201
|
Bendapudi PK, Li A, Hamdan A, Uhl L, Kaufman R, Stowell C, Dzik W, Makar RS. Impact of severe ADAMTS13 deficiency on clinical presentation and outcomes in patients with thrombotic microangiopathies: the experience of the Harvard TMA Research Collaborative. Br J Haematol 2015; 171:836-44. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavan K. Bendapudi
- Division of Hematology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| | - Ang Li
- Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Department of Medicine; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
| | - Ayad Hamdan
- Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston MA USA
| | - Lynne Uhl
- Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Department of Pathology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston MA USA
| | - Richard Kaufman
- Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Department of Pathology; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston MA USA
| | - Christopher Stowell
- Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Blood Transfusion Service; Department of Pathology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
| | - Walter Dzik
- Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Blood Transfusion Service; Department of Pathology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
| | - Robert S. Makar
- Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Blood Transfusion Service; Department of Pathology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Bentley MJ, Rodgers GM. Acute renal failure is prevalent in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with low plasma ADAMTS13 activity: comment. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:1524-5. [PMID: 25918973 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Bentley
- Ogden Regional Medical Center, Ogden Internal Medicine, Ogden, UT, USA
| | - G M Rodgers
- University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Davin JC, van de Kar NCAJ. Advances and challenges in the management of complement-mediated thrombotic microangiopathies. Ther Adv Hematol 2015; 6:171-85. [PMID: 26288712 PMCID: PMC4530367 DOI: 10.1177/2040620715577613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement activation plays a major role in several renal pathophysiological conditions. The three pathways of complement lead to C3 activation, followed by the formation of the anaphylatoxin C5a and the terminal membrane attack complex (MAC) in blood and at complement activating surfaces, lead to a cascade of events responsible for inflammation and for the induction of cell lysis. In case of ongoing uncontrolled complement activation, endothelial cells activation takes place, leading to events in which at the end thrombotic microangiopathy can occur. Atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a thrombotic microangiopathy characterized by excessive complement activation on the surface of the microcirculation. It is a severe, rare disease which leads to end-stage renal failure (ESRF) and/or to death in more than 50% of patients without treatment. In the first decade of the second millennium, huge progress in understanding the aetiology of this disease was made, which paved the way to better treatment. First, protocols of plasma therapy for treatment, prevention of relapses and for renal transplantation in those patients were set up. Secondly, in some severe cases, combined kidney and liver transplantation was reported. Finally, at the end of this decade, the era of complement inhibitors, as anti-C5 monoclonal antibody (anti-C5 mAb) began. The past five years have seen growing evidence of the favourable effect of anti-C5 mAb in aHUS which has made this drug the first-line treatment in this disease. The possible complication of meningococcal infection needs appropriate vaccination before its use. Unfortunately, the worldwide use of anti-C5 mAb is limited by its very high price. In the future, extension of indications for anti-C5 mAb use, the elaboration of generics and of mAbs directed towards other complement factors of the terminal pathway of the complement system might succeed in reducing the cost of this new valuable therapeutic approach and render it available worldwide for patients from all social classes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Davin
- Paediatric Nephrology Department, Emma Children's Hospital-Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam Z-O, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole C A J van de Kar
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Toussaint-Hacquard M, Coppo P, Soudant M, Chevreux L, Mathieu-Nafissi S, Lecompte T, Gross S, Guillemin F, Schneider T. Type of plasma preparation used for plasma exchange and clinical outcome of adult patients with acquired idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a French retrospective multicenter cohort study. Transfusion 2015; 55:2445-51. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Coppo
- Centre National de Référence des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques
- Service d'Hématologie Hôpital St Antoine APHP Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Université Paris 6); Paris France
- Unité Inserm U1009; Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif France
| | - Marc Soudant
- Inserm CIC EC-CIC 1433; Université Lorraine; Nancy France
| | | | | | - Thomas Lecompte
- EFS Lorraine Champagne; Nancy France
- Service d'Hématologie; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève; Geneva Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
205
|
Delmas Y, Helou S, Chabanier P, Ryman A, Pelluard F, Carles D, Boisseau P, Veyradier A, Horovitz J, Coppo P, Combe C. Incidence of obstetrical thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a retrospective study within thrombocytopenic pregnant women. A difficult diagnosis and a treatable disease. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015; 15:137. [PMID: 26081109 PMCID: PMC4469004 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-015-0557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thrombotic thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) defined as ADAMTS-13 (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease with ThromboSpondin type 1 domain 13) activity <10 % is a rare aetiology of thrombocytopenia during pregnancy, although the precise incidence is unknown. During pregnancy, the diagnosis of TTP is crucial as it has high feto-maternal morbidity-mortality and requires urgent plasma exchange. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of TTP retrospectively and to describe case presentations and follow-up. Methods A monocentric retrospective study (2008–2009) was conducted among pregnant women followed in a tertiary care obstetrical unit who experienced at least one episode of severe thrombocytopenia (platelets ≤75 G/L) during 2008 and 2009. In cases of uncertain aetiology of thrombocytopenia, ADAMTS-13 activity was assessed by the full length technique. Results Among 8,908 deliveries over the 2 year period, 79 women had a platelet count nadir ≤75 G/L. Eighteen had a known aetiology of thrombocytopenia and 11 were lost to follow-up. Among 50 remaining patients, ADAMTS-13 activity was undetectable (<5 %) in 4, consistent with the diagnosis of TTP. Platelet count spontaneously normalized in 3 patients after delivery. None presented focal cerebral involvement. Three of the four, who were primipara patients, had a sustained severe deficiency in the absence of anti-ADAMTS-13 antibodies, and ADAMTS-13 gene sequencing indicated a constitutive deficiency. The fourth, a multipara patient, had an acquired, auto-immune TTP. Placental pathology in the three primipara patients showed severe and non-specific ischemic lesions. Two patients lost their babies shortly after birth. In subsequent pregnancies in these two patients, prophylactic plasma infusion initiated early with increasing volume throughout pregnancy prevented TTP relapse, improved placental pathology, and led to normal delivery. Conclusions The prevalence of TTP among thrombocytopenic pregnant women is high, up to 5 % in a tertiary unit. Platelet count normalization after delivery does not eliminate TTP. Clinicians should be aware of TTP during pregnancy, and, even if assessed retrospectively, ADAMTS-13 assessment is of particular importance for identifying patients with congenital TTP. In these patients, preventive plasma infusion and/or exchange can dramatically improve foetal prognosis, resulting in successful childbirth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahsou Delmas
- Service de Néphrologie Transplantation Dialyse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. .,Centre de Compétence des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Sébastien Helou
- Service de Néphrologie Transplantation Dialyse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. .,Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Pierre Chabanier
- Centre de Compétence des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. .,Pôle Gynécologie-Obstétrique-et Médecine Foetale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Anne Ryman
- Centre de Compétence des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. .,Service d'Hémostase Spécialisée, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Fanny Pelluard
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. .,Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Dominique Carles
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. .,Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Pierre Boisseau
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, France.
| | - Agnès Veyradier
- Service d'hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lariboisière, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France. .,Centre de Référence des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques, Paris, France.
| | - Jacques Horovitz
- Pôle Gynécologie-Obstétrique-et Médecine Foetale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. .,Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Paul Coppo
- Centre de Référence des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques, Paris, France. .,Service d'Hématologie Hôpital Saint Antoine, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France. .,Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Univ Paris 6, Paris, France.
| | - Christian Combe
- Service de Néphrologie Transplantation Dialyse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. .,Centre de Compétence des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. .,Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France.
