity to remyelinate axons upon demyelinating injury. However, mode of cell division and differentiation dynamics of individual OPCs in deep brain structures, such as the corpus callosum, remains unknown. Using in vivo two-photon imaging in a focal model of demyelination, we show that OPCs undergo several rounds of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions before producing a subset of daughter cells that differentiates into myelinating oligodendrocytes. The data presented here characterize the behavior of OPC clones and delineate the cellular principles that lead to remyelination. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) retain the capacity to remyelinate axons in the corpus callosum (CC) upon demyelination. However, the dynamics of OPC activation, mode of cell division, migration, and differentiation on a single-cell level remain poorly understood due to the lack of longitudinal observations of individual cells within the injured brain. After inducing focal demyelination with lysophosphatidylcholin in the CC of adult mice, we used two-photon microscopy to follow for up to 2 mo OPCs and their differentiating progeny, genetically labeled through conditional recombination driven by the regulatory elements of the gene Achaete-scute homolog 1. OPCs underwent several rounds of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions, producing a subset of daughter cells that differentiates into myelinating oligodendrocytes. While OPCs continue to proliferate, differentiation into myelinating oligodendrocytes declines with time, and death of OPC-derived daughter cells increases. Thus, chronic in vivo imaging delineates the cellular principles leading to remyelination in the adult brain, providing a framework for the development of strategies to enhance endogenous brain repair in acute and chronic demyelinating disease.
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211
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Buyanova IS, Arsalidou M. Cerebral White Matter Myelination and Relations to Age, Gender, and Cognition: A Selective Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:662031. [PMID: 34295229 PMCID: PMC8290169 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.662031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
White matter makes up about fifty percent of the human brain. Maturation of white matter accompanies biological development and undergoes the most dramatic changes during childhood and adolescence. Despite the advances in neuroimaging techniques, controversy concerning spatial, and temporal patterns of myelination, as well as the degree to which the microstructural characteristics of white matter can vary in a healthy brain as a function of age, gender and cognitive abilities still exists. In a selective review we describe methods of assessing myelination and evaluate effects of age and gender in nine major fiber tracts, highlighting their role in higher-order cognitive functions. Our findings suggests that myelination indices vary by age, fiber tract, and hemisphere. Effects of gender were also identified, although some attribute differences to methodological factors or social and learning opportunities. Findings point to further directions of research that will improve our understanding of the complex myelination-behavior relation across development that may have implications for educational and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina S. Buyanova
- Neuropsy Lab, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Language and Brain, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marie Arsalidou
- Neuropsy Lab, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
- Cognitive Centre, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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212
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Piller M, Werkman IL, Brown RI, Latimer AJ, Kucenas S. Glutamate Signaling via the AMPAR Subunit GluR4 Regulates Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Migration in the Developing Spinal Cord. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5353-5371. [PMID: 33975920 PMCID: PMC8221590 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2562-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are specified from discrete precursor populations during gliogenesis and migrate extensively from their origins, ultimately distributing throughout the brain and spinal cord during early development. Subsequently, a subset of OPCs differentiates into mature oligodendrocytes, which myelinate axons. This process is necessary for efficient neuronal signaling and organism survival. Previous studies have identified several factors that influence OPC development, including excitatory glutamatergic synapses that form between neurons and OPCs during myelination. However, little is known about how glutamate signaling affects OPC migration before myelination. In this study, we use in vivo, time-lapse imaging in zebrafish in conjunction with genetic and pharmacological perturbation to investigate OPC migration and myelination when the GluR4A ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit is disrupted. In our studies, we observed that gria4a mutant embryos and larvae displayed abnormal OPC migration and altered dorsoventral distribution in the spinal cord. Genetic mosaic analysis confirmed that these effects were cell-autonomous, and we identified that voltage-gated calcium channels were downstream of glutamate receptor signaling in OPCs and could rescue the migration and myelination defects we observed when glutamate signaling was perturbed. These results offer new insights into the complex system of neuron-OPC interactions and reveal a cell-autonomous role for glutamatergic signaling in OPCs during neural development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The migration of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) is an essential process during development that leads to uniform oligodendrocyte distribution and sufficient myelination for central nervous system function. Here, we demonstrate that the AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunit GluR4A is an important driver of OPC migration and myelination in vivo and that activated voltage-gated calcium channels are downstream of glutamate receptor signaling in mediating this migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Piller
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Inge L Werkman
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Robin Isadora Brown
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Andrew J Latimer
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
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213
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Zhang S, Lachance BB, Mattson MP, Jia X. Glucose metabolic crosstalk and regulation in brain function and diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 204:102089. [PMID: 34118354 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Brain glucose metabolism, including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and glycogen turnover, produces ATP for energetic support and provides the precursors for the synthesis of biological macromolecules. Although glucose metabolism in neurons and astrocytes has been extensively studied, the glucose metabolism of microglia and oligodendrocytes, and their interactions with neurons and astrocytes, remain critical to understand brain function. Brain regions with heterogeneous cell composition and cell-type-specific profiles of glucose metabolism suggest that metabolic networks within the brain are complex. Signal transduction proteins including those in the Wnt, GSK-3β, PI3K-AKT, and AMPK pathways are involved in regulating these networks. Additionally, glycolytic enzymes and metabolites, such as hexokinase 2, acetyl-CoA, and enolase 2, are implicated in the modulation of cellular function, microglial activation, glycation, and acetylation of biomolecules. Given these extensive networks, glucose metabolism dysfunction in the whole brain or specific cell types is strongly associated with neurologic pathology including ischemic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. This review characterizes the glucose metabolism networks of the brain based on molecular signaling and cellular and regional interactions, and elucidates glucose metabolism-based mechanisms of neurological diseases and therapeutic approaches that may ameliorate metabolic abnormalities in those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Brittany Bolduc Lachance
- Program in Trauma, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States; Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States.
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214
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Mitochondria in Myelinating Oligodendrocytes: Slow and Out of Breath? Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060359. [PMID: 34198810 PMCID: PMC8226700 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is a lipid-rich membrane that wraps around axons and facilitates rapid action potential propagation. In the brain, myelin is synthesized and maintained by oligodendrocytes. These cells have a high metabolic demand that requires mitochondrial ATP production during the process of myelination, but they rely less on mitochondrial respiration after myelination is complete. Mitochondria change in morphology and distribution during oligodendrocyte development. Furthermore, the morphology and dynamic properties of mitochondria in mature oligodendrocytes seem different from any other brain cell. Here, we first give a brief introduction to oligodendrocyte biology and function. We then review the current knowledge on oligodendrocyte metabolism and discuss how the available data on mitochondrial morphology and mobility as well as transcriptome and proteome studies can shed light on the metabolic properties of oligodendrocytes.
