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Maduro M, Genze F, Winkler E, Wittig R, Isachenko V, Janni W, Hancke K, Rodewald M. Follicle proliferation in cryopreserved human ovarian xenotransplants. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2016. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1592761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Perkhofer L, Walter K, Costa IG, Carrasco MCR, Eiseler T, Hafner S, Genze F, Zenke M, Bergmann W, Illing A, Hohwieler M, Köhntop R, Lin Q, Holzmann KH, Seufferlein T, Wagner M, Liebau S, Hermann PC, Kleger A, Müller M. Tbx3 fosters pancreatic cancer growth by increased angiogenesis and activin/nodal-dependent induction of stemness. Stem Cell Res 2016; 17:367-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Azoitei N, Becher A, Steinestel K, Rouhi A, Diepold K, Genze F, Simmet T, Seufferlein T. PKM2 promotes tumor angiogenesis by regulating HIF-1α through NF-κB activation. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:3. [PMID: 26739387 PMCID: PMC4704385 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Initially identified as a molecule that regulates the final step of glycolysis, the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) was recently reported to have a central role in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells as well as participating in cell cycle progression and gene transcription. Despite intensive efforts, the intricate molecular mechanisms through which PKM2 regulates tumor progression remain elusive. METHODS The proliferation and apoptosis of various pancreatic cancer cells using lentiviral-mediated PKM2 abrogation were assessed in vitro via Western blot and flow cytometric assay while the in vivo experiments involved tumor xenograft on chicken chorionallantoic membranes and immunohistochemistry on human tissue specimens. In order to decipher the molecular mechanism of HIF-1α and p65/RelA regulation by PKM2 in cancer cells cultivated in hypoxic atmosphere or normoxia we involved various biochemical assays such as Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, reporter gene assay and ELISA. RESULTS Strong expression of PKM2 was observed in 68 % of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma specimens and almost all analyzed pancreatic cancer cell lines. Abrogation of PKM2 resulted in impaired proliferation and augmented apoptosis in vitro as well as impaired tumor growth and decreased blood vessel formation in vivo. Furthermore, deletion of PKM2 negatively impacted hypoxia-induced HIF-1α accumulation and promoter activity ultimately resulting in impaired secretion of VEGF. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that in hypoxic pancreatic tumors PKM2 interferes both with NF-κB/p65 and HIF-1α activation that ultimately triggers VEGF-A secretion and subsequent blood vessel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninel Azoitei
- Center for Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Alexander Becher
- Center for Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Konrad Steinestel
- Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Arefeh Rouhi
- Center for Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kristina Diepold
- Center for Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Felicitas Genze
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Simmet
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Center for Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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Müller M, Schröer J, Azoitei N, Eiseler T, Bergmann W, Köhntop R, Lin Q, Costa IG, Zenke M, Genze F, Weidgang C, Seufferlein T, Liebau S, Kleger A. A time frame permissive for Protein Kinase D2 activity to direct angiogenesis in mouse embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11742. [PMID: 26148697 PMCID: PMC4493579 DOI: 10.1038/srep11742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase D isoenzymes PKD1/2/3 are prominent downstream targets of PKCs (Protein Kinase Cs) and phospholipase D in various biological systems. Recently, we identified PKD isoforms as novel mediators of tumour cell-endothelial cell communication, tumour cell motility and metastasis. Although PKD isoforms have been implicated in physiological/tumour angiogenesis, a role of PKDs during embryonic development, vasculogenesis and angiogenesis still remains elusive. We investigated the role of PKDs in germ layer segregation and subsequent vasculogenesis and angiogenesis using mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We show that mouse ESCs predominantly express PKD2 followed by PKD3 while PKD1 displays negligible levels. Furthermore, we demonstrate that PKD2 is specifically phosphorylated/activated at the time of germ layer segregation. Time-restricted PKD2-activation limits mesendoderm formation and subsequent cardiovasculogenesis during early differentiation while leading to branching angiogenesis during late differentiation. In line, PKD2 loss-of-function analyses showed induction of mesendodermal differentiation in expense of the neuroectodermal germ layer. Our in vivo findings demonstrate that embryoid bodies transplanted on chicken chorioallantoic membrane induced an angiogenic response indicating that timed overexpression of PKD2 from day 4 onwards leads to augmented angiogenesis in differentiating ESCs. Taken together, our results describe novel and time-dependent facets of PKD2 during early cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jana Schröer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ninel Azoitei
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tim Eiseler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wendy Bergmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ralf Köhntop
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Qiong Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ivan G Costa
- IZKF Computational Biology Research Group, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Clair Weidgang
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Zuo Z, Syrovets T, Genze F, Abaei A, Ma G, Simmet T, Rasche V. High-resolution MRI analysis of breast cancer xenograft on the chick chorioallantoic membrane. NMR Biomed 2015; 28:440-447. [PMID: 25711154 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model has been successfully used to study angiogenesis, cancer progression and its pharmacological treatment, tumor pharmacokinetics, and properties of novel nanomaterials. MRI is an attractive technique for non-invasive and longitudinal monitoring of physiological processes and tumor growth. This study proposes an age-adapted cooling regime for immobilization of the chick embryo, enabling high-resolution MRI of the embryo and the CAM tumor xenograft. 64 chick embryos were enrolled in this study. The novel immobilization and imaging protocol was optimized in 29 embryos. From d7 to d18 immobilization of the embryo up to 90 min was achieved by cooling at 4 °C pre-imaging, with cooling times adapted to age. Its application to tumor growth monitoring was evaluated in 15 embryos after xenotransplantation of human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells on CAM. Tumor volumes were monitored from d4 to d9 after grafting (d11 to d16 after incubation) applying a T2 -weighted multislice RARE sequence. At d9 after grafting, the tumors were collected and compared with the MRI-derived data by histology and weight measurements. Additional imaging methods comprising DWI, T2 mapping, and the bio-distribution of contrast agents were tested at d9 after grafting in 20 further embryos. With the adaptive cooling regime, motion artifacts could be completely avoided for up to 90 min scan time, enabling high-resolution in ovo imaging. Excellent anatomical details could be obtained in the embryo and tumors. Tumor volumes could be quantified over time. The results prove the feasibility of high-resolution MRI for longitudinal tumor and organ growth monitoring. The suggested method is promising for future applications such as testing tailored and/or targeted treatment strategies, longitudinal monitoring of tumor development, analysis of therapeutic efficacies of drugs, or assessment of tumor pharmacokinetics. The method provides an alternative to animal experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Core Facility Small Animal MRI, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Azoitei N, Diepold K, Brunner C, Rouhi A, Genze F, Becher A, Kestler H, van Lint J, Chiosis G, Koren J, Fröhling S, Scholl C, Seufferlein T. HSP90 supports tumor growth and angiogenesis through PRKD2 protein stabilization. Cancer Res 2014; 74:7125-36. [PMID: 25297628 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The kinase PRKD2 (protein kinase D) is a crucial regulator of tumor cell-endothelial cell communication in gastrointestinal tumors and glioblastomas, but its mechanistic contributions to malignant development are not understood. Here, we report that the oncogenic chaperone HSP90 binds to and stabilizes PRKD2 in human cancer cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of HSP90 with structurally divergent small molecules currently in clinical development triggered proteasome-dependent degradation of PRKD2, augmenting apoptosis in human cancer cells of various tissue origins. Conversely, ectopic expression of PRKD2 protected cancer cells from the apoptotic effects of HSP90 abrogation, restoring blood vessel formation in two preclinical models of solid tumors. Mechanistic studies revealed that PRKD2 is essential for hypoxia-induced accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) and activation of NF-κB in tumor cells. Notably, ectopic expression of PRKD2 was able to partially restore HIF1α and secreted VEGF-A levels in hypoxic cancer cells treated with HSP90 inhibitors. Taken together, our findings indicate that signals from hypoxia and HSP90 pathways are interconnected and funneled by PRKD2 into the NF-κB/VEGF-A signaling axis to promote tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninel Azoitei
- Center for Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | | | - Cornelia Brunner
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Arefeh Rouhi
- Center for Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Hans Kestler
- Institute for Neuroinformatic, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johan van Lint
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York
| | - John Koren
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York
| | - Stefan Fröhling
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Scholl
- Center for Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Azoitei N, Diepold K, Genze F, Rouhi A, Brobovich S, Froehling S, Chiosis G, Brunner C, Lint JV, Cronauer M, Scholl C, Seufferlein T. Abstract 5129: Role of PRKD2 in HSP90 inhibition-mediated suppression of cancer growth. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-5129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In various types of malignancies, conventional forms of therapy such as surgery, radiation and chemotherapy are often ineffective. In the past decade, a convergence of scientific and technological advances has enabled the identification of molecular targets and signaling pathways specific to cancer cells, resulting in therapies with enhanced selectivity and efficacy and reduced toxicity. Protein kinases represent such molecular targets. We have recently shown that PRKD2 is a crucial regulator of tumor cell - endothelial cell communication in gastrointestinal tumors and demonstrated the kinase to be a novel regulator of glioblastoma growth. Here we report that HSP90/Cdc37 chaperone complex binds to and stabilizes PRKD2 in human cancer cells. RNAi-mediated ablation of HSP90 expression but also the pharmacological inhibition of the chaperone with two independent inhibitors induced degradation of PRKD2 in a broad range of human cancer cell lines and in vivo. Treatment of various cancer cell lines with proteasome inhibitors such as MG-132 or Bortezomib, followed by incubation with HSP90 inhibitors rescued the PRKD2 levels to the detergent-insoluble fraction suggesting that degradation of the kinase follows the proteasomal pathway. Kinetic experiments conducted with chaperone inhibitors demonstrated that PRKD2 was degraded in a time- and dose-dependent manner and this degradation was associated with the activation of the apoptotic programme both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, ectopic expression of the kinase protected cancer cells from the apoptotic effects of HSP90 abrogation suggesting PRKD2 as a protein whose depletion mediates the sensitivity of tumor cells to chaperone inhibition. Altogether, these findings 1) propose PRKD2 ablation through HSP90 inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy with immediate implementation, 2) reveal the kinase as a crucial modulator of HSP90-mediated apoptotic effects and 3) promote the intensification of designing specific PRKD2 inhibitors and their implementation in targeted therapy in human cancer.
