201
|
Hanna BS, McClanahan F, Yazdanparast H, Zaborsky N, Kalter V, Rößner PM, Benner A, Dürr C, Egle A, Gribben JG, Lichter P, Seiffert M. Depletion of CLL-associated patrolling monocytes and macrophages controls disease development and repairs immune dysfunction in vivo. Leukemia 2015; 30:570-9. [PMID: 26522085 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by apoptosis resistance and a dysfunctional immune system. Previous reports suggested a potential role of myeloid cells in mediating these defects. However, the composition and function of CLL-associated myeloid cells have not been thoroughly investigated in vivo. Using the Eμ-TCL1 mouse model, we observed severe skewing of myeloid cell populations with CLL development. Monocytes and M2-like macrophages infiltrated the peritoneal cavity of leukemic mice. Monocytes also accumulated in the spleen in a CCR2-dependent manner, and were severely skewed toward Ly6C(low) patrolling or nonclassical phenotype. In addition, the percentage of MHC-II(hi) dendritic cells and macrophages significantly dropped in the spleen. Gene expression profiling of CLL-associated monocytes revealed aberrantly high PD-L1 expression and secretion of multiple inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokines like interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-α and CXCL9. In vivo myeloid cell depletion using liposomal Clodronate resulted in a significant control of CLL development accompanied by a pronounced repair of innate immune cell phenotypes and a partial resolution of systemic inflammation. In addition, CLL-associated skewing of T cells toward antigen-experienced phenotypes was repaired. The presented data suggest that targeting nonmalignant myeloid cells might serve as a novel immunotherapeutical strategy for CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B S Hanna
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F McClanahan
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - H Yazdanparast
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N Zaborsky
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, 3rd Medical Department for Hematology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Hospital, Salzburg, Austria
| | - V Kalter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P M Rößner
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Benner
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Dürr
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Egle
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, 3rd Medical Department for Hematology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Hospital, Salzburg, Austria
| | - J G Gribben
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - P Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Seiffert
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Dai H, Zhang W, Li X, Han Q, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang C, Shi F, Zhang Y, Chen M, Feng K, Wang Q, Zhu H, Fu X, Li S, Han W. Tolerance and efficacy of autologous or donor-derived T cells expressing CD19 chimeric antigen receptors in adult B-ALL with extramedullary leukemia. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1027469. [PMID: 26451310 PMCID: PMC4590028 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1027469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The engineering of T lymphocytes to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) aims to establish T cell-mediated tumor immunity rapidly. In this study, we conducted a pilot clinical trial of autologous or donor- derived T cells genetically modified to express a CAR targeting the B-cell antigen CD19 harboring 4-1BB and the CD3ζ moiety. All enrolled patients had relapsed or chemotherapy-refractory B-cell lineage acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL). Of the nine patients, six had definite extramedullary involvement, and the rate of overall survival at 18 weeks was 56%. One of the two patients who received conditioning chemotherapy achieved a three-month durable complete response with partial regression of extramedullary lesions. Four of seven patients who did not receive conditioning chemotherapy achieved dramatic regression or a mixed response in the haematopoietic system and extramedullary tissues for two to nine months. Grade 2-3 graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was observed in two patients who received substantial donor-derived anti-CD19 CART (chimeric antigen receptor-modified T) cells 3-4 weeks after cell infusions. These results show for the first time that donor-derived anti-CD19 CART cells can cause GVHD and regression of extramedullary B-ALL. This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01864889.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanren Dai
- Department of Immunology; Institute of Basic Medicine; School of Life Sciences; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Department of Bio-therapeutic; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology; Institute of Basic Medicine; School of Life Sciences; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing, China
| | - Qingwang Han
- Department of Immunology; Institute of Basic Medicine; School of Life Sciences; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing, China
| | - Yelei Guo
- Department of Immunology; Institute of Basic Medicine; School of Life Sciences; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing, China
| | - Yajing Zhang
- Department of Bio-therapeutic; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Immunology; Institute of Basic Medicine; School of Life Sciences; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing, China
| | - Chunmeng Wang
- Department of Bio-therapeutic; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing, China
| | - Fengxia Shi
- Department of Bio-therapeutic; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Bio-therapeutic; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing, China
| | - Meixia Chen
- Department of Bio-therapeutic; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing, China
| | - Kaichao Feng
- Department of Bio-therapeutic; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing, China
| | - Quanshun Wang
- Department of Hematology; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing, China
| | - Hongli Zhu
- Department of Hematology; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Department of Bio-therapeutic; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing, China
| | - Suxia Li
- Department of Hematology; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing, China
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Immunology; Institute of Basic Medicine; School of Life Sciences; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing, China
- Department of Bio-therapeutic; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing, China
- Department of Molecular Biology; Institute of Basic Medicine; School of Life Sciences; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Hartmann EM, Rudelius M, Burger JA, Rosenwald A. CCL3 chemokine expression by chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells orchestrates the composition of the microenvironment in lymph node infiltrates. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 57:563-71. [PMID: 26458057 PMCID: PMC6699159 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1068308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous experiments demonstrated that survival and proliferation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells depends upon complex cross-talk between CLL cells and accessory cells in the tissue microenvironment. To further dissect these interactions in situ, we analyzed lymph nodes from 43 different patients infiltrated by CLL cells for expression of the chemokine CCL3, Ki-67, macrophages, and T cell subsets by immunohistochemistry. CCL3 expression was detected in 24 of 43 cases (56%), particularly in prolymphocytes and paraimmunoblasts within the proliferation centers. Significantly higher numbers of CD3+ T cells and CD57+ cells were noticed in CCL3 positive cases. Furthermore, denser infiltration of CLL lymph node tissues by CD57+ cells correlated with higher proliferation rates of the CLL cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate an association of CCL3 expression by CLL cells with increased numbers of CD3+ T cells and CD57+ cells in the lymph node microenvironment, which may promote CLL cell survival and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena M. Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Mainfranken, Germany
| | - Martina Rudelius
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Mainfranken, Germany
| | - Jan A. Burger
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Mainfranken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Boissard F, Fournié JJ, Quillet-Mary A, Ysebaert L, Poupot M. Nurse-like cells mediate ibrutinib resistance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Blood Cancer J 2015; 5:e355. [PMID: 26430726 PMCID: PMC4635187 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2015.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F Boissard
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, ERL 5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence 'TOUCAN', Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancérologie CAPTOR, Institut Carnot Lymphome CALYM, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - J-J Fournié
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, ERL 5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence 'TOUCAN', Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancérologie CAPTOR, Institut Carnot Lymphome CALYM, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - A Quillet-Mary
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, ERL 5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence 'TOUCAN', Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancérologie CAPTOR, Institut Carnot Lymphome CALYM, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - L Ysebaert
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, ERL 5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence 'TOUCAN', Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancérologie CAPTOR, Institut Carnot Lymphome CALYM, Pierre-Benite, France.,Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, CHU de Toulouse, France
| | - M Poupot
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, ERL 5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence 'TOUCAN', Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancérologie CAPTOR, Institut Carnot Lymphome CALYM, Pierre-Benite, France
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Maffei R, Colaci E, Fiorcari S, Martinelli S, Potenza L, Luppi M, Marasca R. Lenalidomide in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: the present and future in the era of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 97:291-302. [PMID: 26454471 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lenalidomide is an immunomodulatory agent (IMiD) clinically active in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), both in heavily pre-treated patients and upfront. Lenalidomide has a unique mechanism of action in CLL. Its efficacy relies on a multifactorial mode-of-action (MOA), comprising a plethora of immunomodulatory actions, the disruption of mutualistic interactions inside CLL microenvironment and direct effects against leukemic cells. In the last few years, a number of new and highly effective drugs appeared in the scenario of CLL therapeutic options, i.e. tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), showing a good safety profile and impressive clinical response, also in high-risk patients. In this review, we describe the data from clinical studies about lenalidomide efficacy in CLL and we critically dissect the different mechanisms of action of this drug. We point the attention on open issues, including drug dosage and administration schedule, prediction of clinical response to lenalidomide, and combination therapeutic strategies. This overview would be useful to envision a possible role of lenalidomide in the treatment flow-chart of CLL, exploiting its peculiar MOA and also exploring the possible synergetic effect with new drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Maffei
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Colaci
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefania Fiorcari
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Martinelli
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Leonardo Potenza
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Mario Luppi
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto Marasca
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
The pan phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor SAR245409 (voxtalisib/XL765) blocks survival, adhesion and proliferation of primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Leukemia 2015; 30:337-45. [PMID: 26338274 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are critical components of the B-cell receptor (BCR) pathway and have an important role in the pathobiology of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Inhibitors of PI3Kδ block BCR-mediated cross-talk between CLL cells and the lymph node microenvironment and provide significant clinical benefit to CLL patients. However, the PI3Kδ inhibitors applied thus far have limited direct impact on leukemia cell survival and thus are unlikely to eradicate the disease. The use of inhibitors of multiple isoforms of PI3K might lead to deeper remissions. Here we demonstrate that the pan-PI3K/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor SAR245409 (voxtalisib/XL765) was more pro-apoptotic to CLL cells--irrespective of their ATM/p53 status--than PI3Kα or PI3Kδ isoform selective inhibitors. Furthermore, SAR245409 blocked CLL survival, adhesion and proliferation. Moreover, SAR245409 was a more potent inhibitor of T-cell-mediated production of cytokines, which support CLL survival. Taken together, our in vitro data provide a rationale for the evaluation of a pan-PI3K inhibitor in CLL patients.