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215
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Duong P, Ma KH, Ramesh R, Moran JJ, Won S, Svaren J. H3K27 demethylases are dispensable for activation of Polycomb-regulated injury response genes in peripheral nerve. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100852. [PMID: 34090875 PMCID: PMC8258988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of nerve injury response genes in Schwann cells depends on both transcriptional and epigenomic reprogramming. The nerve injury response program is regulated by the repressive histone mark H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), deposited by Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). Loss of PRC2 function leads to early and augmented induction of the injury response gene network in peripheral nerves, suggesting H3K27 demethylases are required for derepression of Polycomb-regulated nerve injury genes. To determine the function of H3K27 demethylases in nerve injury, we generated Schwann cell-specific knockouts of H3K27 demethylase Kdm6b and double knockouts of Kdm6b/Kdm6a (encoding JMJD3 and UTX). We found that H3K27 demethylases are largely dispensable for Schwann cell development and myelination. In testing the function of H3K27 demethylases after injury, we found early induction of some nerve injury genes was diminished compared with control, but most injury genes were largely unaffected at 1 and 7 days post injury. Although it was proposed that H3K27 demethylases are required to activate expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Cdkn2a in response to injury, Schwann cell-specific deletion of H3K27 demethylases affected neither the expression of this gene nor Schwann cell proliferation after nerve injury. To further characterize the regulation of nerve injury response genes, we found that injury genes are associated with repressive histone H2AK119 ubiquitination catalyzed by PRC1, which declines after injury. Overall, our results indicate H3K27 demethylation is not required for induction of injury response genes and that other mechanisms likely are involved in activating Polycomb-repressed injury genes in peripheral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phu Duong
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ki H Ma
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Raghu Ramesh
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - John J Moran
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Seongsik Won
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - John Svaren
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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216
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Li N, Zhou P, Tang H, He L, Fang X, Zhao J, Wang X, Qi Y, Sun C, Lin Y, Qin F, Yang M, Zhang Z, Liao C, Zheng S, Peng X, Xue T, Zhu Q, Li H, Li Y, Liu L, Huang J, Liu L, Peng C, Kaindl AM, Gecz J, Han D, Liu D, Xu K, Hu H. In-depth analysis reveals complex molecular aetiology in a cohort of idiopathic cerebral palsy. Brain 2021; 145:119-141. [PMID: 34077496 PMCID: PMC8967106 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy is the most prevalent physical disability in children; however, its inherent molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we performed in-depth clinical and molecular analysis on 120 idiopathic cerebral palsy families, and identified underlying detrimental genetic variants in 45% of these patients. In addition to germline variants, we found disease-related postzygotic mutations in ∼6.7% of cerebral palsy patients. We found that patients with more severe motor impairments or a comorbidity of intellectual disability had a significantly higher chance of harbouring disease-related variants. By a compilation of 114 known cerebral-palsy-related genes, we identified characteristic features in terms of inheritance and function, from which we proposed a dichotomous classification system according to the expression patterns of these genes and associated cognitive impairments. In two patients with both cerebral palsy and intellectual disability, we revealed that the defective TYW1, a tRNA hypermodification enzyme, caused primary microcephaly and problems in motion and cognition by hindering neuronal proliferation and migration. Furthermore, we developed an algorithm and demonstrated in mouse brains that this malfunctioning hypermodification specifically perturbed the translation of a subset of proteins involved in cell cycling. This finding provided a novel and interesting mechanism for congenital microcephaly. In another cerebral palsy patient with normal intelligence, we identified a mitochondrial enzyme GPAM, the hypomorphic form of which led to hypomyelination of the corticospinal tract in both human and mouse models. In addition, we confirmed that the aberrant Gpam in mice perturbed the lipid metabolism in astrocytes, resulting in suppressed astrocytic proliferation and a shortage of lipid contents supplied for oligodendrocytic myelination. Taken together, our findings elucidate novel aspects of the aetiology of cerebral palsy and provide insights for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510120, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu He
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510120, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, China
| | - Yifei Qi
- Division of Uterine Vascular Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanbo Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunting Lin
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengying Qin
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miaomiao Yang
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caihua Liao
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuxin Zheng
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Peng
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Xue
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianying Zhu
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Li
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liru Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510120, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510120, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changgeng Peng
- The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200029, Shanghai, China
| | - Angela M Kaindl
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jozef Gecz
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, SA5005, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dingding Han
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, China
| | - Kaishou Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510120, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China.,Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
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217
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Effects of FGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibition in OLN-93 Oligodendrocytes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061318. [PMID: 34070622 PMCID: PMC8228431 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Data from neuropathology studies suggest that FGF signaling contributes to the failure of remyelination in MS. In MOG35–55-induced EAE, oligodendrocyte-specific deletion of FGFR1 and FGFR2 resulted in a less severe disease course, reduced inflammation, myelin and axon degeneration and changed FGF/FGFR and BDNF/TrkB signaling. Since signaling cascades in oligodendrocytes could not be investigated in the EAE studies, we here aimed to characterize FGFR-dependent oligodendrocyte-specific signaling in vitro. FGFR inhibition was achieved by application of the multi-kinase-inhibitor dovitinib and the FGFR1/2/3-inhibitor AZD4547. Both substances are potent inhibitors of FGF signaling; they are effective in experimental tumor models and patients with malignancies. Effects of FGFR inhibition in oligodendrocytes were studied by immunofluorescence microscopy, protein and gene analyses. Application of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors reduced FGFR1, phosphorylated ERK and Akt expression, and it enhanced BDNF and TrkB expression. Furthermore, the myelin proteins CNPase and PLP were upregulated by FGFR inhibition. In summary, inhibition of FGFR signaling in oligodendrocytes can be achieved by application of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Decreased phosphorylation of ERK and Akt is associated with an upregulation of BDNF/TrkB signaling, which may be responsible for the increased production of myelin proteins. Furthermore, these data suggest that application of FGFR inhibitors may have the potential to promote remyelination in the CNS.