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Gavriilaki E, Yuan X, Ye Z, Ambinder AJ, Shanbhag SP, Streiff MB, Kickler TS, Moliterno AR, Sperati CJ, Brodsky RA. Modified Ham test for atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Blood 2015; 125:3637-46. [PMID: 25862562 PMCID: PMC4784297 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-02-629683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) characterized by excessive activation of the alternative pathway of complement (APC). Atypical HUS is frequently a diagnosis of exclusion. Differentiating aHUS from other TMAs, especially thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), is difficult due to overlapping clinical manifestations. We sought to develop a novel assay to distinguish aHUS from other TMAs based on the hypothesis that paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria cells are more sensitive to APC-activated serum due to deficiency of glycosylphosphatidylinositol- anchored complement regulatory proteins (GPI-AP). Here, we demonstrate that phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-treated EA.hy926 cells and PIGA-mutant TF-1 cells are more susceptible to serum from aHUS patients than parental EA.hy926 and TF-1 cells. We next studied 31 samples from 25 patients with TMAs, including 9 with aHUS and 12 with TTP. Increased C5b-9 deposition was evident by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry on GPI-AP-deficient cells incubated with aHUS serum compared with heat-inactivated control, TTP, and normal serum. Differences in cell viability were observed in biochemically GPI-AP-deficient cells and were further increased in PIGA-deficient cells. Serum from patients with aHUS resulted in a significant increase of nonviable PIGA-deficient TF-1 cells compared with serum from healthy controls (P < .001) and other TMAs (P < .001). The cell viability assay showed high reproducibility, sensitivity, and specificity in detecting aHUS. In conclusion, we developed a simple, rapid, and serum-based assay that helps to differentiate aHUS from other TMAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuan Yuan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine
| | - Zhaohui Ye
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - C John Sperati
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | |
Collapse
|
207
|
|
208
|
Sauvètre G, Grange S, Froissart A, Veyradier A, Coppo P, Benhamou Y. La révolution des anticorps monoclonaux dans la prise en charge des microangiopathies thrombotiques. Rev Med Interne 2015; 36:328-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2014.10.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
209
|
Sevinc M, Basturk T, Sahutoglu T, Sakaci T, Koc Y, Ahbap E, Akgol C, Kara E, Brocklebank V, Goodship THJ, Kavanagh D, Unsal A. Plasma resistant atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with a CFH mutation treated with eculizumab: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2015; 9:92. [PMID: 25925370 PMCID: PMC4423495 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-015-0575-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Thrombotic microangiopathies are a group of diseases presenting as microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and end-organ dysfunction. As the role of the complement system was elucidated in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome pathogenesis, eculizumab was successfully introduced into clinical practice. We present a large pedigree with multiple individuals carrying a functionally significant novel factor H mutation. We describe the proband’s presentation following a presumed infectious trigger requiring plasma exchange and hemodialysis. Case presentation A 32-year-old Caucasian woman presented with pyrexia and headache lasting one week to our Emergency Department. She gave no history of diarrhea or other symptoms to account for her high temperature. She was not taking any medication. She was pyrexial (38°C), tachycardic (110bpm) and hypertensive (160/110mmHg). Her fundoscopy revealed grade IV hypertensive retinopathy. She had mild pretibial and periorbital edema, with oliguria (450mL/day). She had a pregnancy one year previously, during which she had hypertension, proteinuria and edema, with successful delivery at term. Her mother had died in her early 30s with a clinical picture consistent with thrombotic microangiopathy. Her laboratory evaluation showed microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. After 22 sessions of plasma exchange, her lactate dehydrogenase levels started to climb. As a result, she was classified as plasma resistant and eculizumab therapy was instituted. Her lactate dehydrogenase level and platelet count normalized, and her renal function recovered after three months of dialysis. Conclusions We demonstrate that, even in patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and prolonged dialysis dependence, recovery of renal function can be seen with eculizumab treatment. We suggest a treatment regime of at least three months prior to evaluation of efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Sevinc
- Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Education Hospital, Halaskargazi Cad. Etfal Sok, 34371, Şişli, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Taner Basturk
- Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Education Hospital, Halaskargazi Cad. Etfal Sok, 34371, Şişli, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Tuncay Sahutoglu
- Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Education Hospital, Halaskargazi Cad. Etfal Sok, 34371, Şişli, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Tamer Sakaci
- Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Education Hospital, Halaskargazi Cad. Etfal Sok, 34371, Şişli, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Yener Koc
- Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Education Hospital, Halaskargazi Cad. Etfal Sok, 34371, Şişli, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Elbis Ahbap
- Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Education Hospital, Halaskargazi Cad. Etfal Sok, 34371, Şişli, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Cuneyt Akgol
- Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Education Hospital, Halaskargazi Cad. Etfal Sok, 34371, Şişli, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ekrem Kara
- Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Education Hospital, Halaskargazi Cad. Etfal Sok, 34371, Şişli, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Vicky Brocklebank
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Tim H J Goodship
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - David Kavanagh
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Abdulkadir Unsal
- Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Education Hospital, Halaskargazi Cad. Etfal Sok, 34371, Şişli, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Clark WF, Rock G, Barth D, Arnold DM, Webert KE, Yenson PR, Kelton JG, Li L, Foley SR. A phase-II sequential case-series study of all patients presenting to four plasma exchange centres with presumed relapsed/refractory thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura treated with rituximab. Br J Haematol 2015; 170:208-17. [PMID: 25855259 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this phase II study was to evaluate the efficacy of rituximab in the management of adult patients with physician-diagnosed presumed thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP); relapsed or refractory. We conducted a multicentre study in four Canadian hospital-based apheresis units. Forty patients with presumed TTP (20 refractory and 20 relapsing) were sequentially enrolled and all received rituximab in a standardized manner. A complete response was documented in 14 of 19 refractory patients by week 8 and 15/16 were alive and in remission at 52 weeks (one patient was lost to follow-up, one was a non-responder, and three died). Among relapsing patients, 16/18 had a complete response at week 8 and 18/18 at week 52 (one patient lost to follow-up and one withdrew). At 1 year, all relapsing and 85% of refractory patients survived. Of 38/40 patients who had ADMATS13 testing at study entry, 13/19 refractory and 10/19 relapsing patients had ADAMTS13 < 10% (typical TTP); whereas 6/19 refractory and 9/19 relapsing cases had ADAMTS13 > 10% (other thrombotic microangiopathy; TMA). Refractory-typical TTP in contrast to refractory-other TMA and all relapsing patients treated with plasma exchange and rituximab, were less likely to be responsive and more likely to die or relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William F Clark
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Gail Rock
- Department of Pathology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David Barth
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Donald M Arnold
- Division of Hematology and Thromboembolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kathyrn E Webert
- Division of Hematology and Thromboembolism, Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Paul R Yenson
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John G Kelton
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lihua Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Steven R Foley
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
211
|
[Advances in differential diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic microangiopathy]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2015; 36:254-7. [PMID: 25854477 PMCID: PMC7342506 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
212
|
|
213
|
von Willebrand factor fibers promote cancer-associated platelet aggregation in malignant melanoma of mice and humans. Blood 2015; 125:3153-63. [PMID: 25977583 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-595686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-mediated procoagulatory activity leads to venous thromboembolism and supports metastasis in cancer patients. A prerequisite for metastasis formation is the interaction of cancer cells with endothelial cells (ECs) followed by their extravasation. Although it is known that activation of ECs and the release of the procoagulatory protein von Willebrand factor (VWF) is essential for malignancy, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that VWF fibers in tumor vessels promote tumor-associated thromboembolism and metastasis. Using in vitro settings, mouse models, and human tumor samples, we showed that melanoma cells activate ECs followed by the luminal release of VWF fibers and platelet aggregation in tumor microvessels. Analysis of human blood samples and tumor tissue revealed that a promoted VWF release combined with a local inhibition of proteolytic activity and protein expression of ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type I repeats 13) accounts for this procoagulatory milieu. Blocking endothelial cell activation by the low-molecular-weight heparin tinzaparin was accompanied by a lack of VWF networks and inhibited tumor progression in a transgenic mouse model. Our findings implicate a mechanism wherein tumor-derived vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) promotes tumor progression and angiogenesis. Thus, targeting EC activation envisions new therapeutic strategies attenuating tumor-related angiogenesis and coagulation.
