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Milella M, Falcone I, Conciatori F, Cesta Incani U, Del Curatolo A, Inzerilli N, Nuzzo CMA, Vaccaro V, Vari S, Cognetti F, Ciuffreda L. PTEN: Multiple Functions in Human Malignant Tumors. Front Oncol 2015; 5:24. [PMID: 25763354 PMCID: PMC4329810 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN is the most important negative regulator of the PI3K signaling pathway. In addition to its canonical, PI3K inhibition-dependent functions, PTEN can also function as a tumor suppressor in a PI3K-independent manner. Indeed, the PTEN network regulates a broad spectrum of biological functions, modulating the flow of information from membrane-bound growth factor receptors to nuclear transcription factors, occurring in concert with other tumor suppressors and oncogenic signaling pathways. PTEN acts through its lipid and protein phosphatase activity and other non-enzymatic mechanisms. Studies conducted over the past 10 years have expanded our understanding of the biological role of PTEN, showing that in addition to its ability to regulate proliferation and cell survival, it also plays an intriguing role in regulating genomic stability, cell migration, stem cell self-renewal, and tumor microenvironment. Changes in PTEN protein levels, location, and enzymatic activity through various molecular mechanisms can generate a continuum of functional PTEN levels in inherited syndromes, sporadic cancers, and other diseases. PTEN activity can indeed, be modulated by mutations, epigenetic silencing, transcriptional repression, aberrant protein localization, and post-translational modifications. This review will discuss our current understanding of the biological role of PTEN, how PTEN expression and activity are regulated, and the consequences of PTEN dysregulation in human malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Milella
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - Italia Falcone
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - Fabiana Conciatori
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - Ursula Cesta Incani
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - Anais Del Curatolo
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - Nicola Inzerilli
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - Carmen M A Nuzzo
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - Vanja Vaccaro
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - Sabrina Vari
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - Francesco Cognetti
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - Ludovica Ciuffreda
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
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202
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Sarker D, Ang JE, Baird R, Kristeleit R, Shah K, Moreno V, Clarke PA, Raynaud FI, Levy G, Ware JA, Mazina K, Lin R, Wu J, Fredrickson J, Spoerke JM, Lackner MR, Yan Y, Friedman LS, Kaye SB, Derynck MK, Workman P, de Bono JS. First-in-human phase I study of pictilisib (GDC-0941), a potent pan-class I phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:77-86. [PMID: 25370471 PMCID: PMC4287394 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This first-in-human dose-escalation trial evaluated the safety, tolerability, maximal-tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary clinical activity of pictilisib (GDC-0941), an oral, potent, and selective inhibitor of the class I phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K). PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty patients with solid tumors received pictilisib at 14 dose levels from 15 to 450 mg once-daily, initially on days 1 to 21 every 28 days and later, using continuous dosing for selected dose levels. Pharmacodynamic studies incorporated (18)F-FDG-PET, and assessment of phosphorylated AKT and S6 ribosomal protein in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and tumor tissue. RESULTS Pictilisib was well tolerated. The most common toxicities were grade 1-2 nausea, rash, and fatigue, whereas the DLT was grade 3 maculopapular rash (450 mg, 2 of 3 patients; 330 mg, 1 of 7 patients). The pharmacokinetic profile was dose-proportional and supported once-daily dosing. Levels of phosphorylated serine-473 AKT were suppressed >90% in PRP at 3 hours after dose at the MTD and in tumor at pictilisib doses associated with AUC >20 h·μmol/L. Significant increase in plasma insulin and glucose levels, and >25% decrease in (18)F-FDG uptake by PET in 7 of 32 evaluable patients confirmed target modulation. A patient with V600E BRAF-mutant melanoma and another with platinum-refractory epithelial ovarian cancer exhibiting PTEN loss and PIK3CA amplification demonstrated partial response by RECIST and GCIG-CA125 criteria, respectively. CONCLUSION Pictilisib was safely administered with a dose-proportional pharmacokinetic profile, on-target pharmacodynamic activity at dose levels ≥100 mg and signs of antitumor activity. The recommended phase II dose was continuous dosing at 330 mg once-daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Sarker
- The Royal Marsden National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joo Ern Ang
- The Royal Marsden National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Baird
- The Royal Marsden National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Kristeleit
- The Royal Marsden National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Krunal Shah
- The Royal Marsden National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Moreno
- The Royal Marsden National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Clarke
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Florence I. Raynaud
- The Royal Marsden National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Gallia Levy
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph A Ware
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Mazina
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ray Lin
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jenny Wu
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jill Fredrickson
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jill M Spoerke
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mark R Lackner
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yibing Yan
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lori S. Friedman
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Stan B. Kaye
- The Royal Marsden National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mika K. Derynck
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Paul Workman
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johann S. de Bono
- The Royal Marsden National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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203
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Singh S, Srivastava P. Molecular Docking Studies of Myricetin and Its Analogues against Human PDK-1 Kinase as Candidate Drugs for Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/cmb.2015.52004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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204
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Li Y, Wang H, Muffat J, Cheng AW, Orlando DA, Lovén J, Kwok SM, Feldman DA, Bateup HS, Gao Q, Hockemeyer D, Mitalipova M, Lewis CA, Vander Heiden MG, Sur M, Young RA, Jaenisch R. Global transcriptional and translational repression in human-embryonic-stem-cell-derived Rett syndrome neurons. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 13:446-58. [PMID: 24094325 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is caused by mutations of MECP2, a methyl CpG binding protein thought to act as a global transcriptional repressor. Here we show, using an isogenic human embryonic stem cell model of RTT, that MECP2 mutant neurons display key molecular and cellular features of this disorder. Unbiased global gene expression analyses demonstrate that MECP2 functions as a global activator in neurons but not in neural precursors. Decreased transcription in neurons was coupled with a significant reduction in nascent protein synthesis and lack of MECP2 was manifested as a severe defect in the activity of the AKT/mTOR pathway. Lack of MECP2 also leads to impaired mitochondrial function in mutant neurons. Activation of AKT/mTOR signaling by exogenous growth factors or by depletion of PTEN boosted protein synthesis and ameliorated disease phenotypes in mutant neurons. Our findings indicate a vital function for MECP2 in maintaining active gene transcription in human neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- The Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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205
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mTOR Signaling in Protein Translation Regulation: Implications in Cancer Genesis and Therapeutic Interventions. Mol Biol Int 2014; 2014:686984. [PMID: 25505994 PMCID: PMC4258317 DOI: 10.1155/2014/686984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
mTOR is a central nutrient sensor that signals a cell to grow and proliferate. Through distinct protein complexes it regulates different levels of available cellular energy substrates required for cell growth. One of the important functions of the complex is to maintain available amino acid pool by regulating protein translation. Dysregulation of mTOR pathway leads to aberrant protein translation which manifests into various pathological states. Our review focuses on the role mTOR signaling plays in protein translation and its physiological role. It also throws some light on available data that show translation dysregulation as a cause of pathological complexities like cancer and the available drugs that target the pathway for cancer treatment.