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218
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Liu GY, Wu Y, Kong FY, Ma S, Fu LY, Geng J. BMSCs differentiated into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes alleviated the inflammation and demyelination of EAE mice models. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243014. [PMID: 33983943 PMCID: PMC8118321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex, progressive neuroinflammatory disease associated with autoimmunity. Currently, effective therapeutic strategy was poorly found in MS. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is widely used to study the pathogenesis of MS. Cumulative research have shown that bone marrow mesenchymal stem Cells (BMSCs) transplantation could treat EAE animal models, but the mechanism was divergent. Here, we systematically evaluated whether BMSCs can differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes to alleviate the symptoms of EAE mice. We used Immunofluorescence staining to detect MAP-2, GFAP, and MBP to evaluate whether BMSCs can differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The effect of BMSCs transplantation on inflammatory infiltration and demyelination in EAE mice were detected by Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) and Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining, respectively. Inflammatory factors expression was detected by ELISA and RT-qPCR, respectively. Our results showed that BMSCs could be induced to differentiate into neuron cells, astrocytes and oligodendrocyte in vivo and in vitro, and BMSCs transplanted in EAE mice were easier to differentiate than normal mice. Moreover, transplanted BMSCs reduced neurological function scores and disease incidence of EAE mice. BMSCs transplantation alleviated the inflammation and demyelination of EAE mice. Finally, we found that BMSCs transplantation down-regulated the levels of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ, and up-regulated the levels of anti-inflammatory factors IL-10 and TGF-β. In conclusion, this study found that BMSCs could alleviate the inflammatory response and demyelination in EAE mice, which may be achieved by the differentiation of BMSCs into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in EAE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P R China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P R China
| | - Fan-yi Kong
- Department of Neurology, 920th Hospital of Logistics Support Force, People’s Liberation Army. No. 212, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P R China
| | - Shu Ma
- Department of Neurology, 920th Hospital of Logistics Support Force, People’s Liberation Army. No. 212, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P R China
| | - Li-yan Fu
- Department of Neurology, 920th Hospital of Logistics Support Force, People’s Liberation Army. No. 212, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P R China
| | - Jia Geng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P R China
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219
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Hughes AN. Glial Cells Promote Myelin Formation and Elimination. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:661486. [PMID: 34046407 PMCID: PMC8144722 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.661486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Building a functional nervous system requires the coordinated actions of many glial cells. In the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocytes myelinate neuronal axons to increase conduction velocity and provide trophic support. Myelination can be modified by local signaling at the axon-myelin interface, potentially adapting sheaths to support the metabolic needs and physiology of individual neurons. However, neurons and oligodendrocytes are not wholly responsible for crafting the myelination patterns seen in vivo. Other cell types of the CNS, including microglia and astrocytes, modify myelination. In this review, I cover the contributions of non-neuronal, non-oligodendroglial cells to the formation, maintenance, and pruning of myelin sheaths. I address ways that these cell types interact with the oligodendrocyte lineage throughout development to modify myelination. Additionally, I discuss mechanisms by which these cells may indirectly tune myelination by regulating neuronal activity. Understanding how glial-glial interactions regulate myelination is essential for understanding how the brain functions as a whole and for developing strategies to repair myelin in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria N Hughes
- Section of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Aurora, CO, United States
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220
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Atrophy of lacunosum moleculare layer is important for learning and memory in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neuroreport 2021; 32:596-602. [PMID: 33850085 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the hippocampus are closely associated with learning and memory in Alzheimer's disease; however, it is not clear which morphological and cellular and subcellular changes are essential for learning and memory. Here, we accurately quantitatively studied the hippocampal microstructure changes in Alzheimer's disease model mice and analyzed the relationship between the hippocampal microstructure changes and learning and memory. Ten-month-old male APP/PS1 transgenic mice and age-matched nontransgenic littermate mice were randomly selected. The spatial learning and memory abilities were assessed using the Morris water maze. The volumes of each layer and numbers of neurons, dendritic spines and oligodendrocytes in the hippocampal subregions were investigated using unbiased stereological techniques. The APP/PS1 transgenic mice showed a decline in hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory abilities, smaller volumes of each layer (other than stratum radiatum) and fewer numbers of neurons, dendritic spine synapses and mature oligodendrocytes in the hippocampal subregions than nontransgenic mice. In particular, the decline of spatial learning ability was significantly correlated with the atrophy of lacunosum moleculare layer (LMol) and the decrease of hippocampal neurons and mature oligodendrocytes rather than dendritic spines. The CA1-3 fields (including LMol) atrophy was significantly correlated with the decrease both of neurons, dendritic spines and mature oligodendrocytes. However, the dentate gyrus atrophy was significantly correlated with the decrease of neurons and mature oligodendrocytes rather than dendritic spines. The loss of neurons, dendritic spines synapses and mature oligodendrocytes together caused the LMol atrophy and then led to a decline in hippocampus-dependent spatial learning ability in mice with Alzheimer's disease.
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221
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Jung S, Harris N, Niyonshuti II, Jenkins SV, Hayar AM, Watanabe F, Jamshidi-Parsian A, Chen J, Borrelli MJ, Griffin RJ. Photothermal Response Induced by Nanocage-Coated Artificial Extracellular Matrix Promotes Neural Stem Cell Differentiation. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051216. [PMID: 34064443 PMCID: PMC8147862 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to increase the proportion of neural stem cells that differentiate into neurons are vital for therapy of neurodegenerative disorders. In vitro, the extracellular matrix composition and topography have been found to be important factors in stem cell differentiation. We have developed a novel artificial extracellular matrix (aECM) formed by attaching gold nanocages (AuNCs) to glass coverslips. After culturing rat neural stem cells (rNSCs) on these gold nanocage-coated surfaces (AuNC-aECMs), we observed that 44.6% of rNSCs differentiated into neurons compared to only 27.9% for cells grown on laminin-coated glass coverslips. We applied laser irradiation to the AuNC-aECMs to introduce precise amounts of photothermally induced heat shock in cells. Our results showed that laser-induced thermal stimulation of AuNC-aECMs further enhanced neuronal differentiation (56%) depending on the laser intensity used. Response to these photothermal effects increased the expression of heat shock protein 27, 70, and 90α in rNSCs. Analysis of dendritic complexity showed that this thermal stimulation promoted neuronal maturation by increasing dendrite length as thermal dose was increased. In addition, we found that cells growing on AuNC-aECMs post laser irradiation exhibited action potentials and increased the expression of voltage-gated Na+ channels compared to laminin-coated glass coverslips. These results indicate that the photothermal response induced in cells growing on AuNC-aECMs can be used to produce large quantities of functional neurons, with improved electrochemical properties, that can potentially be transplanted into a damaged central nervous system to provide replacement neurons and restore lost function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyun Jung
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.J.); (M.J.B.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.V.J.); (A.J.-P.)
| | - Nathaniel Harris
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Isabelle I. Niyonshuti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (I.I.N.); (J.C.)
| | - Samir V. Jenkins
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.V.J.); (A.J.-P.)
| | - Abdallah M. Hayar
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Fumiya Watanabe
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA;
| | - Azemat Jamshidi-Parsian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.V.J.); (A.J.-P.)
| | - Jingyi Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (I.I.N.); (J.C.)
| | - Michael J. Borrelli
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.J.); (M.J.B.)
- Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Robert J. Griffin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.V.J.); (A.J.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-501-526-7873
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222
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Biel D, Steiger TK, Bunzeck N. Age-related iron accumulation and demyelination in the basal ganglia are closely related to verbal memory and executive functioning. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9438. [PMID: 33941809 PMCID: PMC8093241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related cognitive decline has been linked to alterations of the dopaminergic system and its subcortical trajectories. Recent work suggests a critical role of iron accumulation within the basal ganglia (BG) in verbal memory performance, and increased iron levels have been related to demyelination. However, the specificity of age-related iron increases with respect to cognitive functions remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the interplay of age, cognitive performance, and structural integrity of the BG. In total, 79 healthy older participants underwent a broad cognitive assessment (fluid and crystallized intelligence, verbal and numeric memory, processing speed, executive functions) and structural MRI. As expected, performance in most cognitive tests had a negative relationship with age. Moreover, BG grey matter volume and magnetization transfer (MT, indicative of myelin) decreased, and R2* (indicative of iron) increased with age. Importantly, R2* and demyelination negatively correlated with verbal memory and executive functions. Within the SN/VTA, age correlated negatively with MT, but there was no clear evidence in favor of a relationship between behavior and R2* or MT. Our results suggest that age-related increases in iron and demyelination within the BG, which are part of a fronto-striatal network, not only impact on verbal memory but also executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davina Biel
