201
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Preissner R, Goede A, Rother K, Osterkamp F, Koert U, Froemmel C. Matching organic libraries with protein-substructures. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2001; 15:811-7. [PMID: 11776292 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013158818807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We present a general approach which allows automatic identification of sub-structures in proteins that resemble given three-dimensional templates. This paper documents its success with non-peptide templates such as beta-turn mimetics. We considered well-tested turn-mimetics such as the bicyclic turned dipeptide (BTD), spiro lactam (Spiro) and the 2,5-disubstituded tetrahydrofuran (THF), a new furan-derivative which was recently developed and characterized. The detected geometric similarity between the templates and the protein patches corresponds to r.m.s.-values of 0.3 A for more than 80% of the constituting atoms, which is typical for active site comparisons of homologous proteins. This fast automatic procedure might be of biomedical value for finding special mimicking leads for particular protein sub-structures as well as for template-assembled synthetic protein (TASP) design.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Preissner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité, Medical Faculty of the Hunboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
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202
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Loakes D. Survey and summary: The applications of universal DNA base analogues. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:2437-47. [PMID: 11410649 PMCID: PMC55727 DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.12.2437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2001] [Revised: 04/18/2001] [Accepted: 04/18/2001] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A universal base analogue forms 'base pairs' with each of the natural DNA/RNA bases with little discrimination between them. A number of such analogues have been prepared and their applications as biochemical tools investigated. Most of these analogues are non-hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic, aromatic 'bases' which stabilise duplex DNA by stacking interactions. This review of the literature of universal bases (to 2000) details the analogues investigated, and their uses and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Loakes
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK.
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203
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Barnes TW, Turner DH. Long-range cooperativity in molecular recognition of RNA by oligodeoxynucleotides with multiple C5-(1-propynyl) pyrimidines. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:4107-18. [PMID: 11457173 DOI: 10.1021/ja003208t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A heptamer composed of C5-(1-propynyl) pyrimidines (Y(p)'s) is a potent and specific antisense agent against the mRNA of SV40 large T antigen (Wagner, R. W.; Matteucci, M. D.; Grant, D.; Huang, T.; Froehler, B. C. Nat. Biotechnol. 1996, 14, 840-844). To characterize the role of the propynyl groups in molecular recognition, thermodynamic increments associated with substitutions in DNA:RNA duplexes, such as 5'-dCCUCCUU-3':3'-rGAGGAGGAAAU-5', have been measured by UV melting experiments. For nucleotides tested, an unpaired dangling end stabilizes unmodified and propynylated duplexes similarly, except that addition of a 5' unpaired rA is 1.4 kcal/mol more stabilizing on the propynylated, PODN:RNA, duplex than on the DNA:RNA duplex. Free energy increments for addition of single propynyl groups range from 0 to -4.0 kcal/mol, depending on the final number and locations of substitutions. A preliminary model for predicting the stabilities of Y(p)-containing hybrid duplexes is presented. Eliminating one amino group, and therefore a hydrogen bond, by substituting inosine (I) for guanosine (G), to give 5'-dC(p)C(p)U(p)C(p)C(p)U(p)U(p)-3':3'-rGAGIAGGAAAU-5', destabilizes the duplex by 3.9 kcal/mol, compared to 1.7 kcal/mol for the same change within the unpropynylated duplex. This 2.2 kcal/mol difference is eliminated by removing a single propynyl group three base pairs away. CD spectra suggest that single propynyl deletions within the PODN:RNA duplex have position-dependent effects on helix geometry. The results suggest long-range cooperativity between propynyl groups and provide insights for rationally programming oligonucleotides with enhanced binding and specificity. This can be exploited in developing technologies that are dependent upon nucleic acid-based molecular recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0216, USA
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204