Citation Format: Ninel Azoitei, Kristina Diepold, Felicitas Genze, Arefeh Rouhi, Susanne Brobovich, Stefan Froehling, Gabriela Chiosis, Cornelia Brunner, Johan van Lint, Marcus Cronauer, Claudia Scholl, Thomas Seufferlein. Role of PRKD2 in HSP90 inhibition-mediated suppression of cancer growth. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5129. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5129
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefan Froehling
- 2National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Wittig R, Rosenholm JM, von Haartman E, Hemming J, Genze F, Bergman L, Simmet T, Lindén M, Sahlgren C. Active targeting of mesoporous silica drug carriers enhances γ-secretase inhibitor efficacy in an in vivo model for breast cancer. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:971-87. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: In this article, we use an alternative cancer model for the evaluation of nanotherapy, and assess the impact of surface functionalization and active targeting of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) on therapeutic efficacy in vivo. Materials & methods: We used the chorioallantoic membrane xenograft assay to investigate the biodistribution and therapeutic efficacy of folate versus polyethyleneimine-functionalized γ-secretase inhibitor-loaded MSNPs in breast and prostate tumor models. Results: γ-secretase inhibitor-loaded MSNPs inhibited tumor growth in breast and prostate cancer xenografts. Folate conjugation improved the therapeutic outcome in folic acid receptor-positive breast cancer, but not in prostate cancer lacking the receptor. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that therapeutic efficacy is linked to cellular uptake of MSNPs as opposed to tumor accumulation, and show that MSNP-based delivery of γ-secretase inhibitors is therapeutically effective in both breast and prostate cancer. In this article, we present a model system for a medium-to-high throughput, cost-effective, quantitative evaluation of nanoparticulate drug carriers. Original submitted 12 November 2012; Revised submitted 8 February 2013
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Wittig
- Institute for Laser Technologies in Medicine & Metrology at Ulm University, Helmholtzstrasse 12, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jessica M Rosenholm
- Center for Functional Materials, Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, Department of Natural Sciences, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Eva von Haartman
- Center for Functional Materials, Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, Department of Natural Sciences, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Jarl Hemming
- Wood & Paper Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Felicitas Genze
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Helmholtzstrasse 20, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Lotta Bergman
- Inorganic Chemistry II, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Simmet
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Helmholtzstrasse 20, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Mika Lindén
- Inorganic Chemistry II, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Cecilia Sahlgren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Eindhoven, 2612 Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Marck L, Jain G, Cronauer MV, Genze F, Marienfeld R. Abstract B59: IKK-mediated phosphorylation of the androgen receptor: A mechanism to modulate AR-cofactor interaction. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.cec13-b59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a transcription factor essential for the proper development of the prostate and crucial for the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (PCa). Indeed, blocking the activity of the androgen receptor by androgen ablation therapies like chemical or surgical castration and/or the application of antiandrogens is a common therapy for the treatment of non-organ-confined PCa. Although the canonical AR signaling pathway requires the binding to its ligand dihydrotestosterone several alternative AR activation mechanisms have been identified which cause an androgen-independent activation of the AR leading to the recurrence of so-called castration-resistant prostate cancers (CRPCa). Epigenetic modifier like CBP/p300 or HDACs are essential for the induction of AR target genes. Thus we hypothesized that mechanism involved in the androgen independent activation of the AR might also influence its interplay with cofactors and might thus affect the expression of AR target genes. Since the IkappaB kinases (IKK) are known to modify the interaction between transcription factors and co-actovators/co-repressors and the AR is known to be activated by specific phosphorylations in an androgen-independent manner, we analyzed the role of the IKKs for the function of the AR in prostate cancer cell lines.
To determine the effect of the IKKs on AR we used the pharmacological IKK inhibitor BMS345541 as well as IKK specific siRNAs. Inhibition of the IKKs was paralleled by a decreased phosphorylation pattern of the AR while IKK1 and IKK2 were capable of phosphorylating the AR in vitro. Moreover, by mass spectrometry analysis we identified several IKK-phosphorylated AR-peptides including one harboring Ser308.
Blocking of IKK1 function by small molecule inhibitors or siRNA-mediated IKK1-knockdown attenuated AR-dependent target gene expression. Inhibition of IKK1 was linked to reduced nuclear localization, diminished DNA binding and reduced transcriptional activity of the AR. Furthermore, applying the CAM in vivo tumor model we observed an attenuated tumor size and proliferation as measured by Ki-67 staining upon treatment with the pharmalogical IKK inhibitor BMS345541. In addition, reduced Ki-67 staining was also observed after siRNA mediated knock-down of IKK1.
Currently, we investigate the potential function of the IKK-mediated AR phosphorylation for its interaction with epigenetic modifiers and its impact on the epigenetic regulation of AR target genes. Interfering with this IKK mediated AR regulation mechanism might be a novel approach for the targeted therapy of castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Citation Format: Lasse Marck, Garima Jain, Marcus V. Cronauer, Felicitas Genze, Ralf Marienfeld. IKK-mediated phosphorylation of the androgen receptor: A mechanism to modulate AR-cofactor interaction. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chromatin and Epigenetics in Cancer; Jun 19-22, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(13 Suppl):Abstract nr B59.