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206
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Abstract
The phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a tumor-suppressing lipid phosphatase that is frequently absent in breast tumors. Thus, the stability of PTEN is essential for tumor prevention and therapy. The ubiquitinproteasome pathway has an important role in regulating the functions of PTEN. Specifically, carboxyl terminus Hsp70-interacting protein (CHIP), the E3 ubiquitin ligase of PTEN, can regulate PTEN levels. In this study, we report that BCL-2- associated athanogene 5 (BAG5), a known inhibitor of CHIP activity, reduces the degradation of PTEN and maintains its levels via an ubiquitylation-dependent pathway. BAG5 is identified as an antagonist of cell tumorigenicity. [BMB Reports 2013; 46(10): 490-494]
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Ying
- Department of Breast Surgery, QiLu Hospital of Shandong University, China
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207
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Marhold M, Tomasich E, El-Gazzar A, Heller G, Spittler A, Horvat R, Krainer M, Horak P. HIF1α Regulates mTOR Signaling and Viability of Prostate Cancer Stem Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 13:556-64. [PMID: 25349289 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0153-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tumor-initiating subpopulations of cancer cells, also known as cancer stem cells (CSC), were recently identified and characterized in prostate cancer. A well-characterized murine model of prostate cancer was used to investigate the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1A/HIF1α) in CSCs and a basal stem cell subpopulation (Lin(-)/Sca-1(+)/CD49f(+)) was identified, in primary prostate tumors of mice, with elevated HIF1α expression. To further analyze the consequences of hypoxic upregulation on stem cell proliferation and HIF1α signaling, CSC subpopulations from murine TRAMP-C1 cells (Sca-1(+)/CD49f(+)) as well as from a human prostate cancer cell line (CD44(+)/CD49f(+)) were isolated and characterized. HIF1α levels and HIF target gene expression were elevated in hypoxic CSC-like cells, and upregulation of AKT occurred through a mechanism involving an mTOR/S6K/IRS-1 feedback loop. Interestingly, resistance of prostate CSCs to selective mTOR inhibitors was observed because of HIF1α upregulation. Thus, prostate CSCs show a hypoxic deactivation of a feedback inhibition of AKT signaling through IRS-1. In light of these results, we propose that deregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway through HIF1α is critical for CSC quiescence and maintenance by attenuating CSC metabolism and growth via mTOR and promoting survival by AKT signaling. We also propose that prostate CSCs can exhibit primary drug resistance to selective mTOR inhibitors. IMPLICATIONS This work contributes to a deeper understanding of hypoxic regulatory mechanisms in CSCs and will help devise novel therapies against prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Marhold
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tomasich
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ahmed El-Gazzar
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerwin Heller
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Spittler
- Department of Surgery and Core Facility Flow Cytometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Horvat
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Krainer
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Horak
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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208
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Xie Q, Yan Y, Huang Z, Zhong X, Huang L. MicroRNA-221 targeting PI3-K/Akt signaling axis induces cell proliferation and BCNU resistance in human glioblastoma. Neuropathology 2014; 34:455-64. [PMID: 24780067 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short regulatory RNAs that negatively regulate protein biosynthesis at the post-transcriptional level and participate in the pathogenesis of different types of human cancers, including glioblastoma. In particular, the levels of miRNA-221 are overexpressed in many cancers and miRNA-221 exerts its functions as an oncogene. Nevertheless, the roles of miRNA-221 in carmustine (BCNU)-resistant glioma cells have not been totally elucidated. In the present study, we explored the effects of miRNA-221 on BCNU-resistant glioma cells and the possible molecular mechanisms by which miRNA-221 mediated the cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis and BCNU resistance were investigated. We found that miR-221 was overexpressed in glioma cells, including BCNU-resistant cells. Moreover, we found that miR-221 regulated cell proliferation and BCNU resistance in glioma cells. Overexpression of miR-221 led to cell survival and BCNU resistance and reduced cell apoptosis induced by BCNU, whereas knockdown of miR-221 inhibited cell proliferation and prompted BCNU sensitivity and cell apoptosis. Further investigation revealed that miR-221 down-regulated PTEN and activated Akt, which resulted in cell survival and BCNU resistance. Overexpression of PTEN lacking 3'UTR or PI3-K/Akt specific inhibitor wortmannin attenuated miR-221-mediated BCNU resistance and prompted cell apoptosis. We propose that miR-221 regulated cell proliferation and BCNU resistance in glioma cells by targeting PI3-K/PTEN/Akt signaling axis. Our findings may provide a new potential therapeutic target for treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xie
- Department of Oncology, Armed Police Corps Hospital, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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209
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Westin JR. Status of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors in lymphoma. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2014; 14:335-42. [PMID: 24650973 PMCID: PMC4125533 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is well known to regulate a wide variety of essential cellular functions, including glucose metabolism, translational regulation of protein synthesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and survival. Aberrations in the PI3K pathway are among the most frequently observed in cancer, and include amplifications, rearrangements, mutations, and loss of regulators. As a net result of these anomalies, the PI3K pathway is activated in many malignancies, including in Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and yields a competitive growth and survival advantage, increased metastatic ability, and resistance to conventional therapy. Numerous inhibitors targeting various nodes in the PI3K pathway are undergoing clinical development, and their current status in lymphoma will be the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Westin
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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210
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Sun HB, Chen X, Ji H, Wu T, Lu HW, Zhang Y, Li H, Li YM. miR‑494 is an independent prognostic factor and promotes cell migration and invasion in colorectal cancer by directly targeting PTEN. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:2486-94. [PMID: 25270723 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are involved in multiple processes in cancer development and progression. Upregulation of miRNA-494 (miR-494) has been identified as an oncogenic miRNA and is associated with poor prognosis in several types of human cancer. However, the specific function of miR-494 in colorectal cancer remains unclear. In this study we found that the expression of miR-494 in colorectal cancer tissues and cell lines was much higher than in normal control tissues and cells, respectively. In addition, upregulation of miR-494 more frequently occurred in tissue specimens with adverse clinical stage and the presence of distant metastasis. Moreover, multivariate survival analyses demonstrated that overexpression of miR-494 is an independent prognostic factor for both progression-free and overall survival. In addition miR-494 promoted invasion and migration in colorectal cancer cells, and miR-494 directly inhibited the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) expression by targeting its 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR). Moreover, PTEN is down regulated and inversely correlated with miR-494 expression in tissues. Thus, for the first time, we provided convincing evidence that upregulation of miR-494 was associated with tumor aggressiveness and tumor metastasis and promoted cell migration and invasion by targeting PTEN gene in colorectal cancer, and miR-494 is an independent prognostic marker for colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bing Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Wei Lu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Ming Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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211
