201
|
Cherian NM, Girish TN, Ponnappa KC. Comparative evaluation of remineralizing potential of commercially available agents MI paste, Remin pro, and Clinpro using Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive X-ray: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2021; 23:457-462. [PMID: 33911353 PMCID: PMC8066665 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_259_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: According to recent approaches, the prevention of initial dental caries is achieved using certain noninvasive methods. One such method is the topical application of remineralizing agents. Various remineralizing products are commercially available, but their efficacy is uncertain. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the remineralizing potential of MI, Reminpro, and Clinpro using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Methodology: Forty extracted human premolars were collected. The samples were decoronated and the crown portion was coated with nail varnish leaving behind a 3 mm × 3 mm window on the labial surface. The samples were soaked in demineralizing solution for 4 days to create an artificial lesion, followed by SEM-EDX analysis. The samples were then randomly divided into 4 groups Control, MI, Remin Pro, and Clinpro with ten samples each. The remineralizing agents were applied according to the group and subjected to pH cycling for 21 days which was followed by SEM-EDX analysis. Data obtained were statistically analyzed using SPSS IBM version 23 (ANOVA, post hoc-Tukey, and Paired-t-test). Results: Ca and P were increased after remineralization in all groups. Between groups, the increase was more for ReminPro, followed by Clinpro and MI. Conclusion: In this study, the remineralizing potential of Remin Pro was effectively more, followed by Clinpro and MI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nileena Mary Cherian
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Coorg Institute of Dental Sciences, Virajpet, Karnataka, India
| | - T N Girish
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Coorg Institute of Dental Sciences, Virajpet, Karnataka, India
| | - K C Ponnappa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Coorg Institute of Dental Sciences, Virajpet, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Makeeva IM, Budina TV, Turkina AY, Poluektov MG, Kondratiev SA, Arakelyan MG, Signore A, Amaroli A. Xerostomia and hyposalivation in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Clin Otolaryngol 2021; 46:782-787. [PMID: 33548090 DOI: 10.1111/coa.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE (a) To report the xerostomia prevalence and severity in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). (b) To assess the saliva pH in patients with OSA. DESIGN Simultaneous cohort observational clinical study. SETTING In Sleep Medicine Centre at Lomonosov Moscow State University from March to June 2019. PARTICIPANTS The study was conducted on 30 patients with OSA aged from 35 to 65 years. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES The diagnosis of sleep apnoea was made after standard polysomnography using the Domino programme. The severity of OSA was indicated using the Apnoea-Hypopnea Index. Xerostomia was evaluated using Fox's test. Hyposalivation was evaluated by measurement of salivary flow rate. Determination of the saliva pH was carried out with a pH metre. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer multi-comparison test. RESULTS Twenty-two out of 30 (73.3%) patients were diagnosed with "dry mouth". Hyposalivation was observed in 6 out of 30 (20%). Dry mouth on awakening was observed in 60.0%, 72.7% and 88.9% of patients with mild, moderate and severe OSA, respectively. The average salivary flow rate was 0.28 mL/min, 0.24 mL/min and 0.14 mL/min, respectively. The average pH value in patients with mild, moderate and severe apnoea was 6.40 ± 0.017, 6.15 ± 0.27 and 5.87 ± 0.24, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In patient with mild and moderate OSA, the saliva amount and rate are similar (P > .05). With the increase of OSA severity, both these parameters change (P < .001). The acidity of the saliva was correlated with the level of OSA, and it statistically increased with the increment of the OSA severity (P < .05-P < .001).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Michajlovna Makeeva
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Vasilievna Budina
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Yurjevna Turkina
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sergey Alexeevitch Kondratiev
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marianna Georgievna Arakelyan
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Antonio Signore
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Amaroli
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Orthopedic Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
