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Chou TH, Liang CH. The Molecular Effects of Aloe-Emodin (AE)/Liposome-AE on Human Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Cells and Skin Permeation. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:2017-28. [DOI: 10.1021/tx900318a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tzung-Han Chou
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60 Erh-Jen Road, Section 1, Pao-An, Jen-Te Hsiang, Tainan 717, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Liang
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60 Erh-Jen Road, Section 1, Pao-An, Jen-Te Hsiang, Tainan 717, Taiwan
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202
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Radiation and anticancer drugs can facilitate mitochondrial bypass by CD95/Fas via c-FLIP downregulation. Cell Death Differ 2009; 17:551-61. [DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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203
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Abstract
Programmed cell death and its morphological manifestation termed apoptosis is a conserved pathway that appears to operate in all multicellular organisms. During embryonic development, cell death is essential for successful organogenesis, and apoptosis also operates in adult organisms to maintain normal cellular homeostasis. The removal of disordered cells by a controlled cellular mechanism is especially critical in long-lived mammals that must integrate multiple physiological as well as pathological death signals. Gain- and loss-of-function models of genes in the core apoptotic pathway suggest that perturbation of cellular homeostasis can be a primary pathogenic event that results in disease. Indeed, there is now compelling evidence that insufficient apoptosis can manifest as cancer or autoimmunity, whereas accelerated cell death is evident in acute and chronic degenerative diseases, further highlighting the fact that deregulation of cell death pathways has major health implications. Not surprisingly, during the past 25 years a huge endeavour aimed at unravelling this fundamental biological process has led to major advances in our understanding of cell death pathways. Therapeutic strategies to manipulate apoptosis have immense potential and this review highlights several potentially viable drug targets for modulating cell death that have been discovered from the elegant work of many scientists in elucidating the protein components and key regulators of apoptosis signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M MacFarlane
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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204
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Abstract
Resistance to apoptosis (programmed cell death) is a characteristic feature of human cancers including childhood malignancies. Further, evasion of apoptosis is a frequent cause of treatment resistance, since most anti-cancer therapies, for example chemo- or radiotherapy act primarily by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Over the last two decades, the dissection of apoptosis pathways in pediatric tumors has resulted in the identification of many key molecules that may serve as molecular targets for drug discovery. Accordingly, components of the apoptotic cascade are currently exploited for the development of rationally designed molecular targeted therapies. This approach is expected to open new and more effective approaches for the treatment of childhood cancers.
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205
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Koschny R, Holland H, Sykora J, Erdal H, Krupp W, Bauer M, Bockmuehl U, Ahnert P, Meixensberger J, Stremmel W, Walczak H, Ganten TM. Bortezomib sensitizes primary human esthesioneuroblastoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. J Neurooncol 2009; 97:171-85. [PMID: 19768634 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-009-0010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a promising novel anti-cancer cytokine of the TNF superfamily, and Bortezomib, the first-in-class clinically used proteasome inhibitor, alone or in combination have been shown to efficiently kill numerous tumor cell lines. However, data concerning primary human tumor cells are very rare. Using primary esthesioneuroblastoma cells we analyzed the anti-tumor potential and the mechanism employed by Bortezomib in combination with TRAIL for the treatment of this rare but aggressive tumor. Expression of components of the TRAIL pathway was analyzed in tumor specimens and isolated primary tumor cells at the protein level. Cells were treated with TRAIL, Bortezomib, and a combination thereof, and apoptosis induction was quantified. Clonogenicity assays were performed to elucidate the long-term effect of this treatment. Despite expressing all components of the TRAIL pathway, freshly isolated primary esthesioneuroblastoma cells were completely resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. They could, however, be very efficiently sensitized by subtoxic doses of Bortezomib. The influence of Bortezomib on the TRAIL pathway was analyzed and showed upregulation of TRAIL death receptor expression, enhancement of the TRAIL death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), and downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins of the TRAIL pathway. Of clinical relevance, TRAIL-resistant primary tumor cells could be repeatedly sensitized by Bortezomib, providing the basis for repeated clinical application schedules. This is the first report on the highly synergistic induction of apoptosis in primary esthesioneuroblastoma cells by Bortezomib and TRAIL. This combination, therefore, represents a promising novel therapeutic option for esthesioneuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Koschny
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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206
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Elias A, Siegelin MD, Steinmüller A, von Deimling A, Lass U, Korn B, Mueller W. Epigenetic silencing of death receptor 4 mediates tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand resistance in gliomas. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5457-65. [PMID: 19706813 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify and characterize epigenetically regulated genes able to predict sensitivity or resistance to currently tested chemotherapeutic agents in glioma therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used methylation-sensitive BeadArray technology to identify novel epigenetically regulated genes associated with apoptosis and with potential therapeutic targets in glioma therapy. To elucidate the functional consequences of promoter methylation in the identified target death receptor 4 (DR4), we investigated tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated and anti-DR4-mediated apoptosis in glioma cell lines (U373 and A172) with loss of DR4 and one glioma cell line (LN18) with robust DR4 expression. RESULTS In human astrocytic tumors, we detected DR4 promoter hypermethylation in 60% (n = 5) of diffuse astrocytomas WHO grade 2, in 75% (n = 8) of anaplastic astrocytomas WHO grade 3, and in 70% of glioblastomas WHO grade 4 (n = 33). DR4 is a cell surface protein restricted to glioma cells and is targeted by TRAIL. Glioma cell lines U373 and A172 harbored heavily methylated DR4 promoters, and 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine-mediated demethylation reconstituted DR4 expression in these cell lines. Functional knockdown of DR4 by DR4-specific small interfering RNA in TRAIL-sensitive glioma cell line LN18 significantly mitigated apoptosis induced by an agonistic anti-DR4 antibody. 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine-mediated demethylation resulted in a functional reconstitution of DR4 on the cell surface of TRAIL-resistant glioma cell line U373 and sensitized U373 to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Suppression of DR4 by small interfering RNA in demethylated U373 successfully reestablished the TRAIL-resistant phenotype of U373. CONCLUSIONS DR4 promoter methylation is frequent in human astrocytic gliomas, and epigenetic silencing of DR4 mediates resistance to TRAIL/DR4-based glioma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Elias
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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207
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Abstract
The protein Par-4 acts in the cytoplasm to trigger cell death signaling via caspase activation and the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c. Burikhanov et al. (2009) now provide surprising evidence that Par-4 can also promote apoptosis from outside the cell, after its secretion in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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208
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Vangestel C, Van de Wiele C, Mees G, Peeters M. Forcing Cancer Cells to Commit Suicide. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2009; 24:395-407. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2008.0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christel Vangestel
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Van de Wiele
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Experimental Cancerology and Radiotherapy, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gilles Mees
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Peeters
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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209
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Abstract
Metastasis may arise years after removal of a primary tumor. The mechanisms allowing latent disseminated cancer cells to survive are unknown. We report that a gene expression signature of Src activation is associated with late-onset bone metastasis in breast cancer. This link is independent of hormone receptor status or breast cancer subtype. In breast cancer cells, Src is dispensable for homing to the bones or lungs but is critical for the survival and outgrowth of these cells in the bone marrow. Src mediates AKT regulation and cancer cell survival responses to CXCL12 and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), factors that are distinctively expressed in the bone metastasis microenvironment. Breast cancer cells that lodge in the bone marrow succumb in this environment when deprived of Src activity.