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Azoitei N, Hoffmann CM, Ellegast JM, Ball CR, Obermayer K, Gößele U, Koch B, Faber K, Genze F, Schrader M, Kestler HA, Döhner H, Chiosis G, Glimm H, Fröhling S, Scholl C. Abstract 2773: HSP90 inhibitors target KRAS mutant human tumors through degradation of STK33. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mutations in the KRAS proto-oncogene occur in ∼30% of human cancers and are particularly prevalent in adenocarcinomas of the pancreas, lung, and colon. Previous efforts to develop drugs that directly inhibit the activity of mutant KRAS have not met with success. We have recently shown that cancer cells driven by mutant KRAS require expression of the serine/threonine kinase STK33 for their viability and proliferation, supporting STK33 as a context-dependent therapeutic target. However, specific strategies for interfering with the critical functions of STK33, which remain to be elucidated, are not yet available. Using a mass spectrometry-based screen for STK33 protein interaction partners, we report that the HSP90/CDC37 chaperone complex and BAG2, a member of the BAG family of molecular chaperone regulators, bind to and stabilize STK33 in human cancer cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of HSP90, using structurally divergent small molecules currently in clinical development, induced proteasome-mediated degradation of STK33 in human cancer cells of various tissue origin in vitro and in vivo, and triggered apoptosis preferentially in KRAS mutant cells in an STK33-dependent manner. Furthermore, HSP90 inhibitor treatment impaired sphere formation and viability of primary human colon cancer-initiating cells harboring mutant KRAS. Similar to HSP90 inhibition, short hairpin RNA-mediated suppression of BAG2 depleted STK33, whereas BAG2 overexpression rescued STK33 protein levels in the presence of HSP90 inhibitors, resulting in diminished apoptosis in KRAS mutant cancer cells. These findings (1) provide mechanistic insight into the activity of HSP90 inhibitors in KRAS mutant cancer cells, (2) indicate that the enhanced requirement for STK33 can be exploited to target mutant KRAS-driven tumors, (3) identify STK33 depletion through HSP90 inhibition as a biomarker-guided therapeutic strategy with immediate translational potential, and (4) point to BAG2 as a candidate cancer drug target.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2773. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2773
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claudia R. Ball
- 2National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hanno Glimm
- 2National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Isachenko V, Mallmann P, Petrunkina AM, Rahimi G, Nawroth F, Hancke K, Felberbaum R, Genze F, Damjanoski I, Isachenko E. Comparison of in vitro- and chorioallantoic membrane (CAM)-culture systems for cryopreserved medulla-contained human ovarian tissue. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32549. [PMID: 22479331 PMCID: PMC3316540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, there are three ways to determine effectively the quality of the cryopreservation procedure using ovarian tissue before the re-implantation treatment: evaluation of follicles after post-thawing xenotransplantation to SCID mouse, in-vitro culture in a large volume of culture medium under constant agitation and culture on embryonic chorio-allantoic membrane within a hen's eggs. The aim of this study was to compare the two methods, culture in vitro and culture on embryonic chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of cryopreserved human ovarian medulla-contained and medulla-free cortex. Ovarian fragments were divided into small pieces (1.5–2.0×1.0–1.2×0.8–1.5) of two types, cortex with medulla and medulla-free cortex, frozen, thawed and randomly divided into the following four groups. Group 1: medulla-free cortex cultured in vitro for 8 days in large volume of medium with mechanical agitation, Group 2: medulla-containing cortex cultured in vitro, Group 3: medulla-free cortex cultured in CAM-system for 5 days, Group 4: medulla-containing cortex cultured in CAM-system. The efficacy of the tissue culture was evaluated by the development of follicles and by intensiveness of angiogenesis in the tissue (von Willebrand factor and Desmin). For Group 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively 85%, 85%, 87% and 84% of the follicles were morphologically normal (P>0.1). The immunohistochemical analysis showed that angiogenesis detected by von Willebrand factor was lower in groups 1 and 3 (medulla-free cortex). Neo-vascularisation (by Desmin) was observed only in ovarian tissue of Group 4 (medulla-contained cortex after CAM-culture). It appears that the presence of medulla in ovarian pieces is beneficial for post-thaw development of cryopreserved human ovarian tissue. For medical practice it is recommended for evaluation of post-warming ovarian tissue to use the CAM-system as a valuable alternative to xenotransplantation and for cryopreservation of these tissues to prepare ovarian medulla-contained strips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Isachenko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany.
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Azoitei N, Hoffmann CM, Ellegast JM, Ball CR, Obermayer K, Gößele U, Koch B, Faber K, Genze F, Schrader M, Kestler HA, Döhner H, Chiosis G, Glimm H, Fröhling S, Scholl C. Targeting of KRAS mutant tumors by HSP90 inhibitors involves degradation of STK33. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:697-711. [PMID: 22451720 PMCID: PMC3328372 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Previous efforts to develop drugs that directly inhibit the activity of mutant KRAS, the most commonly mutated human oncogene, have not been successful. Cancer cells driven by mutant KRAS require expression of the serine/threonine kinase STK33 for their viability and proliferation, identifying STK33 as a context-dependent therapeutic target. However, specific strategies for interfering with the critical functions of STK33 are not yet available. Here, using a mass spectrometry-based screen for STK33 protein interaction partners, we report that the HSP90/CDC37 chaperone complex binds to and stabilizes STK33 in human cancer cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of HSP90, using structurally divergent small molecules currently in clinical development, induced proteasome-mediated degradation of STK33 in human cancer cells of various tissue origin in vitro and in vivo, and triggered apoptosis preferentially in KRAS mutant cells in an STK33-dependent manner. Furthermore, HSP90 inhibitor treatment impaired sphere formation and viability of primary human colon tumor-initiating cells harboring mutant KRAS. These findings provide mechanistic insight into the activity of HSP90 inhibitors in KRAS mutant cancer cells, indicate that the enhanced requirement for STK33 can be exploited to target mutant KRAS-driven tumors, and identify STK33 depletion through HSP90 inhibition as a biomarker-guided therapeutic strategy with immediate translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninel Azoitei
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Isachenko V, Nawroth F, Rahimi G, Mallmann P, Hancke K, Genze F, Schrader M, Cronauer M, Damjanoski I, Felberbaum R, Isachenko E. Die vaskularisierte Chorioallantoismembran (CAM): ein Kultursystem für kryokonserviertes menschliches Ovarialgewebe als Alternative zur Xenotransplantation. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1280271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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14
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Azoitei N, Kleger A, Schoo N, Thal DR, Brunner C, Pusapati GV, Filatova A, Genze F, Möller P, Acker T, Kuefer R, Van Lint J, Baust H, Adler G, Seufferlein T. Protein kinase D2 is a novel regulator of glioblastoma growth and tumor formation. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:710-24. [PMID: 21727210 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme, a highly aggressive tumor of the central nervous system, has a dismal prognosis that is due in part to its resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. The protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine threonine kinases has been implicated in the formation and proliferation of glioblastoma multiforme. Members of the protein kinase D (PKD) family, which consists of PKD1, -2 and, -3, are prominent downstream targets of PKCs and could play a major role in glioblastoma growth. PKD2 was highly expressed in both low-grade and high-grade human gliomas. The number of PKD2-positive tumor cells increased with glioma grading (P < .001). PKD2 was also expressed in CD133-positive glioblastoma stem cells and various glioblastoma cell lines in which the kinase was found to be constitutively active. Inhibition of PKDs by pharmacological inhibitors resulted in substantial inhibition of glioblastoma proliferation. Furthermore, specific depletion of PKD2 by siRNA resulted in a marked inhibition of anchorage-dependent and -independent proliferation and an accumulation of glioblastoma cells in G0/G1, accompanied by a down-regulation of cyclin D1 expression. In addition, PKD2-depleted glioblastoma cells exhibited substantially reduced tumor formation in vivo on chicken chorioallantoic membranes. These findings identify PKD2 as a novel mediator of glioblastoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo and thereby as a potential therapeutic target for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninel Azoitei
- Department of Internal Medicine l, Medical University of Ulm, Germany
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15
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Schütz SV, Schrader AJ, Zengerling F, Genze F, Cronauer MV, Schrader M. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β counteracts ligand-independent activity of the androgen receptor in castration resistant prostate cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25341. [PMID: 21980429 PMCID: PMC3183056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to generate genomic signals, the androgen receptor (AR) has to be transported into the nucleus upon androgenic stimuli. However, there is evidence from in vitro experiments that in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells the AR is able to translocate into the nucleus in a ligand-independent manner. The recent finding that inhibition of the glycogen-synthase-kinase 3β (GSK-3β) induces a rapid nuclear export of the AR in androgen-stimulated prostate cancer cells prompted us to analyze the effects of a GSK-3β inhibition in the castration-resistant LNCaP sublines C4-2 and LNCaP-SSR. Both cell lines exhibit high levels of nuclear AR in the absence of androgenic stimuli. Exposure of these cells to the maleimide SB216763, a potent GSK-3β inhibitor, resulted in a rapid nuclear export of the AR even under androgen-deprived conditions. Moreover, the ability of C4-2 and LNCaP-SSR cells to grow in the absence of androgens was diminished after pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3β in vitro. The ability of SB216763 to modulate AR signalling and function in CRPC in vivo was additionally demonstrated in a modified chick chorioallantoic membrane xenograft assay after systemic delivery of SB216763. Our data suggest that inhibition of GSK-3β helps target the AR for export from the nucleus thereby diminishing the effects of mislocated AR in CRPC cells. Therefore, inhibition of GSK-3β could be an interesting new strategy for the treatment of CRPC.
