201
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Jamali M, Carriot J, Chacron MJ, Cullen KE. Coding strategies in the otolith system differ for translational head motion vs. static orientation relative to gravity. eLife 2019; 8:45573. [PMID: 31199243 PMCID: PMC6590985 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of gravito-inertial forces by the otolith system is essential for our sense of balance and accurate perception. To date, however, how this system encodes the self-motion stimuli that are experienced during everyday activities remains unknown. Here, we addressed this fundamental question directly by recording from single otolith afferents in monkeys during naturalistic translational self-motion and changes in static head orientation. Otolith afferents with higher intrinsic variability transmitted more information overall about translational self-motion than their regular counterparts, owing to stronger nonlinearities that enabled precise spike timing including phase locking. By contrast, more regular afferents better discriminated between different static head orientations relative to gravity. Using computational methods, we further demonstrated that coupled increases in intrinsic variability and sensitivity accounted for the observed functional differences between afferent classes. Together, our results indicate that irregular and regular otolith afferents use different strategies to encode naturalistic self-motion and static head orientation relative to gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Jamali
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Jerome Carriot
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Kathleen E Cullen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
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202
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Cullen KE. Vestibular processing during natural self-motion: implications for perception and action. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:346-363. [PMID: 30914780 PMCID: PMC6611162 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
How the brain computes accurate estimates of our self-motion relative to the world and our orientation relative to gravity in order to ensure accurate perception and motor control is a fundamental neuroscientific question. Recent experiments have revealed that the vestibular system encodes this information during everyday activities using pathway-specific neural representations. Furthermore, new findings have established that vestibular signals are selectively combined with extravestibular information at the earliest stages of central vestibular processing in a manner that depends on the current behavioural goal. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the brain mechanisms that ensure accurate perception and behaviour during everyday activities and for our understanding of disorders of vestibular processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Cullen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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203
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Bakker RS, Selen LPJ, Medendorp WP. Transformation of vestibular signals for the decisions of hand choice during whole body motion. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:2392-2400. [PMID: 31017838 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00470.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In daily life, we frequently reach toward objects while our body is in motion. We have recently shown that body accelerations influence the decision of which hand to use for the reach, possibly by modulating the body-centered computations of the expected reach costs. However, head orientation relative to the body was not manipulated, and hence it remains unclear whether vestibular signals contribute in their head-based sensory frame or in a transformed body-centered reference frame to these cost calculations. To test this, subjects performed a preferential reaching task to targets at various directions while they were sinusoidally translated along the lateral body axis, with their head either aligned with the body (straight ahead) or rotated 18° to the left. As a measure of hand preference, we determined the target direction that resulted in equiprobable right/left-hand choices. Results show that head orientation affects this balanced target angle when the body is stationary but does not further modulate hand preference when the body is in motion. Furthermore, reaction and movement times were larger for reaches to the balanced target angle, resembling a competitive selection process, and were modulated by head orientation when the body was stationary. During body translation, reaction and movement times depended on the phase of the motion, but this phase-dependent modulation had no interaction with head orientation. We conclude that the brain transforms vestibular signals to body-centered coordinates at the early stage of reach planning, when the decision of hand choice is computed. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The brain takes inertial acceleration into account in computing the anticipated biomechanical costs that guide hand selection during whole body motion. Whereas these costs are defined in a body-centered, muscle-based reference frame, the otoliths detect the inertial acceleration in head-centered coordinates. By systematically manipulating head position relative to the body, we show that the brain transforms otolith signals into body-centered coordinates at an early stage of reach planning, i.e., before the decision of hand choice is computed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy S Bakker
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Luc P J Selen
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - W Pieter Medendorp
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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204
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Schniepp R, Möhwald K, Wuehr M. Clinical and automated gait analysis in patients with vestibular, cerebellar, and functional gait disorders: perspectives and limitations. J Neurol 2019; 266:118-122. [PMID: 31134375 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09378-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This article outlines recent developments in the clinical and automated assessment of neurological gait disorders. With a primary focus on vestibular, cerebellar, and functional gait disorders, we discuss how instrumented gait examination may assist clinical decision making in these disorders with respect to the initial differential diagnosis and prognosis as well as the objective monitoring of disease progression and therapeutic interventions. We delineate strategies for data handling and analysis of quantitative gait examinations that can facilitate the clinical characterization and interpretation of walking impairments. These strategies include data normalization and dimensionality reduction procedures. We further emphasize the value of a comprehensive, standardized gait assessment protocol. Accordingly, the examination of walking conditions that challenge patients with respect to their biomechanical, sensory, or cognitive resources are particularly helpful to disclose and characterize the causes underlying their gait impairment. Finally, we provide a perspective on the emerging implementation of pattern recognition approaches within the framework of clinical management of gait disorders and discuss their potential to assist clinical decision making with respect to the differential diagnosis and the prognosis of fall risk in individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Schniepp
- Department of Neurology, University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (DSGZ), University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Ken Möhwald
- Department of Neurology, University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (DSGZ), University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Max Wuehr
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (DSGZ), University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
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205
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Leong ATL, Gu Y, Chan YS, Zheng H, Dong CM, Chan RW, Wang X, Liu Y, Tan LH, Wu EX. Optogenetic fMRI interrogation of brain-wide central vestibular pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10122-10129. [PMID: 31028140 PMCID: PMC6525493 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812453116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood oxygen level-dependent functional MRI (fMRI) constitutes a powerful neuroimaging technology to map brain-wide functions in response to specific sensory or cognitive tasks. However, fMRI mapping of the vestibular system, which is pivotal for our sense of balance, poses significant challenges. Physical constraints limit a subject's ability to perform motion- and balance-related tasks inside the scanner, and current stimulation techniques within the scanner are nonspecific to delineate complex vestibular nucleus (VN) pathways. Using fMRI, we examined brain-wide neural activity patterns elicited by optogenetically stimulating excitatory neurons of a major vestibular nucleus, the ipsilateral medial VN (MVN). We demonstrated robust optogenetically evoked fMRI activations bilaterally at sensorimotor cortices and their associated thalamic nuclei (auditory, visual, somatosensory, and motor), high-order cortices (cingulate, retrosplenial, temporal association, and parietal), and hippocampal formations (dentate gyrus, entorhinal cortex, and subiculum). We then examined the modulatory effects of the vestibular system on sensory processing using auditory and visual stimulation in combination with optogenetic excitation of the MVN. We found enhanced responses to sound in the auditory cortex, thalamus, and inferior colliculus ipsilateral to the stimulated MVN. In the visual pathway, we observed enhanced responses to visual stimuli in the ipsilateral visual cortex, thalamus, and contralateral superior colliculus. Taken together, our imaging findings reveal multiple brain-wide central vestibular pathways. We demonstrate large-scale modulatory effects of the vestibular system on sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex T L Leong
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ying-Shing Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Celia M Dong
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Russell W Chan
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xunda Wang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yilong Liu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Hai Tan
- Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Ed X Wu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China;
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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206
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Ugolini G, Prevosto V, Graf W. Ascending vestibular pathways to parietal areas MIP and LIPv and efference copy inputs from the medial reticular formation: Functional frameworks for body representations updating and online movement guidance. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:2988-3013. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Ugolini
- Paris‐Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (UMR9197) CNRS ‐ Université Paris‐Sud Université Paris‐Saclay Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Vincent Prevosto
- Paris‐Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (UMR9197) CNRS ‐ Université Paris‐Sud Université Paris‐Saclay Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Pratt School of Engineering Durham North Carolina
- Department of Neurobiology Duke School of Medicine Duke University Durham North Carolina
| | - Werner Graf
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics Howard University Washington District of Columbia
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207
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Dietrich H, Wuehr M. Selective suppression of the vestibulo-ocular reflex during human locomotion. J Neurol 2019; 266:101-107. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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208
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Asymmetric cupula displacement due to endolymph vortex in the human semicircular canal. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 18:1577-1590. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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209