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210
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Gasparian ME, Chernyak BV, Dolgikh DA, Yagolovich AV, Popova EN, Sycheva AM, Moshkovskii SA, Kirpichnikov MP. Generation of new TRAIL mutants DR5-A and DR5-B with improved selectivity to death receptor 5. Apoptosis 2009; 14:778-87. [PMID: 19412666 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor (TNF) related apoptosis-inducing ligand) has been introduced as an extrinsic pathway inducer of apoptosis that does not have the toxicities of Fas and TNF. However, the therapeutic potential of TRAIL is limited because of many primary tumor cells are resistant to TRAIL. Despite intensive investigations, little is known in regards to the mechanisms underlying TRAIL selectivity and efficiency. A major reason likely lies in the complexity of the interaction of TRAIL with its five receptors, of which only two DR4 and DR5 are death receptors. Binding of TRAIL with decoy receptors DcR1 and DcR2 or soluble receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) fail to induce apoptosis. Here we describe design and expression in Escherichia coli of DR5-selective TRAIL variants DR5-A and DR5-B. The measurements of dissociation constants of these mutants with all five receptors show that they practically do not interact with DR4 and DcR1 and have highly reduced affinity to DcR2 and OPG receptors. These mutants are more effective than wild type TRAIL in induction of apoptosis in different cancer cell lines. In combination with the drugs targeted to cytoskeleton (taxol, cytochalasin D) the mutants of TRAIL induced apoptosis in resistant Hela cells overexpressing Bcl-2. The novel highly selective and effective DR5-A and DR5-B TRAIL variants will be useful in studies on the role of different receptors in TRAIL-induced apoptosis in sensitive and resistant cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine E Gasparian
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
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211
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White-Gilbertson SJ, Kasman L, McKillop J, Tirodkar T, Lu P, Voelkel-Johnson C. Oxidative stress sensitizes bladder cancer cells to TRAIL mediated apoptosis by down-regulating anti-apoptotic proteins. J Urol 2009; 182:1178-85. [PMID: 19625063 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE TRAIL, an endogenous protein involved in immunosurveillance and a novel drug in clinical trials, is of particular interest as cancer therapy because it can induce apoptosis in cancer cells but not in normal cells. Since some cancers develop resistance to TRAIL, safe and effective methods of TRAIL sensitization are of clinical interest. We explored how chemotherapy and oxidative stress affect TRAIL sensitivity and expression of proteins in the apoptotic pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sensitivity to TRAIL was assessed in viability assays. Apoptosis was measured by caspase-3/7 activity and/or nuclear condensation using Hoechst staining. Western blotting was used to determine cleavage, phosphorylation or alterations in protein expression. RESULTS TRAIL decreased the viability of 5637 but not of J82 or T24 bladder carcinoma cells (ATCC(R)). Chemotherapy with doxorubicin or cisplatin (Ben Venue Laboratories, Bedford, Ohio) decreased the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein cFLIP(S) and increased caspase-8 cleavage, reversing TRAIL resistance in T24 cells. Specific targeting of cFLIP(S) by siRNA was insufficient for sensitization to TRAIL in T24 cells. However, chemotherapy mediated TRAIL sensitization was mimicked by low concentrations of H(2)O(2), which resulted in the phosphorylation of translation EF2 and decreased the expression of several short half-life, anti-apoptotic proteins, including FLIP(S), XIAP and survivin. CONCLUSIONS Inducing oxidative stress by low H(2)O(2) concentrations may reverse TRAIL resistance. This warrants the further exploration of H(2)O(2) as an adjuvant intravesical treatment to lower the apoptotic threshold of bladder cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai J White-Gilbertson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29403, USA
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212
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Histone deacetylase inhibitors cooperate with IFN-gamma to restore caspase-8 expression and overcome TRAIL resistance in cancers with silencing of caspase-8. Oncogene 2009; 28:3097-110. [PMID: 19597472 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Evasion of apoptosis can be caused by epigenetic silencing of caspase-8, a key component of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway. Loss of caspase-8 correlates with poor prognosis in medulloblastoma, which highlights the relevance of strategies to upregulate caspase-8 to break apoptosis resistance. Here, we develop a new combinatorial approach, that is treatment using histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACI) together with interferon (IFN)-gamma, to restore caspase-8 expression and to overcome resistance to the death-receptor ligand TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in medulloblastoma in vitro and in vivo. HDACI, for example, valproic acid (VA), suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and MS-275, cooperate with IFN-gamma to upregulate caspase-8 in cancer cells lacking caspase-8, thereby restoring sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Molecular studies show that VA promotes histone acetylation and acts in concert with IFN-gamma to stimulate caspase-8 promoter activity. The resulting increase in caspase-8 mRNA and protein expression leads to enhanced TRAIL-induced activation of caspase-8 at the death-inducing signaling complex, mitochondrial outer-membrane permeabilization and caspase-dependent cell death. Intriguingly, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of caspase-8 also abolishes the VA/IFN-gamma-mediated sensitization for TRAIL-induced apoptosis. It is important to note that VA and IFN-gamma restore caspase-8 expression and sensitivity to TRAIL in primary medulloblastoma samples and significantly potentiate TRAIL-mediated suppression of medulloblastoma growth in vivo. These findings provide the rationale for further (pre)clinical evaluation of VA and IFN-gamma to restore caspase-8 expression and apoptosis sensitivity in cancers with caspase-8 silencing and open new perspectives to overcome TRAIL resistance.