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16
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Azoitei N, Pusapati GV, Kleger A, Möller P, Küfer R, Genze F, Wagner M, van Lint J, Carmeliet P, Adler G, Seufferlein T. Protein kinase D2 is a crucial regulator of tumour cell-endothelial cell communication in gastrointestinal tumours. Gut 2010; 59:1316-30. [PMID: 20732914 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2009.206813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour angiogenesis is crucially dependent on the communication between the tumour and the associated endothelium. Protein kinase D (PKD) isoenzymes mediate vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) induced endothelial cell proliferation and migration and are also highly expressed in various tumours. AIM To examine the role of PKDs for tumour proliferation and angiogenesis selectively in pancreatic and gastric tumours and in tumour-associated endothelium in vitro and in vivo. METHODS PKD2 expression in human tumours was determined by immunohistochemistry. The effect of PKD2 depletion in endothelial cells by siRNAs was examined in sprouting assays, the chorioallantois model (CAM) and tumour xenografts. In murine endothelium in vivo PKD2 was knocked-down by splice switching oligonucleotides. Human PKD2 was depleted in xenografts by siRNAs and PKD2-miRs. PKD2 activation by hypoxia and its role for hypoxia-induced NR4/TR3- and VEGF-A promoter activity, expression and secretion was investigated in cell lines. RESULTS PKD2 is expressed in gastrointestinal tumours and in the tumour-associated endothelium. Tumour growth and angiogenesis in the CAM and in tumour xenografts require PKD expression in endothelial cells. Conversely, hypoxia activates PKD2 in pancreatic cancer cells and PKD2 was identified as the major mediator of hypoxia-stimulated VEGF-A promoter activity, expression and secretion in tumour cells. PKD2 depletion in pancreatic tumours inhibited tumour-driven blood vessel formation and tumour growth in the CAM and in orthotopic pancreatic cancer xenografts. CONCLUSION PKD2 regulates hypoxia-induced VEGF-A expression/secretion by tumour cells and VEGF-A stimulated blood vessel formation. PKD2 is a novel, essential mediator of tumour cell-endothelial cell communication and a promising therapeutic target to inhibit angiogenesis in gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninel Azoitei
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Division of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Strasse 40, Halle (Saale), Germany
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17
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Beilke S, Oswald F, Genze F, Wirth T, Adler G, Wagner M. The zinc-finger protein KCMF1 is overexpressed during pancreatic cancer development and downregulation of KCMF1 inhibits pancreatic cancer development in mice. Oncogene 2010; 29:4058-67. [PMID: 20473331 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Potassium channel modulatory factor 1 (KCMF1) was found upregulated in a differential screen in the metaplastic epithelium in the pancreas of transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha transgenic mice. Expression analysis indicated broad overexpression in human cancer tissues. Therefore, we investigated the hypothesis that KCMF1 promotes metaplastic changes and tumor development. KCMF1 represents an evolutionarily highly conserved protein with a 95% identity between human and zebrafish. KCMF1 is expressed during embryonic development and in the majority of adult tissues investigated. Upregulation of nuclear KCMF1 expression is evident in preneoplastic lesions and in several epithelial malignancies, such as pancreatic cancer in mice and humans. In cell culture and in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane model, KCMF1 enhances proliferation, migration and invasion of HEK-293 and Panc1 cells. In crossbreeding experiments, KCMF1-knockdown gene trap mice showed a reduced number and size of premalignant lesions and absence of pancreatic cancer formation in TGF-alpha transgenic mice. This effect is related to the decreased expression of G1 to S cell-cycle regulators such as cyclin D and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4. Our data support the hypothesis that KCMF1 mediates pro-oncogenic functions in vitro and in vivo and downregulation of KCMF1 results in the inhibition of pancreatic cancer formation in mice. These effects are mediated through downregulation of cell-cycle control genes such as cyclin D and CDK4.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Beilke
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Center of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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18
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Li X, Syrovets T, Genze F, Pitterle K, Oberhuber A, Orend KH, Simmet T. Plasmin Triggers Chemotaxis of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Through an Akt2-Dependent Pathway and Promotes a T-Helper Type-1 Response. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:582-90. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.202044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Dendritic cells (DC) accumulate in atherosclerotic arteries where they can modulate atherogenesis. We investigated whether plasmin might alter the function of human DC.
Methods and Results—
Stimulation of monocyte-derived DC with plasmin elicited a time-dependent actin polymerization and chemotaxis comparable to that triggered by the standard chemoattractant formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. Plasmin triggered rapid activation of Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases, followed by phosphorylation of the regulatory myosin light chain and chemotaxis. For the chemotactic DC migration, the activation of Akt and p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinases were indispensable, as shown by pharmacological inhibitors. DC express Akt1 and Akt2, but not Akt3. However, in DC, plasmin activates exclusively Akt2 via a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. Accordingly, knockdown of Akt2 with short-hairpin RNA, but not of Akt1, blocked the plasmin-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation and the chemotactic response. Moreover, plasmin-stimulated DC induced polarization of CD4
+
T cells toward the interferon-γ–producing, proinflammatory Th1 phenotype. Consistent with a role for DC and adaptive immune response in atherogenesis, we demonstrate DC in human atherosclerotic vessels and show that plasmin is abundant in human atherosclerotic lesions, where it colocalizes with DC.
Conclusion—
Plasmin generation in the atherosclerotic vessel wall might contribute to accumulation of DC, activation of the adaptive immune response, and aggravation of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Li
- From the Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology (X.L., T. Syrovets, F.G., K.P., T. Simmet) and the Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.O., K.H.O.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tatiana Syrovets
- From the Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology (X.L., T. Syrovets, F.G., K.P., T. Simmet) and the Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.O., K.H.O.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Felicitas Genze
- From the Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology (X.L., T. Syrovets, F.G., K.P., T. Simmet) and the Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.O., K.H.O.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kai Pitterle
- From the Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology (X.L., T. Syrovets, F.G., K.P., T. Simmet) and the Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.O., K.H.O.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Oberhuber
- From the Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology (X.L., T. Syrovets, F.G., K.P., T. Simmet) and the Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.O., K.H.O.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Orend
- From the Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology (X.L., T. Syrovets, F.G., K.P., T. Simmet) and the Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.O., K.H.O.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Simmet
- From the Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology (X.L., T. Syrovets, F.G., K.P., T. Simmet) and the Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.O., K.H.O.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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19
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Dietrich KA, Schwarz R, Liska M, Graß S, Menke A, Meister M, Kierschke G, Längle C, Genze F, Giehl K. Specific induction of migration and invasion of pancreatic carcinoma cells by RhoC, which differs from RhoA in its localisation and activity. Biol Chem 2009; 390:1063-77. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
RhoA and RhoC are highly related Rho GTPases, but differentially control cellular behaviour. We combined molecular, cellular, and biochemical experiments to characterise differences between these highly similar GTPases. Our findings demonstrate that enhanced expression of RhoC results in a striking increase in the migration and invasion of pancreatic carcinoma cells, whereas forced expression of RhoA decreases these actions. These isoform-specific functions correlate with differences in the cellular activity of RhoA and RhoC in human cells, with RhoC being more active than RhoA in activity assays and serum-response factor-dependent gene transcription. Subcellular localisation studies revealed that RhoC is predominantly localised in the membrane-containing fraction, whereas RhoA is mainly localised in the cytoplasmic fraction. These differences are not mediated by a different interaction with RhoGDIs. In vitro GTP/GDP binding analyses demonstrate different affinity of RhoC for GTP[S] and faster intrinsic and guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF)-stimulated GDP/GTP exchange rates compared to RhoA. Moreover, the catalytic domains of SopE and Dbs are efficacious GEFs for RhoC. mRNA expression of RhoC is markedly enhanced in advanced pancreatic cancer stages, and thus the differences discovered between RhoA and RhoC might provide explanations for their different influences on cell migration and tumour invasion.