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Yasui M, Matsuoka S, Ueda M. PTEN hopping on the cell membrane is regulated via a positively-charged C2 domain. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003817. [PMID: 25211206 PMCID: PMC4161299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN, a tumor suppressor that is frequently mutated in a wide spectrum of cancers, exerts PI(3,4,5)P3 phosphatase activities that are regulated by its dynamic shuttling between the membrane and cytoplasm. Direct observation of PTEN in the interfacial environment can offer quantitative information about the shuttling dynamics, but remains elusive. Here we show that positively charged residues located in the cα2 helix of the C2 domain are necessary for the membrane localization of PTEN via stable electrostatic interactions in Dictyostelium discoideum. Single-molecule imaging analyses revealed that PTEN molecules moved distances much larger than expected had they been caused by lateral diffusion, a phenomenon we call “hopping.” Our novel single-particle tracking analysis method found that the cα2 helix aids in regulating the hopping and stable-binding states. The dynamically established membrane localization of PTEN was revealed to be essential for developmental processes and clarified a fundamental regulation mechanism of the protein quantity and activity on the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is a major chemical reaction field in living cells, and the molecular mechanisms of protein-membrane interactions are important for many cellular functions. In this report, we have discovered that the PTEN protein, which transits between the cytoplasm and membrane, hops along the plasma membrane of living cells. We tracked individual PTEN molecules on the membrane by single molecule imaging and analyzed the hopping behavior by developing a novel analysis method, which measures the rebinding probability of membrane-bound proteins after detaching from the membrane. We found that positively charged amino acids in the C2 domain of PTEN, which were reported to be important for its phosphatase activity on the membrane, are required to suppress excessive hopping and stabilize PTEN membrane binding. The stable electrostatic interactions localize PTEN to the plasma membrane and play an indispensable role in regulating the size of the multicellular structures formed under a starving environment. Our results suggest electrostatic interactions between the protein and membrane regulate protein quantity and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yasui
- Laboratories for Nanobiology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, QBiC (Quantitative Biology Center), RIKEN, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Single Molecule Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satomi Matsuoka
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, QBiC (Quantitative Biology Center), RIKEN, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masahiro Ueda
- Laboratories for Nanobiology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, QBiC (Quantitative Biology Center), RIKEN, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Single Molecule Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
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212
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Fragoso R, Barata JT. PTEN and leukemia stem cells. Adv Biol Regul 2014; 56:22-29. [PMID: 24961634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are considered responsible for leukemia initiation, relapse and resistance to chemotherapy. These cells have self-renewal capacity and originate the other cells in the leukemia pool. Therefore, in order to completely eradicate leukemia cells and consequently cure the disease, therapies should in principle necessarily target LSCs. However, the fact that LSCs share functional and phenotypic properties with normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) poses a significant challenge: how to target LSCs without damaging normal HSCs and compromising hematopoiesis? The discovery that PTEN regulates LSCs and HSCs through different mechanisms, demonstrated that it is possible to identify pathways that differentially impact leukemia and normal stem cell function and opened new therapeutic perspectives for the selective elimination of LSCs. In this review, we briefly discuss the mechanisms that regulate PTEN function in LSCs and HSCs and their potential for the development of LSC-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Fragoso
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João T Barata
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
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213
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Gadducci A, Lanfredini N, Tana R. Novel insights on the malignant transformation of endometriosis into ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Endocrinol 2014; 30:612-7. [PMID: 24905724 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2014.926325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The malignant transformation of endometriosis is an uncommon event, which happens in 0.7-2.5% of the cases, and, when occurs, it usually involves the ovary. A 2 to 3-fold higher risk of ovarian endometrioid and clear cell carcinoma has been reported in women with endometriosis. Pathological studies have detected a morphological continuum of sequential steps from normal endometriotic cyst epithelium to atypical endometriosis and finally to invasive carcinoma. Ovarian endometrioid carcinoma harbors mutations of CTNNB1 in 16-53.3%, of PTEN in 14-20% and of ARID1A in 30-55% of the cases. Ovarian clear cell carcinoma harbors mutations of PIK3CA in 20-40% and of ARID1 in 15-75% of the cases. Whereas estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors are quite always absent, HNF-1b is often over-expressed in this histotype. Atypical endometriosis and endometriosis-related ovarian neoplasms share molecular alterations, such as PTEN mutations, ARID1A mutations and up-regulation of HNF-1b. Moreover, ARID1A mutations have been noted in clear cell tumors and contiguous atypical endometriosis, but not in distant endometriotic lesions. The loss of BAF250a protein expression is suggestive for the presence of ARID1A mutations, and represents an useful marker of malignant transformation of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angiolo Gadducci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
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214
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Pachow D, Wick W, Gutmann DH, Mawrin C. The mTOR signaling pathway as a treatment target for intracranial neoplasms. Neuro Oncol 2014; 17:189-99. [PMID: 25165193 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway has become an attractive target for human cancer therapy. Hyperactivation of mTOR has been reported in both sporadic and syndromic (hereditary) brain tumors. In contrast to the large number of successful clinical trials employing mTOR inhibitors in different types of epithelial neoplasms, their use to treat intracranial neoplasms is more limited. In this review, we summarize the role of mTOR activation in brain tumor pathogenesis and growth relevant to new human brain tumor trials currently under way using mTOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Pachow
- Department of Neuropathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (D.P., C.M.); Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (D.H.G.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Neurology Clinic & National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.)
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Department of Neuropathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (D.P., C.M.); Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (D.H.G.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Neurology Clinic & National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.)
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neuropathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (D.P., C.M.); Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (D.H.G.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Neurology Clinic & National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.)
| | - Christian Mawrin
- Department of Neuropathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (D.P., C.M.); Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (D.H.G.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Neurology Clinic & National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.)
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215
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Current clinical regulation of PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR signalling in treatment of human cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 141:671-89. [PMID: 25146530 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE PTEN is an essential tumour suppressor gene which encodes a phosphatase protein that antagonises the PI3K/Akt/mTOR antiapoptotic pathway. Impairment of this tumour suppressor pathway potentially becomes a causal factor for development of malignancies. This review aims to assess current understanding of mechanisms of dysfunction involving the PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathway linked to tumorigenesis and evaluate the evidence for targeted therapy directed at this signalling axis. METHODS Relevant articles in scientific databases were identified using a combination of search terms, including "malignancies", "targeted therapy", "PTEN", and "combination therapy". These databases included Medline, Embase, Cochrane Review, Pubmed, and Scopus. RESULTS PI3K/PTEN expression is frequently deregulated in a majority of malignancies through genetic, epigenetic, and post-transcriptional modifications. This contributes to the upregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway which has been the focus of intense clinical studies. Targeted agents aimed at this pathway offer a novel treatment approach in a variety of haematologic malignancies and solid tumours. Compared to single-agent use, greater response rates were obtained in combination regimens, supporting further investigation of suitable drug combinations in a broad spectrum of malignancies. CONCLUSION Activation of the PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathway is implicated both in the pathogenesis of malignancies and development of resistance to anticancer therapies. Therefore, PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors are a promising therapeutic option, in association with systemic cytotoxic and biological therapies, to enable sustained clinical outcomes in cancer treatment. Therapeutic strategies could be tailored according to appropriate biomarkers and patient-specific mutation profiles to maximise benefit of combination therapies.