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213
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Franzen CA, Chen CC, Todorović V, Juric V, Monzon RI, Lau LF. Matrix protein CCN1 is critical for prostate carcinoma cell proliferation and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:1045-55. [PMID: 19584265 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) plays an important role in immune surveillance and preferentially induces apoptosis in cancer cells over normal cells, suggesting its potential in cancer therapy. However, the molecular basis for its selective killing of cancer cells is not well understood. Recent studies have identified the CCN family of integrin-binding matricellular proteins as important regulators of cell behavior, including cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival. We show here that CCN1 (CYR61) supports the adhesion of prostatic carcinoma cells as an adhesion substrate through integrins and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Knockdown of CCN1 expression in PC-3 and DU-145 androgen-independent prostate cancer cells strongly inhibited their proliferation without causing apoptosis, indicating that CCN1 promotes their growth. However, CCN1 also significantly enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis through interaction with integrins alphavbeta3 and alpha6beta4 and the cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-4, acting through a protein kinase Calpha-dependent mechanism without requiring de novo protein synthesis. Knockdown of CCN1 expression in PC-3, DU-145, and LNCaP cells severely blunted their sensitivity to TRAIL, an effect that was reversed by exogenously added CCN1 protein. These findings reveal a functional dichotomy for CCN1 in prostate carcinoma cells, because it contributes to both cell proliferation and TRAIL-induced cell death and suggest that CCN1 expression status may be an important parameter in assessing the efficacy of TRAIL-dependent cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Franzen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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214
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Zhang XHF, Wang Q, Gerald W, Hudis CA, Norton L, Smid M, Foekens JA, Massagué J. Latent bone metastasis in breast cancer tied to Src-dependent survival signals. Cancer Cell 2009; 16:67-78. [PMID: 19573813 PMCID: PMC2749247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis may arise years after removal of a primary tumor. The mechanisms allowing latent disseminated cancer cells to survive are unknown. We report that a gene expression signature of Src activation is associated with late-onset bone metastasis in breast cancer. This link is independent of hormone receptor status or breast cancer subtype. In breast cancer cells, Src is dispensable for homing to the bones or lungs but is critical for the survival and outgrowth of these cells in the bone marrow. Src mediates AKT regulation and cancer cell survival responses to CXCL12 and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), factors that are distinctively expressed in the bone metastasis microenvironment. Breast cancer cells that lodge in the bone marrow succumb in this environment when deprived of Src activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang H.-F. Zhang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qiongqing Wang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - William Gerald
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clifford A. Hudis
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Larry Norton
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marcel Smid
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute and Cancer Genomics Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John A. Foekens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute and Cancer Genomics Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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215
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Haltiwanger
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Developmental Biology, Stony Brook Univeristy, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, Phone: 631-632-7336, FAX: 631-632-8575,
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216
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Moriwaki K, Noda K, Furukawa Y, Ohshima K, Uchiyama A, Nakagawa T, Taniguchi N, Daigo Y, Nakamura Y, Hayashi N, Miyoshi E. Deficiency of GMDS leads to escape from NK cell-mediated tumor surveillance through modulation of TRAIL signaling. Gastroenterology 2009; 137:188-98, 198.e1-2. [PMID: 19361506 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) promotes apoptosis in cancer cells, but not normal cells, and is critically involved in tumor rejection through natural killer (NK) cell-mediated immune surveillance. Oligosaccharides are involved in various aspects in carcinogenesis, and fucosylation is one of the most important oligosaccharide modifications in cancer. Here, we report for the first time mutations of the GDP-mannose-4,6-dehydratase (GMDS) gene, which plays a pivotal role in fucosylation, in human colon cancer. The mutations resulted in resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis followed by escape from immune surveillance. METHODS The mock and GMDS-rescued HCT116 cells were investigated in terms of NK cell-mediated tumor surveillance by TRAIL signaling both in vitro and in vivo. The mutational analysis for GMDS was performed with kinds of cancer cell lines and tissues. RESULTS The mutation found here led to a virtually complete deficiency of cellular fucosylation, and transfection of the wild-type GMDS into HCT116 cells restored the cellular fucosylation. When mock and GMDS-rescued cells were transplanted into athymic mice, tumor growth and metastasis of the GMDS-rescued cells were dramatically suppressed through NK cell-mediated tumor surveillance. Furthermore, the GMDS-rescued cells showed high susceptibility to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, and anti-TRAIL blocking antibody suppressed the accelerated direct cell lysis of the GMDS-rescued cells by splenocytes. Similar mutations of the GMDS were found in certain human cancer tissues and other cell lines. CONCLUSIONS This pathway by GMDS mutation could be a novel type of cancer progression through cellular fucosylation and NK cell-mediated tumor surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Moriwaki
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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217
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Aslan JE, You H, Williamson DM, Endig J, Youker RT, Thomas L, Shu H, Du Y, Milewski RL, Brush MH, Possemato A, Sprott K, Fu H, Greis KD, Runckel DN, Vogel A, Thomas G. Akt and 14-3-3 control a PACS-2 homeostatic switch that integrates membrane traffic with TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Mol Cell 2009; 34:497-509. [PMID: 19481529 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
TRAIL selectively kills diseased cells in vivo, spurring interest in this death ligand as a potential therapeutic. However, many cancer cells are resistant to TRAIL, suggesting the mechanism mediating TRAIL-induced apoptosis is complex. Here we identify PACS-2 as an essential TRAIL effector, required for killing tumor cells in vitro and virally infected hepatocytes in vivo. PACS-2 is phosphorylated at Ser437 in vivo, and pharmacologic and genetic studies demonstrate Akt is an in vivo Ser437 kinase. Akt cooperates with 14-3-3 to regulate the homeostatic and apoptotic properties of PACS-2 that mediate TRAIL action. Phosphorylated Ser437 binds 14-3-3 with high affinity, which represses PACS-2 apoptotic activity and is required for PACS-2 to mediate trafficking of membrane cargo. TRAIL triggers dephosphorylation of Ser437, reprogramming PACS-2 to promote apoptosis. Together, these studies identify the phosphorylation state of PACS-2 Ser437 as a molecular switch that integrates cellular homeostasis with TRAIL-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Aslan
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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218