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XInstitute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tineke K. Steiger
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nico Bunzeck
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany ,grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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223
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Page NF, Gandal MJ, Estes ML, Cameron S, Buth J, Parhami S, Ramaswami G, Murray K, Amaral DG, Van de Water JA, Schumann CM, Carter CS, Bauman MD, McAllister AK, Geschwind DH. Alterations in Retrotransposition, Synaptic Connectivity, and Myelination Implicated by Transcriptomic Changes Following Maternal Immune Activation in Nonhuman Primates. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:896-910. [PMID: 33386132 PMCID: PMC8052273 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal immune activation (MIA) is a proposed risk factor for multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. However, the molecular mechanisms through which MIA imparts risk remain poorly understood. A recently developed nonhuman primate model of exposure to the viral mimic poly:ICLC during pregnancy shows abnormal social and repetitive behaviors and elevated striatal dopamine, a molecular hallmark of human psychosis, providing an unprecedented opportunity for studying underlying molecular correlates. METHODS We performed RNA sequencing across psychiatrically relevant brain regions (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, hippocampus) and primary visual cortex for comparison from 3.5- to 4-year-old male MIA-exposed and control offspring-an age comparable to mid adolescence in humans. RESULTS We identify 266 unique genes differentially expressed in at least one brain region, with the greatest number observed in hippocampus. Co-expression networks identified region-specific alterations in synaptic signaling and oligodendrocytes. Although we observed temporal and regional differences, transcriptomic changes were shared across first- and second-trimester exposures, including for the top differentially expressed genes-PIWIL2 and MGARP. In addition to PIWIL2, several other regulators of retrotransposition and endogenous transposable elements were dysregulated following MIA, potentially connecting MIA to retrotransposition. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results begin to elucidate the brain-level molecular processes through which MIA may impart risk for psychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas F Page
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Los Angeles, California; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Michael J Gandal
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Los Angeles, California
| | - Myka L Estes
- Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Scott Cameron
- Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jessie Buth
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Los Angeles, California; Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sepideh Parhami
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Los Angeles, California; Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gokul Ramaswami
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Los Angeles, California; Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Los Angeles, California
| | - Karl Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - David G Amaral
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Judy A Van de Water
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Cynthia M Schumann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Cameron S Carter
- Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Melissa D Bauman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - A Kimberley McAllister
- Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Los Angeles, California; Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Los Angeles, California; Department of Neurology, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Los Angeles, California; Department of Human Genetics, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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224
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Tahmasebi F, Pasbakhsh P, Barati S, Madadi S, Kashani IR. The effect of microglial ablation and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on a cuprizone-induced demyelination model. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:3552-3564. [PMID: 32996165 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system with symptoms such as neuroinflammation, astrocytosis, microgliosis, and axonal degeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with their immunomodulation, differentiation, and neuroprotection abilities can influence the remyelination process. The goal of this study is to investigate the impact of microglial ablation and MSCs transplantation on remyelination processes in the corpus callosum (CC) of the cuprizone demyelination model. For the induction of a chronic demyelination model, C57BL6 mice were fed with chow containing 0.2% cuprizone (wt/wt) for 12 weeks. For the depletion of microglia, PLX3397 was used as a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor for 21 days. MSCs were injected to the right lateral ventricle and after 2 weeks, the mice were killed. We assessed glial cells using specific markers such as APC, Iba-1, and GFAP using the immunohistochemistry method. Remyelination was evaluated by Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The specific genes of microglia and MSCs were evaluated by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. According to the results of the study, 21 days of PLX3397 treatment significantly reduced microglial cells, and MSCs transplantation decreased the number of astrocytes, whereas the oligodendrocytes population increased significantly in PLX + MSC group in comparison with the cuprizone mice. Furthermore, PLX and MSC treatment elevated levels of remyelination compared with the cuprizone group, as confirmed by LFB staining and TEM analysis. The molecular results showed that MSC transplantation significantly decreased the number of microglia through the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis. These results revealed that PLX3397 treatment and MSCs injection reduced microgliosis and astrocytosis. It also increased the oligodendrocytes population by enhancing remyelination in the CC of the cuprizone model of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Tahmasebi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parichehr Pasbakhsh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Barati
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Madadi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Iraj R Kashani
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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225
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Goldstein EZ, Pertsovskaya V, Forbes TA, Dupree JL, Gallo V. Prolonged Environmental Enrichment Promotes Developmental Myelination. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:665409. [PMID: 33981706 PMCID: PMC8107367 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.665409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Postnatal neurodevelopment is profoundly influenced by environmental experiences. Environmental enrichment is a commonly used experimental paradigm that has uncovered numerous examples of experience-dependent plasticity in health and disease. However, the role of environmental enrichment in normal development, especially glial development, is largely unexplored. Oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming glia in the central nervous system, provide metabolic support to axons and establish efficient saltatory conduction by producing myelin. Indeed, alterations in myelin are strongly correlated with sensory, cognitive, and motor function. The timing of developmental myelination is uniquely positioned to be influenced by environmental stimuli, as peak myelination occurs postnatally and continues into adulthood. To determine if developmental myelination is impacted by environmental experience, mice were housed in an enriched environment during peak myelination through early adulthood. Using translating ribosome affinity purification, oligodendrocyte-specific RNAs were isolated from subcortical white matter at various postnatal ages. RNA-sequencing revealed that differences in the oligodendrocyte translatome were predominantly evident after prolonged and continuous environmental enrichment. These translational changes corresponded with altered oligodendrocyte lineage cell dynamics and enhanced myelination. Furthermore, consistent with increased developmental myelination, enriched mice displayed enhanced motor coordination on a beam walking task. These findings indicate that protracted environmental stimulation is sufficient to modulate developmental myelination and to promote behavioral function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Z Goldstein
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Vera Pertsovskaya
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Thomas A Forbes
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Dupree
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
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226
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Bouadi O, Tay TL. More Than Cell Markers: Understanding Heterogeneous Glial Responses to Implantable Neural Devices. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:658992. [PMID: 33912015 PMCID: PMC8071943 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.658992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ouzéna Bouadi
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tuan Leng Tay
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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227
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Oligodendrocyte Development and Regenerative Therapeutics in Multiple Sclerosis. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040327. [PMID: 33918664 PMCID: PMC8069894 DOI: 10.3390/life11040327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelination by oligodendrocytes (OLs) is an important biological process essential for central nervous system (CNS) development and functions. Oligodendroglial lineage cells undergo several morphological and molecular changes at different stages of their lineage progression into myelinating OLs. The transition steps of the oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to myelinating oligodendrocytes are defined by a specific pattern of regulated gene expression, which is under the control of coordinated signaling pathways. Any abnormal development, loss or failure of oligodendrocytes to myelinate axons can lead to several neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is characterized by inflammation and demyelination, and current treatments target only the immune component of the disease, but have little impact on remyelination. Recently, several pharmacological compounds enhancing remyelination have been identified and some of them are in clinical trials. Here, we will review the current knowledge on oligodendrocyte differentiation, myelination and remyelination. We will focus on MS as a pathological condition, the most common chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS in young adults.