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Ohtsuki T, Kimoto M, Ishikawa M, Mitsui T, Hirao I, Yokoyama S. Unnatural base pairs for specific transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:4922-5. [PMID: 11320242 PMCID: PMC33139 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.091532698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2000] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An unnatural base pair of 2-amino-6-(N,N-dimethylamino)purine (designated as x) and pyridin-2-one (designated as y) has been developed for specific transcription. The ribonucleoside triphosphates of y and a modified y, 5-methylpyridin-2-one, are selectively incorporated into RNA opposite x in the templates by T7 RNA polymerase. In addition, the sequences of the DNA templates containing x can be confirmed by a dideoxynucleotide chain-terminator method supplemented with the deoxynucleoside triphosphate of y. The bulky dimethylamino group of x in the templates effectively eliminates noncognate pairing with the natural bases. These results enable RNA biosynthesis for the specific incorporation of unnatural nucleotides at the desired positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ohtsuki
- Genomic Sciences Center, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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205
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Lin J, Porter KW, Shaw BR. Synthesis and properties of novel triphosphate analogues: ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside (alpha-P-borano, alpha-P-thio)triphosphates. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2001; 20:1019-23. [PMID: 11562950 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-100002482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The first ribo- and deoxyribo-nucleoside (alpha-P-borano, alpha-P-thio)triphosphates have been synthesized. The chemical and biochemical properties of adenosine (alpha-P-borano, alpha-P-thio)triphosphate and thymidine (alpha-P-borano, alpha-P-thio) triphosphate have been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lin
- Paul M. Gross Chemical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, USA
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206
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Lin J, Shaw BR. Synthesis of new classes of boron-containing nucleotides. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2001; 20:587-96. [PMID: 11563076 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-100002335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Four different types of boron-modified nucleotides are reported: P-boranophosphorothioates, P-cyanoboranophosphates, P-boranomethylphosphonates, and P3'-N5'-boranophosphoramidates. Synthesis of dinucleoside borano-phosphorothioates and nucleoside P-borano-P-thiomonophosphates via a lithium sulfide method is described. The Li2S method also provides an alternative way to synthesize phosphorothioates through a dinitrophenyl P(V) phosphotriester precursor. The mechanism of Li2S substitution was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lin
- Paul M. Gross Chemical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, USA
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207
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Fettes KJ, O'Neil I, Roberts SM, Cosstick R. Solid-phase synthesis of oligodeoxynucleotides containing 3'-S-phosphorothiolate linkages. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2001; 20:1351-4. [PMID: 11563020 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-100002553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
For the first time a fully automated procedure has been developed for the incorporation of a 3'-S-phosphorothiolate linkage into DNA, using phosphorothioamidite monomers. Coupling yields with either of the activators 5-ethylthiotetrazole or 4,5-dicyanoimidazole were in the range of 80-90%. Coupling yields were equally good when performed on either a 0.2 or 1 mumole reaction column, thus facilitating large scale synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Fettes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
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208
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Persson T, Kutzke U, Busch S, Held R, Hartmann RK. Chemical synthesis and biological investigation of a 77-mer oligoribonucleotide with a sequence corresponding to E. coli tRNA(Asp). Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:51-6. [PMID: 11197345 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A 77-mer RNA with the sequence of Eschlerichia coli tRNA(Asp) has been chemically synthesised using standard automated phosphoramidite chemistry with the coupling reagent 4,5-dicyanoimidazole (DCI). The synthesis was carried out on a 1000 A CPG-column and. after deprotection and gel purification, a yield of about 7 mmol with a purity of > 95% was reproducibly obtained. By comparing automated synthesis of the 77-mer RNA using 1H-tetrazole and DCI as activator, DCI is advantageous in producing longer RNAs. However, for shorter RNAs ( <40 mer) no difference could be observed. In addition to the all-ribo tRNA(Asp) carrying the wild-type sequence, two variants were synthesised, one with a single C to G48 mutation and the second with a 2'-deoxy modification at C48. The three tRNAs were tested for their aminoacylation efficiency and high affinity binding to E. coli RNase P RNA. The results demonstrate that chemically synthesised 77-mer oligoribonucleotides can be successfully used for structure function studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Persson
- Max-Planck Institut für Experimentelle Medizin, Göttingen, Germany.