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Akazawa Y, Mott JL, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Kahraman A, Guicciardi ME, Meng XW, Kohno S, Shah VH, Kaufmann SH, McNiven MA, Gores GJ. Death receptor 5 internalization is required for lysosomal permeabilization by TRAIL in malignant liver cell lines. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:2365-2376.e1-7. [PMID: 19272388 PMCID: PMC2693420 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) cytotoxicity in hepatocellular carcinoma cells is mediated by lysosomal permeabilization. Our aims were to determine which TRAIL receptor, death receptor (DR) 4 or DR5, mediates lysosomal permeabilization and assess whether receptor endocytosis followed by trafficking to lysosomes contributes in this process. METHODS TRAIL ligand internalization in Huh-7 cells was examined by confocal microscopy using Flag-tagged TRAIL, whereas DR4- and DR5-enhanced green fluorescent protein internalization was assessed by total internal reflection microscopy. Clathrin-dependent endocytosis was inhibited by expressing dominant negative dynamin. RESULTS Although Huh-7 cells express both TRAIL receptors, short hairpin RNA silencing of DR5 but not DR4 attenuated TRAIL-mediated lysosomal permeabilization and apoptosis. The TRAIL/DR5 complex underwent rapid cellular internalization upon ligand stimulation, whereas the TRAIL/DR4 complex was not efficiently internalized. DR5-enhanced green fluorescent protein internalization was dependent on a dileucine-based internalization motif. Endocytosis of the TRAIL/DR5 complex was dynamin dependent and was required for rapid lysosomal permeabilization and apoptosis in multiple malignant hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. Upon TRAIL treatment, DR5 colocalized with lysosomes after internalization. Inhibition of DR5 trafficking to lysosomes by Rab7 small interfering RNA also reduced TRAIL-mediated lysosomal disruption and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS TRAIL-mediated endocytosis of DR5 with trafficking to lysosomes contributes to lysosomal protease release into the cytosol and efficient apoptosis in malignant liver cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Akazawa
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki 852-8562, Japan
| | - Justin L. Mott
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Steven F. Bronk
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Nathan W. Werneburg
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Alisan Kahraman
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Maria Eugenia Guicciardi
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Xue Wei Meng
- Division of Oncology Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shigeru Kohno
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki 852-8562, Japan
| | - Vijay H. Shah
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Scott H. Kaufmann
- Division of Oncology Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mark A. McNiven
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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Horita H, Thorburn J, Frankel AE, Thorburn A. EGFR-targeted diphtheria toxin stimulates TRAIL killing of glioblastoma cells by depleting anti-apoptotic proteins. J Neurooncol 2009; 95:175-184. [PMID: 19449148 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-009-9914-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) involve surgery, radiotherapy, and cytotoxic chemotherapy; however, these treatments are not effective and there is an urgent need for better treatments. We investigated GBM cell killing by a novel drug combination involving DT-EGF, an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-targeted bacterial toxin, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) or antibodies that activate the TRAIL receptors DR4 and DR5. DT-EGF kills GBM cells by a non apoptotic mechanism whereas TRAIL kills by inducing apoptosis. GBM cells treated with DT-EGF and TRAIL were killed in a synergistic fashion in vitro and the combination was more effective than either treatment alone in vivo. Tumor cell death with the combination occurred by caspase activation and apoptosis due to DT-EGF positively regulating TRAIL killing by depleting FLIP, a selective inhibitor of TRAIL receptor-induced apoptosis. These data provide a mechanism-based rationale for combining targeted toxins and TRAIL receptor agonists to treat GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrick Horita
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 12801 E. 17th Ave., Room L18-6100, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jacqueline Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 12801 E. 17th Ave., Room L18-6100, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Arthur E Frankel
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Scott & White Cancer Research Institute, 5701 S. Airport Rd, Temple, TX, 76502, USA
| | - Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 12801 E. 17th Ave., Room L18-6100, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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220
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Moretto P, Hotte SJ. Targeting apoptosis: preclinical and early clinical experience with mapatumumab, an agonist monoclonal antibody targeting TRAIL-R1. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 18:311-25. [DOI: 10.1517/13543780902752463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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221
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Fulda S. Therapeutic opportunities for counteracting apoptosis resistance in childhood leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2009; 145:441-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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222
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Orzáez M, Gortat A, Mondragón L, Pérez-Payá E. Peptides and peptide mimics as modulators of apoptotic pathways. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:146-60. [PMID: 19021159 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death is an important and stringently controlled process. Aberrancies in its control mechanisms can lead to disease; overactive apoptosis can cause neurodegenerative disorders, whereas deficient apoptotic activity can lead to cancer. Therefore, controlling apoptotic pathways with peptides is showing increasing promise as a strategy in drug development.Programmed cell death or apoptosis is a noninvasive and strictly regulated cellular process required for organism development and tissue homeostasis. Deficiencies in apoptotic pathways are the source of many diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases, and disorders related to an inappropriate loss of cells such as heart failure, stroke, and liver injury. Validation of the various points of intervention as targets for drug development has been the subject of a vast number of studies. Peptides are essential tools for drug discovery, as well as preclinical and pharmaceutical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Orzáez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
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223
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Non-genetic origins of cell-to-cell variability in TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Nature 2009; 459:428-32. [PMID: 19363473 PMCID: PMC2858974 DOI: 10.1038/nature08012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 738] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In microorganisms, noise in gene expression gives rise to cell-to-cell variability in protein concentrations1–7. In mammalian cells, protein levels also vary8–10 and individual cells differ widely in responsiveness to uniform physiological stimuli11–15. In the case of apoptosis mediated by TRAIL (TNF related apoptosis-inducing ligand) it is common for some cells in a clonal population to die while others survive – a striking divergence in cell fate. Among cells that die, the time between TRAIL exposure and caspase activation is highly variable. Here we image sister cells expressing reporters of caspase activation and mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation (MOMP) following exposure to TRAIL. We show that naturally occurring differences in the levels or states of proteins regulating receptor-mediated apoptosis are the primary causes of cell-to-cell variability in the timing and probability of death. Protein state is transmitted from mother to daughter, giving rise to transient heritability in fate, but protein synthesis promotes rapid divergence so that sister cells soon become no more similar to each other than pairs of cells chosen at random. Our results have implications for understanding “fractional killing” of tumor cells following exposure to chemotherapy, and for variability in mammalian signal transduction in general.