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216
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Kim RJ, Bae E, Hong YK, Hong JY, Kim NK, Ahn HJ, Oh JJ, Park DS. PTEN loss-mediated Akt activation increases the properties of cancer stem-like cell populations in prostate cancer. Oncology 2014; 87:270-9. [PMID: 25139413 DOI: 10.1159/000363186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate that the PTEN/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway plays an important role in regulating the prostate cancer stem-like cell population by upregulating ABCG2. METHODS Targeted PTEN knockdown in human prostate DU145 and 22Rv1 cells using a small interfering RNA were confirmed by immunoblot analysis using antibodies of PTEN, phospho-Akt, Akt, and α-tubulin. Knockdown PTEN DU145 and 22Rv1 cells were augmented, and the stem cell-like properties were examined by cell viability and tumor sphere formation and treated by Akt IV inhibitor to provide the signal transduction pathway. Luciferase activity assays were performed. RESULTS The knockdown of PTEN in prostate cancer cell lines increased the stem-like properties of the cells, including their sphere-forming ability, stem cell population number, epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related gene expression, and ABCG2 expression. Additionally, PTEN expression was highly associated with elevated expression of phospho-Akt. Treatment with an Akt inhibitor suppressed the PTEN-mediated effects on the properties of these stem-like cells as well as drug resistance, ABCG2 expression, and the NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSION The loss of PTEN in prostate cancer cells resulted in an increased PI3K/Akt pathway. Due to the Akt activation, PTEN loss may play an important role in prostate cancer by promoting cancer stemness through a mechanism that involves enhanced NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran-Ju Kim
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
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217
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Fascin is involved in the chemotherapeutic resistance of breast cancer cells predominantly via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1552-61. [PMID: 25117814 PMCID: PMC4200093 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A major therapeutic challenge for breast cancer is the ability of cancer cells to evade killing of conventional chemotherapeutic agents. We have recently reported the actin-bundling protein (fascin) as a major regulator of breast cancer metastasis and survival. Methods: Survival of breast cancer patients that received chemotherapy and xenograft tumour model was used to assess the effect of chemotherapy on fascin-positive and -negative breast cancer cells. Molecular and cellular assays were used to gain in-depth understanding of the relationship between fascin and chemoresistance. Results: We showed a significant correlation between fascin expression and shorter survival in breast cancer patients who received chemotherapy. In xenograft experiments, fascin-positive cancer cells displayed significantly more resistance to chemotherapy-mediated apoptotic cell death than fascin-negative counterparts. This increased chemoresistance was at least partially mediated through PI3K/Akt signalling, and was paralleled by increased FAK phosphorylation, enhanced expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (XIAP and Livin) and suppression of the proapoptotic markers (caspase 9, caspase 3 and PARP). Conclusions: This is the first report to demonstrate fascin involvement in breast cancer chemotherapeutic resistance, supporting the development of fascin-targeting drugs for better treatment of chemoresistance breast cancer.
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218
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[Mechanisms of resistance to anti-BRAF treatments]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2014; 141:671-81. [PMID: 25442471 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In patients with melanoma positive for the BRAF V600 mutation, clinical response to specific BRAF inhibitors is usually rapid and striking, with significant benefits in terms of progression-free survival and overall survival. However, resistance to treatment almost invariably arises, typically within a median timeframe of 6 months. Indeed, very few patients exhibit long-lasting response to these targeted therapies. AIMS It is essential to better understand the mechanisms of resistance to targeted anti-BRAF therapies in order to increase both response rates and the duration of clinical response to treatment. This literature review describes the signaling pathways involving BRAF and presents recent data from clinical trials with these molecules. Furthermore, we aim to describe the main resistance mechanisms linked with targeted anti-BRAF therapies. METHODS The keywords (resistance, BRAF, melanoma, targeted therapy, vemurafenib, and dabrafenib) were used to extract relevant articles in the Medline/Pubmed database published before 31 January 2014. DISCUSSION Improved knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms of resistance to targeted anti-BRAF therapies should enable the development of new therapeutic strategies in order to overcome such resistance and allow more significant and sustained response rates to be achieved among melanoma patients.
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219
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PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway as a therapeutic target for ovarian cancer. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014; 290:1067-78. [PMID: 25086744 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-014-3377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is one of the major causes of death in women worldwide. Despite improvements in conventional treatment approaches, such as surgery and chemotherapy, a majority of patients with advanced ovarian cancer experience relapse and eventually succumb to the disease; the outcome of patients remains poor. Hence, new therapeutic strategies are urgently required. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is activated in approximately 70 % of ovarian cancers, resulting in hyperactive signaling cascades that relate to cellular growth, proliferation, survival, metabolism, and angiogenesis. Consistent with this, a number of clinical studies are focusing on PI3K pathway as an attractive target in the treatment of ovarian cancer. In this review, we present an overview of PI3K pathway as well as its pathological aberrations reported in ovarian cancer. We also discuss inhibitors of PI3K pathway that are currently under clinical investigations and the challenges these inhibitors face in future clinical utility. METHODS PubMed was searched for articles of relevance to ovarian cancer and the PI3K pathway. In addition, the ClinicalTrials.gov was also scanned for data on novel therapeutic inhibitors targeting the PI3K pathway. RESULTS Genetic aberrations at different levels of PI3K pathway are frequently observed in ovarian cancer, resulting in hyperactivation of this pathway. The alterations of this pathway make the PI3K pathway an attractive therapeutic target in ovarian cancer. Currently, several inhibitors of PI3K pathway, such as PI3K/AKT inhibitors, rapamycin analogs for mTOR inhibition, and dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors are in clinical testing in patients with ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS PI3K pathway inhibitors have shown great promise in the treatment of ovarian cancer. However, further researches on selection patients that respond to PI3K inhibitors and exploration of effective combinatorial therapies are required to improve the management of ovarian cancer.
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220
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Abstract
Management of overgrowth syndromes with complex vascular anomalies is challenging. Careful analysis of the various clinical features by an interdisciplinary team of physicians experienced in this field is paramount to proper diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this article, we focus on the spectrum of the clinical presentation and the management strategies of the most common overgrowth syndromes with complex vascular anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wibke Uller
- Vascular Anomalies Center, Boston Children׳s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Boston Children׳s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Steven J Fishman
- Vascular Anomalies Center, Boston Children׳s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Boston Children׳s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ahmad I Alomari
- Vascular Anomalies Center, Boston Children׳s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Boston Children׳s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
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221
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Evaluation of PTEN, PI3K, MTOR, and KRAS expression and their clinical and prognostic relevance to differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2014; 18:234-40. [PMID: 25258580 PMCID: PMC4171472 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2014.43803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study Important signalling pathways play fundamental roles in the pathogenesis of thyroid carcinoma (TC). PTEN, mTOR, PI3K-p85 and K-Ras are the principal factors involved in these signalling pathways. To immunohistochemically examine the expressions of PI3K, mTOR and PTEN in patients suffering from follicular TC, papillary TC or variants thereof, as well as to investigate KRAS mutations via PCR to determine their clinical and prognostic relevance to differentiated thyroid cancer. Material and methods The expression of PTEN, PI3K-p85 and mTOR was immunohistochemically examined, and the mutation of K-Ras was examined via PCR. The results obtained were compared to the clinico-pathologic characteristics of the patients. Results A significant correlation was found between p85 expression and lymphovascular invasions and between PTEN expression and multifocality (p = 0.048 and p = 0.04, respectively), and a correlation between p85 and capsular invasion was found, with a borderline statistical significance (p = 0.056). No expression of PTEN, p85 or Mtor was detected in normal tissue. K-Ras mutation was examined in 66 of the 101 patients (57.4%), and the percentage of patients exhibiting a K-Ras mutation was 17.4%. All of the patients exhibiting a K-Ras mutation were women (p = 0.047). The disease-free survival was 44.6 months (95% CI: 37.9–51.3) and was statistically significantly higher in the group that displayed level 1 or lower expression of p85 (p = 0.043). Conclusions The expression levels of the aforementioned markers were significantly higher in TC cells than in normal tissue. A significant correlation was detected between K-Ras mutation and gender. This study demonstrates that p85 and PTEN are markers that should be evaluated in further studies of TC.