Collapse
|
214
|
Benhamou Y, Boelle PY, Baudin B, Ederhy S, Gras J, Galicier L, Azoulay E, Provôt F, Maury E, Pène F, Mira JP, Wynckel A, Presne C, Poullin P, Halimi JM, Delmas Y, Kanouni T, Seguin A, Mousson C, Servais A, Bordessoule D, Perez P, Hamidou M, Cohen A, Veyradier A, Coppo P. Cardiac troponin-I on diagnosis predicts early death and refractoriness in acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Experience of the French Thrombotic Microangiopathies Reference Center. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:293-302. [PMID: 25403270 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac involvement is a major cause of mortality in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). However, diagnosis remains underestimated and delayed, owing to subclinical injuries. Cardiac troponin-I measurement (cTnI) on admission could improve the early diagnosis of cardiac involvement and have prognostic value. OBJECTIVES To assess the predictive value of cTnI in patients with TTP for death or refractoriness. PATIENTS/METHODS The study involved a prospective cohort of adult TTP patients with acquired severe ADAMTS-13 deficiency (< 10%) and included in the registry of the French Reference Center for Thrombotic Microangiopathies. Centralized cTnI measurements were performed on frozen serum on admission. RESULTS Between January 2003 and December 2011, 133 patients with TTP (mean age, 48 ± 17 years) had available cTnI measurements on admission. Thirty-two patients (24%) had clinical and/or electrocardiogram features. Nineteen (14.3%) had cardiac symptoms, mainly congestive heart failure and myocardial infarction. Electrocardiogram changes, mainly repolarization disorders, were present in 13 cases. An increased cTnI level (> 0.1 μg L(-1) ) was present in 78 patients (59%), of whom 46 (59%) had no clinical cardiac involvement. The main outcomes were death (25%) and refractoriness (17%). Age (P = 0.02) and cTnI level (P = 0.002) showed the greatest impact on survival. A cTnI level of > 0.25 μg L(-1) was the only independent factor in predicting death (odds ratio [OR] 2.87; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-7.22; P = 0.024) and/or refractoriness (OR 3.03; 95% CI 1.27-7.3; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS A CTnI level of > 0.25 μg L(-1) at presentation in patients with TTP appears to be an independent factor associated with a three-fold increase in the risk of death or refractoriness. Therefore, cTnI level should be considered as a prognostic indicator in patients diagnosed with TTP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Benhamou
- Service de Médecine Interne, CHU Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France; Inserm U1096, Rouen, France; Centre de Référence des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
215
|
Thongprayoon C, Laohaphan V, Srivali N. Antibody-mediated ADAMTS13 deficiency workup is commonly missed. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 33:592. [PMID: 25661097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vareena Laohaphan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narat Srivali
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Sadler JE. What's new in the diagnosis and pathophysiology of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2015; 2015:631-6. [PMID: 26637781 PMCID: PMC4777280 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2015.1.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13) deficiency causes thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), which is characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and the absence of oliguric or anuric renal failure. However, some patients with this constellation of findings do not have ADAMTS13 deficiency, and some patients with ADAMTS13 deficiency have renal failure or relatively normal blood counts. Consequently, many investigators and clinicians have incorporated severe ADAMTS13 deficiency into the case definition of TTP. This change has facilitated the timely initiation of treatment for patients with atypical clinical features who otherwise would not be recognized as having TTP. Conversely, excluding severe ADAMTS13 deficiency focuses attention on the diagnosis and treatment of other causes of thrombotic microangiopathy that require different treatment. The rapid return of ADAMTS13 data is important to make the best use of this information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Evan Sadler
- Department of Medicine and Biochemistry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Asif A, Vachharajani T, Salman L, Nayer A. A Simplified Approach to the Diagnosis of Atypical HUS: Clinical Considerations and Practical Implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2174/1874303x01407010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although rare, atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome (aHUS) carries a high morbidity and mortality. Widespread microvascular thrombosis, thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia are the hallmark of aHUS. Virtually any organ (particularly the kidney) can be a target for the devastating effects of this syndrome. Uncontrolled activation of the alternative pathway of the complement system lies at the heart of the pathogenesis of aHUS. While significant advances have been made in our understanding of aHUS, establishing timely diagnosis of this syndrome has been challenging. This, in part, is due to the absence of a sensitive and specific diagnostic test and a relatively lack of our familiarity with the syndrome. With the recent success and approval of a humanized monoclonal antibody (eculizumab) in the treatment of aHUS, prompt and accurate diagnosis is of paramount importance to limit the target organ injury. This article presents a simplified approach to establishing the diagnosis of aHUS.
Collapse
|
218
|
Postpartum thrombotic microangiopathy revealed as atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome successfully treated with eculizumab: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2014; 8:307. [PMID: 25219386 PMCID: PMC4170201 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-8-307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Differential diagnosis of thrombotic microangiopathies can be difficult. Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome is a rare, life-threatening disease caused by uncontrolled chronic activation of alternative complement pathway, resulting in microvascular thrombosis, organ ischemia and damage. Prognosis is poor: up to 65 percent of patients require dialysis or have kidney damage of varying severity or die despite plasma exchange/plasma infusion treatment. Case presentation We describe the case of a 23-year-old woman of Hellenic origin who, after a preeclampsia-induced premature delivery, developed thrombotic microangiopathy with renal failure, tonicoclonic seizures, anasarca edema and hypertension. Intensive plasma exchange was initiated twice daily, in parallel to dialysis for one month. Three months later, our patient was discharged with nondialysis-dependent renal failure and without signs of hemolysis. Three months after discharge our patient was readmitted with cardiomyopathy (left ventricular ejection fraction of 25 percent) and signs and symptoms of thrombotic microangiopathy. Our patient was diagnosed with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and was started on eculizumab (a complement inhibitor), which improved clinical and laboratory parameters. However, a transient pause in treatment resulted in thrombotic microangiopathy relapse, which was rapidly blocked with reintroduction of eculizumab treatment. During long-term eculizumab treatment, thrombotic microangiopathy manifestations were inhibited and renal and cardiac function restored, with no need for other invasive treatments. Conclusions Establishing the diagnosis of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in patients presenting with thrombotic microangiopathy is challenging since common symptoms are shared with other conditions like Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. The described case illustrates the complexity and importance of rapid diagnosis in a rare disease and the need for appropriate and specific treatment for best long-term outcomes.