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224
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Ivanov VN, Zhou H, Partridge MA, Hei TK. Inhibition of ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase activity enhances TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in human melanoma cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69:3510-9. [PMID: 19351839 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effects of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase on the regulation of the extrinsic tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor 2/DR5-mediated death pathway in human melanoma cells. We revealed that total ATM protein levels were high in some human melanoma lines compared with normal cells. The basal levels of active form ATM phospho-Ser(1981) were also detectable in many melanoma lines and could be further up-regulated by gamma-irradiation. Pretreatment of several melanoma lines just before gamma-irradiation with the inhibitor of ATM kinase KU-55933 suppressed p53 and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation but notably increased radiation-induced DR5 surface expression, down-regulated cFLIP (caspase-8 inhibitor) levels, and substantially enhanced exogenous TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, gamma-irradiation in the presence of KU-55933 rendered TRAIL-resistant HHMSX melanoma cells susceptible to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. In addition, suppression of ATM expression by the specific short hairpin RNA also resulted in down-regulation of cFLIP levels, up-regulation of surface DR5 expression, and TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in melanoma cells. Besides p53 and NF-kappaB, crucial regulators of DR5 expression, transcription factor STAT3 is known to negatively regulate DR5 expression. Suppression of Ser(727) and Tyr(705) phosphorylation of STAT3 by KU-55933 reduced STAT3 transacting activity accompanied by elevation in DR5 expression. Dominant-negative STAT3beta also efficiently up-regulated the DR5 surface expression and down-regulated cFLIP levels in melanoma cells in culture and in vivo. Taken together, our data show the existence of an ATM-dependent STAT3-mediated antiapoptotic pathway, which on suppression sensitizes human melanoma cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Ivanov
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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225
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Stem-cell-like glioma cells are resistant to TRAIL/Apo2L and exhibit down-regulation of caspase-8 by promoter methylation. Acta Neuropathol 2009; 117:445-56. [PMID: 19214542 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 02/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/Apo2L) is a promising cancer drug. However, many tumours are resistant to TRAIL-based therapies. Glioma cells with stem cell features (SCG), such as CD133 expression and neurosphere formation, have been recently identified to be more resistant to cytotoxic drugs than glioma cells lacking stem-cell-like features (NSCGs). Here we report that SCGs are completely resistant to 100-2,000 ng/ml TRAIL, whereas NSCGs revealed a moderate sensitivity to TRAIL. We found that SCGs exhibited only low levels of caspase-8 mRNA and protein, known to be indispensable for TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In addition, we detected hypermethylation of CASP8 promoter in SCGs, whereas NSCGs exhibited a non-methylated CASP8 promoter. Reexpression of caspase-8 by 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine was not sufficient to restore TRAIL sensitivity in SCGs cells, suggesting that additional factors cause TRAIL resistance in SCGs. Our data suggest that therapy with TRAIL, either as monotherapy or in combination with demethylating agents, is not effective in treating glioblastoma because SCGs are not targeted by such treatment.
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226
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Engel T, Henshall DC. Apoptosis, Bcl-2 family proteins and caspases: the ABCs of seizure-damage and epileptogenesis? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 1:97-115. [PMID: 21383882 PMCID: PMC3047241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common, chronic neurological disorder. It is characterized by recurring seizures which are the result of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Molecular pathways underlying neuronal death are of importance because prolonged seizure episodes (status epilepticus) cause significant damage to the brain, particularly within vulnerable structures such as the hippocampus. Additionally, repeated seizures over time in patients with poorly controlled epilepsy may cause further cell loss. Biochemical hallmarks associated with apoptosis have been identified in hippocampal and neocortical material removed from patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy: altered expression of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family genes and increased expression of caspases and the presence of their cleaved forms. However, apoptotic cells are rarely detected in such patient material and there is evidence of anti-apoptotic signaling changes in the same tissue, including upregulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-w. From animal studies there is evidence that both brief and prolonged seizures can cause neuronal apoptosis within the hippocampus. Such cell death can be associated with caspase and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein activation. Pharmacological or genetic modulations of these pathways can significantly influence DNA fragmentation and neuronal cell death after seizures. Thus, the signaling pathways associated with apoptosis are potentially important for the pathogenesis of epilepsy and may represent targets for neuroprotective and perhaps anti-epileptogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin, Ireland
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227
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Abstract
Resistance to apoptosis (programmed cell death) is a characteristic feature of human malignancies including pancreatic cancer, which is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in the western world. Defects in this intrinsic cell death program can contribute to the multistep process of tumorigenesis, because too little cell death can disturb tissue homeostasis. Further, blockade of apoptosis pathways can cause treatment failure, because intact apoptosis signalling cascades largely mediate therapy-induced cytotoxicity. The elucidation of apoptosis pathways in pancreatic carcinoma over the last decade has resulted in the identification of various molecular defects. How apoptosis pathways can be exploited for the treatment of pancreatic cancer will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Fulda
- University Children's Hospital, Eythstr., Ulm, Germany.