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222
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Identification of nucleolus-localized PTEN and its function in regulating ribosome biogenesis. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:6383-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Evangelisti C, Evangelisti C, Chiarini F, Lonetti A, Buontempo F, Bressanin D, Cappellini A, Orsini E, McCubrey JA, Martelli AM. Therapeutic potential of targeting mTOR in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (review). Int J Oncol 2014; 45:909-18. [PMID: 24968804 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a heterogeneous neoplastic disorder of immature hematopoietic precursors committed to the T-cell lineage. T-ALL comprises about 15% of pediatric and 25% of adult ALL cases. Even if the prognosis of T-ALL has improved especially in the childhood due to the use of new intensified treatment protocols, the outcome of relapsed patients who are resistant to conventional chemotherapeutic drugs or who relapse is still poor. For this reason, there is a need for novel and less toxic targeted therapies against signaling pathways aberrantly activated in T-ALL, such as the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Small molecules designed to target key components of this signaling axis have proven their efficacy both in vitro and in vivo in pre-clinical settings of T-ALL. In particular, different classes of mTOR inhibitors have been disclosed by pharmaceutical companies, and they are currently being tested in clinical trials for treating T-ALL patients. One of the most promising approaches for the treatment of T-ALL seems to be the combination of mTOR inhibitors with traditional chemotherapeutic agents. This could lead to a lower drug dosage that may circumvent the systemic side effects of chemotherapeutics. In this review, we focus on the different classes of mTOR inhibitors that will possibly have an impact on the therapeutic arsenal we have at our disposal against T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Evangelisti
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cecilia Evangelisti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Chiarini
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Lonetti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Buontempo
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Bressanin
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cappellini
- Department of Human Social and Health Sciences, University of Cassino, Cassino, Italy
| | - Ester Orsini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Malaney P, Pathak RR, Xue B, Uversky VN, Davé V. Intrinsic disorder in PTEN and its interactome confers structural plasticity and functional versatility. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2035. [PMID: 23783762 PMCID: PMC3687229 DOI: 10.1038/srep02035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IDPs, while structurally poor, are functionally rich by virtue of their flexibility and modularity. However, how mutations in IDPs elicit diseases, remain elusive. Herein, we have identified tumor suppressor PTEN as an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) and elucidated the molecular principles by which its intrinsically disordered region (IDR) at the carboxyl-terminus (C-tail) executes its functions. Post-translational modifications, conserved eukaryotic linear motifs and molecular recognition features present in the C-tail IDR enhance PTEN's protein-protein interactions that are required for its myriad cellular functions. PTEN primary and secondary interactomes are also enriched in IDPs, most being cancer related, revealing that PTEN functions emanate from and are nucleated by the C-tail IDR, which form pliable network-hubs. Together, PTEN higher order functional networks operate via multiple IDP-IDP interactions facilitated by its C-tail IDR. Targeting PTEN IDR and its interaction hubs emerges as a new paradigm for treatment of PTEN related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Malaney
- Morsani College of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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225
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Anti-EGFR MoAb treatment in colorectal cancer: limitations, controversies, and contradictories. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 74:1-13. [PMID: 24916545 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2489-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Anti-epidermal growth-factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody (MoAb) treatment for chemotherapy refractory or metastatic colorectal cancer has obtained great achievement. However, not every colorectal patient responds to such molecular-targeted agent well. Biomarkers associated with anti-EGFR resistance are not limited to KRAS mutation up to now. It was recently reported that cross-talking molecular effectors interacted with EGFR-related pathway were also negative predictor for anti-EGFR treatment. However, the limited data, controversial results, and contradictories between in vitro and clinical studies restrict the clinical application of these new biomarkers. Although the current theory of tumor microenvironment supported the application of multi-target treatment, the results from the clinical studies were less than expected. Moreover, WHO or RECIST guideline for response assessment in anti-EGFR MoAb treatment was also queried by recent AIO KRK-0306 trial. This review focuses on these controversies, contradictories, and limitations, in order to uncover the unmet needs in current status of anti-EGFR MoAb treatment in colorectal cancer.
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226
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Wang H, Xu C, Kong X, Li X, Kong X, Wang Y, Ding X, Yang Q. Trail resistance induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and enhances invasiveness by suppressing PTEN via miR-221 in breast cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99067. [PMID: 24905916 PMCID: PMC4048247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) can selectively induce apoptosis of cancer cells and is verified effective to various cancers. However, a variety of breast cancer cell lines are resistant to TRAIL and the mechanisms of resistance are largely unknown. In our present experiment, we successfully utilized breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 to establish TRAIL-resistant cell line. We found resistance to TRAIL could induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and enhance invasiveness. We further demonstrated PTEN was down-regulated in TRAIL-resistant cells. Silencing miR-221, PTEN expression was up-regulated, the process of EMT could be reversed, and the ability of migration and invasion were correspondingly weakened. We also demonstrated knockdown of miR-221 could reverse resistance to TRAIL partially by targeting PTEN. Our findings suggest that resistance to TRAIL could induce EMT and enhance invasiveness by suppressing PTEN via miR-221. Re-expression of miR-221 or targeting PTEN might serve as potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of Trail-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiji Wang
- Department of Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chunyuan Xu
- Department of Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoli Kong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiangnan Kong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xia Ding
- Department of Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- * E-mail:
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227
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An update on molecular biology of thyroid cancers. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 90:233-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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228
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The role of PTEN tumor suppressor pathway staining in carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Urol Oncol 2014; 32:657-62. [PMID: 24840867 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The PI3k/Akt pathway has been associated with the development and progression of bladder tumors, with most studies focused on papillary or muscle-invasive tumors. We sought to characterize the expression patterns of the PI3K/Akt pathway in a large cohort of high-risk preinvasive carcinoma in situ (CIS) tumors of the bladder. Our goal was to understand whether PI3K/Akt pathway alterations associated with CIS resemble early- or late-stage bladder cancers. MATERIAL AND METHODS We evaluated tissue specimens from 97 patients with CIS of the bladder, of which 14 had a concomitant papillary tumor. All patients were treated with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin. All specimens were evaluated for PTEN, p-AKT, and p-S6 immunoreactivity. Markers were evaluated for percentage and intensity of staining and were scored using a 0 to 3+grading system. RESULTS PTEN staining was noted as least intense in 67% of tumor specimens and 22% of normal urothelium. P-Akt and p-S6 had intense staining in 77% and 90% of tumor specimens vs. 44% and 68% in normal tissue, respectively. Low-intensity staining for PTEN at 12 months correlated with higher recurrence risk (P = 0.026). CONCLUSION We describe a large cohort of CIS bladder tumors with decreased staining intensity of PTEN and increased staining intensity of p-AKT and p-S6, similar to high-grade and high-stage papillary tumors. Low-intensity staining of PTEN at 12 months was associated with an increased risk of recurrence.