Collapse
|
219
|
Raval JS, Mazepa MA, Brecher ME, Park YA. How we approach an acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura patient. Transfusion 2014; 54:2375-82. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay S. Raval
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Marshall A. Mazepa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Mark E. Brecher
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill North Carolina
- Laboratory Corporation of America; Burlington North Carolina
| | - Yara A. Park
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Wu N, Liu J, Yang S, Kellett ET, Cataland SR, Li H, Wu HM. Diagnostic and prognostic values of ADAMTS13 activity measured during daily plasma exchange therapy in patients with acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Transfusion 2014; 55:18-24. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Department of Pathology and Internal Medicine, College of Medicine; Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Cell Biology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian PR China
| | - Shangbin Yang
- Department of Pathology and Internal Medicine, College of Medicine; Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio
| | - Eric T. Kellett
- Department of Pathology and Internal Medicine, College of Medicine; Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio
| | - Spero R. Cataland
- Department of Pathology and Internal Medicine, College of Medicine; Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Cell Biology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian PR China
| | - Haifeng M. Wu
- Department of Pathology and Internal Medicine, College of Medicine; Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Preemptive rituximab infusions after remission efficiently prevent relapses in acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 2014; 124:204-10. [PMID: 24869941 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-01-550244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), the persistence of severe ADAMTS13 deficiency (<10%) during remission is associated with more relapse. Preemptive (ie, after remission) administration of rituximab in these patients to prevent relapses remains controversial. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 12-year follow-up data to compare the relapse incidence with or without preemptive rituximab infusion. Among 48 patients who experienced at least one episode of acquired TTP followed by severe ADAMTS13 deficiency during remission, 30 received preemptive rituximab (group 1); the other 18 did not (group 2). After a median of 17 months (interquartile range [IQR], 11-29) following rituximab, the relapse incidence decreased from 0.57 episodes/year (IQR, 0.46-0.7) to 0 episodes/year (IQR, 0-0.81) (P < .01) in group 1. ADAMTS13 activity 3 months after the first rituximab infusion increased to 46% (IQR, 30%-68%). Nine patients required additional courses of rituximab. In 5 patients, ADAMTS13 activity failed to increase durably. Four patients experienced manageable adverse effects. In group 2, the relapse incidence was higher (0.5 relapses/year; IQR, 0.12-0.5; P < .01). Relapse-free survival was longer in group 1 (P = .049). A persistent severe ADAMTS13 deficiency during TTP remission should prompt consideration of preemptive rituximab to prevent relapses.
Collapse
|
222
|
Biomarkers of terminal complement activation confirm the diagnosis of aHUS and differentiate aHUS from TTP. Blood 2014; 123:3733-8. [PMID: 24695849 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-12-547067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is characterized by dysregulated complement activity, the development of a thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), and widespread end organ injury. aHUS remains a clinical diagnosis without an objective laboratory test to confirm the diagnosis. We performed a retrospective analysis of 103 patients enrolled in the Ohio State University TTP/aHUS Registry presenting with an acute TMA. Nineteen patients were clinically categorized as aHUS based on the following criteria: (1) platelet count <100 × 10(9)/L, (2) serum creatinine >2.25 mg/dL, and (3) a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 13 (ADAMTS13) activity >10%. Sixteen of 19 patients were treated with plasma exchange (PEX) therapy, with 6/16 (38%) responding to PEX. Nine patients were treated with eculizumab with 7/9 (78%) responding to therapy. In contrast to thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) patients, no aHUS patients demonstrated ultralarge von Willebrand factor multimers at presentation. Median markers of generalized complement activation (C3a), alternative pathway (Bb), classical/lectin pathway (C4d), and terminal complement activation (C5a and C5b-9) were increased in the plasma of these 19 patients. Compared with a cohort of ADAMTS13-deficient TTP patients (n = 38), C5a and C5-9 were significantly higher in the 19 patients clinically characterized as aHUS, suggesting that pretreatment measurements of complement biomarkers C5a and C5b-9 may confirm the diagnosis of aHUS and differentiate it from TTP.
Collapse
|
223
|
How I treat: the clinical differentiation and initial treatment of adult patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Blood 2014; 123:2478-84. [PMID: 24599547 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-11-516237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Published data demonstrating the efficacy of complement inhibition therapy in patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) are remarkable in contrast to the historically poor long-term prognosis for aHUS patients treated with plasma-based therapy. Although both aHUS and acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) remain clinical diagnoses, an increased understanding of both conditions has improved our ability to differentiate aHUS from acquired TTP. These same data have also demonstrated the importance of a more rapid identification and diagnosis of aHUS as the recovery of end-organ injury present appears to be related to the time to initiate therapy with eculizumab. The diagnosis of acquired TTP can be confirmed by the finding of severely deficient ADAMTS13 activity (<10%) with evidence of an ADAMTS13 antibody inhibitor whereas merely deficient ADAMTS13 activity in the absence of an ADAMTS13 autoantibody is more consistent with congenital TTP. In the absence of an objective diagnostic test, clinicians must rely collectively on platelet count, serum creatinine, and ADAMTS13 activity in the context of the response to plasma exchange therapy to identify patients whose diagnosis is most consistent with aHUS, and thus be more likely to benefit from therapy with eculizumab.