Collapse
|
207
|
Crassini K, Stevenson WS, Mulligan SP, Best OG. The MEK1/2 inhibitor, MEKi-1, induces cell death in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells under conditions that mimic the tumor microenvironment and is synergistic with fludarabine. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:3407-17. [PMID: 25804768 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1032963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The Raf-1/MEK/ERK1/2 pathway has become a focus for novel cancer therapies. This study sought to investigate whether targeting MEK1/2 may represent a therapeutic option for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The MEK1/2 inhibitor, MEKi-1, induced apoptosis of CLL cells and was synergistic with fludarabine under conditions that mimic the tumor microenvironment, irrespective of poor-risk characteristics. MEKi-1 down-regulated the activities of AKT and ERK1/2 and was synergistic with fludarabine through a mechanism that involved potentiation of DNA damage and attenuation of the activity of ERK1/2 and expression of Mcl-1. This study highlights the significant role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-ERK1/2 pathway in mediating the effects of the CLL tumor microenvironment and suggests that targeting MEK1/2 in CLL cells may impact upon the activity of both ERK1/2 and AKT. Inhibitors of MEK1/2 as single agents or in combination with DNA-damaging agents may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Crassini
- a Northern Blood Research Centre, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital , St Leonards, Sydney , NSW , Australia.,b CLL Australian Research Consortium (CLLARC) , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - William S Stevenson
- a Northern Blood Research Centre, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital , St Leonards, Sydney , NSW , Australia.,b CLL Australian Research Consortium (CLLARC) , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Stephen P Mulligan
- a Northern Blood Research Centre, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital , St Leonards, Sydney , NSW , Australia.,b CLL Australian Research Consortium (CLLARC) , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - O Giles Best
- a Northern Blood Research Centre, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital , St Leonards, Sydney , NSW , Australia.,b CLL Australian Research Consortium (CLLARC) , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
De Cecco L, Capaia M, Zupo S, Cutrona G, Matis S, Brizzolara A, Orengo AM, Croce M, Marchesi E, Ferrarini M, Canevari S, Ferrini S. Interleukin 21 Controls mRNA and MicroRNA Expression in CD40-Activated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134706. [PMID: 26305332 PMCID: PMC4549109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several factors support CLL cell survival in the microenvironment. Under different experimental conditions, IL21 can either induce apoptosis or promote CLL cell survival. To investigate mechanisms involved in the effects of IL21, we studied the ability of IL21 to modulate gene and miRNA expressions in CD40-activated CLL cells. IL21 was a major regulator of chemokine production in CLL cells and it modulated the expression of genes involved in cell movement, metabolism, survival and apoptosis. In particular, IL21 down-regulated the expression of the chemokine genes CCL4, CCL3, CCL3L1, CCL17, and CCL2, while it up-regulated the Th1-related CXCL9 and CXCL10. In addition, IL21 down-regulated the expression of genes encoding signaling molecules, such as CD40, DDR1 and PIK3CD. IL21 modulated a similar set of genes in CLL and normal B-cells (e.g. chemokine genes), whereas other genes, including MYC, TNF, E2F1, EGR2 and GAS-6, were regulated only in CLL cells. An integrated analysis of the miRNome and gene expression indicated that several miRNAs were under IL21 control and these could, in turn, influence the expression of potential target genes. We focused on hsa-miR-663b predicted to down-regulate several relevant genes. Transfection of hsa-miR-663b or its specific antagonist showed that this miRNA regulated CCL17, DDR1, PIK3CD and CD40 gene expression. Our data indicated that IL21 modulates the expression of genes mediating the crosstalk between CLL cells and their microenvironment and miRNAs may take part in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loris De Cecco
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Capaia
- Laboratory of Biotherapy, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Zupo
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cutrona
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Serena Matis
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonella Brizzolara
- Laboratory of Biotherapy, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Orengo
- Laboratory of Biotherapy, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Croce
- Laboratory of Biotherapy, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Edoardo Marchesi
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Manlio Ferrarini
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvana Canevari
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (SF); (SC)
| | - Silvano Ferrini
- Laboratory of Biotherapy, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
- * E-mail: (SF); (SC)
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Balakrishnan K, Burger JA, Fu M, Doifode T, Wierda WG, Gandhi V. Regulation of Mcl-1 expression in context to bone marrow stromal microenvironment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Neoplasia 2015; 16:1036-46. [PMID: 25499217 PMCID: PMC4309260 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that the resistance of CLL cells to apoptosis is partly mediated through the interactions between leukemia cells and adjacent stromal cells residing in the lymphatic tissue or bone marrow microenvironment. Mcl-1, an anti-apoptotic protein that is associated with failure to treatment is up-regulated in CLL lymphocytes after interaction with microenvironment. However, the regulation of its expression in context to microenvironment is unclear. We evaluated and compared changes in Mcl-1 in CLL B-cells in suspension culture and when co-cultured on stromal cells. The blockade of apoptosis in co-cultured CLL cells is associated with diminution in caspase-3 and PARP cleavage and is not dependent on cytogenetic profile or prognostic factors of the disease. Stroma-derived resistance to apoptosis is associated with a cascade of transcriptional events such as increase in levels of total RNA Pol II and its phosphorylation at Ser2 and Ser5, increase in the rate of global RNA synthesis, and amplification of Mcl-1 transcript levels. The latter is associated with increase in Mcl-1 protein level without an impact on the levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Post-translational modifications of protein kinases show increased phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473, Erk at Thr202/Tyr204 and Gsk-3β at Ser9 and augmentation of total Mcl-1 accumulation along with phosphorylation at Ser159/Thr163 sites. Collectively, stroma-induced apoptosis resistance is mediated through signaling proteins that regulate transcriptional and translational expression and post-translational modification of Mcl-1 in CLL cells in context to bone marrow stromal microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumudha Balakrishnan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Min Fu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Tejaswini Doifode
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - William G Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Varsha Gandhi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine protein kinases share structural homology, while exhibiting substantial functional diversity. PKC isoforms are ubiquitously expressed in tissues which makes it difficult to define roles for individual isoforms, with complexity compounded by the finding that PKC isoforms can co-operate with or antagonize other PKC family members. A number of studies suggest the involvement of PKC family members in regulating leukaemic cell survival and proliferation. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), the most common leukaemia in the Western world, exhibits dysregulated expression of PKC isoforms, with recent reports indicating that PKCβ and δ play a critical role in B-cell development, due to their ability to link the B-cell receptor (BCR) with downstream signalling pathways. Given the prognostic significance of the BCR in CLL, inhibition of these BCR/PKC-mediated signalling pathways is of therapeutic relevance. The present review discusses the emerging role of PKC isoforms in the pathophysiology of CLL and assesses approaches that have been undertaken to modulate PKC activity.