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209
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Vörtler LC, Eckstein F. Phosphorothioate modification of RNA for stereochemical and interference analyses. Methods Enzymol 2000; 317:74-91. [PMID: 10829273 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(00)17007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L C Vörtler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Experimentelle Medizin, Göttingen, Germany
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210
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Synthesis of 3-(2-deoxy-β-d-ribofuranosyl)pyridin-2-one and 2-amino-6-(N,N-dimethylamino)-9-(2-deoxy-β-d-ribofuranosyl)purine derivatives for an unnatural base pair. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)00520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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211
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Stelzl U, Spahn CM, Nierhaus KH. Selecting rRNA binding sites for the ribosomal proteins L4 and L6 from randomly fragmented rRNA: application of a method called SERF. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:4597-602. [PMID: 10781065 PMCID: PMC18278 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.090009297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-thirds of the 54 proteins of the Escherichia coli ribosome interact directly with the rRNAs, but the rRNA binding sites of only a very few proteins are known. We present a method (selection of random RNA fragments; SERF) that can identify the minimal binding region for proteins within ribonucleo-protein complexes such as the ribosome. The power of the method is exemplified with the ribosomal proteins L4 and L6. Binding sequences are identified for both proteins and characterized by phosphorothioate footprinting. Surprisingly, the binding region of L4, a 53-nt rRNA fragment of domain I of 23S rRNA, can simultaneously and independently bind L24, one of the two assembly initiator proteins of the large subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Stelzl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Genetik, AG Ribosomen, Ihnestrasse 73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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212
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Eckstein F. Phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides: what is their origin and what is unique about them? ANTISENSE & NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2000; 10:117-21. [PMID: 10805163 DOI: 10.1089/oli.1.2000.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of nucleoside phosphorothioates is described in its historical context. Examples of the interaction of phosphorothioate groups, present either in oligodeoxynucleotides or in DNA, with nucleases are presented. The structural features responsible for the resistance of the phosphorothioates toward degradation by nucleases are discussed, as are the possible reasons for the high-affinity interaction of phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides with certain proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Eckstein
- Max-Planck-Institut für experimentelle Medizin, Göttingen, Germany
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213
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ten Asbroek AL, Fluiter K, van Groenigen M, Nooij M, Baas F. Polymorphisms in the large subunit of human RNA polymerase II as target for allele-specific inhibition. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28:1133-8. [PMID: 10666454 PMCID: PMC102615 DOI: 10.1093/nar/28.5.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of specificity of cancer treatment causes damage to normal cells as well, which limits the therapeutic range. To circumvent this problem one would need to use an absolute difference between normal cells and cancer cells as therapeutic target. Such a difference exists in the genome of all individuals suffering from a tumor that is characterized by loss of genetic material [loss of heterozygosity (LOH)]. Due to LOH, the tumor is hemizygous for a number of genes, whereas the normal cells of the individual are heterozygous for these genes. Theoretically, polymorphic sites in these genes can be utilized to selectively target the cancer cells with an antisense oligonucleotide, provided that it can discriminate the alleles and inhibit gene expression. Furthermore, the targeted gene should be essential for cell survival, and 50% gene expression sufficient for the cell to survive. This will allow selective killing of cancer cells without concomitant toxicity to normal cells. As an initial step in the experimental test of this putative selective cancer cell therapy, we have developed a set of antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides which can discriminate the two alleles of a polymorphic site in the gene encoding the large subunit of RNA polymerase II. Our data show that the exact position of the antisense oligonucleotide on the mRNA is of essential importance for the oligo-nucleotide to be an effective inhibitor of gene expression. Shifting the oligonucleotide position only a few bases along the mRNA sequence will completely abolish the inhibitory activity of the antisense oligonucleotide. Reducing the length of the oligonucleotides to 16 bases increases the allele specificity. This study shows that it is possible to design oligonucleotides that selectively target the matched allele, whereas the expression level of the mismatched allele, that differs by one nucleotide, is only slightly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L ten Asbroek
- Neurozintuigen Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, PO Box 22700, 1000 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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214
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Alefelder S, Sigurdsson ST. Interstrand disulfide cross-linking of internal sugar residues in duplex RNA. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:269-73. [PMID: 10968286 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide cross-linking is being used increasingly more to study the structure and dynamics of nucleic acids. We have previously developed a procedure for the formation of disulfide cross-links through the sugar-phosphate backbone of nucleic acids. Here we report the preparation and characterization of an RNA duplex containing a disulfide interstrand cross-link. A self-complementary oligoribonucleotide duplex containing an interstrand cross-link was prepared from the corresponding 2'-amino modified oligomer. Selective modification of the 2'-amino group with an aliphatic isocyanate, containing a protected disulfide, gave the corresponding 2'-urea derivative in excellent yield. An RNA duplex containing an intrahelical, interstrand disulfide cross-link was subsequently prepared by a thiol disulfide exchange reaction in nearly quantitative yield as judged by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (DPAGE). The cross-linked RNA was further characterized by enzymatic digestion and the Structure of the cross-link lesion was verified by comparison to an authentic sample, prepared by chemical synthesis. The effect of the chemical modifications on duplex stability was determined by UV thermal denaturation experiments. The intrahelical cross-link stabilized the duplex considerably: the disulfide cross-linked oligomer had a melting temperature that was ca. 40 degrees C higher than that of the noncross-linked oligomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alefelder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-1700, USA