Collapse
|
224
|
Cataland SR, Wu HM. Diagnosis and management of complement mediated thrombotic microangiopathies. Blood Rev 2014; 28:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
225
|
Scully M, Goodship T. How I treat thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Br J Haematol 2014; 164:759-66. [PMID: 24387053 PMCID: PMC4163720 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS) are acute, rare life‐threatening thrombotic microangiopathies that require rapid diagnosis and treatment. They are defined by microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia, with renal involvement primarily in aHUS and neurological and cardiological sequelae in TTP. Prompt treatment for most cases of both conditions is with plasma exchange initially and monoclonal therapy (rituximab in TTP and eculizumab in aHUS) as the mainstay of therapy. Here we discuss the diagnosis and therapy for both disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Scully
- Department of Haematology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
226
|
Lotta LA, Valsecchi C, Pontiggia S, Mancini I, Cannavò A, Artoni A, Mikovic D, Meloni G, Peyvandi F. Measurement and prevalence of circulating ADAMTS13-specific immune complexes in autoimmune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:329-36. [PMID: 24354764 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of ADAMTS13-specific circulating immune complexes (CICs) may be a pathophysiologic mechanism in autoimmune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), but has not been systematically investigated. OBJECTIVES (a) To develop an assay for ADAMTS13-specific CICs; (b) to evaluate their prevalence in autoimmune TTP; and (c) to assess their association with ADAMTS13-related measurements and clinical features in autoimmune TTP patients. PATIENTS/METHODS We developed and validated an ELISA method for ADAMTS13-specific CICs. ADAMTS13-specific CICs were searched for in 55 patients with autoimmune TTP from the Milan TTP Registry (URL:http://www.ttpdatabase.org/) and 28 controls. The associations between ADAMTS13-specific CIC levels and ADAMTS13 activity, antigen, anti-ADAMTS13 IgGs and acute TTP clinical features were assessed by multivariate linear regression. RESULTS Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation of the new test were 5.3 and 9.6%. In 36 patients with severe ADAMTS13 deficiency and anti-ADAMTS13 autoantibodies, the prevalence of ADAMTS13-specific CICs was 47% (n = 17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 32-63%). ADAMTS13-specific CICs were detected also in seven of 19 (37%; 95% CI, 19-59%) patients with reduced ADAMTS13 activity, but apparently negative anti-ADAMTS13 autoantibodies. ADAMTS13-specific CICs were not associated with ADAMTS13 activity, antigen or anti-ADAMTS13 IgGs. In patients with acute TTP, increasing levels of ADAMTS13-specific CICs were associated with a higher number of plasma-exchange procedures required to attain remission (per 0.1 increase in normalized OD values, beta, 2.9; 95% CI, -0.7 to 6.5). CONCLUSIONS Approximately one to two-thirds of patients with autoimmune TTP display ADAMTS13-specific CICs. A thorough investigation of the prognostic relevance of ADAMTS13-specific CIC levels in autoimmune TTP is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Lotta
- Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Fondazione Luigi Villa and Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
227
|
|
228
|
|
229
|
Cataland SR, Wu HM. Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: clinically differentiating the thrombotic microangiopathies. Eur J Intern Med 2013; 24:486-91. [PMID: 23739653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The increased understanding of the pathophysiology of both atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) in recent years has led to significant therapeutic advances for both conditions. These advances have placed an increased emphasis on a more rapid differentiation of both disorders which remain clinical diagnoses. In particular, recent data demonstrating the effectiveness of complement inhibition in patients with aHUS have increased the need for a more rapid and accurate differentiation of aHUS and TTP. Previously utilized criteria have used the presence or absence of neurologic or renal injury and the pretreatment ADAMTS13 activity to differentiate aHUS from TTP. The use of presenting clinical symptoms and findings alone to differentiate these conditions is problematic given their overlapping clinical presentations. Similarly, the use of the pretreatment ADAMTS13 activity alone to differentiate aHUS from TTP is also problematic, and could lead to the inappropriate witholding of plasma exchange (PEX) therapy. However, when used collectively, the pretreatment clinical findings (symptoms and laboratory data) and ADAMTS13 activity in the context of the patient's response to PEX therapy can allow for a more effective differentiation of these two disorders in a timely fashion that will allow for the prompt initiation of the most appropriate therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spero R Cataland
- Department of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
230
|
Morgand M, Buffet M, Busson M, Loiseau P, Malot S, Amokrane K, Fortier C, London J, Bonmarchand G, Wynckel A, Provôt F, Poullin P, Vanhille P, Presne C, Bordessoule D, Girault S, Delmas Y, Hamidou M, Mousson C, Vigneau C, Lautrette A, Pourrat J, Galicier L, Azoulay E, Pène F, Mira JP, Rondeau E, Ojeda-Uribe M, Charron D, Maury E, Guidet B, Veyradier A, Tamouza R, Coppo P. High prevalence of infectious events in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and genetic relationship with toll-like receptor 9 polymorphisms: experience of the French Thrombotic Microangiopathies Reference Center. Transfusion 2013; 54:389-97. [PMID: 23711330 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious events have been reported as major environmental triggers of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). We detail here the potential association between infections and TTP. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We recruited randomly and prospectively a cohort of 280 consecutive TTP patients during a 9-year period. Features of infection were systematically recorded. RESULTS Features consistent with an infectious event were observed in 114 patients (41%) at time of TTP diagnosis. Infectious agents were documented in 34 cases and were mainly Gram-negative bacilli. At time of diagnosis infected patients more frequently had fever (p < 0.001). Infections at diagnosis did not impact prognosis and outcome. Thirty-six percent of patients experienced an infectious event during hospitalization, which resulted in more exacerbation of TTP (p = 0.02). Infections were not overrepresented during treatment in patients who received steroids and/or rituximab. Further genetic analysis of toll-like receptor (TLR)-9 functionally relevant polymorphisms revealed that TLR-9 +2848 G and TLR-9 +1174 A genotypes were more frequent in TTP patients than in controls (p = 0.04 and p = 0.026, respectively) and more particularly in patients negative for the Class II human leukocyte antigen system susceptibility allele DRB1*11 (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). Haplotypes estimation showed that 1174A-2848G haplotype was significantly more frequent in TTP (p = 0.004), suggesting a primary role for this haplotype variation in conferring a predisposition for acquired TTP. CONCLUSION Infections should be considered as an aggravating factor during the course of TTP. Particular polymorphisms in TLR-9 gene may represent risk factors for TTP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjolaine Morgand
- Service d'Hématologie, Centre de Référence des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpitaux Universitaires de l'Est Parisien, AP-HP et UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Inserm U1009, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Laboratoire Jean Dausset d'Immunologie et d'Histocompatibilité & INSERM, AP-HP, UMRS 940, Paris, France; Service d'Immunopathologie, Service de Réanimation, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France; Service de Néphrologie, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Reims, France; Service de Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Lille, France; Service d'Hémaphérèse, Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France; Service de Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier de Valenciennes, Valenciennes, France; Service de Néphrologie- Médecine Interne, Hôpital Sud, Amiens, France; Service d'Hématologie Clinique et de Thérapie Cellulaire, CHU Dupuytren, Limoges, France; Service de Néphrologie, Hôpital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France; Service Médecine Interne A, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France; Service de Néphrologie, Dijon, France; Service de Néphrologie, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Service de Réanimation Médicale (7HO), Hôpital Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Service de Néphrologie et Immunologie Clinique, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France; Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Université Paris 5, Paris, France; Service de Réanimation Néphrologique, Hôpital Tenon, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France; Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Emile Muller, Mulhouse, France; Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart et Université Paris-Sud 11, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
231
|