Collapse
|
211
|
LAPUC IZABELA, BOLKUN LUKASZ, ELJASZEWICZ ANDRZEJ, RUSAK MALGORZATA, LUKSZA EWA, SINGH PAULINA, MIKLASZ PAULA, PISZCZ JAROSLAW, PTASZYNSKA-KOPCZYNSKA KATARZYNA, JASIEWICZ MALGORZATA, KAMINSKI KAROL, DABROWSKA MILENA, BODZENTA-LUKASZYK ANNA, KLOCZKO JANUSZ, MONIUSZKO MARCIN. Circulating classical CD14++CD16− monocytes predict shorter time to initial treatment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients: Differential effects of immune chemotherapy on monocyte-related membrane and soluble forms of CD163. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1269-78. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
212
|
Agathangelidis A, Scarfò L, Barbaglio F, Apollonio B, Bertilaccio MTS, Ranghetti P, Ponzoni M, Leone G, De Pascali V, Pecciarini L, Ghia P, Caligaris-Cappio F, Scielzo C. Establishment and Characterization of PCL12, a Novel CD5+ Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Cell Line. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130195. [PMID: 26110819 PMCID: PMC4481539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immortalized cell lines representative of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) can assist in understanding disease pathogenesis and testing new therapeutic agents. At present, very few representative cell lines are available. We here describe the characterization of a new cell line (PCL12) that grew spontaneously from the peripheral blood (PB) of a CLL patient with progressive disease and EBV infection. The CLL cell origin of PCL12 was confirmed after the alignment of its IGH sequence against the “original” clonotypic sequence. The IGH gene rearrangement was truly unmutated and no CLL-related cytogenetic or genetic lesions were detected. PCL12 cells express CD19, CD20, CD5, CD23, low levels of IgM and IgD and the poor-outcome-associated prognostic markers CD38, ZAP70 and TCL1. In accordance with its aggressive phenotype the cell line is inactive in terms of LYN and HS1 phosphorylation. BcR signalling pathway is constitutively active and anergic in terms of p-ERK and Calcium flux response to α-IgM stimulation. PCL12 cells strongly migrate in vitro in response to SDF-1 and form clusters. Finally, they grow rapidly and localize in all lymphoid organs when xenotrasplanted in Rag2-/-γc-/- mice. PCL12 represents a suitable preclinical model for testing pharmacological agents.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD5 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Rearrangement
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Phenotype
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Agathangelidis
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Milano, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of B Cell Neoplasia, Milano, Italy
| | - Lydia Scarfò
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of B Cell Neoplasia, Milano, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Lymphoma Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Barbaglio
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Milano, Italy
| | - Benedetta Apollonio
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Sabrina Bertilaccio
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Milano, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Pamela Ranghetti
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Lymphoma Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Pathology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Leone
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Lymphoma Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Pathology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Ghia
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of B Cell Neoplasia, Milano, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Lymphoma Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Caligaris-Cappio
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Milano, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Lymphoma Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Scielzo
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Milano, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
The PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PF-04691502 induces apoptosis and inhibits microenvironmental signaling in CLL and the Eµ-TCL1 mouse model. Blood 2015; 125:4032-41. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-11-610329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Points
PF-04691502 induces potent apoptosis in CLL cells and suppresses prosurvival anti–immunoglobulin M signaling and CXCL12-induced migration. PF-04691502 displays powerful antitumor effects in vivo in the Eμ-TCL1 mouse model.
Collapse
|
214
|
Messmer D, Lorrain K, Stebbins K, Bravo Y, Stock N, Cabrera G, Correa L, Chen A, Jacintho J, Chiorazzi N, Yan XJ, Spaner D, Prasit P, Lorrain D. A Selective Novel Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)-α Antagonist Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Proliferation of CLL Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Mol Med 2015; 21:410-9. [PMID: 26070013 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-specific metabolic changes can reveal new therapeutic targets. Our findings implicate a supporting role for fatty acid metabolism in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cell survival. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α, a major transcriptional regulator of fatty acid oxidation, was recently shown to be upregulated in CLL. To evaluate PPARα as a potential therapeutic target, we developed a highly selective, potent small molecule antagonist of PPARα, NXT629. NXT629 inhibited agonist-induced transcription of PPARα-regulated genes, demonstrating target engagement in CLL cells. Furthermore, NXT629 induced apoptosis of CLL cells even in the presence of a protective microenvironment. To mimic the proliferative lymphoid compartment of CLL, we examined the activity of NXT629 on CLL cells that were stimulated to proliferate in vitro. NXT629 reduced the number of leukemia cells undergoing cell division. In addition, in two xenograft mouse models of CLL (one a model for nondividing and one for dividing CLL), NXT629 reduced the number of viable CLL cells in vivo. Overall, these results suggest that fatty acid metabolism promotes survival and proliferation of primary CLL cells and that inhibiting PPARα gene regulation could be a new therapeutic approach to treating CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davorka Messmer
- Inception Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Kymmy Lorrain
- Inception Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Karin Stebbins
- Inception Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Yalda Bravo
- Inception Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Stock
- Inception Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Lucia Correa
- Inception Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Austin Chen
- Inception Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jason Jacintho
- Inception Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiao Jie Yan
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - David Spaner
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peppi Prasit
- Inception Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Lorrain
- Inception Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Bachireddy P, Burkhardt UE, Rajasagi M, Wu CJ. Haematological malignancies: at the forefront of immunotherapeutic innovation. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:201-15. [PMID: 25786696 PMCID: PMC4511812 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent successes of cancer immunotherapies have stimulated interest in the potential widespread application of these approaches; haematological malignancies have provided both initial proofs of concept and an informative testing ground for various immune-based therapeutics. The immune-cell origin of many of the blood malignancies provides a unique opportunity both to understand the mechanisms of cancer immune responsiveness and immune evasion, and to exploit these mechanisms for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Bachireddy
- Department of Medical Oncology and the Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ute E. Burkhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology and the Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohini Rajasagi
- Department of Medical Oncology and the Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Catherine J. Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology and the Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
PD-L1 checkpoint blockade prevents immune dysfunction and leukemia development in a mouse model of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2015; 126:203-11. [PMID: 25800048 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-01-622936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Blockade of the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint augments antitumor immunity and induces durable responses in patients with solid cancers, but data on clinical efficacy in leukemias are sparse. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is associated with a tumor-supportive microenvironment and a dysfunctional immune system, as shown by "exhausted" T cells, defective immunologic synapse formation, and immunosuppressive myeloid cells. These defects involve aberrant expression of PD-L1 and are closely mirrored in the Eµ-TCL1 mouse model for CLL. In this study, we treated mice after adoptive transfer of Eµ-TCL1 CLL with PD-L1-blocking antibodies, which prevented CLL development and was accompanied by a reactivation of immune effector functions. This included restoration of mature macrophages and major histocompatibility complex class II-expressing dendritic cells and prevention of aberrant and exhaustion-like T-cell phenotypes. In addition, PD-L1 blockade restored CD8 T-cell cytotoxicity and immune synapse formation and normalized T-cell cytokines and proliferation ex vivo and in vivo. Our data demonstrate that early PD-L1 blockade effectively corrects leukemia-induced immune dysfunction and thus prevents CLL development in mice. Targeting PD-L1/PD-1 interactions should therefore be further explored in clinical studies with CLL patients, ideally in combination with novel compounds to help eliminate CLL.
Collapse
|
217
|
Blonska M, Agarwal NK, Vega F. Shaping of the tumor microenvironment: Stromal cells and vessels. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 34:3-13. [PMID: 25794825 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymphomas develop and progress in a specialized tissue microenvironment such as bone marrow as well as secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph node and spleen. The lymphoma microenvironment is characterized by a heterogeneous population of stromal cells, including fibroblastic reticular cells, nurse-like cells, mesenchymal stem cells, follicular dendritic cells, and inflammatory cells such as macrophages, T- and B-cells. These cell populations interact with the lymphoma cells to promote lymphoma growth, survival and drug resistance through multiple mechanisms. Angiogenesis is also recognized as an important factor associated with lymphoma progression. In recent years, we have learned that the interaction between the malignant and non-malignant cells is bidirectional and resembles, at least in part, the pattern seen between non-neoplastic lymphoid cells and the normal microenvironment of lymphoid organs. A summary of the current knowledge of lymphoma microenvironment focusing on the cellular components will be reviewed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzenna Blonska
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Nitin K Agarwal
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Miami and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Francisco Vega
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Miami and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Stromal cell-mediated glycolytic switch in CLL cells involves Notch-c-Myc signaling. Blood 2015; 125:3432-6. [PMID: 25778534 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-10-607036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that the stromal niche exerts a protective effect on chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, thereby also affecting their drug sensitivity. One hallmark of malignant cells is metabolic reprogramming, which is mostly represented by a glycolytic shift known as the Warburg effect. Because treatment resistance can be linked to metabolic alterations, we investigated whether bone marrow stromal cells impact the bioenergetics of primary CLL cells. In fact, stromal contact led to an increase of aerobic glycolysis and the cells' overall glycolytic capacity accompanied by an increased glucose uptake, expression of glucose transporter, and glycolytic enzymes. Activation of Notch signaling and of its direct transcriptional target c-Myc contributed to this metabolic switch. Based on these observations, CLL cells' acquired increased glucose dependency as well as Notch-c-Myc signaling could be therapeutically exploited in an effort to overcome stroma-mediated drug resistance.