A Comparison between Two Different Remineralizing Agents against White Spot Lesions: An In Vitro Study. Int J Dent 2021; 2021:6644069. [PMID: 33531901 PMCID: PMC7837783 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6644069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel demineralization and white-spot lesions (WSLs) around the orthodontic brackets are common clinical complications after orthodontic fixed appliance therapy. WSLs form mainly due to plaque deposition around the brackets during the orthodontic treatment period. This study was designed to compare and evaluate the efficacy of two different remineralization agents on WSLs, which are “Clinpro 5000 and Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief”. 27 caries-free human premolar teeth were collected after extraction for orthodontic purposes. The crowns were set in acrylic resin, and the entire surfaces were coated with nail varnish apart from an area of 4 × 4 mm on the buccal surface. The surface microhardness (SMH) was measured using the Vickers microhardness testing machine at baseline, after demineralization, and after treatment. Then, the different SMH values were statistically analyzed using mixed-effects linear regression. All samples were immersed in demineralizing solution for ten days to create WSLs, and then the teeth were allocated randomly into one of the three groups: Group 1 (control group-immersed in artificial saliva), Group 2 (treated with Colgate sensitive Pro-Relief toothpaste), and Group 3 (Clinpro 5000 toothpaste). Cycles of treatment were done for 5 minutes every 12 hours for 14 days. The samples were stored in freshly prepared artificial saliva between cycles. The mixed-effects model was used to quantify the effect of different remineralization agents. All statistics were computed using STATA software (version14.1; Stata, College Station, TX). All statistical tests were two-tailed and interpreted at the 0.05 significance level. Both agents improved the surface hardness. Clinpro 5000 improved the surface hardness by 12.7 (P value 0.012), and Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief improved surface hardness by 18.2 (P value <0.0001), However when both treatments are compared with each other, there was no statistical significance among them. When compared to the control group, both treatments “Clinpro™ 5000 and Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief” have significantly improved enamel's SMH.
Collapse
|
204
|
Nedoklan S, Knezovic Z, Knezovic N, Sutlovic D. NUTRITION AND MINERAL CONTENT IN HUMAN TEETH THROUGH THE CENTURIES. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 124:105075. [PMID: 33571733 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were: (i) to compare mineral values of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc and their ratios, in teeth from Croatian populations that lived in different historical periods, namely the Medieval period, the early 20th century, and the 21 st century; and (ii) to elucidate the influence of diet and lifestyle on tooth quality in these groups. DESIGN Determination of mineral content (Ca, Mg, P and Zn) in 294 teeth from three different periods of history (Medieval Period [G1], Second World War period [G2] and the contemporary period [G3]) using atomic absorption spectrometer and UV/VIS spectrometer methods. RESULTS Our results showed that the mineral content in teeth has changed over the centuries. Between analysed samples from all groups, there were significant differences in the elemental content as well as in the interrelationship of the elements. The largest differences were observed in the mean values of magnesium and zinc concentrations while smaller differences were observed for changes in calcium and phosphorus. CONCLUSIONS From the obtained results, it is evident that there are changes in the tooth mineral composition in specimens centuries apart that could be a reflection of changes in eating habits, food quality and the environment. In addition to differences in individual elements, differences in their mutual ratios were also observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srđan Nedoklan
- Community Health Centre of Split-Dalmatia County, 21 251 Žrnovnica, Croatia.
| | - Zlatka Knezovic
- Public Health Institute of Split - Dalmatian County, 21 000 Split, Croatia; University Department for Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Nina Knezovic
- Public Health Institute of Split - Dalmatian County, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Davorka Sutlovic
- University Department for Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacogenetics, University of Split School of Medicine, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Younes A, Ali JS, Duda A, Alliot C, Huclier-Markai S, Wang J, Kabalan F, Nemirovsky D, Deng R, Nur MT, Cao M, Groveman S, Drain CM, Alexandratos SD. Uptake and Removal of Uranium by and from Human Teeth. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:880-891. [PMID: 33507734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Uranium-238 (238U), a long-lived radiometal, is widespread in the environment because of both naturally occurring processes and anthropogenic processes. The ingestion or inhalation of large amounts of U is a major threat to humans, and its toxicity is considered mostly chemical rather than radiological. Therefore, a way to remove uranium ingested by humans from uranium-contaminated water or from the air is critically needed. This study investigated the uranium uptake by hydroxyapatite (HAP), a compound found in human bone and teeth. The uptake of U by teeth is a result of U transport as dissolved uranyl (UO22+) in contaminated water, and U adsorption has been linked to delays in both tooth eruption and development. In this present work, the influence of pH, contact time, initial U concentration, and buffer solution on the uptake and removal of U in synthetic HAP was investigated and modeled. The influence of pH (pH of human saliva, 6.7-7.4) on the uptake of uranyl was negligible. Furthermore, the kinetics were extremely fast; in one second of exposure, 98% of uranyl was uptaken by HAP. The uptake followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and a Freundlich isotherm model. A 0.2 M sodium carbonate solution removed all the uranyl from HAP after 1 h. Another series of in vitro tests were performed with real teeth as targets. We found that, for a 50 mg/L U in PBS solution adjusted to physiological pH, ∼35% of the uranyl was uptaken by the tooth after 1 h, following pseudo-first-order kinetics. Among several washing solutions tested, a commercially available carbonate, as well as a commercially available fluoride solution, enabled removal of all the uranyl taken up by the teeth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Younes
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jafar Sunga Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Artem Duda
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Cyrille Alliot
- CRCNA, INSERM U892, Nantes 44007, France.,ARRONAX Cyclotron, Saint-Herblain 44800, France
| | - Sandrine Huclier-Markai
- ARRONAX Cyclotron, Saint-Herblain 44800, France.,SUBATECH (UMR 6457), IN2P3-CNRS/EMN Nantes/Université de Nantes, Nantes 44307, France
| | - Jasmine Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Fatima Kabalan
- Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University Beirut 00000, Lebanon
| | - David Nemirovsky
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Rebecca Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Mohamed Tousif Nur
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Minhua Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Samuel Groveman
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Medgar Evers College, 1650 Bedford Ave #2010, Brooklyn, New York 11225 United States
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States.,The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Spiro D Alexandratos
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States.,The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Simpson R, Cooper DML, Swanston T, Coulthard I, Varney TL. Historical overview and new directions in bioarchaeological trace element analysis: a review. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2021; 13:24. [PMID: 33520004 PMCID: PMC7810633 DOI: 10.1007/s12520-020-01262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Given their strong affinity for the skeleton, trace elements are often stored in bones and teeth long term. Diet, geography, health, disease, social status, activity, and occupation are some factors which may cause differential exposure to, and uptake of, trace elements, theoretically introducing variability in their concentrations and/or ratios in the skeleton. Trace element analysis of bioarchaeological remains has the potential, therefore, to provide rich insights into past human lifeways. This review provides a historical overview of bioarchaeological trace element analysis and comments on the current state of the discipline by highlighting approaches with growing momentum. Popularity for the discipline surged following preliminary studies in the 1960s to 1970s that demonstrated the utility of strontium (Sr) as a dietary indicator. During the 1980s, Sr/Ca ratio and multi-element studies were commonplace in bioarchaeology, linking trace elements with dietary phenomena. Interest in using trace elements for bioarchaeological inferences waned following a period of critiques in the late 1980s to 1990s that argued the discipline failed to account for diagenesis, simplified complex element uptake and regulation processes, and used several unsuitable elements for palaeodietary reconstruction (e.g. those under homeostatic regulation, those without a strong affinity for the skeleton). In the twenty-first century, trace element analyses have been primarily restricted to Sr and lead (Pb) isotope analysis and the study of toxic trace elements, though small pockets of bioarchaeology have continued to analyse multiple elements. Techniques such as micro-sampling, element mapping, and non-traditional stable isotope analysis have provided novel insights which hold the promise of helping to overcome limitations faced by the discipline. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12520-020-01262-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Simpson
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
- Present Address: Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - David M. L. Cooper
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
| | - Treena Swanston
- Department of Anthropology, Economics and Political Science, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | | | - Tamara L. Varney