Korkmaz S, Keklik M, Sivgin S, Yildirim R, Tombak A, Kaya ME, Acik DY, Esen R, Hacioglu SK, Sencan M, Kiki I, Tiftik EN, Kuku I, Okan V, Yilmaz M, Demir C, Sari I, Altuntas F, Unal A, Ilhan O. Therapeutic plasma exchange in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a retrospective multicenter study. Transfus Apher Sci 2013; 48:353-8. [PMID: 23602056 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a particular form of thrombotic microangiopathy typically characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, fever, neurological abnormalities, and renal dysfunction. TTP requires a rapid diagnosis and an adapted management in emergency. Daily sessions of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) remain the basis of management of TTP. Also, TTP is a rare disease that is fatal if it is not treated. TPE has resulted in excellent remission and survival rates in TTP patients. AIM We aimed to present our experience in 163 patients with TTP treated with TPE during the past 5years from 10 centers of Turkey. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundered and sixty-three patients with TTP treated with TPE during the past 5years from 10 centers of Turkey were retrospectively evaluated. TPE was carried out 1-1.5times plasma volume. Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) was used as the replacement fluid. TPE was performed daily until normalization of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and recovery of the platelet count to >150×10(9)/dL. TPE was then slowly tapered. Clinical data, the number of TPE, other given therapy modalities, treatment outcomes, and TPE complications were recorded. RESULTS Fifty-eight percent (95/163) of the patients were females. The median age of the patients was 42years (range; 16-82). The median age of male patients was significantly higher than female (53 vs. 34years; p<0.001). All patients had thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. At the same time, 82.8% (135/163) of patients had neurological abnormalities, 78.5% (128/163) of patients had renal dysfunction, and 89% (145/163) of patients had fever. Also, 10.4% (17/163) of patients had three of the five criteria, 10.4% (17/163) of patients had four of the five criteria, and 6.1% (10/163) of patients had all of the five criteria. Primary TTP comprised of 85.9% (140/163) of the patients and secondary TTP comprised of 14.1% (23/163) of the patients. Malignancy was the most common cause in secondary TTP. The median number of TPE was 13 (range; 1-80). The number of TPE was significantly higher in complete response (CR) patients (median 15.0 vs. 3.5; p<0.001). CR was achieved in 85.3% (139/163) of the patients. Similar results were achieved with TPE in both primary and secondary TTP (85% vs. 87%, respectively; p=0.806). There was no advantage of TPE+prednisolone compared to TPE alone in terms of CR rates (82.1% vs. 76.7%; p=0.746). CR was not achieved in 14.7% (24/163) of the patients and these patients died of TTP related causes. There were no statistical differences in terms of mortality rate between patients with secondary and primary TTP [15% (21/140) vs. 13% (3/23); p=0.806]. But, we obtained significant statistical differences in terms of mortality rate between patients on TPE alone and TPE+prednisolone [14% (12/86) vs. 3% (2/67), p<0.001]. CONCLUSIONS TPE is an effective treatment for TTP and is associated with high CR rate in both primary and secondary TTP. Thrombocytopenia together with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia is mandatory for the diagnosis of TTP and if these two criteria met in a patient, TPE should be performed immediately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serdal Korkmaz
- Cumhuriyet University, Department of Hematology, Sivas, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
232
|
Bellon N, Anguel N, Vandendries C, Goujard C, Lambotte O. Auricular chondritis and thrombotic microangiopathy: an unusual combination revealing systemic lupus erythematosus. Joint Bone Spine 2013; 80:424-5. [PMID: 23332392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thrombotic microangiopathy is a severe disorder, which is a cause of stroke in young patients. Etiologic investigations are mandatory to diagnose underlying disease. Systemic lupus erythematosus is one of the diseases, which can be associated with thrombotic microangiopathy. Although lupus diagnosis is usually easy, relying on characteristic clinical manifestations, rare symptoms can be misinterpreted. We report here a case of polychondritis, which was the first manifestation of a lupus-associated thrombotic microangiopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Bellon
- AP-HP, Department of Internal Medicine, Bicêtre University Medical Center, 78, rue du Général-Leclerc, 94275 Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
233
|
Hofer J, Janecke AR, Zimmerhackl LB, Riedl M, Rosales A, Giner T, Cortina G, Haindl CJ, Petzelberger B, Pawlik M, Jeller V, Vester U, Gadner B, van Husen M, Moritz ML, Würzner R, Jungraithmayr T. Complement factor H-related protein 1 deficiency and factor H antibodies in pediatric patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 8:407-15. [PMID: 23243267 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.01260212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the relevance of complement factor H (CFH)-related protein (CFHR) 1 deficiency in pediatric patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) by evaluating both the frequency of deletions in CFHR1 and the presence of complement factor H (CFH) antibodies. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS A total of 116 patients (mainly from central Europe) and 118 healthy blood donors were included from 2001 to 2012. The presence of CFHR1 gene deletions was determined in 90 pediatric patients with aHUS and 118 controls by an easy, fast, and cheap PCR assay; 100 patients with aHUS and 42 controls were tested for CFH antibodies by ELISA. Questionnaires were administered to evaluate the clinical and laboratory data. RESULTS Homozygous deletion in CFHR1 was detected in 32% of the patients with aHUS tested, compared with 2.5% of controls (P<0.001). CFH antibodies were present in 25% of the patients and none of the controls. CFH antibodies were detected in 82% of patients with homozygous CFHR1 gene deletion and in 6% of patients without. CFH antibody-positive patients with aHUS showed a significantly lower platelet nadir at disease onset and significantly less frequent involvement of the central nervous system than did antibody-negative patients. Antibody-positive patients also received plasma therapy more often. CONCLUSION Homozygous deletion in CFHR1 is strongly associated with occurrence of CFH antibodies in pediatric patients with aHUS. However, despite this apparent genetic disease predisposition, it cannot be considered an exclusive cause for aHUS. Initial presentation of Shiga toxin-negative HUS with severe thrombocytopenia and no central nervous system complications in pediatric patients is especially suspicious for CFH antibody aHUS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hofer
- Department of Pediatrics I, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
234
|
Abstract
In the past decade, a large body of evidence has accumulated in support of the critical role of dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway in atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS) and C3 glomerulopathies. These findings have paved the way for innovative therapeutic strategies based on complement blockade, and eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the human complement component 5, is now widely used to treat aHUS. In this article, we review 28 case reports and preliminary data from 37 patients enrolled in prospective trials of eculizumab treatment for episodes of aHUS involving either native or transplanted kidneys. Eculizumab may be considered as an optimal first-line therapy when the diagnosis of aHUS is unequivocal and this treatment has the potential to rescue renal function when administered early after onset of the disease. However, a number of important issues require further study, including the appropriate duration of treatment according to an individual's genetic background and medical history, the optimal strategy to prevent post-transplantation recurrence of aHUS and a cost-efficacy analysis. Data regarding the efficacy of eculizumab in the control of C3 glomerulopathies are more limited and less clear, but several observations suggest that eculizumab may act on the most inflammatory forms of this disorder.
Collapse
|
235
|
Sayegh J, Orvain C, Marc G, Subra JF, Augusto JF. Microangiopathie thrombotique secondaire au bêta-interféron compliquée d’une insuffisance rénale. Nephrol Ther 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2012.07.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
236
|
Barbour T, Johnson S, Cohney S, Hughes P. Thrombotic microangiopathy and associated renal disorders. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27:2673-85. [PMID: 22802583 PMCID: PMC3398067 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a pathological process involving thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia and microvascular occlusion. TMA is common to haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) associated with shiga toxin or invasive pneumococcal infection, atypical HUS (aHUS), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and other disorders including malignant hypertension. HUS complicating infection with shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a significant cause of acute renal failure in children worldwide, occurring sporadically or in epidemics. Studies in aHUS have revealed genetic and acquired factors leading to dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway. TTP has been linked to reduced activity of the ADAMTS13 cleaving protease (typically with an autoantibody to ADAMTS13) with consequent disruption of von Willebrand factor multimer processing. However, the convergence of pathogenic pathways and clinical overlap create diagnostic uncertainty, especially at initial presentation. Furthermore, recent developments are challenging established management protocols. This review addresses the current understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying TMA, relating these to clinical presentation with an emphasis on renal manifestations. A diagnostic and therapeutic approach is presented, based on international guidelines, disease registries and published trials. Early treatment remains largely empirical, consisting of plasma replacement/exchange with the exception of childhood STEC-HUS or pneumococcal sepsis. Emerging therapies such as the complement C5 inhibitor eculizumab for aHUS and rituximab for TTP are discussed, as is renal transplantation for those patients who become dialysis-dependent as a result of aHUS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Barbour
- Imperial College, Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, London, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
237
|
Unexpected frequency of Upshaw-Schulman syndrome in pregnancy-onset thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 2012; 119:5888-97. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-02-408914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Pregnancy may be complicated by a rare but life-threatening disease called thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Most cases of TTP are due to an acquired autoimmune or hereditary (Upshaw-Schulman syndrome [USS]) severe deficiency of a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 repeats, member 13 (ADAMTS13). In the present study, we performed a cross-sectional analysis of the national registry of the French Reference Center for Thrombotic Microangiopathies from 2000-2010 to identify all women who were pregnant at their initial TTP presentation. Among 592 adulthood-onset TTP patients with a severe ADAMTS13 deficiency, 42 patients with a pregnancy-onset TTP were included. Surprisingly, the proportion of USS patients (n = 10 of 42 patients [24%]; confidence interval, 13%-39%) with pregnancy-onset TTP was much higher than that in adulthood-onset TTP in general (less than 5%) and was mostly related to a cluster of ADAMTS13 variants. In the present study, subsequent pregnancies in USS patients not given prophylaxis were associated with very high TTP relapse and abortion rates, whereas prophylactic plasmatherapy was beneficial for both the mother and the baby. Pregnancy-onset TTP defines a specific subgroup of patients with a strong genetic background. This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as number NCT00426686 and at the Health Authority, French Ministry of Health, as number P051064.