Collapse
|
219
|
Boissard F, Fournié JJ, Laurent C, Poupot M, Ysebaert L. Nurse like cells: chronic lymphocytic leukemia associated macrophages. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:1570-2. [PMID: 25586606 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.991731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CD14 + cells are able to differentiate into large and adherent cells if in contact with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells or healthy B lymphocytes. In CLL these cells, called CLL-nurse like cells (NLCs), express a very high amount of CD163 and CD68 and are able to rescue CLL cells through CCL4 production. Adherent cells derived from healthy donors, called HD-NLCs, express very little CD163 and CD68, do not produce CCL4 and are unable to rescue CCL cells. This study reveals that CLL-NLCs are the specific nurse cells in CLL, protecting CLL cells from death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Boissard
- INSERM UMR1037 - Cancer Research Center of Toulouse , Toulouse , France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
220
|
Filip AA, Ciseł B, Wąsik-Szczepanek E. Guilty bystanders: nurse-like cells as a model of microenvironmental support for leukemic lymphocytes. Clin Exp Med 2015; 15:73-83. [PMID: 24337970 PMCID: PMC4308641 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-013-0268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is one of the most common leukemias among the elderly and, despite many efforts, still stays incurable. Recent studies point to the microenvironment as the critical factor providing leukemic lymphocytes with pro-survival signals. Thus, the neighboring cells appear to be a perfect target for antileukemic therapy. Nurse-like cells (NLCs) largely contribute to CLL microenvironmental support. We developed the CLL lymphocyte/NLC co-culture model for the investigation of microenvironmental interactions. Viability and apoptosis were investigated in CLL lymphocytes treated with dexamethasone (DEX) and chlorambucil (CLB), with and without NLCs' support. For the first time, the capacity of DEX and CLB to affect NLCs viability was also evaluated. Apoptosis-associated gene expression profiles of leukemic lymphocytes ex vivo and cultured with NLCs were assessed by expression arrays. CLL lymphocytes escaped spontaneous apoptosis for several months when cultured with NLCs. The presence of NLCs significantly reduced apoptosis induced with DEX and CLB (p < 0.001; p = 0.012, respectively), and their protective effect was more evident than the effect of recombinant SDF1. Both DEX and CLB also decreased NLCs viability, but to a lesser extent (mean viability in DEX-treated cultures was 37.79% in NLCs compared to 29.24% in lymphocytes). NLCs induced the expression of important anti-apoptotic genes in cultured CLL lymphocytes; median expression of BCL2, SURVIVIN, BCL2A1, and XIAP was significantly higher as compared to ex vivo status. The CLL lymphocyte/NLC co-culture makes up the convenient and close to the natural-state model for studying the relationship between leukemic cells and the microenvironment. Direct cell-to-cell contact with NLCs increases the expression of anti-apoptotic genes in CLL lymphocytes, thus protecting them against induced apoptosis. As the effect of antileukemic drugs is not so apparent in NLCs, the combined therapy targeted at both lymphocytes and the microenvironment should be considered for CLL patients. Simultaneous aiming at the disruption of several different signaling pathways and/or anti-apoptotic proteins may further improve treatment efficiency.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Bystander Effect/genetics
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Chemokine CXCL12/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism
- Chlorambucil/pharmacology
- Coculture Techniques
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Monocytes/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein/genetics
- X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata A Filip
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwillowska 11, 20-080, Lublin, Poland,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
221
|
Marquez ME, Hernández-Uzcátegui O, Cornejo A, Vargas P, Da Costa O. Bone marrow stromal mesenchymal cells induce down regulation of CD20 expression on B-CLL: implications for rituximab resistance in CLL. Br J Haematol 2015; 169:211-8. [PMID: 25612644 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the majority of B cells express surface CD20 in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL), only ∼50% of patients respond to treatment with rituximab. Decreased CD20 expression on these tumour B cells could be responsible for the lack of response observed in some patients treated with rituximab. Despite the potential critical role of CD20 in the biology of B cell malignancies, the mechanisms controlling its expression are poorly understood. At the bone marrow level, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) may regulate and support the survival of malignant cells, such as B-CLL cells. In this study, we investigated whether MSC may regulate the CD20 expression on B-CLL. For this purpose, B cells from CLL patients were isolated and co-cultured on MSC. B-CLL cells were collected from B-CLL/MSC co-cultures and examined for their expression of CD20. We demonstrate decreased CD20 expression in B-CLL cells after 2 weeks of co-culture with MSC, under contact and non-contact conditions, which was associated with a decreased susceptibility to rituximab. Additionally, B cells co-cultured with MSCs show an increase in CD59 expression. Our findings strongly suggest that the interaction between B-CLL cells and MSC may play a major role in the resistance to rituximab-induced apoptosis of B-CLL cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Elena Marquez
- Unidad de Terapia Celular, Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
222
|
Extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) promotes M2 macrophage polarization in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2015; 125:111-23. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-07-589069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
CLL lymphocytes show high intracellular and extracellular NAMPT levels, further increased upon activation. eNAMPT prompts differentiation of CLL monocytes into M2 macrophages that sustain CLL survival and reduce T-cell proliferation.
Collapse
|
223
|
Janel A, Dubois-Galopin F, Bourgne C, Berger J, Tarte K, Boiret-Dupré N, Boisgard S, Verrelle P, Déchelotte P, Tournilhac O, Berger MG. The Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Clone Disrupts the Bone Marrow Microenvironment. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:2972-82. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Janel
- Hématologie Biologique, CHU (University Hospital Center) Clermont-Fd, Hopital Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- EA7283 CREaT, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Céline Bourgne
- Hématologie Biologique, CHU (University Hospital Center) Clermont-Fd, Hopital Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Juliette Berger
- Hématologie Biologique, CHU (University Hospital Center) Clermont-Fd, Hopital Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- INSERM U917–MICA, University of Medicine, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Boiret-Dupré
- Hématologie Biologique, CHU (University Hospital Center) Clermont-Fd, Hopital Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- EA7283 CREaT, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Boisgard
- Orthopédie Traumatologie, CHU (University Hospital Center) Clermont-Fd, Hospital Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Verrelle
- EA7283 CREaT, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- Anatomie Pathologique, CHU Clermont-Fd, Hopital Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Olivier Tournilhac
- EA7283 CREaT, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Hématologie Clinique Adulte, CHU Clermont-Fd, Hopital Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marc G. Berger
- Hématologie Biologique, CHU (University Hospital Center) Clermont-Fd, Hopital Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- EA7283 CREaT, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Hématologie Clinique Adulte, CHU Clermont-Fd, Hopital Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Wiestner A. BCR pathway inhibition as therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2014; 2014:125-134. [PMID: 25696845 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2014.1.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) are malignancies of mature B cells. In LPL, mutations of the adaptor protein MYD88 (L265P) in the Toll-like receptor pathway have been recognized recently as being a hallmark of the disease and indicate a dependence of the tumor on this pathway. In CLL, functional studies have implicated BCR activation in the tissue microenvironment as a pivotal pathway in the pathogenesis. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and the PI3Kδ isoform are essential for BCR signaling and also seem to be required for signal transduction in LPL cells, even if the role of BCR signaling in this disease remains less well defined. Ibrutinib, a covalent inhibitor of BTK approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a second-line treatment for CLL, and idelalisib, a selective inhibitor of PI3Kδ, achieve excellent clinical responses in both diseases irrespective of classic markers indicating high-risk disease. Several additional inhibitors targeting BTK and PI3Kδ, as well as the spleen tyrosine kinase, have entered clinical trials. This review discusses the biologic basis for kinase inhibitors as targeted therapy for CLL and LPL and summarizes the clinical experience with these agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Wiestner
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| |
Collapse
|
225
|
ten Hacken E, Burger JA. Microenvironment dependency in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: The basis for new targeted therapies. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:338-48. [PMID: 25050922 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is a prototype microenvironment-dependent B-cell malignancy, in which the neoplastic B cells co-evolve together with a supportive tissue microenvironment, which promotes leukemia cell survival, growth, and drug-resistance. Chemo-immunotherapy is an established treatment modality for CLL patients, resulting in high rates of responses and improved survival, especially in low-risk CLL. New, alternative treatments target B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and the Chemokine (C-X-C motif) Receptor 4 (CXCR4)-Chemokine (C-X-C motif) Ligand 12 (CXCL12) axis, which are key pathways of CLL-microenvironment cross talk. The remarkable clinical efficacy of inhibitors targeting the BCR-associated kinases Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) challenges established therapeutic paradigms and corroborates the central role of BCR signaling in CLL pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the cellular and molecular components of the CLL microenvironment. We also describe the emerging therapeutic options for CLL patients, with a focus on inhibitors of CXCR4-CXCL12 and BCR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa ten Hacken