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228
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Siems SB, Jahn O, Hoodless LJ, Jung RB, Hesse D, Möbius W, Czopka T, Werner HB. Proteome Profile of Myelin in the Zebrafish Brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:640169. [PMID: 33898427 PMCID: PMC8060510 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.640169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The velocity of nerve conduction along vertebrate axons depends on their ensheathment with myelin. Myelin membranes comprise specialized proteins well characterized in mice. Much less is known about the protein composition of myelin in non-mammalian species. Here, we assess the proteome of myelin biochemically purified from the brains of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio), considering its increasing popularity as model organism for myelin biology. Combining gel-based and gel-free proteomic approaches, we identified > 1,000 proteins in purified zebrafish myelin, including all known constituents. By mass spectrometric quantification, the predominant Ig-CAM myelin protein zero (MPZ/P0), myelin basic protein (MBP), and the short-chain dehydrogenase 36K constitute 12%, 8%, and 6% of the total myelin protein, respectively. Comparison with previously established mRNA-abundance profiles shows that expression of many myelin-related transcripts coincides with the maturation of zebrafish oligodendrocytes. Zebrafish myelin comprises several proteins that are not present in mice, including 36K, CLDNK, and ZWI. However, a surprisingly large number of ortholog proteins is present in myelin of both species, indicating partial evolutionary preservation of its constituents. Yet, the relative abundance of CNS myelin proteins can differ markedly as exemplified by the complement inhibitor CD59 that constitutes 5% of the total zebrafish myelin protein but is a low-abundant myelin component in mice. Using novel transgenic reporter constructs and cryo-immuno electron microscopy, we confirm the incorporation of CD59 into myelin sheaths. These data provide the first proteome resource of zebrafish CNS myelin and demonstrate both similarities and heterogeneity of myelin composition between teleost fish and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie B Siems
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Jahn
- Proteomics Group, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laura J Hoodless
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ramona B Jung
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dörte Hesse
- Proteomics Group, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Czopka
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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229
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Pridham G, Hossain S, Rawji KS, Zhang Y. A metric learning method for estimating myelin content based on T2-weighted MRI from a de- and re-myelination model of multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249460. [PMID: 33819278 PMCID: PMC8021181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders but is difficult to characterize in vivo using standard analysis methods. Our goal was to develop a novel analytical framework for estimating myelin content using T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based on a de- and re-myelination model of multiple sclerosis. We examined 18 mice with lysolecithin induced demyelination and spontaneous remyelination in the ventral white matter of thoracic spinal cord. Cohorts of 6 mice underwent 9.4T MRI at days 7 (peak demyelination), 14 (ongoing recovery), and 28 (near complete recovery), as well as histological analysis of myelin and the associated cellularity at corresponding timepoints. Our MRI framework took an unsupervised learning approach, including tissue segmentation using a Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF), and myelin and cellularity feature estimation based on the Mahalanobis distance. For comparison, we also investigated 2 regression-based supervised learning approaches, one using our GMRF results, and another using a freely available generalized additive model (GAM). Results showed that GMRF segmentation was 73.2% accurate, and our unsupervised learning method achieved a correlation coefficient of 0.67 (top quartile: 0.78) with histological myelin, similar to 0.70 (top quartile: 0.78) obtained using supervised analyses. Further, the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of our unsupervised myelin feature (0.883, 95% CI: 0.874–0.891) was significantly better than any of the supervised models in detecting white matter myelin as compared to histology. Collectively, metric learning using standard MRI may prove to be a new alternative method for estimating myelin content, which ultimately can improve our disease monitoring ability in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Pridham
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shahnewaz Hossain
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Khalil S. Rawji
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yunyan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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230
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Fritsche E, Haarmann-Stemmann T, Kapr J, Galanjuk S, Hartmann J, Mertens PR, Kämpfer AAM, Schins RPF, Tigges J, Koch K. Stem Cells for Next Level Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006252. [PMID: 33354870 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The call for a paradigm change in toxicology from the United States National Research Council in 2007 initiates awareness for the invention and use of human-relevant alternative methods for toxicological hazard assessment. Simple 2D in vitro systems may serve as first screening tools, however, recent developments infer the need for more complex, multicellular organotypic models, which are superior in mimicking the complexity of human organs. In this review article most critical organs for toxicity assessment, i.e., skin, brain, thyroid system, lung, heart, liver, kidney, and intestine are discussed with regards to their functions in health and disease. Embracing the manifold modes-of-action how xenobiotic compounds can interfere with physiological organ functions and cause toxicity, the need for translation of such multifaceted organ features into the dish seems obvious. Currently used in vitro methods for toxicological applications and ongoing developments not yet arrived in toxicity testing are discussed, especially highlighting the potential of models based on embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells of human origin. Finally, the application of innovative technologies like organs-on-a-chip and genome editing point toward a toxicological paradigm change moves into action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Fritsche
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | | | - Julia Kapr
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Saskia Galanjuk
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Julia Hartmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Peter R Mertens
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany
| | - Angela A M Kämpfer
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Julia Tigges
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Katharina Koch
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
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231
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Traiffort E, Morisset-Lopez S, Moussaed M, Zahaf A. Defective Oligodendroglial Lineage and Demyelination in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073426. [PMID: 33810425 PMCID: PMC8036314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor neurons and their axons reaching the skeletal muscle have long been considered as the best characterized targets of the degenerative process observed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the involvement of glial cells was also more recently reported. Although oligodendrocytes have been underestimated for a longer time than other cells, they are presently considered as critically involved in axonal injury and also conversely constitute a target for the toxic effects of the degenerative neurons. In the present review, we highlight the recent advances regarding oligodendroglial cell involvement in the pathogenesis of ALS. First, we present the oligodendroglial cells, the process of myelination, and the tight relationship between axons and myelin. The histological abnormalities observed in ALS and animal models of the disease are described, including myelin defects and oligodendroglial accumulation of pathological protein aggregates. Then, we present data that establish the existence of dysfunctional and degenerating oligodendroglial cells, the chain of events resulting in oligodendrocyte degeneration, and the most recent molecular mechanisms supporting oligodendrocyte death and dysfunction. Finally, we review the arguments in support of the primary versus secondary involvement of oligodendrocytes in the disease and discuss the therapeutic perspectives related to oligodendrocyte implication in ALS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Traiffort
- Diseases and Hormones of the Nervous System U1195 INSERM, Paris Saclay University, 80 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
- Correspondence:
| | - Séverine Morisset-Lopez
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR 4301 CNRS, Orléans University, INSERM, rue Charles Sadron, CEDEX 02, 45071 Orleans, France; (S.M.-L.); (M.M.)
| | - Mireille Moussaed
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR 4301 CNRS, Orléans University, INSERM, rue Charles Sadron, CEDEX 02, 45071 Orleans, France; (S.M.-L.); (M.M.)