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228
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TRAIL as a target in anti-cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2009; 285:1-5. [PMID: 19299078 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF superfamily that can initiate apoptosis through the activation of their death receptors. The ability of TRAIL to selectively induce apoptosis of transformed or tumor cells but not normal cells promotes the development of TRAIL-based cancer therapy. Accumulating preclinical studies demonstrate that the TRAIL ligand can effectively induce cancer cell apoptosis. Completed and ongoing Phases I and II clinical trials using TRAIL are showing clinically promising outcomes without significant toxicity. Importantly, TRAIL, DR4 and DR5 can all be induced by chemotherapeutics and/or radiation, which can sensitize cancer cells to TRAIL. Thus, understanding the regulation of the TRAIL apoptosis pathway can help develop more selective TRAIL-based agents for the treatment of human cancer.
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229
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Verbrugge I, Wissink EH, Rooswinkel RW, Jongsma J, Beltraminelli N, Dupuis M, Borst J, Verheij M. Combining Radiotherapy with APO010 in Cancer Treatment. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:2031-8. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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230
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Vogler M, Walczak H, Stadel D, Haas TL, Genze F, Jovanovic M, Bhanot U, Hasel C, Möller P, Gschwend JE, Simmet T, Debatin KM, Fulda S. Small molecule XIAP inhibitors enhance TRAIL-induced apoptosis and antitumor activity in preclinical models of pancreatic carcinoma. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2425-34. [PMID: 19258513 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Evasion of apoptosis is a characteristic feature of pancreatic cancer, a prototypic cancer that is refractory to current treatment approaches. Hence, there is an urgent need to design rational strategies that counter apoptosis resistance. To explore X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer, we analyzed the expression of XIAP in pancreatic tumor samples and evaluated the effect of small molecule XIAP inhibitors alone and in combination with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) against pancreatic carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Here, we report that XIAP is highly expressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma samples compared with normal pancreatic ducts. Small molecule XIAP inhibitors synergize with TRAIL to induce apoptosis and to inhibit long-term clonogenic survival of pancreatic carcinoma cells. In contrast, they do not reverse the lack of toxicity of TRAIL on nonmalignant cells in vitro or normal tissues in vivo, pointing to a therapeutic index. Most importantly, XIAP inhibitors cooperate with TRAIL to trigger apoptosis and suppress pancreatic carcinoma growth in vivo in two preclinical models, i.e., the chorioallantoic membrane model and a mouse xenograft model. Parallel immunohistochemical analysis of tumor tissue under therapy reveals that the XIAP inhibitor acts in concert with TRAIL to cause caspase-3 activation and apoptosis. In conclusion, our findings provide, for the first time, evidence in vivo that XIAP inhibitors prime pancreatic carcinoma cells for TRAIL-induced apoptosis and potentiate the antitumor activity of TRAIL against established pancreatic carcinoma. These findings build the rationale for further (pre)clinical development of XIAP inhibitors and TRAIL against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Vogler
- University Children's Hospital, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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231
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Schön MP, Schön M. To die or not to die, that's the question--and the answer may depend on netrin-1. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101:217-9. [PMID: 19211450 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djn511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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232
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Herrero-Martín G, Høyer-Hansen M, García-García C, Fumarola C, Farkas T, López-Rivas A, Jäättelä M. TAK1 activates AMPK-dependent cytoprotective autophagy in TRAIL-treated epithelial cells. EMBO J 2009; 28:677-85. [PMID: 19197243 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to trigger apoptosis preferentially in cancer cells, although sparing normal cells, has motivated clinical development of TRAIL receptor agonists as anti-cancer therapeutics. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the differential TRAIL sensitivity of normal and cancer cells are, however, poorly understood. Here, we show a novel signalling pathway that activates cytoprotective autophagy in untransformed human epithelial cells treated with TRAIL. TRAIL-induced autophagy is mediated by the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) that inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, a potent inhibitor of autophagy. Interestingly, the TRAIL-induced AMPK activation is refractory to the depletion of the two known AMPK-activating kinases, LKB1 and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase-beta, but depends on transforming growth factor-beta-activating kinase 1 (TAK1) and TAK1-binding subunit 2. As TAK1 and AMPK are ubiquitously expressed kinases activated by numerous cytokines and developmental cues, these data are most likely to have broad implications for our understanding of cellular control of energy homoeostasis as well as the resistance of untransformed cells against TRAIL-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griselda Herrero-Martín
- Cell Signalling Department, Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio s/n, Sevilla, Spain
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233
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Luster TA, Carrell JA, McCormick K, Sun D, Humphreys R. Mapatumumab and lexatumumab induce apoptosis in TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 antibody-resistant NSCLC cell lines when treated in combination with bortezomib. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:292-302. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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234
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Abstract
Death receptors are members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily characterized by a cytoplasmic region known as the "death domain" that enables the receptors to initiate cytotoxic signals when engaged by cognate ligands. Binding to the ligand results in receptor aggregation and recruitment of adaptor proteins, which, in turn, initiates a proteolytic cascade by recruiting and activating initiator caspases 8 and 10. Death receptors were once thought to primarily induce cytotoxic signaling cascades. However, recent data indicate that they initiate multiple signaling pathways, unveiling a number of nonapoptosis-related functions, including regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation, chemokine production, inflammatory responses, and tumor-promoting activities. These noncytotoxic cascades are not simply a manifestation of inhibiting proapoptotic pathways but are intrinsically regulated by adaptor protein and receptor internalization processes. Insights into these various death receptor signaling pathways provide new therapeutic strategies targeting these receptors in pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Guicciardi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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235
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Ceramide synthase 6 modulates TRAIL sensitivity and nuclear translocation of active caspase-3 in colon cancer cells. Oncogene 2009; 28:1132-41. [PMID: 19137010 PMCID: PMC2648838 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the death receptor ligand TRAIL induces an increase in intracellular C16-ceramide in sensitive SW480 but not in resistant SW620 cells. Resistance in SW620 cells was overcome by exogenous ceramide leading us to propose that defective ceramide signaling contributes to TRAIL resistance. In this study we found that the increase in C16-ceramide in SW480 cells was inhibited by fumonisin B1, an inhibitor of ceramide synthases (CerS). Protein analysis revealed that TRAIL resistant SW620 cells expressed lower levels of ceramide synthase 6 (CerS6, also known as longevity assurance homologue 6), which prompted us to investigate the effect of CerS6 modulation on TRAIL phenotype. RNAi against CerS6 resulted in a specific and significant decrease of the C16-ceramide species, which was sufficient to inhibit TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In cells with decreased levels of CerS6, caspase-3 was activated but failed to translocate into the nucleus. CerS6 localized primarily to the perinuclear region, suggesting this enzyme may play a role in regulation of nuclear permeability. Moderate elevation in CerS6 expression was sufficient to reverse TRAIL resistance in SW620 cells. These results suggest that modulation of CerS6 expression may constitute a new therapeutic strategy to alter apoptotic susceptibility.