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Kuatsjah E, Khoshnam M, Menon C. Investigation on the effect of noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation on fine motor skills during a visuomotor task in healthy participants. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216214. [PMID: 31048906 PMCID: PMC6497271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (nGVS) has been shown to improve dynamic walking stability, affect postural responses, enhance balance in healthy subjects, and influence motor performance in individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Although the studies to fully characterize the effect of nGVS are still ongoing, stochastic resonance theory which states that the addition of noisy signal may enhance a weak sensory input signals transmission in a non-linear system may provide a possible explanation for the observed positive effects of nGVS. This study explores the effect of nGVS on fine tracking behavior in healthy subjects. Ten healthy participants performed a computer-based visuomotor task by controlling an object with a joystick to follow an amplitude-modulated signal path while simultaneously receiving a sham or pink noise nGVS. The stimulation was generated to have a zero-mean, linearly detrended 1/f-type power spectrum, Gaussian distribution within 0.1–10 Hz range, and a standard deviation (SD) set to 90% based on each participant’s cutaneous threshold value. Results show that simultaneous nGVS delivery statistically improved the tracking performance with a decreased root-mean-squared error of 5.71±6.20% (mean±SD), a decreased time delay of 11.88±9.66% (mean±SD), and an increased signal-to-noise ratio of 2.93% (median, interquartile range (IQR) 3.31%). This study showed evidence that nGVS may be beneficial in improving sensorimotor performance during a fine motor tracking task requiring fine wrist movement in healthy subjects. Further research with a more comprehensive subset of tasks is required to fully characterize the effects of nGVS on fine motor skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Kuatsjah
- Menrva Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems Engineering and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mahta Khoshnam
- Menrva Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems Engineering and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carlo Menon
- Menrva Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems Engineering and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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210
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Pastor AM, Calvo PM, de la Cruz RR, Baker R, Straka H. Discharge properties of morphologically identified vestibular neurons recorded during horizontal eye movements in the goldfish. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:1865-1878. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00772.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational capability and connectivity are key elements for understanding how central vestibular neurons contribute to gaze-stabilizing eye movements during self-motion. In the well-characterized and segmentally distributed hindbrain oculomotor network of goldfish, we determined afferent and efferent connections along with discharge patterns of descending octaval nucleus (DO) neurons during different eye motions. Based on activity correlated with horizontal eye and head movements, DO neurons were categorized into two complementary groups that either increased discharge during both contraversive (type II) eye (e) and ipsiversive (type I) head (h) movements (eIIhI) or vice versa (eIhII). Matching time courses of slow-phase eye velocity and corresponding firing rates during prolonged visual and head rotation suggested direct causality in generating extraocular motor commands. The axons of the dominant eIIhI subgroup projected either ipsi- or contralaterally and terminated in the abducens nucleus, Area II, and Area I with additional recurrent collaterals of ipsilaterally projecting neurons within the parent nucleus. Distinct feedforward commissural pathways between bilateral DO neurons likely contribute to the generation of eye velocity signals in eIhII cells. The shared contribution of DO and Area II neurons to eye velocity storage likely represents an ancestral condition in goldfish that is clearly at variance with the task separation between mammalian medial vestibular and prepositus hypoglossi neurons. This difference in signal processing between fish and mammals might correlate with a larger repertoire of visuo-vestibular-driven eye movements in the latter species that potentially required a shift in sensitivity and connectivity within the hindbrain-cerebello-oculomotor network. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We describe the structure and function of neurons within the goldfish descending octaval nucleus. Our findings indicate that eye and head velocity signals are processed by vestibular and Area II velocity storage integrator circuitries whereas the velocity-to-position Area I neural integrator generates eye position solely. This ancestral condition differs from that of mammals, in which vestibular neurons generally lack eye position signals that are processed and stored within the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Pastor
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - P. M. Calvo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - R. R. de la Cruz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - R. Baker
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - H. Straka
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität Munich, Planegg, Germany
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211
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Grafton ST, Ralston AB, Ralston JD. Monitoring of postural sway with a head-mounted wearable device: effects of gender, participant state, and concussion. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2019; 12:151-164. [PMID: 31118838 PMCID: PMC6503189 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s205357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To assess the utility of a head-mounted wearable inertial motion unit (IMU)-based sensor and 3 proposed measures of postural sway to detect outliers in athletic populations at risk of balance impairments. Methods: Descriptive statistics are used to define a normative reference range of postural sway (eyes open and eyes closed) in a cross-sectional sample of 347 college students using a wireless head-mounted IMU-based sensor. Three measures of postural sway were derived: linear sway power, eyes closed vs eyes open sway power ratio (Ec/Eo ratio), and weight-bearing asymmetry (L-R ratio), and confidence intervals for these measures were calculated. Questionnaires were used to identify potentially confounding state variables. A prospective study of postural sway changes in 47 professional, college, and high school athletes was then carried out in on-field settings to provide estimates of session-to-session variability and the influence of routine physical activity on sway measures. Finally, pre-post-injury changes in sway are measured for a participant who was diagnosed with a concussion. Results: Despite the heterogenous population and sampling environments, well-defined confidence intervals were established for all 3 sway measures. Men demonstrated significantly greater sway than women. Two state variables significantly increased sway: the use of nicotine and prescription medications. In the athletes, session-to-session variability and changes due to routine physical activity remained well within 95% confidence intervals defined by the cross-sectional sample for all 3 sway measures. The increase in sway power following a diagnosed concussion was more than an order of magnitude greater than the increases due to session-to-session variability, physical activity, or other participant state variables. Conclusion: The proposed postural sway measures and head-mounted wearable sensor demonstrate analytic utility for on-field detection of abnormal sway that could be potentially useful when making remove-from-activity and return-to-activity decisions for athletes at risk of impact-induced balance impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Grafton
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9660, USA
| | - Andreas B Ralston
- Clinical Studies Department, Protxx Inc, Menlo Park, CA, 94025-4317, USA
| | - John D Ralston
- Clinical Studies Department, Protxx Inc, Menlo Park, CA, 94025-4317, USA
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212
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Vasilopoulou-Kampitsi M, Goyens J, Van Damme R, Aerts P. The ecological signal on the shape of the lacertid vestibular system: simple versus complex microhabitats. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Vasilopoulou-Kampitsi
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - J Goyens
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - R Van Damme
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - P Aerts
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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213
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Dieterich M, Brandt T. Perception of Verticality and Vestibular Disorders of Balance and Falls. Front Neurol 2019; 10:172. [PMID: 31001184 PMCID: PMC6457206 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To review current knowledge of the perception of verticality, its normal function and disorders. This is based on an integrative graviceptive input from the vertical semicircular canals and the otolith organs. Methods: The special focus is on human psychophysics, neurophysiological and imaging data on the adjustments of subjective visual vertical (SVV) and the subjective postural vertical. Furthermore, examples of mathematical modeling of specific vestibular cell functions for orientation in space in rodents and in patients are briefly presented. Results: Pathological tilts of the SVV in the roll plane are most sensitive and frequent clinical vestibular signs of unilateral lesions extending from the labyrinths via the brainstem and thalamus to the parieto-insular vestibular cortex. Due to crossings of ascending graviceptive fibers, peripheral vestibular and pontomedullary lesions cause ipsilateral tilts of the SVV; ponto-mesencephalic lesions cause contralateral tilts. In contrast, SVV tilts, which are measured in unilateral vestibular lesions at thalamic and cortical levels, have two different characteristic features: (i) they may be ipsi- or contralateral, and (ii) they are smaller than those found in lower brainstem or peripheral lesions. Motor signs such as head tilt and body lateropulsion, components of ocular tilt reaction, are typical for vestibular lesions of the peripheral vestibular organ and the pontomedullary brainstem (vestibular nucleus). They are less frequent in midbrain lesions (interstitial nucleus of Cajal) and rare in cortical lesions. Isolated body lateropulsion is chiefly found in caudal lateral medullary brainstem lesions. Vestibular function in the roll plane and its disorders can be mathematically modeled by an attractor model of angular head velocity cell and head direction cell function. Disorders manifesting with misperception of the body vertical are the pusher syndrome, the progressive supranuclear palsy, or the normal pressure hydrocephalus; they may affect roll and/or pitch plane. Conclusion: Clinical determinations of the SVV are easy and reliable. They indicate acute unilateral vestibular dysfunctions, the causative lesion of which extends from labyrinth to cortex. They allow precise topographical diagnosis of side and level in unilateral brainstem or peripheral vestibular disorders. SVV tilts may coincide with or differ from the perception of body vertical, e.g., in isolated body lateropulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Dieterich
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Brandt
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Clinical Neuroscience, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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214
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Simulated Saccadic Stimuli Suppress ON-Type Direction-Selective Retinal Ganglion Cells via Glycinergic Inhibition. J Neurosci 2019; 39:4312-4322. [PMID: 30926751 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3066-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two types of mammalian direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs), ON and ONOFF, operate over different speed ranges. The directional axes of the ON-DSGCs are thought to align with the axes of the vestibular system and provide sensitivity at rotational velocities that are too slow to activate the semicircular canals. ONOFF-DSGCs respond to faster image velocities. Using natural images that simulate the natural visual inputs to freely moving animals, we show that simulated visual saccades suppress responses in ON-DSGCs but not ONOFF-DSGCs recorded in retinas of domestic rabbits of either gender. Analysis of the synaptic inputs shows that this saccadic suppression results from glycinergic inputs that are specific to ON-DSGCs and are absent in ONOFF-DSGCs. When this glycinergic input is blocked, both cell types respond similarly to visual saccades and display essentially identical speed tuning. The results demonstrate that glycinergic circuits within the retina can produce saccadic suppression of retinal ganglion cell activity. The cell-type-specific targeting of the glycinergic circuits further supports the proposed physiological roles of ON-DSGCs in retinal-image stabilization and of ONOFF-DSGCs in detecting local object motion and signaling optical flow.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In the mammalian retina, ON direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) respond preferentially to slow image motion, whereas ONOFF-DSGCs respond better to rapid motion. The mechanisms producing this different speed tuning remain unclear. Here we show that simulated visual saccades suppress ON-DSGCs, but not ONOFF-DSGCs. This selective saccadic suppression is because of the selective targeting of glycinergic inhibitory synaptic inputs to ON-DSGCs. The different saccadic suppression in the two cell types points to different physiological roles, consistent with their projections to distinct areas within the brain. ON-DSGCs may be critical for providing the visual feedback signals that contribute to stabilizing the image on the retina, whereas ONOFF-DSGCs may be important for detecting the onset of saccades or for signaling optical flow.