| | - Amina Zahaf
- Diseases and Hormones of the Nervous System U1195 INSERM, Paris Saclay University, 80 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
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232
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Abstract
Myelination of axons provides the structural basis for rapid saltatory impulse propagation along vertebrate fiber tracts, a well-established neurophysiological concept. However, myelinating oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells serve additional functions in neuronal energy metabolism that are remarkably similar to those of axon-ensheathing glial cells in unmyelinated invertebrates. Here we discuss myelin evolution and physiological glial functions, beginning with the role of ensheathing glia in preventing ephaptic coupling, axoglial metabolic support, and eliminating oxidative radicals. In both vertebrates and invertebrates, axoglial interactions are bidirectional, serving to regulate cell fate, nerve conduction, and behavioral performance. One key step in the evolution of compact myelin in the vertebrate lineage was the emergence of the open reading frame for myelin basic protein within another gene. Several other proteins were neofunctionalized as myelin constituents and help maintain a healthy nervous system. Myelination in vertebrates became a major prerequisite of inhabiting new ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany; ,
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany; ,
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233
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Tepavčević V. Oligodendroglial Energy Metabolism and (re)Myelination. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:238. [PMID: 33805670 PMCID: PMC7998845 DOI: 10.3390/life11030238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) myelin has a crucial role in accelerating the propagation of action potentials and providing trophic support to the axons. Defective myelination and lack of myelin regeneration following demyelination can both lead to axonal pathology and neurodegeneration. Energy deficit has been evoked as an important contributor to various CNS disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Thus, dysregulation of energy homeostasis in oligodendroglia may be an important contributor to myelin dysfunction and lack of repair observed in the disease. This article will focus on energy metabolism pathways in oligodendroglial cells and highlight differences dependent on the maturation stage of the cell. In addition, it will emphasize that the use of alternative energy sources by oligodendroglia may be required to save glucose for functions that cannot be fulfilled by other metabolites, thus ensuring sufficient energy input for both myelin synthesis and trophic support to the axons. Finally, it will point out that neuropathological findings in a subtype of MS lesions likely reflect defective oligodendroglial energy homeostasis in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Tepavčević
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Parque Cientifico de la UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Edificio Sede, Planta 3, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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234
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Abd El Aziz AE, Sayed RH, Sallam NA, El Sayed NS. Neuroprotective Effects of Telmisartan and Nifedipine Against Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination and Behavioral Dysfunction in Mice: Roles of NF-κB and Nrf2. Inflammation 2021; 44:1629-1642. [PMID: 33709265 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system which injures the myelin sheath. Telmisartan and nifedipine are antihypertensive drugs that recently showed neuroprotective properties against neurodegenerative diseases. This study evaluated the neuroprotective effect of telmisartan or nifedipine in cuprizone-induced demyelination in mice by examining the underlying mechanisms. C57BL/6 mice received a diet containing 0.7% (w/w) cuprizone for 7 days followed by 3 weeks on a 0.2% cuprizone diet. Telmisartan (5 mg/kg/day, p.o.) or nifedipine (5 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was administered for 3 weeks starting from the second week. Telmisartan or nifedipine improved locomotor activity and enhanced motor coordination as demonstrated by open field, rotarod, and grip strength tests. Furthermore, telmisartan or nifedipine restored myelin basic protein mRNA and protein expression and increased luxol fast blue-staining intensity. Telmisartan or nifedipine attenuated cuprizone-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis by decreasing brain malondialdehyde and caspase-3 along with restoring reduced glutathione and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. Telmisartan or nifedipine exerted an anti-inflammatory effect by reducing the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB p65) as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines and elevating the expression of IκB-α. In parallel, telmisartan or nifedipine upregulated the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the levels of heme oxygenase-1 and NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 enzymes. In conclusion, the current study provides evidence for the protective effect of telmisartan and nifedipine in cuprizone-induced demyelination and behavioral dysfunction in mice possibly by modulating NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira E Abd El Aziz
- Center of Excellence, Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rabab Hamed Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Nada A Sallam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Nesrine S El Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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235
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Chang KJ, Agrawal I, Vainshtein A, Ho WY, Xin W, Tucker-Kellogg G, Susuki K, Peles E, Ling SC, Chan JR. TDP-43 maximizes nerve conduction velocity by repressing a cryptic exon for paranodal junction assembly in Schwann cells. eLife 2021; 10:64456. [PMID: 33689679 PMCID: PMC7946431 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
TDP-43 is extensively studied in neurons in physiological and pathological contexts. However, emerging evidence indicates that glial cells are also reliant on TDP-43 function. We demonstrate that deletion of TDP-43 in Schwann cells results in a dramatic delay in peripheral nerve conduction causing significant motor deficits in mice, which is directly attributed to the absence of paranodal axoglial junctions. By contrast, paranodes in the central nervous system are unaltered in oligodendrocytes lacking TDP-43. Mechanistically, TDP-43 binds directly to Neurofascin mRNA, encoding the cell adhesion molecule essential for paranode assembly and maintenance. Loss of TDP-43 triggers the retention of a previously unidentified cryptic exon, which targets Neurofascin mRNA for nonsense-mediated decay. Thus, TDP-43 is required for neurofascin expression, proper assembly and maintenance of paranodes, and rapid saltatory conduction. Our findings provide a framework and mechanism for how Schwann cell-autonomous dysfunction in nerve conduction is directly caused by TDP-43 loss-of-function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae-Jiun Chang
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ira Agrawal
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna Vainshtein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Wan Yun Ho
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wendy Xin
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Greg Tucker-Kellogg
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Computational Biology Programme, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keiichiro Susuki
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, United States
| | - Elior Peles
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shuo-Chien Ling
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Medicine Healthy Longevity Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Program in Neuroscience and Behavior Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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236
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Fu H, Wang Q, Liu H. Novel Mutations in NPC1 are Associated with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-Like Disease: A Case Report. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:797-803. [PMID: 33727856 PMCID: PMC7955759 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s293675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease (PMLD) is an autosomal recessive hypomyelinating leukodystrophy with clinical symptoms and imaging manifestations similar to those of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD), an X-linked recessive hypomyelinating leukodystrophy. Typical manifestations of PMLD are nystagmus, dysmyotonia, ataxia, progressive motor dysfunction, and diffuse leukodystrophy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This report identified novel mutations in NCP1 causing PMLD. A 7-month-old male patient was referred to our hospital because he could not lift his head until that time. He had symptoms including congenital nystagmus, hypotonia, and developmental delay. According to the MRI scan, there were signs of leukodystrophy. According to the clinical manifestations and the results of whole-exome sequencing (compound heterozygote mutations in NPC1 (p. G911S, c2731G>A and p. D128H, c382G>C)), the diagnosis of PMLD was considered, and his parents were determined to be carriers of mutant genes. He began rehabilitation training at the age of 1 year old. After 5 years of training, he was still experiencing global developmental delay, equivalent to the developmental level of a nine-month-old child. PMLD is a disease that seriously affects the quality of life of children and can result from mutations in different genes. In this report, we expand the gene spectrum of PMLD and suggest early genetic counselling for suspected patients and their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanmin Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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237
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Lysosomal Functions in Glia Associated with Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030400. [PMID: 33803137 PMCID: PMC7999372 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are cellular organelles that contain various acidic digestive enzymes. Despite their small size, they have multiple functions. Lysosomes remove or recycle unnecessary cell parts. They repair damaged cellular membranes by exocytosis. Lysosomes also sense cellular energy status and transmit signals to the nucleus. Glial cells are non-neuronal cells in the nervous system and have an active role in homeostatic support for neurons. In response to dynamic cues, glia use lysosomal pathways for the secretion and uptake of regulatory molecules, which affect the physiology of neighboring neurons. Therefore, functional aberration of glial lysosomes can trigger neuronal degeneration. Here, we review lysosomal functions in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia, with emphasis on neurodegeneration.
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238
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Raffaele S, Boccazzi M, Fumagalli M. Oligodendrocyte Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030565. [PMID: 33807572 PMCID: PMC8000560 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is the lipid-rich structure formed by oligodendrocytes (OLs) that wraps the axons in multilayered sheaths, assuring protection, efficient saltatory signal conduction and metabolic support to neurons. In the last few years, the impact of OL dysfunction and myelin damage has progressively received more attention and is now considered to be a major contributing factor to neurodegeneration in several neurological diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Upon OL injury, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) of adult nervous tissue sustain the generation of new OLs for myelin reconstitution, but this spontaneous regeneration process fails to successfully counteract myelin damage. Of note, the functions of OPCs exceed the formation and repair of myelin, and also involve the trophic support to axons and the capability to exert an immunomodulatory role, which are particularly relevant in the context of neurodegeneration. In this review, we deeply analyze the impact of dysfunctional OLs in ALS pathogenesis. The possible mechanisms underlying OL degeneration, defective OPC maturation, and impairment in energy supply to motor neurons (MNs) have also been examined to provide insights on future therapeutic interventions. On this basis, we discuss the potential therapeutic utility in ALS of several molecules, based on their remyelinating potential or capability to enhance energy metabolism.