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236
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237
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The medical and economic roles of pipeline pharmacogenetics: Alzheimer's disease as a model of efficacy and HLA-B(*)5701 as a model of safety. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34:6-17. [PMID: 18923406 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2008.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics (PGX) is the study of drug response as a function of an individual's DNA. PGX is often viewed as an extension of disease association genetics, and although this information may be related, it is not the study of drug response. Although medicines are used to treat diseases, the value of strategies that identify and incorporate DNA biomarkers associated with clinical efficacy, or DNA biomarkers for untoward clinical responses, can be applied directly to pharmaceutical pipelines. The growth of adverse event PGX studies involving marketed medicines generally uses relatively large numbers of affected patients, but has been productive. However, the two critical strategies for pipeline genetics must make use of fewer patients: (1) the early identification of efficacy signals so that they can be applied early in development for targeted therapies and (2) identification of safety signals that can subsequently be validated prospectively during development using the least number of patients with adverse responses. Assumptions are often made that large numbers of patients are necessary to recognize PGX hypotheses and to validate DNA biomarkers. In some ways, pipeline pharmacogenetics may be viewed as the opposite of current genome-wide scanning designs. The goal is to obtain PGX signals in as few patients as possible, and then validate PGX hypotheses for specificity and sensitivity as development trials go forward--not using hundreds of thousand of markers to detect strong linkage disequilibrium signals in thousands of patients and their controls. Drug development takes 5-7 years for a drug candidate to traverse to registration--and this is similar to the timeframe for validating genetic biomarkers using sequential clinical trials. Two important examples are discussed, the association of APOE genotypes to the demonstration of actionable efficacy signals for the use of rosiglitazone for Alzheimer's disease; and the identification of HLA-B(*)5701 as a highly sensitive and specific predictive marker for abacavir treated patients who will develop hypersensitivity syndrome (HSS). The rosiglitazone study prevented pipeline attrition by changing the interpretation of a critical Phase IIB proof of concept study (2005) from a failed study, to a positive efficacy response in a genetically predictable proportion of patients. Now, three years later, a Phase III program of clinical trials using pharmacogenetic designs is months away from completion (late08). If successfully registered (early09), millions of patients could benefit, and efficacy PGX would have achieved its first prospective block-buster. The use of safety candidate gene association genetics in patients who received abacavir therapy and developed HSS starting in 1998 culminated in a double blind clinical trial that determined sensitivity > 97% and specificity >99% in 2007. Clinical consensus panels rapidly recommended abacavir as the preferred therapy along with HLA-B(*)5701 pre-testing, immediately increasing the market share of abacavir with respect to other reverse transcriptases that are associated with there own adverse events. Targeting of medicines during drug development is now possible, practical, and profitable.
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238
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Song IH. Molecular targeting for treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY 2009; 15:299-308. [DOI: 10.3350/kjhep.2009.15.3.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Il Han Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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239
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Montalvo V, Gery I. Constitutive Pro-Apoptotic Molecules are Differentially Expressed in the Fetal and Adult Mouse Eye. Curr Eye Res 2009; 34:328-32. [DOI: 10.1080/02713680902741688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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240
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Cordier SM, Papenfuss K, Walczak H. From biochemical principles of apoptosis induction by TRAIL to application in tumour therapy. Results Probl Cell Differ 2009; 49:115-143. [PMID: 19142621 DOI: 10.1007/400_2008_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF superfamily which has been shown to selectively kill tumour cells, while sparing normal tissue. This attribute makes TRAIL an attractive drug candidate for cancer therapy. Although most primary tumour cells turned out to be primarily TRAIL-resistant, recent studies evidenced that a variety of cancers can be sensitised to TRAIL-induced apoptosis upon pre-treatment with chemotherapeutic agents or irradiation, while normal cells remain TRAIL-resistant. However, biomarkers that reliably predict which patients may benefit from such combinatorial therapies are required. Thus, it is essential to better understand the mechanisms underlying TRAIL resistance versus sensitivity. In this chapter, we introduce the signalling events which take place during TRAIL-induced apoptosis, describe the physiological function of TRAIL and summarise pre-clinical and clinical results obtained so far with TRAIL-receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie M Cordier
- Tumour Immunology Unit, Division of Medicine, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN, UK
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241
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242
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Elders RC, Baines SJ, Catchpole B. Susceptibility of the C2 canine mastocytoma cell line to the effects of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 130:11-6. [PMID: 19185923 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF family, which preferentially induces apoptosis in cells that have undergone malignant transformation. In humans, non-neoplastic cells are normally protected from the effects of TRAIL by expressing decoy receptors, lacking death domains. In contrast, neoplastic cells tend to downregulate their decoy receptor expression, increasing their susceptibility to the pro-apoptotic effects of TRAIL, via the functional TRAIL receptors. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of TRAIL on the canine C2 mastocytoma cell line to determine whether this agent might be a suitable treatment for mast cell tumors in dogs. C2 and MDCK cells were cultured with recombinant human TRAIL. Apoptosis was assessed using a Caspase 3 and 7 chemiluminescence assay and flow cytometry following Annexin V:FITC labelling. Cell metabolism was assessed using a colorimetric MTT-based assay. C2 cells demonstrated greater sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis compared to MDCK cells by all assessment methods. The dog genome assembly was searched for orthologs of TRAIL and its receptors using published sequences from other species for reference. Although a canine ortholog for TRAIL was identified, only one TRAIL receptor ortholog (TNFRSF11B) could be found. C2, but not MDCK, cells expressed mRNA for TNFRSF11B, detected by RT-PCR. In other species, TNFRSF11B is a decoy receptor, as even though it has a death domain it is secreted due to its lack of a transmembrane domain. The effect of TRAIL on the C2 cell line suggests that this cytokine might be suitable for treatment of mast cell tumors in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Elders
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL97TA, UK.