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20
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Syrovets T, Li X, Genze F, Pitterle K, Simmet T. Plasmin is a chemoattractant for immature dendritic cells acting through Akt2‐dependent mechanisms. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.671.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Syrovets
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlm UniversityUlmGermany
| | - Xuehua Li
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlm UniversityUlmGermany
| | - Felicitas Genze
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlm UniversityUlmGermany
| | - Kai Pitterle
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlm UniversityUlmGermany
| | - Thomas Simmet
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlm UniversityUlmGermany
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21
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Vogler M, Walczak H, Stadel D, Haas TL, Genze F, Jovanovic M, Bhanot U, Hasel C, Möller P, Gschwend JE, Simmet T, Debatin KM, Fulda S. Small molecule XIAP inhibitors enhance TRAIL-induced apoptosis and antitumor activity in preclinical models of pancreatic carcinoma. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2425-34. [PMID: 19258513 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Evasion of apoptosis is a characteristic feature of pancreatic cancer, a prototypic cancer that is refractory to current treatment approaches. Hence, there is an urgent need to design rational strategies that counter apoptosis resistance. To explore X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer, we analyzed the expression of XIAP in pancreatic tumor samples and evaluated the effect of small molecule XIAP inhibitors alone and in combination with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) against pancreatic carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Here, we report that XIAP is highly expressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma samples compared with normal pancreatic ducts. Small molecule XIAP inhibitors synergize with TRAIL to induce apoptosis and to inhibit long-term clonogenic survival of pancreatic carcinoma cells. In contrast, they do not reverse the lack of toxicity of TRAIL on nonmalignant cells in vitro or normal tissues in vivo, pointing to a therapeutic index. Most importantly, XIAP inhibitors cooperate with TRAIL to trigger apoptosis and suppress pancreatic carcinoma growth in vivo in two preclinical models, i.e., the chorioallantoic membrane model and a mouse xenograft model. Parallel immunohistochemical analysis of tumor tissue under therapy reveals that the XIAP inhibitor acts in concert with TRAIL to cause caspase-3 activation and apoptosis. In conclusion, our findings provide, for the first time, evidence in vivo that XIAP inhibitors prime pancreatic carcinoma cells for TRAIL-induced apoptosis and potentiate the antitumor activity of TRAIL against established pancreatic carcinoma. These findings build the rationale for further (pre)clinical development of XIAP inhibitors and TRAIL against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Vogler
- University Children's Hospital, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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22
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Vogler M, Walczak H, Stadel D, Haas TL, Genze F, Jovanovic M, Gschwend JE, Simmet T, Debatin KM, Fulda S. Targeting XIAP bypasses Bcl-2-mediated resistance to TRAIL and cooperates with TRAIL to suppress pancreatic cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 2008; 68:7956-65. [PMID: 18829553 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to apoptosis is a hallmark of pancreatic cancer, a leading cause of cancer deaths. Therefore, novel strategies are required to target apoptosis resistance. Here, we report that the combination of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) inhibition and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an effective approach to trigger apoptosis despite Bcl-2 overexpression and to suppress pancreatic cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown of XIAP by RNA interference cooperates with TRAIL to induce caspase activation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, and apoptosis in pancreatic carcinoma cells. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release are extensively inhibited by a broad range or caspase-3 selective caspase inhibitor and by RNAi-mediated silencing of caspase-3, indicating that XIAP inhibition enhances TRAIL-induced mitochondrial damage in a caspase-3-dependent manner. XIAP inhibition combined with TRAIL even breaks Bcl-2-imposed resistance by converting type II cells that depend on the mitochondrial contribution to the death receptor pathway to type I cells in which TRAIL-induced activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 and apoptosis proceeds irrespective of high Bcl-2 levels. Most importantly, XIAP inhibition potentiates TRAIL-induced antitumor activity in two preclinical models of pancreatic cancer in vivo. In the chicken chorioallantoic membrane model, XIAP inhibition significantly enhances TRAIL-mediated apoptosis and suppression of tumor growth. In a tumor regression model in xenograft-bearing mice, XIAP inhibition acts in concert with TRAIL to cause even regression of established pancreatic carcinoma. Thus, this combination of XIAP inhibition plus TRAIL is a promising strategy to overcome apoptosis resistance of pancreatic cancer that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Vogler
- Divison of Apoptosis Regulation, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Vogler M, Walczak H, Stadel D, Genze F, Möller P, Simmet T, Debatin K, Fulda S. 260 POSTER A novel paradigm for apoptosis-based therapy of pancreatic cancer: sensitizer/inducer concept of XIAP inhibitors combined with TRAIL. EJC Suppl 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(08)72194-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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24
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Cuaz-Pérolin C, Billiet L, Baugé E, Copin C, Scott-Algara D, Genze F, Büchele B, Syrovets T, Simmet T, Rouis M. Antiinflammatory and Antiatherogenic Effects of the NF-κB Inhibitor Acetyl-11-Keto-β-Boswellic Acid in LPS-Challenged ApoE
−/−
Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:272-7. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.155606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
In this article, we studied the effect of acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKβBA), a natural inhibitor of the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB on the development of atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E–deficient (apoE
−/−
) mice.
Methods and Results—
Atherosclerotic lesions were induced by weekly LPS injection in apoE
−/−
mice. LPS alone increased atherosclerotic lesion size by ≈100%, and treatment with AKβBA significantly reduced it by ≈50%. Moreover, the activity of NF-κB was also reduced in the atherosclerotic plaques of LPS-injected apoE
−/−
mice treated with AKβBA. As a consequence, AKβBA treatment led to a significant downregulation of several NF-κB–dependent genes such as MCP-1, MCP-3, IL-1α, MIP-2, VEGF, and TF. By contrast, AKβBA did not affect the plasma concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, antioxidized LDL antibodies, and various subsets of lymphocyte-derived cytokines. Moreover, AKβBA potently inhibited the IκB kinase (IKK) activity immunoprecipitated from LPS-stimulated mouse macrophages and mononuclear cells leading to decreased phosphorylation of IκBα and inhibition of p65/NF-κB activation. Comparable AKβBA-mediated inhibition was also observed in LPS-stimulated human macrophages.
Conclusion—
The inhibition of NF-κB activity by plant resins from species of the
Boswellia
family might represent an alternative for classical medicine treatments for chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis.
(Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.