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Sarvaiya PJ, Guo D, Ulasov I, Gabikian P, Lesniak MS. Chemokines in tumor progression and metastasis. Oncotarget 2014; 4:2171-85. [PMID: 24259307 PMCID: PMC3926818 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines play a vital role in tumor progression and metastasis. Chemokines are involved in the growth of many cancers including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, lung cancer, gastric cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, colon cancer, non-small lung cancer, non-hodgkin's lymphoma, etc. The expression of chemokines and their receptors is altered in many malignancies and leads to aberrant chemokine receptor signaling. This review focuses on the role of chemokines in key processes that facilitate tumor progression including proliferation, senescence, angiogenesis, epithelial mesenchymal transition, immune evasion and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Purvaba J Sarvaiya
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
227
|
A designed peptide targeting CXCR4 displays anti-acute myelocytic leukemia activity in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6610. [PMID: 25312253 PMCID: PMC4196105 DOI: 10.1038/srep06610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia cells highly expressing chemokine receptor CXCR4 can actively response to stroma derived factor 1α (CXCL12), trafficking and homing to the marrow microenvironment, which causes poor prognosis and relapse. Here we demonstrate that a novel designed peptide (E5) targeting CXCR4 inhibits CXCL12- and stroma-induced activation in multiple acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) cell lines and displays anti-AML activity. We show that E5 has high affinity to multiple AML cells with high CXCR4 level in a concentration dependent manner. E5 significantly inhibits CXCL12- or murine stromal cell (MS-5)-induced migration of leukemia cells and prevents the cells from adhering to stromal cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that E5 down-regulates CXCL12-induced phosphorylation of Akt, Erk, and p38, which affects the cytoskeleton F-actin organization and ultimately results in the inhibition of CXCL12- and stroma-mediated leukemia cell responses. E5 can induce concentration-dependent apoptosis in the four AML cell lines tested while did not affect the viability of MS-5 or human umbilical vein cell (ea.hy926) even at 80 µM, both of which have a low level of CXCR4. In vivo experimental results show that immunocompromised mice transplanted with HL-60 cells survived longer when treated with E5 twice a week in comparison to those treated with cyclophosphamide.
Collapse
|
228
|
OSU-T315: a novel targeted therapeutic that antagonizes AKT membrane localization and activation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood 2014; 125:284-95. [PMID: 25293770 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-06-583518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant regulation of endogenous survival pathways plays a major role in progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Signaling via conjugation of surface receptors within the tumor environmental niche activates survival and proliferation pathways in CLL. Of these, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway appears to be pivotal to support CLL pathogenesis, and pharmacologic inhibitors targeting this axis have shown clinical activity. Here we investigate OSU-T315, a compound that disrupts the PI3K/AKT pathway in a novel manner. Dose-dependent selective cytotoxicity by OSU-T315 is noted in both CLL-derived cell lines and primary CLL cells relative to normal lymphocytes. In contrast to the highly successful Bruton's tyrosine kinase and PI3K inhibitors that inhibit B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway at proximal kinases, OSU-T315 directly abrogates AKT activation by preventing translocation of AKT into lipid rafts without altering the activation of receptor-associated kinases. Through this mechanism, the agent triggers caspase-dependent apoptosis in CLL by suppressing BCR, CD49d, CD40, and Toll-like receptor 9-mediated AKT activation in an integrin-linked kinase-independent manner. In vivo, OSU-T315 attains pharmacologically active drug levels and significantly prolongs survival in the TCL1 mouse model. Together, our findings indicate a novel mechanism of action of OSU-T315 with potential therapeutic application in CLL.
Collapse
|
229
|
Miyabe Y, Miyabe C, Iwai Y, Yokoyama W, Sekine C, Sugimoto K, Harigai M, Miyasaka M, Miyasaka N, Nanki T. Activation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes derived from rheumatoid arthritis via lysophosphatidic acid-lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 cascade. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:461. [PMID: 25273676 PMCID: PMC4203966 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-014-0461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid that binds to G protein–coupled receptors (LPA1–6). Recently, we reported that abrogation of LPA receptor 1 (LPA1) ameliorated murine collagen-induced arthritis, probably via inhibition of inflammatory cell migration, Th17 differentiation and osteoclastogenesis. In this study, we examined the importance of the LPA–LPA1 axis in cell proliferation, cytokine/chemokine production and lymphocyte transmigration in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) obtained from the synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Methods FLSs were prepared from synovial tissues of RA patients. Expression of LPA1–6 was examined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Cell surface LPA1 expression was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell proliferation was analyzed using a cell-counting kit. Production of interleukin 6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pseudoemperipolesis was evaluated using a coculture of RA FLSs and T or B cells. Cell motility was examined by scrape motility assay. Expression of adhesion molecules was determined by flow cytometry. Results The expression of LPA1 mRNA and cell surface LPA1 was higher in RA FLSs than in FLSs from osteoarthritis tissue. Stimulation with LPA enhanced the proliferation of RA FLSs and the production of IL-6, VEGF, CCL2 and MMP-3 by FLSs, which were suppressed by an LPA1 inhibitor (LA-01). Ki16425, another LPA1 antagonist, also suppressed IL-6 production by LPA-stimulated RA FLSs. However, the production of CXCL12 was not altered by stimulation with LPA. LPA induced the pseudoemperipolesis of T and B cells cocultured with RA FLSs, which was suppressed by LPA1 inhibition. In addition, LPA enhanced the migration of RA FLSs and expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule and intercellular adhesion molecule on RA FLSs, which were also inhibited by an LPA1 antagonist. Conclusions Collectively, these results indicate that LPA–LPA1 signaling contributes to the activation of RA FLSs.
Collapse
|
230
|
Annesley CE, Brown P. The Biology and Targeting of FLT3 in Pediatric Leukemia. Front Oncol 2014; 4:263. [PMID: 25295230 PMCID: PMC4172015 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite remarkable improvement in treatment outcomes in pediatric leukemia over the past several decades, the prognosis for high-risk groups of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), as well as for relapsed leukemia, remains poor. Intensification of chemotherapy regimens for those at highest risk has improved success rates, but at the cost of significantly increased morbidity and long-term adverse effects. With the success of imatinib in Philadelphia-chromosome-positive leukemia and all-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia, the quest to find additional molecularly targeted therapies has generated much excitement over recent years. Another such possible target in pediatric acute leukemia is FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3). FLT3 aberrations are among the most frequently identified transforming events in AML, and have significant clinical implications in both high-risk pediatric AML and in certain high-risk groups of pediatric ALL. Therefore, the successful targeting of FLT3 has tremendous potential to improve outcomes in these subsets of patients. This article will give an overview of the molecular function and signaling of the FLT3 receptor, as well as its pathogenic role in leukemia. We review the discovery of targeting FLT3, discuss currently available FLT3 inhibitors in pediatric leukemia and results of clinical trials to date, and finally, consider the future promise and challenges of FLT3 inhibitor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen E. Annesley
- Oncology and Pediatrics, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrick Brown
- Oncology and Pediatrics, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Mele S, Devereux S, Ridley AJ. Rho and Rap guanosine triphosphatase signaling in B cells and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 55:1993-2001. [PMID: 24237579 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.866666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells proliferate predominantly in niches in the lymph nodes, where signaling from the B cell receptor (BCR) and the surrounding microenvironment are critical for disease progression. In addition, leukemic cells traffic constantly from the bloodstream into the lymph nodes, migrate within lymphatic tissues and egress back to the bloodstream. These processes are driven by chemokines and their receptors, and depend on changes in cell migration and integrin-mediated adhesion. Here we describe how Rho and Rap guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) contribute to both BCR signaling and chemokine receptor signaling, particularly by regulating cytoskeletal dynamics and integrin activity. We propose that new inhibitors of BCR-activated kinases are likely to affect CLL cell trafficking via Rho and Rap GTPases, and that upstream regulators or downstream effectors could be good targets for therapeutic intervention in CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mele
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London , London , UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
232
|
SDF-1 chemokine signalling modulates the apoptotic responses to iron deprivation of clathrin-depleted DT40 cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106278. [PMID: 25162584 PMCID: PMC4146602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously deleted both endogenous copies of the clathrin heavy-chain gene in the chicken pre B-cell-line DT40 and replaced them with clathrin under the control of a tetracycline-regulatable promoter (Tet-Off). The originally derived cell-line DKO-S underwent apoptosis when clathrin expression was repressed. We have also described a cell-line DKO-R derived from DKO-S cells that was less sensitive to clathrin-depletion. Here we show that the restriction of transferrin uptake, resulting in iron deprivation, is responsible for the lethal consequence of clathrin-depletion. We further show that the DKO-R cells have up-regulated an anti-apoptotic survival pathway based on the chemokine SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4. Our work clarifies several puzzling features of clathrin-depleted DT40 cells and reveals an example of how SDF-1/CXCR4 signalling can abrogate pro-apoptotic pathways and increase cell survival. We propose that the phenomenon described here has implications for the therapeutic approach to a variety of cancers.