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229
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Lade-Keller J, Riber-Hansen R, Guldberg P, Schmidt H, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Steiniche T. E- to N-cadherin switch in melanoma is associated with decreased expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog and cancer progression. Br J Dermatol 2014; 169:618-28. [PMID: 23662813 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadherin switch in melanoma, with loss of E-cadherin and upregulation of N-cadherin, is believed to underlie melanoma cell detachment from the epidermis and promotion of dermal and vascular melanoma invasion. The tumour suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) has been suggested as a potential regulator of this cadherin switch. OBJECTIVES To study the biological and clinical implications of cadherin switch and PTEN expression in melanoma progression. METHODS We constructed tissue microarrays from primary tumour samples from 394 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded melanomas diagnosed between 2001 and 2006. Median follow-up was 10 years. Tissue microarray sections were stained by immunohistochemistry for E-cadherin, N-cadherin and PTEN, and expression was analysed semiquantitatively. RESULTS Breslow thickness correlated strongly with reduced/absent PTEN expression (P < 0·0001), low E-cadherin expression (P < 0·0001), high N-cadherin expression (P < 0·0001) and the combination of low E-cadherin and high N-cadherin expression (cadherin switch profile; P = 0·001). There was a significant association between reduced/absent PTEN and the presence of the cadherin switch profile (P = 0·03). In univariate analyses, low E-cadherin expression significantly predicted an adverse overall relapse-free (P = 0·04), melanoma-specific (P = 0·03) and distant-metastasis-free (P = 0·01) survival; reduced/absent PTEN predicted an adverse overall relapse-free survival (P = 0·006), and the cadherin switch profile predicted adverse melanoma-specific (P = 0·005) and distant-metastasis-free (P = 0·01) survival. In multivariate analysis, the cadherin switch profile was an independent prognostic marker of melanoma-specific (P = 0·04) and distant-metastasis-free survival (P = 0·02). CONCLUSIONS Cadherin switch and reduced/absent PTEN expression are associated in melanoma, and both factors may play important roles in the progression of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lade-Keller
- Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Landis J, Shaw LM. Insulin receptor substrate 2-mediated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling selectively inhibits glycogen synthase kinase 3β to regulate aerobic glycolysis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18603-13. [PMID: 24811175 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.564070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and IRS-2 are cytoplasmic adaptor proteins that mediate the activation of signaling pathways in response to ligand stimulation of upstream cell surface receptors. Despite sharing a high level of homology and the ability to activate PI3K, only Irs-2 positively regulates aerobic glycolysis in mammary tumor cells. To determine the contribution of Irs-2-dependent PI3K signaling to this selective regulation, we generated an Irs-2 mutant deficient in the recruitment of PI3K. We identified four tyrosine residues (Tyr-649, Tyr-671, Tyr-734, and Tyr-814) that are essential for the association of PI3K with Irs-2 and demonstrate that combined mutation of these tyrosines inhibits glucose uptake and lactate production, two measures of aerobic glycolysis. Irs-2-dependent activation of PI3K regulates the phosphorylation of specific Akt substrates, most notably glycogen synthase kinase 3β (Gsk-3β). Inhibition of Gsk-3β by Irs-2-dependent PI3K signaling promotes glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis. The regulation of unique subsets of Akt substrates by Irs-1 and Irs-2 may explain their non-redundant roles in mammary tumor biology. Taken together, our study reveals a novel mechanism by which Irs-2 signaling preferentially regulates tumor cell metabolism and adds to our understanding of how this adaptor protein contributes to breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Landis
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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Khan KH, Yap TA, Yan L, Cunningham D. Targeting the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling network in cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2014; 32:253-65. [PMID: 23642907 PMCID: PMC3845556 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.013.10057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K-AKT-mTOR) pathway is a frequently hyperactivated pathway in cancer and is important for tumor cell growth and survival. The development of targeted therapies against mTOR, a vital substrate along this pathway, led to the approval of allosteric inhibitors, including everolimus and temsirolimus, for the treatment of breast, renal, and pancreatic cancers. However, the suboptimal duration of response in unselected patients remains an unresolved issue. Numerous novel therapies against critical nodes of this pathway are therefore being actively investigated in the clinic in multiple tumour types. In this review, we focus on the progress of these agents in clinical development along with their biological rationale, the need of predictive biomarkers and various combination strategies, which will be useful in counteracting the mechanisms of resistance to this class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurum H Khan
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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232
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Li G, Ci W, Karmakar S, Chen K, Dhar R, Fan Z, Guo Z, Zhang J, Ke Y, Wang L, Zhuang M, Hu S, Li X, Zhou L, Li X, Calabrese MF, Watson ER, Prasad SM, Rinker-Schaeffer C, Eggener SE, Stricker T, Tian Y, Schulman BA, Liu J, White KP. SPOP promotes tumorigenesis by acting as a key regulatory hub in kidney cancer. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:455-68. [PMID: 24656772 PMCID: PMC4443692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic stress and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) play important roles in a wide range of tumors. We demonstrate that SPOP, which encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase component, is a direct transcriptional target of HIFs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Furthermore, hypoxia results in cytoplasmic accumulation of SPOP, which is sufficient to induce tumorigenesis. This tumorigenic activity occurs through the ubiquitination and degradation of multiple regulators of cellular proliferation and apoptosis, including the tumor suppressor PTEN, ERK phosphatases, the proapoptotic molecule Daxx, and the Hedgehog pathway transcription factor Gli2. Knockdown of SPOP specifically kills ccRCC cells, indicating that it may be a promising therapeutic target. Collectively, our results indicate that SPOP serves as a regulatory hub to promote ccRCC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weimin Ci
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Subhradip Karmakar
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago and Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ke Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ruby Dhar
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago and Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zhixiang Fan
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Zhongqiang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Urology, First Hospital of Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuwen Ke
- Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Zhuang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Shengdi Hu
- Laboratory of Animal Research Center, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Liqun Zhou
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xianghong Li
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Matthew F Calabrese
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Edmond R Watson
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sandip M Prasad
- Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Scott E Eggener
- Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Thomas Stricker
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago and Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yong Tian
- Laboratory of Animal Research Center, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Brenda A Schulman
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Kevin P White
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago and Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Section on Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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233
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Cai J, Xu L, Tang H, Yang Q, Yi X, Fang Y, Zhu Y, Wang Z. The role of the PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway on prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis. Oncologist 2014; 19:528-35. [PMID: 24718516 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, a key player in mediating apoptosis, metabolism, cell proliferation, and cell growth, is frequently dysregulated in many cancers. However, the pathway's prognostic impact in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is still inconsistent. We performed a meta-analysis based on individual study outcomes to more precisely evaluate its clinical significance in EOC patients. Methods. We searched all potentially relevant studies published between January 1, 1990, and March 1, 2013, that assessed the association between PTEN, PI3K, and Akt status and survival in EOC. Meta-analysis was performed using a fixed-effect or random-effects model as appropriate. We investigated the possibility of publication bias through a funnel plot and identified the heterogeneity by I(2) statistics. Results. Eleven eligible studies were analyzed for PTEN, 5 for PI3K, and 11 for pAkt. High PI3K and pAkt expression was associated with poor overall survival (OS; pooled adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.44, 95% CI, 1.08-1.91 for PI3K; HR = 1.60, 95% CI, 1.26-2.04 for pAkt). In addition, both the meta-analyses of univariate and multivariate estimates showed that only high pAkt expression was significantly associated with poor progression-free survival (PFS; pooled unadjusted HR = 1.24, 95% CI, 1.10-1.39; pooled adjusted HR = 1.65, 95% CI, 1.07-2.55). Conclusion. Published studies suggest that high pAkt expression is significantly associated with poor OS and PFS in EOC patients, but currently available evidence is insufficient to recommend that PTEN, PI3K, or Akt be used as prognostic predictors in EOC in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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234