2008;28:272-277)
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Cuaz-Pérolin
- From Inserm, U-545 (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), F-59019 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), Département d’Athérosclérose, F-59019 Lille, France; the Université de Lille 2 (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), Faculté de Pharmacie, F-59019 Lille, France; Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales (D.S.-A.), Institut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris, France; and Ulm University (F.G., B.B., T. Syrovets, T. Simmet), Institute
| | - Ludivine Billiet
- From Inserm, U-545 (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), F-59019 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), Département d’Athérosclérose, F-59019 Lille, France; the Université de Lille 2 (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), Faculté de Pharmacie, F-59019 Lille, France; Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales (D.S.-A.), Institut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris, France; and Ulm University (F.G., B.B., T. Syrovets, T. Simmet), Institute
| | - Eric Baugé
- From Inserm, U-545 (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), F-59019 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), Département d’Athérosclérose, F-59019 Lille, France; the Université de Lille 2 (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), Faculté de Pharmacie, F-59019 Lille, France; Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales (D.S.-A.), Institut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris, France; and Ulm University (F.G., B.B., T. Syrovets, T. Simmet), Institute
| | - Corinne Copin
- From Inserm, U-545 (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), F-59019 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), Département d’Athérosclérose, F-59019 Lille, France; the Université de Lille 2 (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), Faculté de Pharmacie, F-59019 Lille, France; Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales (D.S.-A.), Institut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris, France; and Ulm University (F.G., B.B., T. Syrovets, T. Simmet), Institute
| | - Daniel Scott-Algara
- From Inserm, U-545 (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), F-59019 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), Département d’Athérosclérose, F-59019 Lille, France; the Université de Lille 2 (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), Faculté de Pharmacie, F-59019 Lille, France; Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales (D.S.-A.), Institut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris, France; and Ulm University (F.G., B.B., T. Syrovets, T. Simmet), Institute
| | - Felicitas Genze
- From Inserm, U-545 (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), F-59019 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), Département d’Athérosclérose, F-59019 Lille, France; the Université de Lille 2 (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), Faculté de Pharmacie, F-59019 Lille, France; Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales (D.S.-A.), Institut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris, France; and Ulm University (F.G., B.B., T. Syrovets, T. Simmet), Institute
| | - Berhold Büchele
- From Inserm, U-545 (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), F-59019 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), Département d’Athérosclérose, F-59019 Lille, France; the Université de Lille 2 (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), Faculté de Pharmacie, F-59019 Lille, France; Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales (D.S.-A.), Institut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris, France; and Ulm University (F.G., B.B., T. Syrovets, T. Simmet), Institute
| | - Tatiana Syrovets
- From Inserm, U-545 (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), F-59019 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), Département d’Athérosclérose, F-59019 Lille, France; the Université de Lille 2 (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), Faculté de Pharmacie, F-59019 Lille, France; Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales (D.S.-A.), Institut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris, France; and Ulm University (F.G., B.B., T. Syrovets, T. Simmet), Institute
| | - Thomas Simmet
- From Inserm, U-545 (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), F-59019 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), Département d’Athérosclérose, F-59019 Lille, France; the Université de Lille 2 (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), Faculté de Pharmacie, F-59019 Lille, France; Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales (D.S.-A.), Institut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris, France; and Ulm University (F.G., B.B., T. Syrovets, T. Simmet), Institute
| | - Mustapha Rouis
- From Inserm, U-545 (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), F-59019 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), Département d’Athérosclérose, F-59019 Lille, France; the Université de Lille 2 (C.Cuaz-Pérolin, L.B., E.B., C.Copin, M.R.), Faculté de Pharmacie, F-59019 Lille, France; Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales (D.S.-A.), Institut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris, France; and Ulm University (F.G., B.B., T. Syrovets, T. Simmet), Institute
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Bartsch G, Malinova V, Genze F, Volkmer BE, Simon J, Eggel M, Hautmann RE, Rieger B. [Biocompatibility of CO-alkene polymers with from urologic tissue isolated primary cells and undifferentiated cells]. Urologe A 2007; 46:1247-8. [PMID: 17671775 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-007-1493-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Bartsch
- Abteilung für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Urologische Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075 Ulm.
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26
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Brito-Juarez M, Engel O, De Petriconi R, Volkmer BE, Simon J, Decoppi P, Genze F, Eggel M, Chaiklieng S, Hautmann RE, Bartsch G. [Ureter replacement by a "tissue engineered" venous transplant]. Urologe A 2007; 46:1238. [PMID: 17668168 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-007-1494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Brito-Juarez
- Abteilung für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Urologische Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik, Ulm, Deutschland
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Kuefer R, Genze F, Zugmaier W, Hautmann RE, Rinnab L, Gschwend JE, Angelmeier M, Estrada A, Buechele B. Antagonistic effects of sodium butyrate and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-retinamide on prostate cancer. Neoplasia 2007; 9:246-53. [PMID: 17401464 PMCID: PMC1838581 DOI: 10.1593/neo.06766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrates and retinoids are promising antineoplastic agents. Here we analyzed effects of sodium butyrate and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-retinamide (4-HPR) on prostate cancer cells as monotherapy or in combination in vitro and in vivo. Sodium butyrate and 4-HPR induced concentration-dependent growth inhibition in prostate cancer cells in vitro. The isobologram analysis revealed that sodium butyrate and 4-HPR administered together antagonize effects of each other. For the in vivo studies, a water-soluble complex (4-HPR with a cyclodextrin) was created. A single dose of sodium butyrate and 4-HPR showed a peak level in chicken plasma within 30 minutes. Both compounds induced inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis in xenografts of the chicken chorioallantoic membrane. Analysis of the cytotoxic effects of the drugs used in combination demonstrated an antagonistic effect on inhibition of proliferation and on induction of apoptosis. Prolonged jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation induced by sodium butyrate and 4-HPR was strongly attenuated when both compounds were used in combination. Both compounds induced inhibition of NF-kappaB. This effect was strongly antagonized in LNCaP cells when the compounds were used in combination. These results indicate that combinational therapies have to be carefully investigated due to potential antagonistic effects in the clinical setting despite promising results of a monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Kuefer
- Department of Urology and the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, University of Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany.
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Büchele B, Zugmaier W, Estrada A, Genze F, Syrovets T, Paetz C, Schneider B, Simmet T. Characterization of 3alpha-acetyl-11-keto-alpha-boswellic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoid inducing apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Planta Med 2006; 72:1285-9. [PMID: 17022003 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-951680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
3Alpha-acetyl-11-keto-alpha-boswellic acid (3alpha-acetoxy-11-oxo-olean-12-en-24-oic acid, 1) was synthesized by a radical-type reaction using bromine and 3alpha-acetyl-alpha-boswellic acid isolated from the oleo-gum-resin of Boswellia carterii. 1D and 2D NMR (COSY, HMBC, ROESY) at 500 MHz were used for shift assignments and structure verification. The compound investigated is present in a herbal preparation extracted from Boswellia serrata oleo-gum-resin, it inhibits the growth of chemotherapy-resistant human PC-3 prostate cancer cells in vitro and induces apoptosis as shown by activation of caspase 3 and the induction of DNA fragmentation. In addition, compound 1 is active IN VIVO as shown by inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in PC-3 prostate cancer cells xenotransplanted onto the chick chorioallantoic membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Büchele
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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29