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215
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Seethapathi N, Srinivasan M. Step-to-step variations in human running reveal how humans run without falling. eLife 2019; 8:e38371. [PMID: 30888320 PMCID: PMC6424559 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans can run without falling down, usually despite uneven terrain or occasional pushes. Even without such external perturbations, intrinsic sources like sensorimotor noise perturb the running motion incessantly, making each step variable. Here, using simple and generalizable models, we show that even such small step-to-step variability contains considerable information about strategies used to run stably. Deviations in the center of mass motion predict the corrective strategies during the next stance, well in advance of foot touchdown. Horizontal motion is stabilized by total leg impulse modulations, whereas the vertical motion is stabilized by differentially modulating the impulse within stance. We implement these human-derived control strategies on a simple computational biped, showing that it runs stably for hundreds of steps despite incessant noise-like perturbations or larger discrete perturbations. This running controller derived from natural variability echoes behaviors observed in previous animal and robot studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Seethapathi
- Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Manoj Srinivasan
- Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
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216
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Hilber P, Cendelin J, Le Gall A, Machado ML, Tuma J, Besnard S. Cooperation of the vestibular and cerebellar networks in anxiety disorders and depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 89:310-321. [PMID: 30292730 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The discipline of affective neuroscience is concerned with the neural bases of emotion and mood. The past decades have witnessed an explosion of research in affective neuroscience, increasing our knowledge of the brain areas involved in fear and anxiety. Besides the brain areas that are classically associated with emotional reactivity, accumulating evidence indicates that both the vestibular and cerebellar systems are involved not only in motor coordination but also influence both cognition and emotional regulation in humans and animal models. The cerebellar and the vestibular systems show the reciprocal connection with a myriad of anxiety and fear brain areas. Perception anticipation and action are also major centers of interest in cognitive neurosciences. The cerebellum is crucial for the development of an internal model of action and the vestibular system is relevant for perception, gravity-related balance, navigation and motor decision-making. Furthermore, there are close relationships between these two systems. With regard to the cooperation between the vestibular and cerebellar systems for the elaboration and the coordination of emotional cognitive and visceral responses, we propose that altering the function of one of the systems could provoke internal model disturbances and, as a result, anxiety disorders followed potentially with depressive states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Hilber
- Centre de Recherche sur les Fonctionnements et Dysfonctionnements Psychologigues, CRFDP EA 7475, Rouen Normandie University, Bat Blondel, Place E. Blondel 76821, Mont Saint Aignan cedex, France.
| | - Jan Cendelin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00 Plzen, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00 Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Anne Le Gall
- UMR UCBN/INSERM U 1075 COMETE, Pole des Formations et de Recherche en Sante, Normandie University, 2 Rue Rochambelles, 14032 Caen, cedex 5, France
| | - Marie-Laure Machado
- UMR UCBN/INSERM U 1075 COMETE, Pole des Formations et de Recherche en Sante, Normandie University, 2 Rue Rochambelles, 14032 Caen, cedex 5, France
| | - Jan Tuma
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00 Plzen, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00 Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Stephane Besnard
- UMR UCBN/INSERM U 1075 COMETE, Pole des Formations et de Recherche en Sante, Normandie University, 2 Rue Rochambelles, 14032 Caen, cedex 5, France
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217
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Tighilet B, Chabbert C. Adult neurogenesis promotes balance recovery after vestibular loss. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 174:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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218
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Abstract
The brain’s spatial map is supported by place cells, encoding current location, and grid cells, which report horizontal distance traveled by producing evenly sized and spaced foci of activity (firing fields) that tile the environment surface. We investigated whether the metric properties of the cells’ activity are the same in vertical space as in horizontal. On a vertical wall, grid-cell firing fields were enlarged and more widely spaced, while place-cell firing fields were unchanged in size/shape but less prevalent. Sensitivity of single-cell and population field potential activity to running speed was reduced. Together, these results suggest that spatial encoding properties are determined by an interaction between the body-plane alignment and the gravity axis. Entorhinal grid cells integrate sensory and self-motion inputs to provide a spatial metric of a characteristic scale. One function of this metric may be to help localize the firing fields of hippocampal place cells during formation and use of the hippocampal spatial representation (“cognitive map”). Of theoretical importance is the question of how this metric, and the resulting map, is configured in 3D space. We find here that when the body plane is vertical as rats climb a wall, grid cells produce stable, almost-circular grid-cell firing fields. This contrasts with previous findings when the body was aligned horizontally during vertical exploration, suggesting a role for the body plane in orienting the plane of the grid cell map. However, in the present experiment, the fields on the wall were fewer and larger, suggesting an altered or absent odometric (distance-measuring) process. Several physiological indices of running speed in the entorhinal cortex showed reduced gain, which may explain the enlarged grid pattern. Hippocampal place fields were found to be sparser but unchanged in size/shape. Together, these observations suggest that the orientation and scale of the grid cell map, at least on a surface, are determined by an interaction between egocentric information (the body plane) and allocentric information (the gravity axis). This may be mediated by the different sensory or locomotor information available on a vertical surface and means that the resulting map has different properties on a vertical plane than a horizontal plane (i.e., is anisotropic).
