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Gödel M, Hartleben B, Herbach N, Liu S, Zschiedrich S, Lu S, Debreczeni-Mór A, Lindenmeyer MT, Rastaldi MP, Hartleben G, Wiech T, Fornoni A, Nelson RG, Kretzler M, Wanke R, Pavenstädt H, Kerjaschki D, Cohen CD, Hall MN, Rüegg MA, Inoki K, Walz G, Huber TB. Role of mTOR in podocyte function and diabetic nephropathy in humans and mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2197-209. [PMID: 21606591 PMCID: PMC3104746 DOI: 10.1172/jci44774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic glomerular diseases, associated with renal failure and cardiovascular morbidity, represent a major health issue. However, they remain poorly understood. Here we have reported that tightly controlled mTOR activity was crucial to maintaining glomerular podocyte function, while dysregulation of mTOR facilitated glomerular diseases. Genetic deletion of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) in mouse podocytes induced proteinuria and progressive glomerulosclerosis. Furthermore, simultaneous deletion of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 from mouse podocytes aggravated the glomerular lesions, revealing the importance of both mTOR complexes for podocyte homeostasis. In contrast, increased mTOR activity accompanied human diabetic nephropathy, characterized by early glomerular hypertrophy and hyperfiltration. Curtailing mTORC1 signaling in mice by genetically reducing mTORC1 copy number in podocytes prevented glomerulosclerosis and significantly ameliorated the progression of glomerular disease in diabetic nephropathy. These results demonstrate the requirement for tightly balanced mTOR activity in podocyte homeostasis and suggest that mTOR inhibition can protect podocytes and prevent progressive diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gödel
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Björn Hartleben
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nadja Herbach
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Shuya Liu
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Zschiedrich
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Shun Lu
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Debreczeni-Mór
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maja T. Lindenmeyer
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria-Pia Rastaldi
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Götz Hartleben
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wiech
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert G. Nelson
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dontscho Kerjaschki
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Clemens D. Cohen
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael N. Hall
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus A. Rüegg
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ken Inoki
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias B. Huber
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany.
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D’Amico, Milan, Italy.
Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Diabetes Research Institute, L. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Division of Nephology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
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