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239
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Shahsavani N, Kataria H, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Mechanisms and repair strategies for white matter degeneration in CNS injury and diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166117. [PMID: 33667627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
White matter degeneration is an important pathophysiological event of the central nervous system that is collectively characterized by demyelination, oligodendrocyte loss, axonal degeneration and parenchymal changes that can result in sensory, motor, autonomic and cognitive impairments. White matter degeneration can occur due to a variety of causes including trauma, neurotoxic exposure, insufficient blood flow, neuroinflammation, and developmental and inherited neuropathies. Regardless of the etiology, the degeneration processes share similar pathologic features. In recent years, a plethora of cellular and molecular mechanisms have been identified for axon and oligodendrocyte degeneration including oxidative damage, calcium overload, neuroinflammatory events, activation of proteases, depletion of adenosine triphosphate and energy supply. Extensive efforts have been also made to develop neuroprotective and neuroregenerative approaches for white matter repair. However, less progress has been achieved in this area mainly due to the complexity and multifactorial nature of the degeneration processes. Here, we will provide a timely review on the current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of white matter degeneration and will also discuss recent pharmacological and cellular therapeutic approaches for white matter protection as well as axonal regeneration, oligodendrogenesis and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Shahsavani
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hardeep Kataria
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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240
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The aging mouse brain: cognition, connectivity and calcium. Cell Calcium 2021; 94:102358. [PMID: 33517250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a complex process that differentially impacts multiple cognitive, sensory, neuronal and molecular processes. Technological innovations now allow for parallel investigation of neuronal circuit function, structure and molecular composition in the brain of awake behaving adult mice. Thus, mice have become a critical tool to better understand how aging impacts the brain. However, a more granular systems-based approach, which considers the impact of age on key features relating to neural processing, is required. Here, we review evidence probing the impact of age on the mouse brain. We focus on a range of processes relating to neuronal function, including cognitive abilities, sensory systems, synaptic plasticity and calcium regulation. Across many systems, we find evidence for prominent age-related dysregulation even before 12 months of age, suggesting that emerging age-related alterations can manifest by late adulthood. However, we also find reports suggesting that some processes are remarkably resilient to aging. The evidence suggests that aging does not drive a parallel, linear dysregulation of all systems, but instead impacts some processes earlier, and more severely, than others. We propose that capturing the more fine-scale emerging features of age-related vulnerability and resilience may provide better opportunities for the rejuvenation of the aged brain.
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241
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Huntemer-Silveira A, Patil N, Brickner MA, Parr AM. Strategies for Oligodendrocyte and Myelin Repair in Traumatic CNS Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:619707. [PMID: 33505250 PMCID: PMC7829188 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.619707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A major consequence of traumatic brain and spinal cord injury is the loss of the myelin sheath, a cholesterol-rich layer of insulation that wraps around axons of the nervous system. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin is produced and maintained by oligodendrocytes. Damage to the CNS may result in oligodendrocyte cell death and subsequent loss of myelin, which can have serious consequences for functional recovery. Demyelination impairs neuronal function by decelerating signal transmission along the axon and has been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases. After a traumatic injury, mechanisms of endogenous remyelination in the CNS are limited and often fail, for reasons that remain poorly understood. One area of research focuses on enhancing this endogenous response. Existing techniques include the use of small molecules, RNA interference (RNAi), and monoclonal antibodies that target specific signaling components of myelination for recovery. Cell-based replacement strategies geared towards replenishing oligodendrocytes and their progenitors have been utilized by several groups in the last decade as well. In this review article, we discuss the effects of traumatic injury on oligodendrocytes in the CNS, the lack of endogenous remyelination, translational studies in rodent models promoting remyelination, and finally human clinical studies on remyelination in the CNS after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nandadevi Patil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Megan A. Brickner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Ann M. Parr
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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242
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Gomes CA, Steiner KM, Ludolph N, Spisak T, Ernst TM, Mueller O, Göricke SL, Labrenz F, Ilg W, Axmacher N, Timmann D. Resection of cerebellar tumours causes widespread and functionally relevant white matter impairments. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:1641-1656. [PMID: 33410575 PMCID: PMC7978119 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several diffusion tensor imaging studies reveal that white matter (WM) lesions are common in children suffering from benign cerebellar tumours who are treated with surgery only. The clinical implications of WM alterations that occur as a direct consequence of cerebellar disease have not been thoroughly studied. Here, we analysed structural and diffusion imaging data from cerebellar patients with chronic surgical lesions after resection for benign cerebellar tumours. We aimed to elucidate the impact of focal lesions of the cerebellum on WM integrity across the entire brain, and to investigate whether WM deficits were associated with behavioural impairment in three different motor tasks. Lesion symptom mapping analysis suggested that lesions in critical cerebellar regions were related to deficits in savings during an eyeblink conditioning task, as well as to deficits in motor action timing. Diffusion imaging analysis of cerebellar WM indicated that better behavioural performance was associated with higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in the superior cerebellar peduncle, cerebellum's main outflow path. Moreover, voxel‐wise analysis revealed a global pattern of WM deficits in patients within many cerebral WM tracts critical for motor and non‐motor function. Finally, we observed a positive correlation between FA and savings within cerebello‐thalamo‐cortical pathways in patients but not in controls, showing that saving effects partly depend on extracerebellar areas, and may be recruited for compensation. These results confirm that the cerebellum has extended connections with many cerebral areas involved in motor/cognitive functions, and the observed WM changes likely contribute to long‐term clinical deficits of posterior fossa tumour survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alexandre Gomes
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Katharina M Steiner
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Ludolph
- Cognitive Neurology, Section Computational Sensomotorics, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center for Integrative Neuroscience (HIH), Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tamas Spisak
- Predictive Neuroimaging Lab, Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine - Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas M Ernst
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Mueller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sophia L Göricke
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Franziska Labrenz
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Winfried Ilg
- Cognitive Neurology, Section Computational Sensomotorics, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center for Integrative Neuroscience (HIH), Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nikolai Axmacher
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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243
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Kato D, Wake H. Myelin plasticity modulates neural circuitry required for learning and behavior. Neurosci Res 2021; 167:11-16. [PMID: 33417972 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes, which form the myelin sheaths that insulate axons, regulate conduction velocity. Myelinated axons make up the brain's white matter and contribute to the efficiency of information processing by regulating the timing of neural activity. Traditionally, it has been thought that myelin is a static, inactive insulator around the axon. However, recent studies in humans using magnetic resonance imaging have shown that structural changes in the white matter occur during learning and training, suggesting that 1) white matter change depends on neural activity and 2) activity-dependent changes in white matter are essential for learning and behavior. Furthermore, suppression of oligodendrocytes and their progenitor cells leads to deficits in motor learning and remote fear memory consolidation, suggesting a causal relationship between glial function and the learning process. However, for technical reasons, it remains unclear how myelin-generating glia modulate neural circuitry and what underlying mechanisms they employ to affect learning and behavior. Recent advances in optical and genetic techniques have helped elucidate this mechanism. In this review, we highlight evidence that neural activities regulated by myelin plasticity play a pivotal role in learning and behavior and provide further insight into possible therapeutic targets for treating diseases accompanied by myelin impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kato
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wake
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
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244