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219
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Chen ZP, Zhang XY, Peng SY, Yang ZQ, Wang YB, Zhang YX, Chen X, Wang JJ, Zhu JN. Histamine H1 Receptor Contributes to Vestibular Compensation. J Neurosci 2019; 39:420-433. [PMID: 30413645 PMCID: PMC6335742 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1350-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vestibular compensation is responsible for the spontaneous recovery of postural, locomotor, and oculomotor dysfunctions in patients with peripheral vestibular lesion or posterior circulation stroke. Mechanism investigation of vestibular compensation is of great importance in both facilitating recovery of vestibular function and understanding the postlesion functional plasticity in the adult CNS. Here, we report that postsynaptic histamine H1 receptor contributes greatly to facilitating vestibular compensation. The expression of H1 receptor is restrictedly increased in the ipsilesional rather than contralesional GABAergic projection neurons in the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN), one of the most important centers for vestibular compensation, in unilateral labyrinthectomized male rats. Furthermore, H1 receptor mediates an asymmetric excitation of the commissural GABAergic but not glutamatergic neurons in the ipsilesional MVN, which may help to rebalance bilateral vestibular systems and promote vestibular compensation. Selective blockage of H1 receptor in the MVN significantly retards the recovery of both static and dynamic vestibular symptoms following unilateral labyrinthectomy, and remarkably attenuates the facilitation of betahistine, whose effect has traditionally been attributed to its antagonistic action on the presynaptic H3 receptor, on vestibular compensation. These results reveal a previously unknown role for histamine H1 receptor in vestibular compensation and amelioration of vestibular motor deficits, as well as an involvement of H1 receptor in potential therapeutic effects of betahistine. The findings provide not only a new insight into the postlesion neuronal circuit plasticity and functional recovery in the CNS, but also a novel potential therapeutic target for vestibular disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Vestibular disorders manifest postural imbalance, nystagmus, and vertigo. Vestibular compensation is critical for facilitating recovery from vestibular disorders, and of great importance in understanding the postlesion functional plasticity in the adult CNS. Here, we show that postsynaptic H1 receptor in the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) contributes greatly to the recovery of both static and dynamic symptoms following unilateral vestibular lesion. H1 receptor selectively mediates the asymmetric activation of commissural inhibitory system in the ipsilesional MVN and actively promotes vestibular compensation. The findings provide not only a new insight into the postlesion neuronal circuit plasticity and functional recovery of CNS, but also a novel potential therapeutic target for promoting vestibular compensation and ameliorating vestibular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, and
| | - Xiao-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, and
| | - Shi-Yu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, and
| | - Zhong-Qin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, and
| | - Yan-Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, and
| | - Yang-Xun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, and
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, and
| | - Jian-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, and
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing-Ning Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, and
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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220
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Farkhatdinov I, Michalska H, Berthoz A, Hayward V. Review of Anthropomorphic Head Stabilisation and Verticality Estimation in Robots. SPRINGER TRACTS IN ADVANCED ROBOTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93870-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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221
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Tighilet B, Leonard J, Mourre C, Chabbert C. Apamin treatment accelerates equilibrium recovery and gaze stabilization in unilateral vestibular neurectomized cats: Cellular and behavioral aspects. Neuropharmacology 2019; 144:133-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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222
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Perdreau F, Cooke JRH, Koppen M, Medendorp WP. Causal inference for spatial constancy across whole body motion. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:269-284. [PMID: 30461369 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00473.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain uses self-motion information to internally update egocentric representations of locations of remembered world-fixed visual objects. If a discrepancy is observed between this internal update and reafferent visual feedback, this could be either due to an inaccurate update or because the object has moved during the motion. To optimally infer the object's location it is therefore critical for the brain to estimate the probabilities of these two causal structures and accordingly integrate and/or segregate the internal and sensory estimates. To test this hypothesis, we designed a spatial updating task involving passive whole body translation. Participants, seated on a vestibular sled, had to remember the world-fixed position of a visual target. Immediately after the translation, the reafferent visual feedback was provided by flashing a second target around the estimated "updated" target location, and participants had to report the initial target location. We found that the participants' responses were systematically biased toward the position of the second target position for relatively small but not for large differences between the "updated" and the second target location. This pattern was better captured by a Bayesian causal inference model than by alternative models that would always either integrate or segregate the internally updated target location and the visual feedback. Our results suggest that the brain implicitly represents the posterior probability that the internally updated estimate and the visual feedback come from a common cause and uses this probability to weigh the two sources of information in mediating spatial constancy across whole body motion. NEW & NOTEWORTHY When we move, egocentric representations of object locations require internal updating to keep them in register with their true world-fixed locations. How does this mechanism interact with reafferent visual input, given that objects typically do not disappear from view? Here we show that the brain implicitly represents the probability that both types of information derive from the same object and uses this probability to weigh their contribution for achieving spatial constancy across whole body motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Perdreau
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - James R H Cooke
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Koppen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - W Pieter Medendorp
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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223
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Druelle F, Goyens J, Vasilopoulou-Kampitsi M, Aerts P. Compliant legs enable lizards to maintain high running speeds on complex terrains. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.195511. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.195511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Substrate variations are likely to compel animal performance in natural environments, as running over complex terrains challenges the dynamic stability of the body differently in each step. Yet, being able to negotiate complex terrains at top speed is a strong advantage for animals that have to deal with predators and evasive prey. Only little is known on how animals negotiate such terrain variability at high speed. We investigated this in fast running Acanthodactylus boskianus lizards, by measuring their 3D kinematics using four synchronized high-speed video cameras (325Hz) on an adaptable racetrack. This racetrack was covered with four different substrates, representing increasing levels of terrain complexity. We found that the lizards deal with this complexity gradient by gradually adopting more erect parasagittal leg postures. More erected legs enable, in turn, more compliant legs use which are highly adjustable on complex terrains. Additionally, the lizards stabilise their head, which facilitates vestibular and visual perception. Together, compliant legs and head stabilisation enable the lizards to minimise movements of the body centre of mass, even when running on highly irregular terrains. This suggests that the head and the centre of mass are the priority targets for running on uneven terrains. As a result, running performance (mean forward speed) decreases only slightly, and only on the most challenging substrate under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Druelle
- Laboratory for Functional Morphology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jana Goyens
- Laboratory for Functional Morphology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Peter Aerts
- Laboratory for Functional Morphology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Ghent, Belgium
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224
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Abstract
Measuring how the brain encodes and processes an animal's own motion presents major technical challenges. New approaches demonstrate the viability and merit of measuring vestibular responses throughout the entire brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Ehrlich
- Neuroscience Institute and Depts. of Neuroscience & Physiology and Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David Schoppik
- Neuroscience Institute and Depts. of Neuroscience & Physiology and Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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225
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Sachgau C, Chung W, Barnett-Cowan M. Perceived timing of active head movement at different speeds. Neurosci Lett 2018; 687:253-258. [PMID: 30287302 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system must determine which sensory events occur at the same time. Actively moving the head corresponds with large changes in the relationship between the observer and the environment, sensorimotor processing, and spatiotemporal perception. Active head movement perception has been shown to be dependent on head movement velocity where participants who move their head fastest require the head to move earlier than comparison stimuli for perceived simultaneity more so than those who move their head slower. Such between-subject results cannot address whether active head movement perception changes with velocity. The present study used a within-subjects design to measure the point of subjective simultaneity (PSS) between active head movement speeds and a comparison sound stimulus to characterize the relationship between the velocity and perception of head movement onset. Our results clearly show that i) head movement perception is faster with faster head movements within-subjects, ii) active head movement onset must still precede the onset of other sensory events (average PSS: -123 ms to -52 ms; median PSS: -42 ms to -100 ms) in order to be perceived as occurring simultaneously even at the fastest speeds (average peak velocity: 76°/s-257°/s; median peak velocity 72 ms-257 ms). We conclude that head movement perception is slow, but that this delay is minimized with increased speed. These within-subject results are contrary to previous and present study between-subject results and are in agreement with literature where perception of auditory, visual and vestibular stimulus onset is less delayed with increased stimulus intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Sachgau
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - William Chung
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Michael Barnett-Cowan
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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226