Collapse
|
238
|
Benhamou Y, Assié C, Boelle PY, Buffet M, Grillberger R, Malot S, Wynckel A, Presne C, Choukroun G, Poullin P, Provôt F, Gruson D, Hamidou M, Bordessoule D, Pourrat J, Mira JP, Le Guern V, Pouteil-Noble C, Daubin C, Vanhille P, Rondeau E, Palcoux JB, Mousson C, Vigneau C, Bonmarchand G, Guidet B, Galicier L, Azoulay E, Rottensteiner H, Veyradier A, Coppo P. Development and validation of a predictive model for death in acquired severe ADAMTS13 deficiency-associated idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: the French TMA Reference Center experience. Haematologica 2012; 97:1181-6. [PMID: 22580997 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2011.049676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is still associated with a 10-20% death rate. It has still not been possible to clearly identify early prognostic factors of death. This study involved thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura patients with acquired severe (<10% of normal activity) ADAMTS13 deficiency and aimed to identify prognostic factors associated with 30-day death. DESIGN AND METHODS The study involved a prospective cohort of patients and was carried out between October 2000 and August 2010. A validation cohort of patients was set up from September 2010 to August 2011. Altogether, 281 (analysis cohort) and 66 (validation cohort) consecutive adult thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura patients with acquired severe ADAMTS13 deficiency were enrolled. The study evaluated 30-day mortality after treatment initiation according to characteristics at inclusion. RESULTS Non-survivors (11%) were older (P=10(-6)) and more frequently presented arterial hypertension (P=5.10(-4)) and ischemic heart disease (P=0.013). Prognosis was increasingly poor with age (P=0.004). On presentation, cerebral manifestations were more frequent in non-survivors (P=0.018) and serum creatinine level was higher (P=0.008). The most significant independent variables determining death were age, severe cerebral involvement and LDH level 10 N or over. A 3-level risk score for early death was defined and confirmed in the validation cohort using these variables, with higher values corresponding to increased risk of early death. CONCLUSIONS A risk score for early death was defined in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and validated on an independent cohort. This score should help to stratify early treatment and identify patients with a worse prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ygal Benhamou
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
239
|
Raimbourg Q, d’Ythurbide G, Rondeau E. Encore d’actualité ! Escherichia coli et syndrome hémolytique et urémique chez l’enfant et l’adulte. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-012-0467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
240
|
Residual plasmatic activity of ADAMTS13 is correlated with phenotype severity in congenital thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 2012; 120:440-8. [PMID: 22529288 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-01-403113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The quantification of residual plasmatic ADAMTS13 activity in congenital thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) patients is constrained by limitations in sensitivity and reproducibility of commonly used assays at low levels of ADAMTS13 activity, blunting efforts to establish genotype-phenotype correlations. In the present study, the residual plasmatic activity of ADAMTS13 was measured centrally by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (limit of detection = 0.5%) in 29 congenital TTP patients. The results were used to study correlations among ADAMTS13 genotype, residual plasmatic activity, and clinical phenotype severity. An ADAMTS13 activity above 0.5% was measured in 26 (90%) patients and lower levels of activity were associated with earlier age at first TTP episode requiring plasma infusion, more frequent recurrences, and prescription of fresh-frozen plasma prophylaxis. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that activity levels of less than 2.74% and 1.61% were discriminative of age at first TTP episode requiring plasma infusion < 18 years, annual rate of TTP episodes > 1, and use of prophylaxis. Mutations affecting the highly conserved N-terminal domains of the protein were associated with lower residual ADAMTS13 activity and a more severe phenotype in an allelic-dose dependent manner. The results of the present study show that residual ADAMTS13 activity is associated with the severity of clinical phenotype in congenital TTP and provide insights into genotype-phenotype correlations.
Collapse
|
241
|
Beloncle F, Buffet M, Coindre JP, Munoz-Bongrand N, Malot S, Pène F, Mira JP, Galicier L, Guidet B, Baudel JL, Subra JF, Tanguy-Schmidt A, Pourrat J, Azoulay E, Veyradier A, Coppo P. Splenectomy and/or cyclophosphamide as salvage therapies in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: the French TMA Reference Center experience. Transfusion 2012; 52:2436-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
242
|
Current management and therapeutical perspectives in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Presse Med 2012; 41:e163-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2011.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
|
243
|
Coppo P. Thrombotic microangiopathies: from empiricism to targeted therapies. Presse Med 2012; 41:e101-4. [PMID: 22317842 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Coppo
- UPMC université Paris 6, AP-HP, hôpital Saint-Antoine, service d'hématologie et de thérapie cellulaire, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
Yagi H, Matsumoto M, Fujimura Y. Paradigm shift of childhood thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with severe ADAMTS13 deficiency. Presse Med 2012; 41:e137-55. [PMID: 22264931 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2011.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a life-threatening generalized disease with pathological conditions termed thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). TTP is thought to predominantly affect adults and to rarely occur in children. Currently, TTP is defined by a severe deficiency in the activity of ADAMTS13, a metalloprotease that specifically cleaves unusually large von Willebrand factor multimers under high shear stress. Genetic mutations in and acquired autoantibodies to ADAMTS13 cause congenital TTP (termed Upshaw-Schulman syndrome [USS]) and acquired TTP, respectively. Because of very few overt clinical signs for TTP, USS is often misdiagnosed as chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura or overlooked during childhood. However, in women with USS, pregnancy can induce thrombocytopenia followed by the development of TTP. Furthermore, early childhood cases of acquired idiopathic TTP have not been characterized. From 1998 to 2008, our institution at Nara Medical University functioned as a TMA referral center in Japan and collected a large dataset on 919 TMA patients (Intern Med 2010;49:7-15). This registry contains 324 patients with a severe deficiency in ADAMTS13 activity, including 41 patients with USS and 283 patients with acquired TTP. Of note, the latter population contains 17 patients who were enrolled as children (≤ 15years old), including 14 children with idiopathic TTP and three with connective tissue disease-associated TTP. Of the 14 patients with idiopathic TTP, five were very young children (under 2 years old). This study focused on these 58 patients (41 USS and 17 acquired TTP) who were diagnosed with a severe deficiency in ADAMTS13 activity during childhood, causing a paradigm shift in our concept of TTP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Yagi
- Nara Medical University, Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
245
|
Novel developments in thrombotic microangiopathies: is there a common link between hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytic purpura? Pediatr Nephrol 2011; 26:1947-56. [PMID: 21671028 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-011-1923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA) represent a spectrum of related disorders associated with newly formed thrombi that block perfusion and thus affect the function of either renal or neurological organs and tissue. Recent years have seen a dramatic development in the field of TMA and for the two major forms hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), new genetic causes and also autoimmune forms have been identified. This development indicates a similar pathophysiology and suggests that the two acute disorders are based on common principles. HUS is primarily a kidney disease and TTP also develops in the kidney and at neurological sites. In HUS thrombi formation is likely due to a deregulated complement activation and inappropriate platelet activity. In TTP thrombi formation occurs because of inappropriate processing of released multimers of von Willebrand Factor (vWF). Defining both the similarities and the unique features of each disorder will open up new ways and concepts that are relevant for diagnosis, for therapy, and for the prognostic outcome of kidney transplantations. Here we summarize the most relevant topics and timely issues that were presented and discussed at the 4th International Workshop on Thrombotic Microangiopathies held in Weimar in October 2009 (www.hus-ttp.de).