Collapse
|
233
|
Borge M, Remes Lenicov F, Nannini PR, de los Ríos Alicandú MM, Podaza E, Ceballos A, Fernández Grecco H, Cabrejo M, Bezares RF, Morande PE, Oppezzo P, Giordano M, Gamberale R. The Expression of Sphingosine-1 Phosphate Receptor-1 in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells Is Impaired by Tumor Microenvironmental Signals and Enhanced by Piceatannol and R406. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3165-74. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
234
|
Sivina M, Kreitman RJ, Arons E, Ravandi F, Burger JA. The bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib (PCI-32765) blocks hairy cell leukaemia survival, proliferation and B cell receptor signalling: a new therapeutic approach. Br J Haematol 2014; 166:177-88. [PMID: 24697238 PMCID: PMC4104473 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
B cell receptor (BCR) signalling plays a critical role in the progression of several B-cell malignancies, but its role in hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) is ambiguous. Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK), a key player in BCR signalling, as well as B cell migration and adhesion, can be targeted with ibrutinib, a selective, irreversible BTK inhibitor. We analysed BTK expression and function in HCL and analysed the effects of ibrutinib on HCL cells. We demonstrated uniform BTK protein expression in HCL cells. Ibrutinib significantly inhibited HCL proliferation and cell cycle progression. Accordingly, ibrutinib also reduced HCL cell survival after BCR triggering with anti-immunoglobulins and abrogated the activation of kinases downstream of the BCR (PI3K and MAPK). Ibrutinib also inhibited BCR-dependent secretion of the chemokines CCL3 and CCL4 by HCL cells. Interestingly, ibrutinib inhibited also CXCL12-induced signalling, a key pathway for bone marrow homing. Collectively, our data support the clinical development of ibrutinib in patients with HCL.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Adult
- Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Chemokine CCL3/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL4/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL12/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokine CXCL12/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Hairy Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Hairy Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Hairy Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Piperidines
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics
- Pyrazoles/administration & dosage
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/administration & dosage
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Sivina
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Robert J. Kreitman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Evgeny Arons
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jan A. Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Dal Bo M, Tissino E, Benedetti D, Caldana C, Bomben R, Del Poeta G, Gaidano G, Rossi FM, Zucchetto A, Gattei V. Microenvironmental Interactions in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: The Master Role of CD49d. Semin Hematol 2014; 51:168-76. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
236
|
Riches JC, Gribben JG. Immunomodulation and Immune Reconstitution in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Semin Hematol 2014; 51:228-34. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
237
|
Genetic and cytokine changes associated with symptomatic stages of CLL. Leuk Res 2014; 38:1097-101. [PMID: 25063525 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis and drug resistance of symptomatic CLL patients involves genetic changes associated with the CLL clone as well as changes within the microenvironment. To further understand these processes, we compared early stage CLL to symptomatic late stage using gene expression and serum cytokine profiling to gain insight of the genetic and microenvironment changes associated with the most severe form of the disease. Patients were classified into low stage (Rai stage 0/I/II) and high stage (Rai stage III/IV). Gene expression profiles were obtained on pretreatment samples using the HG-U133A 2.0 Affymetrix platform. A comparison of low versus high stage CLL revealed a set of 21 genes differentially expressed genes. 15 genes were up regulated in the high stage compared to low stage while 6 genes were down regulated. Analysis of GO molecular function revealed 9 of 21 genes were involved in transcription factor activity. Serum cytokine profiles showed six cytokines to be significantly different in high stage patients. Two chemokines, SDF-1/CXCL12 and uPAR known to be involved in stem cell mobilization and homing were increased in serum of high stage patients. This study has identified therapeutic targets for symptomatic CLL patients.
Collapse
|
238
|
Hock BD, Macpherson SA, Fernyhough LJ, McKenzie JL. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells become both activated and immunosuppressive following interaction with CD3 and CD28 stimulated PBMC. Leuk Res 2014; 38:1217-23. [PMID: 24976339 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is associated with immunosuppression. The activation of CLL cells induced by interaction with other cell types, particularly activated T-cells, within the tumour micro-environment is thought to be important for CLL progression. However it is unclear whether activated CLL cells (CLL(Act)) have immunosuppressive capacity. We report that co-culture of CLL cells with normal PBMC in the context of CD3/CD28 T-cell activation generates CLL(Act) with increased CD38 expression that are capable of suppressing the proliferative responses of both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. The suppression required cell contact but did not involve induction of T-cell apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B D Hock
- Haematology Research Group, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand; Pathology Department, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - S A Macpherson
- Haematology Department, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand; Pathology Department, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - L J Fernyhough
- Haematology Department, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand; Pathology Department, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J L McKenzie
- Haematology Research Group, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand; Pathology Department, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
239
|
Bhattacharya N, Reichenzeller M, Caudron-Herger M, Haebe S, Brady N, Diener S, Nothing M, Döhner H, Stilgenbauer S, Rippe K, Mertens D. Loss of cooperativity of secreted CD40L and increased dose-response to IL4 on CLL cell viability correlates with enhanced activation of NF-kB and STAT6. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:65-73. [PMID: 24828787 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells fail to enter apoptosis in vivo as opposed to their non-malignant B-lymphocyte counterparts. The ability of CLL cells to escape apoptosis is highly dependent on their microenvironment. Compared to non-malignant B cells, CLL cells are more responsive to complex stimuli that can be reproduced in vitro by the addition of cytokines. To understand the molecular mechanism of the environment-dependent anti-apoptotic signaling circuitry of CLL cells, we quantified the effect of the SDF-1, BAFF, APRIL, anti-IgM, interleukin-4 (IL4) and secreted CD40L (sCD40L) on the survival of in vitro cultured CLL cells and found IL4 and sCD40L to be most efficient in rescuing CLL cells from apoptosis. In quantitative dose-response experiments using cell survival as readout, the binding affinity of IL4 to its receptor was similar between malignant and non-malignant cells. However, the downstream signaling in terms of the amount of STAT6 and its degree of phosphorylation was highly stimulated in CLL cells. In contrast, the response to sCD40L showed a loss of cooperative binding in CLL cells but displayed a largely increased ligand binding affinity. Although a high-throughput microscopy analysis did not reveal a significant difference in the spatial CD40 receptor organization, the downstream signaling showed an enhanced activation of the NF-kB pathway in the malignant cells. Thus, we propose that the anti-apoptotic phenotype of CLL involves a sensitized response for IL4 dependent STAT6 phosphorylation, and an activation of NF-kB signaling due to an increased affinity of sCD40L to its receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Bhattacharya
- Cooperation Unit, "Mechanisms of Leukemogenesis", University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
240
|
Identification of a 20-gene expression-based risk score as a predictor of clinical outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:423174. [PMID: 24883311 PMCID: PMC4026849 DOI: 10.1155/2014/423174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the improvement in treatment options, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains an incurable disease and patients show a heterogeneous clinical course requiring therapy for many of them. In the current work, we have built a 20-gene expression (GE)-based risk score predictive for patients overall survival and improving risk classification using microarray gene expression data. GE-based risk score allowed identifying a high-risk group associated with a significant shorter overall survival (OS) and time to treatment (TTT) (P ≤ .01), comprising 19.6% and 13.6% of the patients in two independent cohorts. GE-based risk score, and NRIP1 and TCF7 gene expression remained independent prognostic factors using multivariate Cox analyses and combination of GE-based risk score together with NRIP1 and TCF7 gene expression enabled the identification of three clinically distinct groups of CLL patients. Therefore, this GE-based risk score represents a powerful tool for risk stratification and outcome prediction of CLL patients and could thus be used to guide clinical and therapeutic decisions prospectively.