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Favre-Bulle IA, Vanwalleghem G, Taylor MA, Rubinsztein-Dunlop H, Scott EK. Cellular-Resolution Imaging of Vestibular Processing across the Larval Zebrafish Brain. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3711-3722.e3. [PMID: 30449665 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The vestibular system, which reports on motion and gravity, is essential to postural control, balance, and egocentric representations of movement and space. The motion needed to stimulate the vestibular system complicates studying its circuitry, so we previously developed a method for fictive vestibular stimulation in zebrafish, using optical trapping to apply physical forces to the otoliths. Here, we combine this approach with whole-brain calcium imaging at cellular resolution, delivering a comprehensive map of the brain regions and cellular responses involved in basic vestibular processing. We find responses broadly distributed across the brain, with unique profiles of cellular responses and topography in each region. The most widespread and abundant responses involve excitation that is graded to the stimulus strength. Other responses, localized to the telencephalon and habenulae, show excitation that is only weakly correlated to stimulus strength and that is sensitive to weak stimuli. Finally, numerous brain regions contain neurons that are inhibited by vestibular stimuli, and these neurons are often tightly localized spatially within their regions. By exerting separate control over the left and right otoliths, we explore the laterality of brain-wide vestibular processing, distinguishing between neurons with unilateral and bilateral vestibular sensitivity and revealing patterns whereby conflicting signals from the ears mutually cancel. Our results confirm previously identified vestibular responses in specific regions of the larval zebrafish brain while revealing a broader and more extensive network of vestibular responsive neurons than has previously been described. This provides a departure point for more targeted studies of the underlying functional circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itia A Favre-Bulle
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Gilles Vanwalleghem
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michael A Taylor
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Ethan K Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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227
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Maheu M, Behtani L, Nooristani M, Delcenserie A, Champoux F. Enhanced vestibulo-ocular reflex suppression in dancers during passive high-velocity head impulses. Exp Brain Res 2018; 237:411-416. [PMID: 30426147 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5431-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is responsible for stabilizing images on the fovea during head movements. However, in some situations, one needs to suppress the VOR to be able to follow a target moving along with the head. Evidence suggests that the visual mechanism underlying VOR suppression can be modulated by experience. Unfortunately, the non-visual mechanism underlying VOR suppression has never been examined in dancers and, consequently, it is still unsure whether dance training can enhance eye-head tracking accuracy. The goal of the present study was to look at the influence of dance training on the VOR suppression during passive head impulses. Twenty-four individuals participated, 12 controls and 12 dancers. VOR and VOR suppression were assessed using a head impulse paradigm as well as a suppression head impulse test paradigm (SHIMP) with video head impulse test, respectively. The results suggest that dancers display a significantly reduced VOR gain during the SHIMP at 60 ms in comparison to controls. Moreover, dancers with more than 10 years of dance training exhibited a significantly reduced VOR gain during the SHIMP at 60 ms. Overall, the results suggest that dance training improves VOR suppression, but also modulates VOR suppression abilities. Although studies are needed to shed light on the possible mechanisms involved in the modulation of the VOR gain, the observed changes in dancers' vestibulo-cerebellum and its role in the modulation of the VOR gain makes the cerebellar-vestibular nuclei pathway a possible model to explain the present results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Maheu
- Faculté de médecine, École d'orthophonie et d'audiologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
- CIUSSS Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal/Institut Raymond-Dewar, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - L Behtani
- Faculté de médecine, École d'orthophonie et d'audiologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - M Nooristani
- Faculté de médecine, École d'orthophonie et d'audiologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - A Delcenserie
- Faculté de médecine, École d'orthophonie et d'audiologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - F Champoux
- Faculté de médecine, École d'orthophonie et d'audiologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- CIUSSS Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal/Institut Raymond-Dewar, Montreal, QC, Canada
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228
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Campos J, Ramkhalawansingh R, Pichora-Fuller MK. Hearing, self-motion perception, mobility, and aging. Hear Res 2018; 369:42-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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229
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Rasman BG, Forbes PA, Tisserand R, Blouin JS. Sensorimotor Manipulations of the Balance Control Loop-Beyond Imposed External Perturbations. Front Neurol 2018; 9:899. [PMID: 30416481 PMCID: PMC6212554 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Standing balance relies on the integration of multiple sensory inputs to generate the motor commands required to stand. Mechanical and sensory perturbations elicit compensatory postural responses that are interpreted as a window into the sensorimotor processing involved in balance control. Popular methods involve imposed external perturbations that disrupt the control of quiet stance. Although these approaches provide critical information on how the balance system responds to external disturbances, the control mechanisms involved in correcting for these errors may differ from those responsible for the regulation of quiet standing. Alternative approaches use manipulations of the balance control loop to alter the relationship between sensory and motor cues. Coupled with imposed perturbations, these manipulations of the balance control loop provide unique opportunities to reveal how sensory and motor signals are integrated to control the upright body. In this review, we first explore imposed perturbation approaches that have been used to investigate the neural control of standing balance. We emphasize imposed perturbations that only elicit balance responses when the disturbing stimuli are relevant to the balance task. Next, we highlight manipulations of the balance control loop that, when carefully implemented, replicate and/or alter the sensorimotor dynamics of quiet standing. We further describe how manipulations of the balance control loop can be used in combination with imposed perturbations to characterize mechanistic principles underlying the control of standing balance. We propose that recent developments in the use of robotics and sensory manipulations will continue to enable new possibilities for simulating and/or altering the sensorimotor control of standing beyond compensatory responses to imposed external perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon G. Rasman
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Patrick A. Forbes
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Romain Tisserand
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Blouin
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Institute for Computing, Information and Cognitive Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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230
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Goyens J, Vasilopoulou-Kampitsi M, Claes R, Sijbers J, Mancini L. Enhanced contrast in X-ray microtomographic images of the membranous labyrinth using different X-ray sources and scanning modes. J Anat 2018; 233:770-782. [PMID: 30277260 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The vestibular system, located in the inner ear, plays a crucial role in balance and gaze stabilisation by sensing head movements. The interconnected tubes with membranous walls of the vestibular system are located in the skull bone (the 'membranous labyrinth'). Unfortunately, these membranes are very hard to visualise using three-dimensional (3D) X-ray imaging techniques. This difficulty arises due to the embedment of the membranes in the dense skull bone, the thinness of the membranes, and the small difference in X-ray absorption between the membranes and the surrounding fluid. In this study, we compared the visualisation of very small specimens (lizard heads with vestibular systems smaller than 3 mm) by X-ray computed micro-tomography (μCT) based on synchrotron radiation and conventional sources. A visualisation protocol using conventional X-ray μCT would be very useful thanks to the ease of access and lower cost. Careful optimisation of the acquisition parameters enables detection of the membranes by using μCT scanners based on conventional microfocus sources, but in some cases a low contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) prevents fast and reliable segmentation of the membranes. Synchrotron radiation μCT proved to be preferable for the visualisation of the small samples with very thin membranes, because of their high demands for spatial and contrast resolution. The best contrast was obtained by using synchrotron radiation μCT working in phase-contrast mode, leading to up to twice as high CNRs than the best conventional μCT results. The CNR of the synchrotron radiation μCT scans was sufficiently high enough to enable the construction of a 3D model by the means of semi-automatic segmentation of the membranous labyrinth. Membrane thickness was found to range between 2.7 and 36.3 μm. Hence, the minimal membrane thickness was found to be much smaller than described previously in the literature (between 10 and 50 μm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Goyens
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Raf Claes
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Sijbers
- Imec-Vision Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lucia Mancini
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
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Jaiganesh A, Narui Y, Araya-Secchi R, Sotomayor M. Beyond Cell-Cell Adhesion: Sensational Cadherins for Hearing and Balance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a029280. [PMID: 28847902 PMCID: PMC6008173 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cadherins form a large family of proteins often involved in calcium-dependent cellular adhesion. Although classical members of the family can provide a physical bond between cells, a subset of special cadherins use their extracellular domains to interlink apical specializations of single epithelial sensory cells. Two of these cadherins, cadherin-23 (CDH23) and protocadherin-15 (PCDH15), form extracellular "tip link" filaments that connect apical bundles of stereocilia on hair cells essential for inner-ear mechanotransduction. As these bundles deflect in response to mechanical stimuli from sound or head movements, tip links gate hair-cell mechanosensitive channels to initiate sensory perception. Here, we review the unusual and diverse structural properties of these tip-link cadherins and the functional significance of their deafness-related missense mutations. Based on the structural features of CDH23 and PCDH15, we discuss the elasticity of tip links and models that bridge the gap between the nanomechanics of cadherins and the micromechanics of hair-cell bundles during inner-ear mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Jaiganesh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Yoshie Narui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Raul Araya-Secchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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232