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Kuefer R, Rinnab L, Zorn C, Genze F, Kunzi-Rapp K, Hautmann RE, Gschwend JE. Natriumbutyrat und Tributyrin als wirksame Histone-Deacetylase-Inhibitoren beim Prostatakarzinom. Aktuelle Urol 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-947552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Vogler M, Giagkousiklidis S, Genze F, Gschwend JE, Debatin KM, Fulda S. Inhibition of clonogenic tumor growth: a novel function of Smac contributing to its antitumor activity. Oncogene 2005; 24:7190-202. [PMID: 16091752 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While second mitochondria derived activator of caspase (Smac) has been described to sensitize for apoptosis, its effect on cell viability in the absence of apoptotic stimuli has remained unclear. Here, we report that Smac inhibits clonogenic tumor growth by blocking random migration and proliferation and by enhancing apoptosis in a cell density and cell type dependent manner in SH-EP neuroblastoma cells. Inhibition of clonogenic survival by overexpression of full-length or processed Smac strictly depended on low cell density, and was reversible by replatement at high density. We discovered that Smac inhibits cell motility and random migration at low cell density. In addition, Smac enhanced apoptosis and inhibited protein, but not mRNA expression of XIAP, survivin and other short-lived proteins (FLIP, p21), indicating that Smac may globally inhibit protein expression. Also, Smac inhibited proliferation and increased polynucleation with no evidence for polyploidy, cell cycle arrest or senescence indicating that Smac impaired cell division. Interestingly, inhibition of clonogenic capacity by Smac occurred independent of its apoptosis promoting activity. By demonstrating that Smac restrains clonogenic tumor growth, our findings may have important implications for control of tumor growth and/or its metastatic spread. Thus, Smac agonists may be useful in cancer therapy, for example, for tumor control in minimal residual disease. Oncogene (2005) 24, 7190-7202. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208876; published online 8 August 2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Vogler
- University Children's Hospital, Prittwitzstr. 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
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31
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Büchele B, Zugmaier W, Genze F, Simmet T. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of acetyl-11-keto-alpha-boswellic acid, a novel pentacyclic triterpenoid, in plasma using a fluorinated stationary phase and photodiode array detection: application in pharmacokinetic studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 829:144-8. [PMID: 16266833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Revised: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and selective HPLC separation with photodiode array detection was developed for the analysis of the novel pentacyclic triterpenoid acetyl-11-keto-alpha-boswellic acid. Complete baseline separation of acetyl-11-keto-alpha-boswellic acid from the corresponding isomer acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid was achieved on a fluorinated stationary phase. The standard curve was linear from 0.98 nmol/l to 196 nmol/l acetyl-11-keto-alpha-boswellic acid. The compound was isolated from chick embryonic plasma using extraction on diatomaceous earth with an overall average extraction yield of 82%. This method was applied in a kinetic study on the chick chorioallantoic membrane model (CAM) and showed unequivocal separation between acetyl-11-keto-alpha-boswellic acid and acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid unachievable so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Büchele
- Department of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 20, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Dreissigacker U, Mueller MS, Unger M, Siegert P, Genze F, Gierschik P, Giehl K. Oncogenic K-Ras down-regulates Rac1 and RhoA activity and enhances migration and invasion of pancreatic carcinoma cells through activation of p38. Cell Signal 2005; 18:1156-68. [PMID: 16257181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activating mutations in the K-ras gene are genetic alterations frequently found in human carcinomas, particularly in pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Mutation of the K-ras gene is thought to be an early and important event in pancreatic tumor initiation, but the precise role of the mutant K-Ras proteins in neoplastic progression is still unknown. In the present study, we have characterized the influence of oncogenic K-Ras on the phenotype and on the signal transduction of epitheloid PANC-1 pancreatic carcinoma cells by generating PANC-1 cell clones, which stably express EGFP(enhanced green fluorescent protein)-K-Ras (V12). EGFP-K-Ras (V12)-expressing cells exhibited a more fibroblastoid cellular phenotype with irregular cell shape and disorganized cytokeratin filaments. Moreover, these cells showed a marked enhancement of their migratory and invasive properties. Stable expression of EGFP-K-Ras (V12) down-regulated the activity of Rac1 and RhoA, resulting in reduced subcortical actin filaments and stress fibers, which might contribute to the epithelial dedifferentiation. Characterization of the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinases revealed that EGFP-K-Ras (V12) enhanced the activity of p38, but did not affect the activities of the Raf/MEK/ERK cascade and JNK. While inhibition of either MEK or JNK activity had no effect on EGFP-K-Ras (V12)-induced migration, inhibition of p38 activity markedly reduced EGFP-K-Ras (V12)-induced migration. Collectively, the results suggest that oncogenic K-Ras enhances the malignant phenotype and identify the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 as a target to inhibit oncogenic K-Ras-induced pancreatic tumor cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Dreissigacker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Syrovets T, Gschwend JE, Büchele B, Laumonnier Y, Zugmaier W, Genze F, Simmet T. Inhibition of IκB Kinase Activity by Acetyl-boswellic Acids Promotes Apoptosis in Androgen-independent PC-3 Prostate Cancer Cells in Vitro and in Vivo. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:6170-80. [PMID: 15576374 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409477200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through NF-kappaB has been implicated in the malignant phenotype as well as the chemoresistance of various cancers. Here we show that the natural compounds acetyl-beta-boswellic acid and acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKbetaBA) inhibit proliferation and elicit cell death in chemoresistant androgen-independent PC-3 prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Induction of apoptosis was demonstrated in cultured PC-3 cells by several parameters including mitochondrial cytochrome c release and DNA fragmentation. At the molecular level these compounds inhibit constitutively activated NF-kappaB signaling by intercepting the IkappaB kinase (IKK) activity; signaling through the interferon-stimulated response element remained unaffected, suggesting specificity for IKK inhibition. The impaired phosphorylation of p65 and the reduced nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB proteins were associated with down-regulation of the constitutively overexpressed and NF-kappaB-dependent antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L). In addition, expression of cyclin D1, a crucial cell cycle regulator, was reduced as well. Down-regulation of IKK by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides confirmed the essential role of IKK inhibition for the proliferation of the PC-3 cells. Both compounds tested were active in vivo, yet AKbetaBA proved to be far superior. Indeed, topical application of water-soluble AKbetaBA-gamma-cyclodextrin on PC-3 tumors xenografted onto chick chorioallantoic membranes induced concentration-dependent inhibition of proliferation as well as apoptosis. Similarly, in nude mice carrying PC-3 tumors, systemic application of AKbetaBA-gamma-cyclodextrin inhibited tumor growth and triggered apoptosis in the absence of detectable systemic toxicity. Thus, AKbetaBA and related compounds acting on IKK might provide a novel approach for the treatment of chemoresistant human tumors such as androgen-independent human prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Syrovets
- Department of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 20, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Veit C, Genze F, Menke A, Hoeffert S, Gress TM, Gierschik P, Giehl K. Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase is required for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-induced migration and invasion of pancreatic carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5291-300. [PMID: 15289335 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic carcinoma cells exhibit a pronounced tendency to invade along and into intra- and extrapancreatic nerves, even at early stages of the disease. The neurotrophic factor glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been shown to promote pancreatic cancer cell invasion. Here, we demonstrate that pancreatic carcinoma cell lines, such as PANC-1, expressed the RET and GDNF family receptor alpha receptor components for GDNF and that primary pancreatic tumor samples, derived from carcinomas with regional lymph node metastasis, exhibited marked expression of the mRNA encoding the RET51 isoform. Moreover, GDNF was an efficacious and potent chemoattractant for pancreatic carcinoma cells as examined in in vitro and in vivo model systems. Treatment of PANC-1 cells with GDNF resulted in activation of the monomeric GTPases N-Ras, Rac1, and RhoA, in activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and in activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Both inhibition of the Ras-Raf-MEK (mitogen-activated protein/ERK kinase)-ERK cascade by either stable expression of dominant-negative H-Ras(N17) or addition of the MEK1 inhibitor PD98059 as well as inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway by LY294002 prevented GDNF-induced migration and invasion of PANC-1 cells. These results demonstrate that pancreatic tumor cell migration and possibly perineural invasion in response to GDNF is critically controlled by activation of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Veit
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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35