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Tsao AS, Roth JA. Novel and Emerging Agents in NSCLC. Lung Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118468791.ch30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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235
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Vergote I. Novel therapies, including enzastaurin, in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:579-98. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.900542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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236
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Asraf H, Salomon S, Nevo A, Sekler I, Mayer D, Hershfinkel M. The ZnR/GPR39 Interacts With the CaSR to Enhance Signaling in Prostate and Salivary Epithelia. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:868-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hila Asraf
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Shimrit Salomon
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Andrey Nevo
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Israel Sekler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Doris Mayer
- Hormones and Signal Transduction Group; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michal Hershfinkel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
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237
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Martín-Pérez R, Palacios C, Yerbes R, Cano-González A, Iglesias-Serret D, Gil J, Reginato MJ, López-Rivas A. Activated ERBB2/HER2 licenses sensitivity to apoptosis upon endoplasmic reticulum stress through a PERK-dependent pathway. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1766-77. [PMID: 24453000 PMCID: PMC4053205 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HER2/Neu/ERBB2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed in approximately 20% of human breast tumors. Truncated or mutant isoforms that show increased oncogenicity compared with the wild-type receptor are found in many breast tumors. Here, we report that constitutively active ERBB2 sensitizes human breast epithelial cells to agents that induce endoplasmic reticulum stress, altering the unfolded protein response (UPR) of these cells. Deregulation of the ERK, AKT, and mTOR activities elicited by mutant ERBB2 was involved in mediating this differential UPR response, elevating the response to endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptotic cell death. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the increased sensitivity of mutant ERBB2-expressing cells to endoplasmic reticulum stress relied upon a UPR effector signaling involving the PERK-ATF4-CHOP pathway, upregulation of the proapoptotic cell surface receptor TRAIL-R2, and activation of proapoptotic caspase-8. Collectively, our results offer a rationale for the therapeutic exploration of treatments inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress against mutant ERBB2-expressing breast tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Martín-Pérez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina
Regenerativa-CSIC, CABIMER, Avda Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla,
Spain
| | - Carmen Palacios
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina
Regenerativa-CSIC, CABIMER, Avda Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla,
Spain
| | - Rosario Yerbes
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina
Regenerativa-CSIC, CABIMER, Avda Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla,
Spain
| | - Ana Cano-González
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina
Regenerativa-CSIC, CABIMER, Avda Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla,
Spain
| | - Daniel Iglesias-Serret
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Institut
d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL)-Universitat
de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Gil
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Institut
d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL)-Universitat
de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mauricio J. Reginato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University
College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Abelardo López-Rivas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina
Regenerativa-CSIC, CABIMER, Avda Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla,
Spain
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238
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Fritsch C, Huang A, Chatenay-Rivauday C, Schnell C, Reddy A, Liu M, Kauffmann A, Guthy D, Erdmann D, De Pover A, Furet P, Gao H, Ferretti S, Wang Y, Trappe J, Brachmann SM, Maira SM, Wilson C, Boehm M, Garcia-Echeverria C, Chene P, Wiesmann M, Cozens R, Lehar J, Schlegel R, Caravatti G, Hofmann F, Sellers WR. Characterization of the novel and specific PI3Kα inhibitor NVP-BYL719 and development of the patient stratification strategy for clinical trials. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1117-29. [PMID: 24608574 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Somatic PIK3CA mutations are frequently found in solid tumors, raising the hypothesis that selective inhibition of PI3Kα may have robust efficacy in PIK3CA-mutant cancers while sparing patients the side-effects associated with broader inhibition of the class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family. Here, we report the biologic properties of the 2-aminothiazole derivative NVP-BYL719, a selective inhibitor of PI3Kα and its most common oncogenic mutant forms. The compound selectivity combined with excellent drug-like properties translates to dose- and time-dependent inhibition of PI3Kα signaling in vivo, resulting in robust therapeutic efficacy and tolerability in PIK3CA-dependent tumors. Novel targeted therapeutics such as NVP-BYL719, designed to modulate aberrant functions elicited by cancer-specific genetic alterations upon which the disease depends, require well-defined patient stratification strategies in order to maximize their therapeutic impact and benefit for the patients. Here, we also describe the application of the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia as a preclinical platform to refine the patient stratification strategy for NVP-BYL719 and found that PIK3CA mutation was the foremost positive predictor of sensitivity while revealing additional positive and negative associations such as PIK3CA amplification and PTEN mutation, respectively. These patient selection determinants are being assayed in the ongoing NVP-BYL719 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Fritsch
- Authors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Global Discovery Chemistry; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Center for Proteomic Chemistry; Novartis Pharma AG, Oncology Translational Medicine, Basel, Switzerland; Novartis Pharma AG, Oncology Translational Medicine; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Shangai, China
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Katanasaka Y, Kodera Y, Yunokawa M, Kitamura Y, Tamura T, Koizumi F. Synergistic anti-tumor effects of a novel phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin dual inhibitor BGT226 and gefitinib in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Cancer Lett 2014; 347:196-203. [PMID: 24614285 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and PI3K/mTOR pathway are drug targets for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Herein, we investigated anti-tumor effects of the combination of BGT226, a novel PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor, and gefitinib on NSCLC cell lines which are high sensitive to gefitinib. The combination of BGT226 and gefitinib exhibited supra-additive growth inhibitory effects in PC-9 and HCC827 cells. Apoptotic induction and the inhibition of PI3K/mTOR signaling were enhanced by the combination. Significant tumor growth suppression was observed in xenograft model by the combination. These results suggest that the combination is effective in EGFR inhibitor-sensitive NSCLC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Katanasaka
- Shien-lab, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kodera
- Shien-lab, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Mayu Yunokawa
- Shien-lab, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yuka Kitamura
- Shien-lab, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Tomohide Tamura
- Division of Internal Medicine, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Koizumi
- Shien-lab, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Genomic Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
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240
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Lade-Keller J, Riber-Hansen R, Guldberg P, Schmidt H, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Steiniche T. Immunohistochemical analysis of molecular drivers in melanoma identifies p16 as an independent prognostic biomarker. J Clin Pathol 2014; 67:520-8. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2013-202127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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241
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Chen SF, Cao Y, Han S, Chen JZ. Insight into the structural mechanism for PKBα allosteric inhibition by molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations. J Mol Graph Model 2014; 48:36-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs) are rare, potentially curable, mucin-producing neoplasms of the pancreas. We have previously reported PIK3CA (phosphoinositide-3-kinase catalytic subunit, p110α) mutations in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, another mucin-producing neoplasm of the pancreas. In this study, we analyzed the presence of PIK3CA and AKT1/PKB (V-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1) hot-spot mutations in MCN specimens. METHODS Using the genomic DNA sequencing of tumor tissues isolated by laser capture microdissection, we evaluated 15 well-characterized MCNs for the E542K, E545K (exon 9), and H1047R (exon 20) hot-spot mutations in the PIK3CA gene and the E17K mutation in the AKT1 gene. RESULTS A hot-spot mutation (E545K) of the PIK3CA gene was detected in 1 of the 15 MCNs and further confirmed by a mutant-enriched method. Interestingly, this mutation was found to be present only in the high-grade but not in low-grade dysplastic epithelium obtained from this neoplasm and coexisted with a KRAS mutation. No mutations were identified in the AKT1 gene. CONCLUSIONS Our data, when combined with previous reports on intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, indicate that oncogenic activation of the PI3K pathway involving PIK3CA gene mutations can contribute to the progression of mucin-producing neoplasms but not pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. PIK3CA status could be useful for understanding their progression to malignancy.