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Frank SM, Greenlee MW. The parieto-insular vestibular cortex in humans: more than a single area? J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:1438-1450. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00907.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we review the structure and function of a core region in the vestibular cortex of humans that is located in the midposterior Sylvian fissure and referred to as the parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC). Previous studies have investigated PIVC by using vestibular or visual motion stimuli and have observed activations that were distributed across multiple anatomical structures, including the temporo-parietal junction, retroinsula, parietal operculum, and posterior insula. However, it has remained unclear whether all of these anatomical areas correspond to PIVC and whether PIVC responds to both vestibular and visual stimuli. Recent results suggest that the region that has been referred to as PIVC in previous studies consists of multiple areas with different anatomical correlates and different functional specializations. Specifically, a vestibular but not visual area is located in the parietal operculum, close to the posterior insula, and likely corresponds to the nonhuman primate PIVC, while a visual-vestibular area is located in the retroinsular cortex and is referred to, for historical reasons, as the posterior insular cortex area (PIC). In this article, we review the anatomy, connectivity, and function of PIVC and PIC and propose that the core of the human vestibular cortex consists of at least two separate areas, which we refer to together as PIVC+. We also review the organization in the nonhuman primate brain and show that there are parallels to the proposed organization in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M. Frank
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Mark W. Greenlee
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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233
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Abedi Khoozani P, Blohm G. Neck muscle spindle noise biases reaches in a multisensory integration task. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:893-909. [PMID: 29742021 PMCID: PMC6171065 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00643.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reference frame transformations (RFTs) are crucial components of sensorimotor transformations in the brain. Stochasticity in RFTs has been suggested to add noise to the transformed signal due to variability in transformation parameter estimates (e.g., angle) as well as the stochastic nature of computations in spiking networks of neurons. Here, we varied the RFT angle together with the associated variability and evaluated the behavioral impact in a reaching task that required variability-dependent visual-proprioceptive multisensory integration. Crucially, reaches were performed with the head either straight or rolled 30° to either shoulder, and we also applied neck loads of 0 or 1.8 kg (left or right) in a 3 × 3 design, resulting in different combinations of estimated head roll angle magnitude and variance required in RFTs. A novel three-dimensional stochastic model of multisensory integration across reference frames was fitted to the data and captured our main behavioral findings: 1) neck load biased head angle estimation across all head roll orientations, resulting in systematic shifts in reach errors; 2) increased neck muscle tone led to increased reach variability due to signal-dependent noise; and 3) both head roll and neck load created larger angular errors in reaches to visual targets away from the body compared with reaches toward the body. These results show that noise in muscle spindles and stochasticity in general have a tangible effect on RFTs underlying reach planning. Since RFTs are omnipresent in the brain, our results could have implications for processes as diverse as motor control, decision making, posture/balance control, and perception. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that increasing neck muscle tone systematically biases reach movements. A novel three-dimensional multisensory integration across reference frames model captures the data well and provides evidence that the brain must have online knowledge of full-body geometry together with the associated variability to plan reach movements accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Abedi Khoozani
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario , Canada
- Canadian Action and Perception Network , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Gunnar Blohm
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario , Canada
- Canadian Action and Perception Network , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
- Association for Canadian Neuroinformatics and Computational Neuroscience , Kingston, Ontario , Canada
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234
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Kirsch V, Boegle R, Keeser D, Kierig E, Ertl-Wagner B, Brandt T, Dieterich M. Handedness-dependent functional organizational patterns within the bilateral vestibular cortical network revealed by fMRI connectivity based parcellation. Neuroimage 2018; 178:224-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Tramontano M, Bergamini E, Iosa M, Belluscio V, Vannozzi G, Morone G. Vestibular rehabilitation training in patients with subacute stroke: A preliminary randomized controlled trial. NeuroRehabilitation 2018; 43:247-254. [DOI: 10.3233/nre-182427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tramontano
- Clinical Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation, Fondazione Santa Lucia (Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care), Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Bergamini
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Iosa
- Clinical Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation, Fondazione Santa Lucia (Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care), Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Belluscio
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Morone
- Clinical Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation, Fondazione Santa Lucia (Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care), Rome, Italy
- Private Inpatients Unit, Fondazione Santa Lucia (Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care), Rome, Italy
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Heesterbeek M, Van der Zee EA, van Heuvelen MJG. Passive exercise to improve quality of life, activities of daily living, care burden and cognitive functioning in institutionalized older adults with dementia - a randomized controlled trial study protocol. BMC Geriatr 2018; 18:182. [PMID: 30107789 PMCID: PMC6092789 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-018-0874-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dementia affects cognitive functioning, physical functioning, activities of daily living (ADLs), and quality of life (QOL). Pharmacological treatments to manage, cure or prevent dementia remain controversial. Therefore development of non-pharmacological approaches to prevent, or at least delay the onset and progression of dementia is urgently needed. Passive exercise is proposed to be such a non-pharmacological alternative. This study primarily aims to investigate the effects of three different forms of passive exercise on QOL and ADLs of institutionalized patients with dementia. The secondary aims are to assess the effects of three different forms of passive exercise on cognitive functioning and physical functioning of institutionalized patients with dementia as well as on care burden of both the primary formal and primary informal caregivers of these patients. Methods This is a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Three forms of passive exercise are distinguished; motion simulation (MSim), whole body vibration (WBV), and a combination of both MSim + WBV. Intervention effects are compared to a control group receiving regular care. Institutionalized patients with dementia follow a six-week intervention program consisting of four 4–12 min sessions a week. The primary outcome measures QOL and ADLs and secondary outcome measure care burden are assessed with questionnaires filled in by the primary formal and informal caregivers of the patient. The other secondary outcome measures cognitive and physical functioning are assessed by individual testing. The four groups are compared at baseline, after 6 weeks of intervention, and 2 weeks after the intervention has ended. Discussion This study will provide insight in the effects of different forms of passive exercise on QOL, ADLs, cognitive and physical functioning and care burden of institutionalized patients with dementia and their primary formal and informal caregivers. The results of this study might support the idea that passive exercise can be an efficient alternative for physical activity for patients not able to be or stay involved in active physical exercise. Trial registration The Netherlands National Trial Register (NTR6290). Retrospectively registered 29 March 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marelle Heesterbeek
- Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Eddy A Van der Zee
- Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke J G van Heuvelen
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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237
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Almutairi A, Christy JB, Vogtle L. Vestibular and Oculomotor Function in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Scoping Review. Semin Hear 2018; 39:288-304. [PMID: 30038456 PMCID: PMC6054580 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1666819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a nonprogressive permanent brain injury that causes an impairment of movement and posture. This scoping review aimed to answer the following questions: (1) "What is the status of oculomotor function in children with CP?" (2) "What is the status of vestibular function (i.e., gaze stability, perception of vertical, vestibular-related balance abilities) in children with CP?" Using Arksey's and O'Malley's five-stage framework, we searched six online databases for relevant articles. The inclusion criteria were: (1) participants of the studies included individuals with CP; (2) a primary outcome in the studies was measurement of oculomotor, vestibular, and/or balance; (3) studies were published within the past 20 years; and (4) the participants in the studies were between 0 and 21 years of age. Twenty-one articles were found that described impairments in oculomotor function ( n = 9), vestibular function ( n = 1), and oculomotor and vestibular integration ( n = 11) in children with CP. The evidence suggests that children with CP may have altered saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements, abnormal saccular function, poor eye-hand coordination, and abnormal use of vestibular information for balance. Future studies should explore peripheral and central vestibular function using reliable and valid methods for this population. This scoping review demonstrated a paucity of rigorous and objective research to describe the status of oculomotor and vestibular function in children with CP. However, preliminary studies suggest that more research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Almutairi
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jennifer Braswell Christy
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Laura Vogtle
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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238
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Tisserand R, Dakin CJ, Van der Loos MH, Croft EA, Inglis TJ, Blouin JS. Down regulation of vestibular balance stabilizing mechanisms to enable transition between motor states. eLife 2018; 7:36123. [PMID: 29989550 PMCID: PMC6056236 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural control of transition between posture and movement encompasses the regulation of reflex-stabilizing mechanisms to enable motion. Optimal feedback theory suggests that such transitions require the disengagement of one motor control policy before the implementation of another. To test this possibility, we investigated the continuity of the vestibular control of balance during transitions between quiet standing and locomotion and between two standing postures. Healthy subjects initiated and terminated locomotion or shifted the distribution of their weight between their feet, while exposed to electrical vestibular stimuli (EVS). The relationship between EVS and ground reaction forces was quantified using time-frequency analyses. Discontinuities corresponding to null coherence periods were observed preceding the onset of movement initiation and during the step preceding locomotion termination. These results show humans interrupt the vestibular balance stabilizing mechanisms to transition between motor states, suggesting a discrete change between motor control policies, as predicted by optimal feedback theory. Crossing Abbey Road is something of a paradox in neuroscientific terms. As you stand waiting to cross, tiny movements of your body – such as those due to breathing – cause you to sway by small amounts. To prevent you from falling over, your brain makes active corrections to your posture. These posture-correcting mechanisms oppose movements such as sway and keep you standing upright. But what happens when you want to cross the road? To get you moving, your brain has two options. It could temporarily suppress the posture-correcting mechanisms. Or it could reconfigure them so that they work in a different way. The posture-correcting mechanisms rely upon sensory input from various sources. These include the vestibular system of the inner ear. The vestibular system tells the brain about the position and movement of the head in space and relative to gravity. Monitoring vestibular system activity as a person starts to move should thus reveal what is happening to the posture-correcting mechanisms. Tisserand et al. asked healthy volunteers to transition between standing still and walking, or to shift their weight from one foot to the other. At the same time, small non-painful electric currents were applied to the bones behind the volunteers' ears. These currents induced small changes in vestibular system activity. Sensors in the floor measured the forces the volunteers generated while standing or walking, thereby revealing how they adjusted their balance. The results showed that the brain suppresses its posture-correcting mechanisms before people start or stop moving. These findings have implications for robotics. They could make it easier to program robots to show smooth transitions into and out of movement. The findings are also relevant to movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. One common symptom of this disorder is freezing of gait, in which patients suddenly feel as though their feet are glued to the ground. Understanding how the brain controls movement transitions may reveal how such symptoms arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Tisserand