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Kuefer R, Hofer MD, Altug V, Zorn C, Genze F, Kunzi-Rapp K, Hautmann RE, Gschwend JE. Sodium butyrate and tributyrin induce in vivo growth inhibition and apoptosis in human prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2004; 90:535-41. [PMID: 14735205 PMCID: PMC2409572 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACs) are known to exhibit antiproliferative effects on various carcinoma cells. In this study, the in vivo efficiency of two HDACs, sodium butyrate and tributyrin, on prostate cancer growth inhibition were investigated. To gain an insight into the possible underlying pathways, cell culture experiments were performed focusing on the expression of p21, Rb and c-myc. For in vivo testing, prostate cancer cell lines (PC3 and TSU-Pr1) were seeded on the chorioallantois membrane (CAM) and implanted in a xenograft model using nude mice. Standard Western blot analysis was performed for protein expression of p21, Rb and c-myc in HDAC-treated vs untreated prostate cancer cells. Both sodium butyrate and tributyrin had a considerable treatment effect on microtumours on the chicken egg at already very low concentrations of 0.1 mM. Tributyrin-treated tumours showed the strongest effect with 38% apoptotic nuclei in the prostate cancer cell line PC3. In the mouse model, there was almost no difference between sodium butyrate and tributyrin. In untreated animals the tumours were almost double the size 4 weeks after implantation. Tumours of the treatment groups had a significantly lower percentage of Ki-67-positive-stained nuclei. As demonstrated by Western blot analysis, these effects seem to be independent of p53 status and a pathway via p21–Rb–c-myc is possibly involved. In this study we have demonstrated a substantial in vivo treatment effect, which can be induced by the application of sodium butyrate or the orally applicable tributyrin in human prostate cancer. The given results may provide the rationale to apply these drugs in well-controlled clinical trials in patients being at high risk of recurrence after specific therapy or in patients with locally or distant advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kuefer
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Prittwitz-Strasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - M D Hofer
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Prittwitz-Strasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - V Altug
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Prittwitz-Strasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - C Zorn
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Prittwitz-Strasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - F Genze
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Prittwitz-Strasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Lasertechnology in Medicine, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - K Kunzi-Rapp
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Prittwitz-Strasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Lasertechnology in Medicine, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - R E Hautmann
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Prittwitz-Strasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - J E Gschwend
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Prittwitz-Strasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Prittwitz-Strasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany. E-mail:
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Hofer MD, Menke A, Genze F, Gierschik P, Giehl K. Expression of MTA1 promotes motility and invasiveness of PANC-1 pancreatic carcinoma cells. Br J Cancer 2004; 90:455-62. [PMID: 14735193 PMCID: PMC2409548 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2003] [Revised: 10/03/2003] [Accepted: 11/05/2003] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The human metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1) is a constituent of the nucleosome-remodelling and -deacetylation complex. Its expression has been correlated with the invasion and metastasis of epithelial neoplasms. To address the functional consequences of MTA1 expression in pancreatic carcinoma cells, we have established PANC-1 pancreatic carcinoma cells that stably express MTA1 as an enhanced green fluorescent fusion protein (EGFP-MTA1). Here, we demonstrate that heterologous expression of EGFP-MTA1 markedly enhanced the cellular motility and the invasive penetration of epithelial barriers by the cells. Expression of EGFP-MTA1 had no effect on substrate-independent growth, but reduced substrate-dependent cell proliferation. In addition, the organisation of the cytokeratin filament system and the localisation of the actin cytoskeleton-associated protein IQGAP1 were distinctly altered in EGFP-MTA1-expressing cells. These results indicate that enhanced expression of MTA1 promotes the acquisition of an invasive, metastatic phenotype, and thus enhances the malignancy of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells by modulation of the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Hofer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - A Menke
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - F Genze
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - P Gierschik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - K Giehl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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Kunzi-Rapp K, Genze F, Küfer R, Reich E, Hautmann RE, Gschwend JE. Chorioallantoic membrane assay: vascularized 3-dimensional cell culture system for human prostate cancer cells as an animal substitute model. J Urol 2001; 166:1502-7. [PMID: 11547121 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)65820-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chorioallantoic membranes have been used as a reliable biomedical assay system for many years. Chicken eggs in the early phase of breeding are between in vitro and in vivo systems but may provide an immunodeficient, vascularized test environment. We tested this model as an in vivo system for prostate cancer research. MATERIALS AND METHODS Single cell suspensions of LNCaP, PC-3 and Tsu-Pr1 human prostatic cancer cell lines as well as 2 immortalized normal human prostate epithelial cell lines were inoculated on the chorioallantoic membrane of fertilized chicken eggs on day 5 or 6 of breeding. Tumor growth and viability of the embryo was evaluated by stereo microscopy. At day 10 the membranes were removed and embedded in paraffin. Cell morphology was assessed after hematoxylin and eosin staining. Cellular expression of cytokeratin, prostate specific antigen and androgen receptor as well as apoptosis induction was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Three days after tumor cell inoculation on the extraembryonic vascular system of the chorioallantoic membrane cell growth and formation of 3-dimensional tumors became apparent in 100% of inoculated membranes. Strong neo-angiogenesis was detected next to the established tumors and tumor cells invading the stroma of the chorioallantoic membrane. Cytokeratin expression as well as prostate specific antigen and androgen receptor in LNCaP cells confirmed the human prostate tumor origin. Assessment of quantitative in vivo apoptosis induction in LNCaP cells after intravenous injection of the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate confirmed the model as a versatile in vivo system. CONCLUSIONS The well vascularized chorioallantoic membrane of bred chicken eggs is a suitable system for early in vivo cancer research. Reliable growth of prostate cancer cell lines is feasible and allows the evaluation of proliferation and apoptosis induction after intravascular or topic application of anticancer drugs. Exploitation of this assay enables a substantial reduction in or substitution for subsequent animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kunzi-Rapp
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Abstract
Methylene blue (MB+) is a well-known dye in medicine and has been discussed as an easily applicable drug for the topical treatment during photodynamic therapy (PDT). The therapeutic response of MB+ was investigated in vivo by local injection of MB+ in a xenotransplanted subcutanous tumor (adeno-carcinoma, G-3) in female nude mice. MB+ in a concentration of 1% was applied both undiluted and diluted to 0.1 and 0.01% with isotonic sodium chloride. Treatment with 1% MB+ and subsequent irradiation at 662 nm with 100 J/cm2 led to complete tumor destruction in 79% of the treated animals. A decrease of the fluence rate from 100 to 50 mW/cm2 increased the phototoxic response as well as fractionated light application. Small sensitizer concentrations reduced the PDT effect significantly. It seems that the light induced reaction of MB+ could be correlated with the rapid production of reactive oxygen species. Below a threshold dose of MB+ oxidative damage of the tissue is prevented. However, above this dose, as a point of no return, MB+ acts as an extremely potent oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Orth
- Department of General Surgery, University of Ulm, Chirurgische Klinik I, Germany
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39
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Orth K, König K, Genze F, Rück A. Photodynamic therapy of experimental colonic tumours with 5-aminolevulinic-acid-induced endogenous porphyrins. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1994; 120:657-61. [PMID: 7962041 DOI: 10.1007/bf01245377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a precursor in the biosynthesis of haem. External application of 5-ALA leads to the formation of protoporphyrin IX, the last intermediate product before haem, which is an effective sensitiser. The 5-ALA-induced endogenous photosensitisation of tumour cells has been exploited for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Experimental human G-3 colonic tumours were transplanted into nude mice, and ten mice were treated by PDT. Ten animals served as controls. We measured a fluorescence intensity of the tumour that was about eight times higher than in the surrounding tissue; a good correlation between the fluorescence intensity and the photodynamic effect was found. Tumour growth was inhibited significantly after PDT, two tumours being destroyed completely after the second PDT treatment. In addition, on-line fluorescence detection during PDT showed a change in the intensity and the fluorescence spectrum of protoporphyrin IX caused by photobleaching and the formation of photoproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Orth
- Department of General Surgery University of Ulm, Germany
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40
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König K, Genze F, Miller K, Rück A, Reich E, Repassy D. Photodynamic activity of liposome-delivered Cd-texaphyrin using tumor-bearing nude mice. Lasers Surg Med 1993; 13:522-7. [PMID: 8264322 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.1900130505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic effects in bladder-tumor bearing nude mice induced by a krypton ion laser (752.5 nm) after i.v. application of liposome-delivered cadmium texaphyrin were investigated. Cd-texaphyrin possesses strong absorption transitions in the far red spectral region (around 760 nm) and a high quantum efficiency of singlet oxygen production. No therapeutic effects were obtained using irradiation 24 hours after administration of the sensitizer, whereas phototreatment 2 hours after application led to significant tumor reduction. This corresponds well with studies on fluorophore-labeled liposomes indicating highest tumor accumulation 1-2 hours after administration. However, the induced cytotoxic effects were lower than those of HpD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K König
- Institut für Lasertechnologien, Universität Ulm, Germany
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