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243
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Stebbing J, Lit LC, Zhang H, Darrington RS, Melaiu O, Rudraraju B, Giamas G. The regulatory roles of phosphatases in cancer. Oncogene 2014; 33:939-53. [PMID: 23503460 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The relevance of potentially reversible post-translational modifications required for controlling cellular processes in cancer is one of the most thriving arenas of cellular and molecular biology. Any alteration in the balanced equilibrium between kinases and phosphatases may result in development and progression of various diseases, including different types of cancer, though phosphatases are relatively under-studied. Loss of phosphatases such as PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10), a known tumour suppressor, across tumour types lends credence to the development of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors alongside the use of phosphatase expression as a biomarker, though phase 3 trial data are lacking. In this review, we give an updated report on phosphatase dysregulation linked to organ-specific malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stebbing
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - L C Lit
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - H Zhang
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R S Darrington
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - O Melaiu
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - B Rudraraju
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - G Giamas
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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PIK3CA mutations frequently coexist with EGFR/KRAS mutations in non-small cell lung cancer and suggest poor prognosis in EGFR/KRAS wildtype subgroup. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88291. [PMID: 24533074 PMCID: PMC3922761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE PIK3CA gene encoding a catalytic subunit of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) is mutated and/or amplified in various neoplasia, including lung cancer. Here we investigated PIK3CA gene alterations, the expression of core components of PI3K pathway, and evaluated their clinical importance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Oncogenic mutations/rearrangements in PIK3CA, EGFR, KRAS, HER2, BRAF, AKT1 and ALK genes were detected in tumors from 1117 patients with NSCLC. PIK3CA gene copy number was examined by fluorescent in situ hybridization and the expression of PI3K p110 subunit alpha (PI3K p110α), p-Akt, mTOR, PTEN was determined by immunohistochemistry in PIK3CA mutant cases and 108 patients without PIK3CA mutation. RESULTS PIK3CA mutation was found in 3.9% of squamous cell carcinoma and 2.7% of adenocarcinoma. Among 34 PIK3CA mutant cases, 17 tumors harbored concurrent EGFR mutations and 4 had KRAS mutations. PIK3CA mutation was significantly associated with high expression of PI3K p110α (p<0.0001), p-Akt (p = 0.024) and mTOR (p = 0.001), but not correlated with PIK3CA amplification (p = 0.463). Patients with single PIK3CA mutation had shorter overall survival than those with PIK3CA-EGFR/KRAS co-mutation or wildtype PIK3CA (p = 0.004). A significantly worse survival was also found in patients with PIK3CA mutations than those without PIK3CA mutations in the EGFR/KRAS wildtype subgroup (p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS PIK3CA mutations frequently coexist with EGFR/KRAS mutations. The poor prognosis of patients with single PIK3CA mutation in NSCLC and the prognostic value of PIK3CA mutation in EGFR/KRAS wildtype subgroup suggest the distinct mutation status of PIK3CA gene should be determined for individual therapeutic strategies in NSCLC.
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246
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Dong M, Yang G, Liu H, Liu X, Lin S, Sun D, Wang Y. Aged black garlic extract inhibits HT29 colon cancer cell growth via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Biomed Rep 2014; 2:250-254. [PMID: 24649105 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that aged black garlic extract (ABGE) may prove beneficial in preventing or inhibiting oncogenesis; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of ABGE on the proliferation and apoptosis of HT29 colon cancer cells. Our results demonstrated that ABGE inhibited HT29 cell growth via the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. We further investigated the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signal transduction pathway and the molecular mechanisms underlying the ABGE-induced inhibition of HT29 cell proliferation. We observed that ABGE may regulate the function of the PI3K/Akt pathway through upregulating PTEN and downregulating Akt and p-Akt expression, as well as suppressing its downstream target, 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1, at the mRNA and protein levels. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the PI3K/Akt signal transduction pathway is crucial for the development of colon cancer. ABGE inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis in HT29 cells through the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway, suggesting that ABGE may be effective in the prevention and treatment of colon cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghua Dong
- Binzhou Medical College, People's Liberation Army 107th Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Guiqing Yang
- Binzhou Medical College, People's Liberation Army 107th Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Hanchen Liu
- Center for Tumor Treatment, People's Liberation Army 107th Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Liu
- Binzhou Medical College, People's Liberation Army 107th Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Sixiang Lin
- Binzhou Medical College, People's Liberation Army 107th Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Dongning Sun
- Binzhou Medical College, People's Liberation Army 107th Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Yishan Wang
- Center for Tumor Treatment, People's Liberation Army 107th Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
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Molinari F, Frattini M. Functions and Regulation of the PTEN Gene in Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 3:326. [PMID: 24475377 PMCID: PMC3893597 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and TENsin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor gene located at chromosome 10q23.31, encoding for a 403-amino acid protein that possesses both lipid and protein phosphatase activities. The main function of PTEN is to block the PI3K pathway by dephosphorylating phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3,4,5-triphosphate to PI-4,5-bisphosphate thus counteracting PI3K function. PTEN inactivation is a frequent event in many cancer types and can occur through various genetic alterations including point mutations, large chromosomal deletions, and epigenetic mechanisms. In colorectal cancer (CRC) PTEN is altered through mixed genetic/epigenetic mechanisms (typically: mutations and promoter hypermethylation or 10q23 LOH and promoter hypermethylation), which lead to the biallelic inactivation of the protein in 20–30% of cases. The role of PTEN as a prognostic and predictive factor in CRC has been addressed by relatively few works. This review is focused on the report and on the discussion of the studies investigating these aspects. Overall, at the moment, there are conflicting results and, therefore it has not been clarified whether PTEN might play a prognostic role in CRC. The same is valid also for the predictive role, leading to the fact that PTEN evaluation cannot be used in routinely diagnosis for the early identification of patients who might be addressed to the treatment with EGFR-targeted therapies, at odds with other genetic alterations belonging to EGFR-downstream pathways. The reason of discordant results may be attributable to several issues: (1) the size of the analyzed cohort, (2) patients inclusion criteria, (3) the methods of assessing PTEN alteration. In particular, there are no standardized methods to evaluate this marker, especially for immunohistochemistry, a technique suffering of intra and inter-observer variability due to the semi-quantitative character of such an analysis. In conclusion, much work, especially in large and homogeneous cohorts of cases from different laboratories, has to be done before the establishment of PTEN as prognostic or predictive marker in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Molinari
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology , Locarno , Switzerland
| | - Milo Frattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology , Locarno , Switzerland
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Dietrich J, Diamond EL, Kesari S. Glioma stem cell signaling: therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 10:709-22. [DOI: 10.1586/era.09.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Baloch ZW, LiVolsi VA. Pathologic diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma: today and tomorrow. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 5:573-84. [PMID: 16013975 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.5.4.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the thyroid. It is a well-differentiated tumor and the majority behaves in an indolent fashion. The pathologic diagnosis of papillary carcinoma in both cytology and histologic specimens is based upon demonstration of typical nuclear morphology. Using these morphologic criteria, most papillary cancers can be diagnosed with ease, except cases in which there is a paucity of diagnostic nuclear features. Despite advances in the treatment of thyroid cancer, disease recurrences and metastasis can be observed in 20% of cases. Recently, many advances have been made in the pathogenesis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. The notable genetic events include Ret/PTC rearrangements, Ras and BRAF gene mutations. The identification of these has also led to their use in diagnosis and predicting prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. In addition, these involved genes may also serve as targets for cancer chemotherapy in patients where standard thyroid cancer treatment is not effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair W Baloch
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, 6 Founders Pavilion, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Hales EC, Taub JW, Matherly LH. New insights into Notch1 regulation of the PI3K–AKT–mTOR1 signaling axis: Targeted therapy of γ-secretase inhibitor resistant T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cell Signal 2014; 26:149-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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