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christopher J Dakin
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, United States
| | - Machiel Hf Van der Loos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Institute for Computing, Information and Cognitive Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Timothy J Inglis
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Blouin
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Institute for Computing, Information and Cognitive Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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239
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Glasauer S. Harris, L. R., & Ferrè, E. R. (Eds.). Vestibular Cognition. Perception 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0301006618774210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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240
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Saeys W, Herssens N, Verwulgen S, Truijen S. Sensory information and the perception of verticality in post-stroke patients. Another point of view in sensory reweighting strategies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199098. [PMID: 29958286 PMCID: PMC6025873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perception of verticality is highly related to balance control in human. Head-on-body tilt <60° results in the E-effect, meaning that a tilt of the perceived vertical is observed contralateral to the head tilt in the frontal plane. Furthermore, somatosensory loss also impacts the accuracy of verticality perception. However, when several input sources are absent or biased, less options for sensory weighting and balance control occur. Therefore, this study aims to identify the E-effect and assess the effect of somatosensory loss on the extent of the E-effect. METHODS All patients with a first stroke admitted to a Belgian rehabilitation hospital were eligible for inclusion. Patients aged above 80 with other neurological and orthopaedic impairments as well as brainstem, cerebellar or multiple lesions were excluded. In addition, patients with visuospatial neglect and pusher behaviour were also excluded as this can affect verticality perception. The Rivermead Assessment of Somatosensory Performance (RASP), the Subjective Visual (SVV) and Subjective Postural (SPV) Vertical Test were administered. RESULTS In total, 37 patients were included in the analysis of which 24 patients completed both SVV and SPV assessment. Results show that the E-effect occurred in our sample of stroke survivors for both SVV and SPV. In addition, the presence of somatosensory loss will increase the E-effect in both SVV as SPV assessment. A significant difference in verticality perception was noted for both SVV and SPV between the group with no (SVV: 5.13°(6.92); SPV: 0.30°(1.85)) and highly severe (SVV: 10.54°(13.19); SPV: 5.96°(9.27)) sensory loss. CONCLUSIONS The E-effect occurs in stroke subjects and increases when patients experience somatosensory loss. This suggests that the lack of available afferent information impede estimation of verticality. Therefore, stroke survivors have fewer alternative input sources as a result of impairments, leading to fewer options about sensory reweighting strategies and balance recovery after perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Saeys
- University of Antwerp, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Rehabilitation Hospital Revarte, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Nolan Herssens
- University of Antwerp, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Stijn Verwulgen
- University of Antwerp, Department of Product Development, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Truijen
- University of Antwerp, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Corneil BD, Camp AJ. Animal Models of Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials: The Past, Present, and Future. Front Neurol 2018; 9:489. [PMID: 29988517 PMCID: PMC6026641 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) provide a simple and cost-effective means to assess the patency of vestibular reflexes. VEMP testing constitutes a core screening method in a clinical battery that probes vestibular function. The confidence one has in interpreting the results arising from VEMP testing is linked to a fundamental understanding of the underlying functional anatomy and physiology. In this review, we will summarize the key role that studies across a range of animal models have fulfilled in contributing to this understanding, covering key findings regarding the mechanisms of excitation in the sensory periphery, the processing of sensory information in central networks, and the distribution of reflexive output to the motor periphery. Although VEMPs are often touted for their simplicity, work in animals models have emphasized how vestibular reflexes operate within a broader behavioral and functional context, and as such vestibular reflexes are influenced by multisensory integration, governed by task demands, and follow principles of muscle recruitment. We will conclude with considerations of future questions, and the ways in which studies in current and emerging animal models can contribute to further use and refinement of this test for both basic and clinical research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Corneil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron J. Camp
- Discipline of Biomedical Science, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review considers recent advances in central vertigo in terms of clinical and laboratory features and pathophysiology. RECENT FINDINGS Strokes presenting dizziness-vertigo are more likely to be associated with a misdiagnosis in the emergency setting. The risk of future strokes after discharge is higher in patients diagnosed with peripheral vertigo than in control patients. Strokes and transient ischemic attacks account for one-quarter of acute transient vestibular syndrome. Diagnosis of acute combined central and peripheral vestibulopathy such as anterior inferior cerebellar artery infarction requires additional consideration whenever applying the HINTS (head impulse test, direction-changing gaze-evoked nystagmus, and test of skew). Heat illness and metronidazole have been recognized as new causes of central vestibulopathy. Some new findings have also been added to the clinical and laboratory features of central vertigo. SUMMARY Central vertigo is a heterogeneous group of disorders with diverse clinical spectrums. An integrated approach based on understanding of clinical features, laboratory findings, speculated mechanisms, and limitations of current diagnostic tests will lead to better clinical practice.
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Sim T, Yoo H, Lee D, Suh SW, Yang JH, Kim H, Mun JH. Analysis of sensory system aspects of postural stability during quiet standing in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2018; 15:54. [PMID: 29929530 PMCID: PMC6013903 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-018-0395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to quantitatively analyze quite standing postural stability of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients in respect to three sensory systems (visual, vestibular, and somatosensory). Method In this study, we analyzed the anterior-posterior center of pressure (CoP) signal using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) between AIS patients (n = 32) and normal controls (n = 25) during quiet standing. Result The energy rate (∆EEYE%) of the CoP signal was significantly higher in the AIS group than that in the control group at levels corresponding to vestibular and somatosensory systems (p < 0.01). Conclusions This implies that AIS patients use strategies to compensate for possible head position changes and spinal asymmetry caused by morphological deformations of the spine through vestibular and somatosensory systems. This could be interpreted that such compensation could help them maintain postural stability during quiet standing. The interpretation of CoP signal during quiet standing in AIS patients will improve our understanding of changes in physical exercise ability due to morphological deformity of the spine. This result is useful for evaluating postural stability before and after treatments (spinal fusion, bracing, rehabilitation, and so on).
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyong Sim
- Department of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Natural Sciences Campus, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, South Korea
| | - Hakje Yoo
- Department of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Natural Sciences Campus, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, South Korea
| | - Dongjun Lee
- Department of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Natural Sciences Campus, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, South Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Suh
- Department of Orthopedics, Scoliosis Research Institute, Korea University Medical College, Guro Hospital, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308, South Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Scoliosis Research Institute, Korea University Medical College, Guro Hospital, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308, South Korea
| | - Hyunggun Kim
- Department of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Natural Sciences Campus, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, South Korea.
| | - Joung Hwan Mun
- Department of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Natural Sciences Campus, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, South Korea.
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Behavioral and neurochemical characterization of the mlh mutant mice lacking otoconia. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:958-966. [PMID: 29913187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Otoconia are crucial for the correct processing of positional information and orientation. Mice lacking otoconia cannot sense the direction of the gravity vector and cannot swim properly. This study aims to characterize the behavior of mergulhador (mlh), otoconia-deficient mutant mice. Additionally, the central catecholamine levels were evaluated to investigate possible correlations between behaviors and central neurotransmitters. A sequence of behavioral tests was used to evaluate the parameters related to the general activity, sensory nervous system, psychomotor system, and autonomous nervous system, in addition to measuring the acquisition of spatial and declarative memory, anxiety-like behavior, motor coordination, and swimming behavior of the mlh mutant mice. As well, the neurotransmitter levels in the cerebellum, striatum, frontal cortex, and hippocampus were measured. Relative to BALB/c mice, the mutant mlh mice showed 1) reduced locomotor and rearing behavior, increased auricular and touch reflexes, decreased motor coordination and increased micturition; 2) decreased responses in the T-maze and aversive wooden beam tests; 3) increased time of immobility in the tail suspension test; 4) no effects in the elevated plus maze or object recognition test; 5) an inability to swim; and 6) reduced turnover of dopaminergic system in the cerebellum, striatum, and frontal cortex. Thus, in our mlh mutant mice, otoconia deficiency reduced the motor, sensory and spatial learning behaviors likely by impairing balance. We did not rule out the role of the dopaminergic system in all behavioral deficits of the mlh mutant mice.