Collapse
|
246
|
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is defined by the triad of mechanical hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and renal impairment. Atypical HUS (aHUS) defines non Shiga-toxin-HUS and even if some authors include secondary aHUS due to Streptococcus pneumoniae or other causes, aHUS designates a primary disease due to a disorder in complement alternative pathway regulation. Atypical HUS represents 5 -10% of HUS in children, but the majority of HUS in adults. The incidence of complement-aHUS is not known precisely. However, more than 1000 aHUS patients investigated for complement abnormalities have been reported. Onset is from the neonatal period to the adult age. Most patients present with hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and renal failure and 20% have extra renal manifestations. Two to 10% die and one third progress to end-stage renal failure at first episode. Half of patients have relapses. Mutations in the genes encoding complement regulatory proteins factor H, membrane cofactor protein (MCP), factor I or thrombomodulin have been demonstrated in 20-30%, 5-15%, 4-10% and 3-5% of patients respectively, and mutations in the genes of C3 convertase proteins, C3 and factor B, in 2-10% and 1-4%. In addition, 6-10% of patients have anti-factor H antibodies. Diagnosis of aHUS relies on 1) No associated disease 2) No criteria for Shigatoxin-HUS (stool culture and PCR for Shiga-toxins; serology for anti-lipopolysaccharides antibodies) 3) No criteria for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (serum ADAMTS 13 activity > 10%). Investigation of the complement system is required (C3, C4, factor H and factor I plasma concentration, MCP expression on leukocytes and anti-factor H antibodies; genetic screening to identify risk factors). The disease is familial in approximately 20% of pedigrees, with an autosomal recessive or dominant mode of transmission. As penetrance of the disease is 50%, genetic counseling is difficult. Plasmatherapy has been first line treatment until presently, without unquestionable demonstration of efficiency. There is a high risk of post-transplant recurrence, except in MCP-HUS. Case reports and two phase II trials show an impressive efficacy of the complement C5 blocker eculizumab, suggesting it will be the next standard of care. Except for patients treated by intensive plasmatherapy or eculizumab, the worst prognosis is in factor H-HUS, as mortality can reach 20% and 50% of survivors do not recover renal function. Half of factor I-HUS progress to end-stage renal failure. Conversely, most patients with MCP-HUS have preserved renal function. Anti-factor H antibodies-HUS has favourable outcome if treated early.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Loirat
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Université Paris VII, Pediatric Nephrology Department, Paris, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
247
|
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is defined by the triad of mechanical hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and renal impairment. Atypical HUS (aHUS) defines non Shiga-toxin-HUS and even if some authors include secondary aHUS due to Streptococcus pneumoniae or other causes, aHUS designates a primary disease due to a disorder in complement alternative pathway regulation. Atypical HUS represents 5 -10% of HUS in children, but the majority of HUS in adults. The incidence of complement-aHUS is not known precisely. However, more than 1000 aHUS patients investigated for complement abnormalities have been reported. Onset is from the neonatal period to the adult age. Most patients present with hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and renal failure and 20% have extra renal manifestations. Two to 10% die and one third progress to end-stage renal failure at first episode. Half of patients have relapses. Mutations in the genes encoding complement regulatory proteins factor H, membrane cofactor protein (MCP), factor I or thrombomodulin have been demonstrated in 20-30%, 5-15%, 4-10% and 3-5% of patients respectively, and mutations in the genes of C3 convertase proteins, C3 and factor B, in 2-10% and 1-4%. In addition, 6-10% of patients have anti-factor H antibodies. Diagnosis of aHUS relies on 1) No associated disease 2) No criteria for Shigatoxin-HUS (stool culture and PCR for Shiga-toxins; serology for anti-lipopolysaccharides antibodies) 3) No criteria for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (serum ADAMTS 13 activity > 10%). Investigation of the complement system is required (C3, C4, factor H and factor I plasma concentration, MCP expression on leukocytes and anti-factor H antibodies; genetic screening to identify risk factors). The disease is familial in approximately 20% of pedigrees, with an autosomal recessive or dominant mode of transmission. As penetrance of the disease is 50%, genetic counseling is difficult. Plasmatherapy has been first line treatment until presently, without unquestionable demonstration of efficiency. There is a high risk of post-transplant recurrence, except in MCP-HUS. Case reports and two phase II trials show an impressive efficacy of the complement C5 blocker eculizumab, suggesting it will be the next standard of care. Except for patients treated by intensive plasmatherapy or eculizumab, the worst prognosis is in factor H-HUS, as mortality can reach 20% and 50% of survivors do not recover renal function. Half of factor I-HUS progress to end-stage renal failure. Conversely, most patients with MCP-HUS have preserved renal function. Anti-factor H antibodies-HUS has favourable outcome if treated early.
Collapse
|
248
|
Yamada R, Nozawa K, Yoshimine T, Takasaki Y, Ogawa H, Takamori K, Sekigawa I. A Case of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Diagnostic Utility of ADAMTS-13 Activity. Autoimmune Dis 2011; 2011:483642. [PMID: 21776377 PMCID: PMC3138087 DOI: 10.4061/2011/483642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP) caused by a deficiency in ADAMTS-13 activity is considered to involve a subset of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Although concept of TTP is included under the umbrella of TMA, discrimination of TTP from TMA is occasionally difficult in an autoimmune disorder. Herein, we report a case with TTP associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this case, it was difficult to discriminate TTP from TMA and the measurement of ADAMTS-13 activity was useful for obtaining an accurate diagnosis. SLE patients having thrombocytopenia in complication with anemia should be considered a monitoring of ADAMTS-13 activity even though the patients lacked symptoms of TTP related to the microvascular coagulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Risa Yamada
- Department of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
249
|
Jang MJ, Chong SY, Kim IH, Kim JH, Jung CW, Kim JY, Park JC, Lee SM, Kim YK, Lee JE, Jang SS, Kim JS, Jo DY, Zang DY, Lee YY, Yhim HY, Oh D. Clinical features of severe acquired ADAMTS13 deficiency in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: the Korean TTP registry experience. Int J Hematol 2011; 93:163-169. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-011-0771-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
250
|
Coppo P. Microangiopathie thrombotique en réanimation — Vers une classification physiopathologique pour des thérapeutiques ciblées. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-010-0110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|