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Bhatia V, Seth R, Saini AG, Singh P. MRI in Normal Myelination: A Pictorial Review. Curr Pediatr Rev 2021; 17:264-272. [PMID: 34561987 DOI: 10.2174/1573396317666210924115822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article's primary goal is to provide an image-based review to paediatricians to gain insight into the typical appearance of myelin evolution. We briefly discuss the structure and development of myelination, the role of qualitative and quantitative MRI in myelin imaging, and provide an image-based review as a quick reference for understanding the pattern of myelination on MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Bhatia
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis and Imaging, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh- 160012,India
| | - Raghav Seth
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis and Imaging, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh- 160012,India
| | - Arushi Gahlot Saini
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh- 160012,India
| | - Paramjeet Singh
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, PGIMER Chandigarh,India
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245
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Clark IA, Callaghan MF, Weiskopf N, Maguire EA. The relationship between hippocampal-dependent task performance and hippocampal grey matter myelination and iron content. Brain Neurosci Adv 2021; 5:23982128211011923. [PMID: 33997294 PMCID: PMC8079931 DOI: 10.1177/23982128211011923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual differences in scene imagination, autobiographical memory recall, future thinking and spatial navigation have long been linked with hippocampal structure in healthy people, although evidence for such relationships is, in fact, mixed. Extant studies have predominantly concentrated on hippocampal volume. However, it is now possible to use quantitative neuroimaging techniques to model different properties of tissue microstructure in vivo such as myelination and iron. Previous work has linked such measures with cognitive task performance, particularly in older adults. Here we investigated whether performance on scene imagination, autobiographical memory, future thinking and spatial navigation tasks was associated with hippocampal grey matter myelination or iron content in young, healthy adult participants. Magnetic resonance imaging data were collected using a multi-parameter mapping protocol (0.8 mm isotropic voxels) from a large sample of 217 people with widely-varying cognitive task scores. We found little evidence that hippocampal grey matter myelination or iron content were related to task performance. This was the case using different analysis methods (voxel-based quantification, partial correlations), when whole brain, hippocampal regions of interest, and posterior:anterior hippocampal ratios were examined, and across different participant sub-groups (divided by gender and task performance). Variations in hippocampal grey matter myelin and iron levels may not, therefore, help to explain individual differences in performance on hippocampal-dependent tasks, at least in young, healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Clark
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging,
UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martina F. Callaghan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging,
UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nikolaus Weiskopf
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging,
UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck
Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State
Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig,
Germany
| | - Eleanor A. Maguire
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging,
UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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246
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Zhang Y, Li H, Song L, Xue J, Wang X, Song S, Wang S. Polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum ameliorates cognitive impairment by regulating the inflammation of the brain-liver axis in rats. Food Funct 2021; 12:6900-6914. [PMID: 34338268 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00355k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) polysaccharide-1 (GLP-1) is one of the polysaccharides isolated from the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum. Inflammation in the brain-liver axis plays a vital role in the progress of cognitive impairment. In this study, the beneficial effect of GLP-1 on d-galactose (d-gal) rats was carried out by regulating the inflammation of the brain-liver axis. A Morris water maze test was used to assess the cognitive ability of d-gal rats. ELISA and/or western blot analysis were used to detect the blood ammonia and inflammatory cytokines levels in the brain-liver axis. Metabolomic analysis was used to evaluate the changes of small molecule metabolomics between the brain and liver. As a result, GLP-1 could obviously ameliorate the cognitive impairment of d-gal rats. The mechanism was related to the decreasing levels of TNF-α, IL-6, phospho-p38MAPK, phospho-p53, and phospho-JNK1 + JNK2 + JNK3, the increasing levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1, and the regulation of the metabolic disorders of the brain-liver axis. Our study suggests that G. lucidum could be exploited as an effective food or health care product to prevent and delay cognitive impairment and improve the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, P.R. China.
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247
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Vogel SC, Perry RE, Brandes-Aitken A, Braren S, Blair C. Deprivation and threat as developmental mediators in the relation between early life socioeconomic status and executive functioning outcomes in early childhood. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 47:100907. [PMID: 33383555 PMCID: PMC7777490 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a shift in the study of childhood adversity towards a focus on dimensions of adversity as opposed to a focus on cumulative risk or specific adversities. The Dimensional Model of Adversity and Psychopathology (DMAP) proposes deprivation and threat as core dimensions of childhood adversity. Previous work using DMAP has found links between deprivation and cognitive development and threat and emotional development in adolescence, but few studies have applied this framework to a poverty context, in which children are at heightened risk for adversity experiences, and none have examined outcomes in early childhood. We use data from the Family Life Project (n = 1292) to examine deprivation and threat at child age 24 months as developmental mediators in the association between socioeconomic status (SES) measured at 15 months and executive functions (EF) measured at 48 months. In a multiple mediation model, lower SES was related to higher deprivation and threat. Deprivation was negatively associated with EF, and threat was not associated with EF. Deprivation fully mediated association between SES and EF. These results expand previous work using the DMAP and point to new directions in understanding children’s cognitive adaptations to adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Vogel
- New York University, Department of Applied Psychology, 246 Greene St, New York, NY, 10003, United States.
| | - Rosemarie E Perry
- New York University, Department of Applied Psychology, 246 Greene St, New York, NY, 10003, United States
| | - Annie Brandes-Aitken
- New York University, Department of Applied Psychology, 246 Greene St, New York, NY, 10003, United States
| | - Stephen Braren
- New York University, Department of Applied Psychology, 246 Greene St, New York, NY, 10003, United States
| | - Clancy Blair
- New York University, Department of Applied Psychology, 246 Greene St, New York, NY, 10003, United States; New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Population Health
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248
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A Golgi-associated lipid kinase controls peripheral nerve myelination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:30873-30875. [PMID: 33188090 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021130117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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249
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Domingues AV, Pereira IM, Vilaça-Faria H, Salgado AJ, Rodrigues AJ, Teixeira FG. Glial cells in Parkinson´s disease: protective or deleterious? Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:5171-5188. [PMID: 32617639 PMCID: PMC11104819 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells have been identified more than 100 years ago, and are known to play a key role in the central nervous system (CNS) function. A recent piece of evidence is emerging showing that in addition to the capacity of CNS modulation and homeostasis, glial cells are also being looked like as a promising cell source not only to study CNS pathologies initiation and progression but also to the establishment and development of new therapeutic strategies. Thus, in the present review, we will discuss the current evidence regarding glial cells' contribution to neurodegenerative diseases as Parkinson's disease, providing cellular, molecular, functional, and behavioral data supporting its active role in disease initiation, progression, and treatment. As so, considering their functional relevance, glial cells may be important to the understanding of the underlying mechanisms regarding neuronal-glial networks in neurodegeneration/regeneration processes, which may open new research opportunities for their future use as a target or treatment in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana V Domingues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Inês M Pereira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Helena Vilaça-Faria
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana J Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Fábio G Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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250
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Li L, Shi Y. When glia meet induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 109:103565. [PMID: 33068719 PMCID: PMC10506562 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of glial cells, mainly astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, in the central nervous system (CNS) has been increasingly appreciated. Recent advances have demonstrated the diversity of glial cells and their contribution to human CNS development, normal CNS functions, and disease progression. The uniqueness of human glial cells is also supported by multiple lines of evidence. With the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and the progress of generating glial cells from human iPSCs, there are numerous studies to model CNS diseases using human iPSC-derived glial cells. Here we summarize the basic characteristics of glial cells, with the focus on their classical functions, heterogeneity, and uniqueness in human species. We further review the findings from recent studies that use iPSC-derived glial cells for CNS disease modeling. We conclude with promises and future directions of using iPSC-derived glial cells for CNS disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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