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Branoner F, Straka H. Semicircular Canal Influences on the Developmental Tuning of the Translational Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex. Front Neurol 2018; 9:404. [PMID: 29922219 PMCID: PMC5996107 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vestibulo-ocular reflexes (VORs) rely on neuronal computations that transform vestibular sensory signals into spatio-temporally appropriate extraocular motor commands. The motoneuronal discharge for contractions of the superior oblique eye muscle during linear translation derives from a utricular epithelial sector that is spatially aligned with the pulling direction of this muscle. In Xenopus laevis, the alignment is gradually achieved during larval development and requires motion-related semicircular canal afferent activity. Here, we studied the origin of semicircular canal and utricular signals responsible for the establishment and maturation of the extraocular motor response vector. Experiments were conducted on semi-intact preparations of Xenopus tadpoles before and after unilateral transection of the VIIIth nerve and in preparations of animals in which semicircular canal formation was prevented on one side by the injection of hyaluronidase into the otic capsule prior to the establishment of the tubular structures. Unilateral VIIIth nerve sections revealed that the excitation underlying the contraction of the superior oblique eye muscle during horizontal linear acceleration and clockwise/counter-clockwise roll motion derives exclusively from the utricle and the posterior semicircular canal on the ipsilateral side. In contrast, the developmental constriction of the otolith response vector depends on signals from the posterior semicircular canal on the contralateral side. These latter signals suppress directionally incorrect components that derive from the utricular sector perpendicular to the superior oblique eye muscle. This directional tuning complies with a stabilization of spatially correct utricular inputs that are aligned with the extraocular motor target muscle. In addition, misaligned signals are concurrently suppressed by semicircular canal-related commissural pathways from the contralateral side and through local interneuronal inhibitory circuits within the ipsilateral vestibular nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Branoner
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Straka
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Degree of Functional Impairment Associated With Vestibular Hypofunction Among Older Adults With Cognitive Decline. Otol Neurotol 2018; 39:e392-e400. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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247
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Medendorp WP, Alberts BBGT, Verhagen WIM, Koppen M, Selen LPJ. Psychophysical Evaluation of Sensory Reweighting in Bilateral Vestibulopathy. Front Neurol 2018; 9:377. [PMID: 29910766 PMCID: PMC5992424 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of spatial orientation is thought to rely on the brain's integration of visual, vestibular, proprioceptive, and somatosensory signals, as well as internal beliefs. When one of these signals breaks down, such as the vestibular signal in bilateral vestibulopathy, patients start compensating by relying more on the remaining cues. How these signals are reweighted in this integration process is difficult to establish, since they cannot be measured in isolation during natural tasks, are inherently noisy, and can be ambiguous or in conflict. Here, we review our recent work, combining experimental psychophysics with a reverse engineering approach, based on Bayesian inference principles, to quantify sensory noise levels and optimal (re)weighting at the individual subject level, in both patients with bilateral vestibular deficits and healthy controls. We show that these patients reweight the remaining sensory information, relying more on visual and other nonvestibular information than healthy controls in the perception of spatial orientation. This quantification approach could improve diagnostics and prognostics of multisensory integration deficits in vestibular patients, and contribute to an evaluation of rehabilitation therapies directed toward specific training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Pieter Medendorp
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bart B. G. T. Alberts
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wim I. M. Verhagen
- Department of Neurology, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Koppen
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Luc P. J. Selen
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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248
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Dockheer KM, Bockisch CJ, Tarnutzer AA. Effects of Optokinetic Stimulation on Verticality Perception Are Much Larger for Vision-Based Paradigms Than for Vision-Independent Paradigms. Front Neurol 2018; 9:323. [PMID: 29867732 PMCID: PMC5954029 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Verticality perception as assessed by the subjective visual vertical (SVV) is significantly biased by a rotating optokinetic stimulus. The underlying mechanisms of this effect remain open. Potentially, the optokinetic stimulus induces a shift of the internal estimate of the direction of gravity. This hypothesis predicts a shift of perceived vertical using other, non-vision dependent, paradigms as well. Alternatively, an optokinetic stimulus may only induce a shift of visual orientation, and so would be task specific. Methods To test this prediction, both vision-dependent SVV and vision-independent [subjective haptic vertical (SHV)] paradigms were applied. In 12 healthy human subjects, perceived vertical was measured in different whole-body roll positions (up to ±120°, steps = 30°) while watching a clockwise or counterclockwise rotating optokinetic stimulus. For comparison, baseline trials were collected in darkness. A generalized linear model was applied for statistical analysis. Results A significant main effect for optokinetic stimulation was noted both for the SVV paradigm (p < 0.001) and the SHV paradigm (p = 0.013). However, while pairwise comparisons demonstrated significant optokinetic-induced shifts (p ≤ 0.035) compared to baseline in all roll-tilted orientations except 30° and 60° left-ear-down position and counterclockwise optokinetic stimulation for the SVV paradigm, significant shifts were found in only 1 of the 18 test conditions (120° left-ear-down roll orientation, counterclockwise optokinetic stimulation) for the SHV paradigm. Compared to the SHV, the SVV showed significantly (p < 0.001) larger shifts of perceived vertical when presenting a clockwise (15.3 ± 16.0° vs. 1.1 ± 5.2°, mean ± 1 SD) or counterclockwise (−12.6 ± 7.7° vs. −2.6 ± 5.4°) rotating optokinetic stimulus. Conclusion Comparing the effect of optokinetic stimulation on verticality perception in both vision-dependent and vision-independent paradigms, we demonstrated distinct patterns. While significant large and roll-angle dependent shifts were noted for the SVV, offsets were minor and reached significance only in one test condition for the SHV. These results suggest that optokinetic stimulation predominately affects vision-related mechanisms, possibly due to induced torsional eye displacements, and that any shifts of the internal estimate of the direction of gravity are relatively minor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Dockheer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher J Bockisch
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander A Tarnutzer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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249
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Díaz C, Puelles L. Segmental Analysis of the Vestibular Nerve and the Efferents of the Vestibular Complex. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:472-484. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Díaz
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine/Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Albacete 02006 Spain
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology and IMIB-Arrixaca Institute, School of Medicine; University of Murcia; Murcia E30071 Spain
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250
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Wang N, Wu H, Xu M, Yang Y, Chang C, Zeng W, Yan H. Occupational functional plasticity revealed by brain entropy: A resting-state fMRI study of seafarers. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:2997-3004. [PMID: 29676512 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been increasingly used to assess brain function. Brain entropy is an effective model for evaluating the alteration of brain complexity. Specifically, the sample entropy (SampEn) provides a feasible solution for revealing the brain's complexity. Occupation is one key factor affecting the brain's activity, but the neuropsychological mechanisms are still unclear. Thus, in this article, based on fMRI and a brain entropy model, we explored the functional complexity changes engendered by occupation factors, taking the seafarer as an example. The whole-brain entropy values of two groups (i.e., the seafarers and the nonseafarers) were first calculated by SampEn and followed by a two-sample t test with AlphaSim correction (p < .05). We found that the entropy of the orbital-frontal gyrus (OFG) and superior temporal gyrus (STG) in the seafarers was significantly higher than that of the nonseafarers. In addition, the entropy of the cerebellum in the seafarers was lower than that of the nonseafarers. We conclude that (1) the lower entropy in the cerebellum implies that the seafarers' cerebellum activity had strong regularity and consistency, suggesting that the seafarer's cerebellum was possibly more specialized by the long-term career training; (2) the higher entropy in the OFG and STG possibly demonstrated that the seafarers had a relatively decreased capability for emotion control and auditory information processing. The above results imply that the seafarer occupation indeed impacted the brain's complexity, and also provided new neuropsychological evidence of functional plasticity related to one's career.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nizhuan Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Huijun Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Min Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.,Center for Neuroimaging, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Center for Neuroimaging, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Chunqi Chang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.,Center for Neuroimaging, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Weiming Zeng
- Digital Image and Intelligent computation Laboratory, College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Hongjie Yan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, 222002, China
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