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243
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Siegelin M, Habel A, Gaiser T. Epigalocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) downregulates PEA15 and thereby augments TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in malignant glioma. Neurosci Lett 2008; 448:161-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Small molecule XIAP inhibitors cooperate with TRAIL to induce apoptosis in childhood acute leukemia cells and overcome Bcl-2-mediated resistance. Blood 2008; 113:1710-22. [PMID: 19036706 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-09-114314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in apoptosis contribute to poor outcome in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), calling for novel strategies that counter apoptosis resistance. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that small molecule inhibitors of the antiapoptotic protein XIAP cooperate with TRAIL to induce apoptosis in childhood acute leukemia cells. XIAP inhibitors at subtoxic concentrations, but not a structurally related control compound, synergize with TRAIL to trigger apoptosis and to inhibit clonogenic survival of acute leukemia cells, whereas they do not affect viability of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes, suggesting some tumor selectivity. Analysis of signaling pathways reveals that XIAP inhibitors enhance TRAIL-induced activation of caspases, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and cytochrome c release in a caspase-dependent manner, indicating that they promote a caspase-dependent feedback mitochondrial amplification loop. Of note, XIAP inhibitors even overcome Bcl-2-mediated resistance to TRAIL by enhancing Bcl-2 cleavage and Bak conformational change. Importantly, XIAP inhibitors kill leukemic blasts from children with ALL ex vivo and cooperate with TRAIL to induce apoptosis. In vivo, they significantly reduce leukemic burden in a mouse model of pediatric ALL engrafted in non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice. Thus, XIAP inhibitors present a promising novel approach for apoptosis-based therapy of childhood ALL.
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Speer TW. Proapoptotic receptor agonists, targeted radionuclide therapy, and the treatment of central nervous system malignancies: in regard to Fiveash et Al. (Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008;71:507-516). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 72:1273-4. [PMID: 18954725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ashkenazi A. Directing cancer cells to self-destruct with pro-apoptotic receptor agonists. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7:1001-12. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd2637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wang S. The promise of cancer therapeutics targeting the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and TRAIL receptor pathway. Oncogene 2008; 27:6207-15. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Antibodies targeted to TRAIL receptor-2 and ErbB-2 synergize in vivo and induce an antitumor immune response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:16254-9. [PMID: 18838682 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806849105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (ErbB-2/HER2)-targeted therapies, there remains an unmet medical need for breast cancer patients with ErbB-2 overexpression. We investigated the therapeutic activity of an agonist mAb to mouse tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor-2 (DR5) against ErbB2-driven breast cancer. Established tumors in BALB/c transgenic mice expressing a constitutively active ErbB-2/neuT were treated with anti-DR5 mAb and/or anti-ErbB-2 mAb and monitored for tumor progression. Treatment with anti-DR5 or anti-ErbB2 mAb as single agents significantly delayed tumor growth, although all tumors eventually progressed. Remarkably, treatment with a combination of anti-DR5 and anti-ErbB-2 mAbs induced complete response in a majority of mice. In vivo blockade of CD11b(+) cells, but not natural killer cell depletion, significantly abrogated the early antitumor response. Notably, depletion of CD8(+) T cells provoked primary and secondary tumor relapse, revealing the induction of antitumor immunity by the combination treatment. Combined therapy with anti-DR5 and anti-ErbB-2 mAbs further significantly suppressed the growth of advanced spontaneous tumors in ErbB-2/neuT transgenic mice, even when treatment was delayed until tumors were palpable. We thus demonstrated that the combination of anti-DR5 and anti-ErbB2 mAbs might be an effective form of treatment for ErbB-2-overexpressing breast cancer.
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a complex and heterogeneous tumor with several genomic alterations. There is evidence of aberrant activation of several signaling cascades such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, phosphoinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), hepatocyte growth factor/mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor, Wnt, Hedgehog, and apoptotic signaling. Recently a multikinase inhibitor, sorafenib, has shown survival benefits in patients with advanced HCC. This advancement represents a breakthrough in the treatment of this complex disease and proves that molecular therapies can be effective in HCC. It is becoming apparent, however, that to overcome the complexity of genomic aberrations in HCC, combination therapies will be critical. Phase II studies have tested drugs blocking EGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor/platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and mTOR signaling. No relevant data has been produced so far in combination therapies. Future research is expected to identify new compounds to block important undruggable pathways, such as Wnt signaling, and to identify new oncogenes as targets for therapies through novel high-throughput technologies. Recent guidelines have established a new frame for the design of clinical trials in HCC. Randomized phase II trials with a time-to-progression endpoint are proposed as pivotal for capturing benefits from novel drugs. Survival remains the main endpoint to measure effectiveness in phase III studies. Patients assigned to the control arm should receive standard-of-care therapy, that is, chemoembolization for patients with intermediate-stage disease and sorafenib for patients with advanced-stage disease. Biomarkers and molecular imaging should be part of the trials, in order to optimize the enrichment of study populations and identify drug responders. Ultimately, a molecular classification of HCC based on genome-wide investigations and identification of patient subclasses according to drug responsiveness will lead to a more personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Llovet
- Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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