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215
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Zhou W, Roland A, Jin Y, Iyer RP. Combinatorial synthesis using nucleic acid-based (NAB™) scaffold: parallel solid-phase synthesis of nucleotide libraries. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)02089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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216
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Altman RK, Schwope I, Sarracino DA, Tetzlaff CN, Bleczinski CF, Richert C. Selection of modified oligonucleotides with increased target affinity via MALDI-monitored nuclease survival assays. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 1999; 1:493-508. [PMID: 10748727 DOI: 10.1021/cc9900293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reported here is how modified oligonucleotides with increased affinity for DNA or RNA target strands can be selected from small combinatorial libraries via spectrometrically monitored selection experiments (SMOSE). The extent to which target strands retard the degradation of 5'-acyl-, 5'-aminoacyl-, and 5'-dipeptidyl-oligodeoxyribonucleotides by phosphodiesterase I (EC 3.1.4.1) was measured via quantitative MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Oligonucleotide hybrids were prepared on solid support, and nuclease selections were performed with up to 10 modified oligonucleotides in one solution. The mass spectrometrically monitored experiments required between 120 and 300 pmol of each modified oligonucleotide, depending on whether HPLC-purified or crude compounds were employed. Data acquisition and analysis were optimized to proceed in semiautomated fashion, and functions correcting for incomplete degradation during the monitoring time were developed. Integration of the degradation kinetics provided "protection factors" that correlate well with melting points obtained with traditional UV melting curves employing single, pure compounds. Among the components of the five libraries tested, three were found to contain 5'-substituents that strongly stabilize Watson--Crick duplexes. Selecting and optimizing modified oligonucleotides via monitored nuclease assays may offer a more efficient way to search for new antisense agents, hybridization probes, and biochemical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Altman
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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217
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Sears P, Wong CH. Kohlenhydratmimetika: ein neuer Lösungsansatz für das Problem der kohlenhydratvermittelten biologischen Erkennung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19990816)111:16<2446::aid-ange2446>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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218
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Mizuuchi K, Nobbs TJ, Halford SE, Adzuma K, Qin J. A new method for determining the stereochemistry of DNA cleavage reactions: application to the SfiI and HpaII restriction endonucleases and to the MuA transposase. Biochemistry 1999; 38:4640-8. [PMID: 10194386 DOI: 10.1021/bi990054p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new method was developed for tracking the stereochemical path of enzymatic cleavage of DNA. DNA with a phosphorothioate of known chirality at the scissile bond is cleaved by the enzyme in H218O. The cleavage produces a DNA molecule with the 5'-[16O,18O, S]-thiophosphoryl group, whose chirality depends on whether the cleavage reaction proceeds by a single-step hydrolysis mechanism or by a two-step mechanism involving a protein-DNA covalent intermediate. To determine this chirality, the cleaved DNA is joined to an oligonucleotide by DNA ligase. Given the strict stereochemistry of the DNA ligase reaction, determined here, the original chirality of the phosphorothioate dictates whether the 18O is retained or lost in the ligation product, which can be determined by mass spectrometry. This method has advantages over previous methods in that it is not restricted to particular DNA sequences, requires substantially less material, and avoids purification of the products at intermediate stages in the procedure. The method was validated by confirming that DNA cleavage by the EcoRI restriction endonuclease causes inversion of configuration at the scissile phosphate. It was then applied to the reactions of the SfiI and HpaII endonucleases and the MuA transposase. In all three cases, DNA cleavage proceeded with inversion of configuration, indicating direct hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond by water as opposed to a reaction involving a covalent enzyme-DNA intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mizuuchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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219
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Helder MN, Jong SD, Vries EGED, Zee AGJVD. Telomerase targeting in cancer treatment: new developments. Drug Resist Updat 1999; 2:104-115. [PMID: 11504478 DOI: 10.1054/drup.1999.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein expressed in 85% of advanced cancers but not in most somatic cells, compensates for telomeric DNA erosion and as such stabilizes cell immortality. Telomerase inhibition might restore mortality in tumor cells. Recent progress is illustrated in studies on telomerase and telomere targeting with differentiation induction, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, promoter down regulation, antisense inhibition, and blockage of telomere/telomerase interactions. Also, new developments are described indicating that anti-telomerase treatment can induce apoptosis in tumor cells and can chemosensitize drug-resistant cell lines. Implications of these findings for anti-telomerase-based therapeutic applications, in particular in combination therapies, are discussed. Copyright 1999 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco N. Helder
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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220
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