Collapse
|
241
|
Pham LV, Vang MT, Tamayo AT, Lu G, Challagundla P, Jorgensen JL, Rollo AA, Ou Z, Zhang L, Wang M, Ford RJ. Involvement of tumor-associated macrophage activation in vitro during development of a novel mantle cell lymphoma cell line, PF-1, derived from a typical patient with relapsed disease. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 56:186-93. [PMID: 24611650 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.901511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Human mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cell lines are scarce and have been only sporadically described and validated, and only a few have been thoroughly molecularly or genetically characterized. We describe here the successful establishment of a new MCL line, PF-1, with typical MCL characteristics. Culturing primary MCL cells in vitro initially gave rise to an essential generative microenvironment "niche" involving macrophages required for MCL growth, and eventually produced the PF-1 MCL cell line. Our analysis revealed that PF-1 is morphologically and genotypically nearly identical to the original tumor cells. The PF-1 MCL cell line that we have developed will be useful for in vitro and in vivo studies of MCL pathogenesis and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan V Pham
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
242
|
Evaluation of bendamustine in combination with fludarabine in primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood 2014; 123:3780-9. [PMID: 24747434 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-12-541433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fludarabine and cyclophosphamide couplet has become the backbone of the chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) standard of care. Although this is an effective treatment, it results in untoward toxicity. Bendamustine is a newly approved and better-tolerated alkylating agent. We hypothesized that similar to cyclophosphamide, bendamustine-induced DNA damage will be inhibited by fludarabine, resulting in increased cytotoxicity. To test this hypothesis and the role of the stromal microenvironment in this process, we treated CLL lymphocytes in vitro with each drug alone and in combination. Simultaneous or prior addition of fludarabine to bendamustine resulted in maximum cytotoxicity assayed by 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodine negativity, annexin positivity, and poly (adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribose) polymerase cleavage. Cytotoxicity elicited by combination of both agents was similar in these malignant B cells cultured either in suspension or on marrow stroma cells. Cell death was associated with DNA damage response, which was determined by phosphorylation of H2AX and unscheduled DNA synthesis. H2AX activation was maximum with the drug combination, and unscheduled DNA synthesis induced by bendamustine was blocked by fludarabine. In parallel, ATM, Chk2, and p53 were phosphorylated and PUMA was induced. Cell death was caspase independent; however, caspases did decrease levels of Mcl-1 survival protein. These data provide a rationale for combining fludarabine with bendamustine for patients with CLL.
Collapse
|
243
|
Tamamis P, Floudas CA. Elucidating a key component of cancer metastasis: CXCL12 (SDF-1α) binding to CXCR4. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:1174-88. [PMID: 24660779 PMCID: PMC4004218 DOI: 10.1021/ci500069y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The chemotactic signaling induced
by the binding of chemokine CXCL12
(SDF-1α) to chemokine receptor CXCR4 is of significant biological
importance and is a potential therapeutic axis against HIV-1. However,
as CXCR4 is overexpressed in certain cancer cells, the CXCL12:CXCR4
signaling is involved in tumor metastasis, progression, angiogenesis,
and survival. Motivated by the pivotal role of the CXCL12:CXCR4 axis
in cancer, we employed a comprehensive set of computational tools,
predominantly based on free energy calculations and molecular dynamics
simulations, to obtain insights into the molecular recognition of
CXCR4 by CXCL12. We report, what is to our knowledge, the first computationally
derived CXCL12:CXCR4 complex structure which is in remarkable agreement
with experimental findings and sheds light into the functional role
of CXCL12 and CXCR4 residues which are associated with binding and
signaling. Our results reveal that the CXCL12 N-terminal domain is
firmly bound within the CXCR4 transmembrane domain, and the central
24–50 residue domain of CXCL12 interacts with the upper N-terminal
domain of CXCR4. The stability of the CXCL12:CXCR4 complex structure
is attributed to an abundance of nonpolar and polar intermolecular
interactions, including salt bridges formed between positively charged
CXCL12 residues and negatively charged CXCR4 residues. The success
of the computational protocol can mainly be attributed to the nearly
exhaustive docking conformational search, as well as the heterogeneous
dielectric implicit water-membrane-water model used to simulate and
select the optimum conformations. We also recently utilized this protocol
to elucidate the binding of an HIV-1 gp120 V3 loop in complex with
CXCR4, and a comparison between the molecular recognition of CXCR4
by CXCL12 and the HIV-1 gp120 V3 loop shows that both CXCL12 and the
HIV-1 gp120 V3 loop share the same CXCR4 binding pocket, as they mostly
interact with the same CXCR4 residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phanourios Tamamis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University , New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
244
|
Liao W, Jordaan G, Coriaty N, Sharma S. Amplification of B cell receptor-Erk signaling by Rasgrf-1 overexpression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 55:2907-16. [PMID: 24597981 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.898759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Rasgrf-1 is a guanine exchange factor (GEF) that catalyzes the exchange of GDP for GTP. In a RNA microarray analysis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) specimens (n = 5), this gene was found to be overexpressed in CLL as compared to normal peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) CD19 + B cells (n = 3). CLL specimens (n = 29) expressed Rasgrf-1 RNA at levels 5-300-fold higher as compared to normal B cells. CLL specimens expressed a 75 kDa isoform that was smaller than the expected full-length protein (140 kDa) and the truncated variant had higher GEF activity. Knockdown of Rasgrf-1 in CLL specimens inhibited active GTP-bound Ras and the Ras/Erk/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Rasgrf-1 was phosphorylated and activated by B cell receptor (BCR) signaling that increased its GEF function, and this phosphorylation was blocked by Src and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors. Rasgrf-1 is a novel GEF protein that has a role in BCR signaling and its overexpression further activates the Ras/Erk/MAPK pathway in CLL specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liao
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, UCLA School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
245
|
Development and characterization of a physiologically relevant model of lymphocyte migration in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2014; 123:3607-17. [PMID: 24637360 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-12-544569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that lymphocyte trafficking contributes to the clinical course of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), but to date, only static in vitro cultures have been used to study these phenomena. To address this lack of data, we have developed a dynamic in vitro model in which CLL cells experience shear forces equivalent to those in capillary beds and are made to flow through capillary-like hollow fibers lined with endothelial cells. CLL cells treated in this way increased their expression of CD62L and CXCR4 (both P < .0001) and of CD49d and CD5 (both P = .003) directly as a result of the shear force. Furthermore, CLL cells migrated through the endothelium into the "extravascular" space (mean migration, 1.37% ± 2.14%; n = 21). Migrated CLL cells had significantly higher expression of CD49d (P = .02), matrix metallopeptidase-9 (P = .004), CD38 (P = .009), CD80 (P = .04), and CD69 (P = .04) compared with CLL cells that remained in the circulation. The degree of migration observed strongly correlated with CD49d expression (r(2), 0.47; P = .01), and treatment with the CD49d-blocking antibody natalizumab resulted in significantly decreased migration (P = .01). Taken together, our data provide evidence for a novel, dynamic, and tractable in vitro model of lymphocyte migration and confirm that CD49d is a critical regulator of this process in CLL.
Collapse
|
246
|
Targeting the proliferative and chemoresistant compartment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia by inhibiting survivin protein. Leukemia 2014; 28:1993-2004. [PMID: 24618734 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells located in proliferation centers are constantly stimulated by accessory cells, which provide them with survival and proliferative signals and mediate chemotherapy resistance. Herein, we designed an experimental strategy with the aim of mimicking the microenvironment found in the proliferative centers to specifically target actively proliferating CLL cells. For this, we co-cultured CLL cells and bone marrow stromal cells with concomitant CD40 and Toll-like receptor 9 stimulation. This co-culture system induced proliferation, cell-cycle entry and marked resistance to treatment with fludarabine and bendamustine. Proliferating CLL cells clustered together showed a typical morphology of activated B cells and expressed survivin protein, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family that is mainly expressed by CLL cells in the proliferation centers. With the aim of specifically targeting actively proliferating and chemoresistant CLL cells, we investigated the effects of treatment with YM155, a small-molecule survivin inhibitor. YM155 treatment suppressed the co-culture-induced survivin expression and that was sufficient to inhibit proliferation and effectively induce apoptosis particularly in the proliferative subset of CLL cells. Interestingly, sensitivity to YM155 was independent from common prognostic markers, including 17p13.1 deletion. Altogether, these findings provide a rationale for clinical development of YM155 in CLL.
Collapse
|
247
|
Hutchinson CV, Natarajan S, Johnson SM, Adams JA, Rees-Unwin KS, Burthem J. Lymphocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia undergo ABL1-linked amoeboid motility and homotypic interaction as an early adaptive change to ex vivo culture. Exp Hematol Oncol 2014; 3:7. [PMID: 24618035 PMCID: PMC3995717 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-3-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Those stimuli that together promote the survival, differentiation and proliferation of the abnormal B-lymphocytes of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) are encountered within tissues, where together they form the growth-supporting microenvironment. Different tissue-culture systems promote the survival of the neoplastic lymphocytes from CLL, partly replicating the in vivo tissue environment of the disorder. In the present study, we focussed on the initial adaptive changes to the tissue culture environment focussing particularly on migratory behaviour and cellular interactions. METHODS A high-density CLL culture system was employed to test CLL cell-responses using a range of microscopic techniques and flow cytometric analyses, supported by mathematical measures of cell shape-change and by biochemical techniques. The study focussed on the evaluation of changes to the F-actin cytoskeleton and cell behaviour and on ABL1 signalling processes. RESULTS We showed that the earliest functional response by the neoplastic lymphocytes was a rapid shape-change caused through rearrangement of the F-actin cytoskeleton that resulted in amoeboid motility and promoted frequent homotypic interaction between cells. This initial response was functionally distinct from the elongated motility that was induced by chemokine stimulation, and which also characterised heterotypic interactions between CLL lymphocytes and accessory cells at later culture periods. ABL1 is highly expressed in CLL lymphocytes and supports their survival, it is also recognised however to have a major role in the control of the F-actin cytoskeleton. We found that the cytoplasmic fraction of ABL1 became co-localised with F-actin structures of the CLL lymphocytes and that the ABL1 substrate CRKL became phosphorylated during initial shape-change. The ABL-inhibitor imatinib mesylate prevented amoeboid movement and markedly reduced homotypic interactions, causing cells to acquire a globular shape to rearrange F-actin to a microvillus form that closely resembled that of CLL cells isolated directly from circulation. CONCLUSION We suggest that ABL1-induced amoeboid motility and homotypic interaction represent a distinctive early response to the tissue environment by CLL lymphocytes. This response is separate from that induced by chemokine or during heterotypic cell-contact, and may play a role in the initial entry and interactions of CLL lymphocytes in tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire V Hutchinson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Haematological Oncology, University of Manchester, Level 5 Research St. Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Shiva Natarajan
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Haematological Oncology, University of Manchester, Level 5 Research St. Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Suzanne M Johnson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, 550 Wilmslow Rd, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Julie A Adams
- Clinical Haematology, Central Manchester University Hospitals, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Karen S Rees-Unwin
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Haematological Oncology, University of Manchester, Level 5 Research St. Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - John Burthem
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Haematological Oncology, University of Manchester, Level 5 Research St. Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Clinical Haematology, Central Manchester University Hospitals, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Fiskus W, Saba N, Shen M, Ghias M, Liu J, Gupta SD, Chauhan L, Rao R, Gunewardena S, Schorno K, Austin CP, Maddocks K, Byrd J, Melnick A, Huang P, Wiestner A, Bhalla KN. Auranofin induces lethal oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress and exerts potent preclinical activity against chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Res 2014; 74:2520-32. [PMID: 24599128 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) exhibits high remission rates after initial chemoimmunotherapy, but with relapses with treatment, refractory disease is the most common outcome, especially in CLL with the deletion of chromosome 11q or 17p. In addressing the need of treatments for relapsed disease, we report the identification of an existing U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved small-molecule drug to repurpose for CLL treatment. Auranofin (Ridaura) is approved for use in treating rheumatoid arthritis, but it exhibited preclinical efficacy in CLL cells. By inhibiting thioredoxin reductase activity and increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, auranofin induced a lethal endoplasmic reticulum stress response in cultured and primary CLL cells. In addition, auranofin displayed synergistic lethality with heme oxygenase-1 and glutamate-cysteine ligase inhibitors against CLL cells. Auranofin overcame apoptosis resistance mediated by protective stromal cells, and it also killed primary CLL cells with deletion of chromosome 11q or 17p. In TCL-1 transgenic mice, an in vivo model of CLL, auranofin treatment markedly reduced tumor cell burden and improved mouse survival. Our results provide a rationale to reposition the approved drug auranofin for clinical evaluation in the therapy of CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warren Fiskus
- Authors' Affiliations: Houston Methodist Research Institute; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Hematology Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; The University of Kansas Medical Center; Institute for Advancing Medical Innovation, Kansas University, Kansas City, Kansas; Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Comprehensive Cancer Center at the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
249
|
Brachtl G, Piñón Hofbauer J, Greil R, Hartmann TN. The pathogenic relevance of the prognostic markers CD38 and CD49d in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ann Hematol 2014; 93:361-74. [PMID: 24288111 PMCID: PMC4032465 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells with the microenvironment in secondary lymphoid tissues and the bone marrow are known to promote CLL cell survival and proliferation. CD38 and CD49d are both independent prognostic risk parameters in CLL with important roles in shaping these interactions. Both are reported to influence CLL cell trafficking between blood and lymphoid organs as well as their survival and proliferation within the lymphoid organs, thereby impacting the pathophysiology of the disease. The expression of CD38 and CD49d is associated in the majority of cases, and they exist as part of macromolecular complexes. Here, we review the current evidence for the individual and associated contributions of these molecules to CLL pathophysiology.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/blood
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Humans
- Integrin alpha4/blood
- Integrin alpha4/metabolism
- Integrin alpha4beta1/blood
- Integrin alpha4beta1/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/physiopathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/blood
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Proteins/blood
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Tumor Microenvironment
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Brachtl
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Third Medical Department with Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Haupstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josefina Piñón Hofbauer
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Third Medical Department with Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Haupstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Greil
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Third Medical Department with Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Haupstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tanja Nicole Hartmann
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Third Medical Department with Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Haupstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
Burke RT, Meadows S, Loriaux MM, Currie KS, Mitchell SA, Maciejewski P, Clarke AS, Dipaolo JA, Druker BJ, Lannutti BJ, Spurgeon SE. A potential therapeutic strategy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia by combining Idelalisib and GS-9973, a novel spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor. Oncotarget 2014; 5:908-15. [PMID: 24659719 PMCID: PMC4011593 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Agents that target B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling in lymphoid malignancies including idelalisib (GS-1101) and fostamatinib which inhibit the delta isoform of PI3 kinase (PI3Kd) and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) respectively have shown significant clinical activity. By disrupting B-cell signaling pathways, idelalisib treatment has been associated with a dramatic lymph node response, but eradication of disease and relapse in high risk disease remain challenges. Targeting the BCR signaling pathway with simultaneous inhibition of PI3Kd and Syk has not yet been reported. We evaluated the pre-clinical activity of idelalisib combined with the novel and selective Syk inhibitor GS-9973 in primary peripheral blood and bone marrow Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) samples. Both PI3Kd and Syk inhibition reduced CLL survival and in combination induced synergistic growth inhibition and further disrupted chemokine signaling at nanomolar concentrations including in bone marrow derived and poor risk samples. Simultaneous targeting of these kinases may significantly increase clinical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell T Burke
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | | | - Marc M Loriaux
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Division of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Brian J. Druker
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Stephen E. Spurgeon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University
| |
Collapse
|