- Department of Anthropology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Harper RA, Shelton RM, James JD, Salvati E, Besnard C, Korsunsky AM, Landini G. Acid-induced demineralisation of human enamel as a function of time and pH observed using X-ray and polarised light imaging. Acta Biomater 2021; 120:240-248. [PMID: 32438107 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acid-induced enamel demineralisation affects many individuals either by exposure to acidic diets, acidic gas pollution (dental erosion) or to dental plaque acids (dental caries). This study aimed to develop in situ X-ray and light imaging methods to determine progression of enamel demineralisation and the dynamic relationship between acid pH and mineral density. Hourly digital microradiograph time-lapse sequences showed the depth of enamel demineralisation in 500 µm thick sections progressed with time from the surface towards the dentine following a power-law function, which was 21% faster than the lateral demineralisation progression after exposure for 85 h to lactic acid (10%, pH 2.2). The minimum greyscale remaining (mineral content) within the induced enamel lesion followed an exponential decay, while the accumulated total greyscale loss with time was linear, which showed a constant anisotropic mineral release within the enamel architecture. This 85 h demineralisation method studied by polarised light microscopy time-lapse sequences showed that once the demineralisation front reached the enamel Hunter-Schreger bands, there was preferential demineralisation along those bands. Mineral density loss was linear with increasing pH acidity between pH 5.2 and pH 4.0 (with 0.4 pH increments) when incubated over a 3-week period exposed to 0.5% lactic acid. At pH 4.0, there was complete mineral loss in the centre of the demineralised area after the 3-week period and the linear function intercepted the x-axis at ~ pH 5.5, near the critical pH for hydroxyapatite (HAp). These observations showed how intrinsic enamel structure and pH affected the progression of demineralisation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Hydroxyapatite crystallites (HAp) in human enamel dissolve when exposed to an acidic environment but little is known about how the intrinsic structures in enamel and pH influence the demineralisation kinetics. We have developed a time-lapse in situ microradiography method to quantify microscopic anisotropic mineral loss dynamics in response to an acid-only caries model. Correlation with polarised light microscopy time-lapse sequences showed that larger structures in enamel also influence demineralisation progression as demineralisation occurred preferentially along the Hunter-Schreger bands (decussating prismatic enamel). The pH-controlled enamel mineral release in a linear manner quantifying the relationship between HAp orientation and acid solubility. These findings should direct the development of improved anti-demineralisation/ remineralisation treatments to retain/ restore the natural intrinsic enamel structure.
Collapse
|
208
|
Widyarman AS, Udawatte NS, Theodorea CF, Apriani A, Richi M, Astoeti TE, Seneviratne CJ. Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride treatment enriches the symbiotic dental plaque microbiome in children. J Dent 2021; 106:103582. [PMID: 33450310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The dysbiotic oral microbiome plays a key role in the pathogenesis of caries in children. Topical application of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate containing fluoride (CPP-ACP/F) is an effective treatment modality for children with caries (CC). Hitherto the mechanism by which CPP-ACP/F modules the oral microbiome in CC has not been investigated. The study aimed to examine the CPP-ACP/F effect on the dental plaque microbiome of children group with caries. METHODS This preliminary prospective clinical cohort included 10 children with caries. The children received topical fluoride CPP-ACP/F once-a-week for one month. Plaque samples were collected before and after treatment and subjected to 16S rDNA-based next-generation-sequencing. Microbial composition, diversity and functional roles were analyzed in comparison to the clinical characteristics of cohort using standard bioinformatics tools. RESULTS CPP-ACP/F treatment modulated dysbiotic oral microbiome towards healthier community as the higher proportion of Proteobacteria and certain microbial protective species were enriched following CPP-ACP/F treatment. Despite overall uniformity of community structure in children with caries between the groups, some bacterial species were differentially represented in a statistically significant manner between pre- and post- treatments. Three bacterial species were found to be predictive of strongly sensitive to the CPP-ACP/F treatment, marked by decreased abundance of Lautropia mirabalis and increased abundance of Gemella haemolysans and Schwartzia succinivorans. CONCLUSION Within the limits of the current study, it could be concluded that the CPP-ACP/F varnish treatment modulated the microbial composition of the dental plaque microbiome towards symbiosis. These symbiotic changes may demonstrate the potential clinical significance of CPP-ACP/F varnish treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armelia Sari Widyarman
- Department Head of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University, Jln. Kyai Tapa 260, Grogol Jakarta Barat 11440, Indonesia.
| | - Nadeeka S Udawatte
- Singapore Oral Microbiomics Initiative, National Dental Research Institute Singapore (NDRIS), National Dental Centre Singapore, Oral Health ACP, Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore.
| | | | - Anie Apriani
- Department Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Maranatha University, Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Mario Richi
- MiCORE Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University, Indonesia.
| | - Tri Erri Astoeti
- Department of Preventive and Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University, Jln. Kyai Tapa 260, Grogol Jakarta Barat 11440, Indonesia.
| | - Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne
- Singapore Oral Microbiomics Initiative, National Dental Research Institute Singapore (NDRIS), National Dental Centre Singapore, Oral Health ACP, Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Sirin DA, Ozcelik F. The relationship between COVID-19 and the dental damage stage determined by radiological examination. Oral Radiol 2021; 37:600-609. [PMID: 33389600 PMCID: PMC7778567 DOI: 10.1007/s11282-020-00497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE COVID-19 causes severe complications particularly in respiratory system especially in the elderly and those with poor general health. General and oral health are closely related to the course of such viral diseases. This study aims to reveal the relationship between the Dental Damage Stage (DD Stg) and the severity of COVID-19 disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 137 patients (20-65 years) based on oral examination records and panoramic X-rays of 1516 COVID-19 patients diagnosed through real time PCR tests. DD Stg were determined according to data of Apical Periodontitis Grading Scale, Radiologic Alveolar Bone Loss and Pathophysiological Process of Dental Caries obtained from dental radiological images. DD Stg were determined according to the severity of dental pathology and compared in terms of age, gender, numbers of dental caries (NDC), dental implants (NDI), root canal treatment (NRCT), tooth fillings (NTF), missing teeth (NMT) and hospitalization due to COVID-19 (NHC), presence of chronic disease (CD), and symptom associated with COVID-19 (SAC) RESULTS: Patients in DD Stg 3 had significantly higher age and mortality. CD, NDC and NHC values were higher in DD Stg 2 and 3 than in DD Stg 0 and 1. NHCs were higher in DD Stg 3 than in DD Stg 2. NMTs were higher in DD Stg 3 than other stages. SACs were significantly lower in DD Stg 0 than in DD Stg 1, 2 and 3. NDC, NHC, SAC and CD were effective on DD staging; they were moderately positively related. CONCLUSIONS The relationship detected between DD stage and the severity and prognosis of viral disease such as COVID-19 was found to be remerkable for extensive studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dursun Ali Sirin
- University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics and Sultan 2. Abdulhamid Han Training Hospital, Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi, 34668, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Fatih Ozcelik
- University of Health Sciences, Sultan Abdülhamid Han Training Hospital, Biochemistry Specialist Department of Medical Biochemistry, Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Haque M, Akter F. Smash of diabetes mellitus on smile. ADVANCES IN HUMAN BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_68_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
211
|
Tabor E, Hűpsch H, Rokicka J, Sierpińska T, Konstantynowicz J, Orywal K, Pluskiewicz W. Salivary Content Might be Associated With Skeletal Status in Postmenopausal Women: SilesiaOsteoActive Study Results. J Clin Densitom 2021; 24:14-21. [PMID: 32146075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to investigate whether salivary mineral content may be associated with bone status in women after menopause. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study group consisted of 125 postmenopausal women aged 64.3 ± 6.9 yr, derived from the epidemiological SilesiaOsteoActive Study. All participants underwent hip and spine bone densitometry using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, dental examination, and saliva content analysis. Data for salivary pH, copper, calcium, phosphorus, and zinc concentrations were evaluated. RESULTS Mean femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) was 0.739 ± 0.118 g/cm2, total hip BMD 0.891 ± 0.14 g/cm2, and spine BMD 0.868 ± 0.14 g/cm2. Salivary pH was significantly lower in women with spinal osteoporosis defined as T-score below -2.5, compared to individuals with normal BMD (pH: 6.65 ± 0.67 vs 6.96 ± 0.58, p < 0.05). There was a significant though weak inverse correlation between Ca concentration in saliva and femoral neck BMD (r = -0.23, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS High salivary calcium content and low salivary pH may be indicative of low hip and decreased spine BMD, respectively. These associations may reflect demineralization process (calcium redistribution) influencing bone, and a negative effect of acidity on mineral tissues, although causal pathway remains not clear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Tabor
- Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Nephrology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Hanna Hűpsch
- Department of Periodontal and Oral Mucosa Diseases in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Rokicka
- Non-public Medical Centre, Joanna Rokicka Dentistry and Orthodontics NZOZ Stomatologia i Ortodoncja, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Teresa Sierpińska
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jerzy Konstantynowicz
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Immunology, and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Karolina Orywal
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Wojciech Pluskiewicz
- Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Nephrology; Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate is a vital constituent of cells and cell membranes, body fluids, and hard tissues. It is a major intracellular divalent anion, participates in many genetic, energy and intermediary metabolic pathways, and is important for bone health. Although we usually think of phosphate mostly in terms of its level in the serum, it is needed for many biological and structural functions of the body. Availability of adequate calcium and inorganic phosphate in the right proportions at the right place is essential for proper acquisition, biomineralization, and maintenance of mass and strength of the skeleton. The three specialized mineralized tissues, bones, teeth, and ossicles, differ from all other tissues in the human body because of their unique ability to mineralize, and the degree and process of mineralization in these tissues also differ to suit the specific functions: locomotion, chewing, and hearing, respectively. Biomineralization is a dynamic, complex, and lifelong process by which precipitations of inorganic calcium and inorganic phosphate divalent ions form biological hard tissues. Understanding the biomineralization process is important for the management of diseases caused by both defective and abnormal mineralization. Hypophosphatemia results in mineralization defects and osteomalacia, and hyperphosphatemia is implicated in abnormal excess calcification and/or ossification, but the exact mechanisms underlying these processes are not fully understood. In this review, we summarize available evidence on the role of phosphate in biomineralization. Other manuscripts in this issue of the journal deal with other relevant aspects of phosphate homeostasis, phosphate signaling and sensing, and disorders resulting from hypo- and hyperphosphatemic states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudhaker D Rao
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone & Mineral Disorders, Henry Ford Hospital, New Center One; Suite # 800, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
- Bone & Mineral Research Laboratory, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Hermansyah H, Eriwati Y, Putriani D, Geraldine K. Peppermint flavor oil in fluoride varnishes enhances fluoride release. SCIENTIFIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/sdj.sdj_78_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
214
|
MONTENARO MD, VALDRIGHI HC, LIMA MJP, CAMPOS EDJ, SANTAMARIA-JR M. Influence of topical fluoride on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets and enamel white spot lesions formation. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-2577.03821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction Fluoride is considered a key element in the remineralization process of tooth enamel. Objective To evaluate the influence of a topical solution of sodium fluoride (NaF) on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets and white spot lesions formation. Material and method Sixty bovine teeth were divided into three groups (n=20). Group 1 (Control): shear bond strength; Group 2: shear bond strength after pH cycling; Group 3: shear bond strength after pH cycling and treatment with 0.04% NaF solution. Groups 2 and 3 underwent pH cycling with demineralizing (6hs) and remineralizing (17hs) solutions at pH of 4.3 and 7.0 respectively for 15 days. The specimens were submitted to the shear bond strength and the Adhesive Remnant Index was verified (ARI). The specimens of each group (n=3) were qualitatively analyzed by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Kruskal-Wallis test assessed the shear bond strength and Fisher's exact test evaluated ARI, with significance level of 5%. Result There was no significant difference among the three groups in shear bond strength (p=0.2679). Significant difference was found in ARI (p=0.0199). The frequency of ARI 1 was 55% in group 1, 90% in group 2, and 80% in group 3. SEM showed difference between the enamel and bonding. Group 2 showed structural change of the enamel surface, adjacent to the bond area; and group 3 showed enamel with characteristics similar to those of group 1. Conclusion It was concluded that there was no NaF influence on the bracket shear bond strength and even in low concentrations it prevented the development of areas of demineralization of white spot lesions.
Collapse
|
215
|
The COVID-19 pandemic and dentistry: the clinical, legal and economic consequences - part 2: consequences of withholding dental care. Br Dent J 2020; 229:801-805. [PMID: 33339931 PMCID: PMC7747003 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-020-2406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
As routine care was suspended in most countries, one could anticipate progression of undiagnosed and managed oral disease. Patients are usually unaware of the development of oral disease as it is not visible to them and largely asymptomatic, especially in its early stages. The natural progression of conditions such as caries and periodontitis is inevitable without diagnosis and management. The full extent of patient harm because of the suspension of routine dental care can only be estimated when routine oral examinations are fully re-established, and even then, we will probably never know the number of individuals impacted or the extent of disease progression and harm. In first-world countries, there has always been a back-up emergency treatment system for dental problems. For example, in the UK, the safety net for life-threatening swellings and for acute pain relief is the accident and emergency services. This system remained in place during the COVID-19 pandemic. Courts could be expected to understand the coronavirus context and would take this into account should there be a complaint against the clinician about access to care. The suspension of routine dental care to save lives will lead to the closure of many dental practices due to substantial financial impact. The return to routine care will be slow, with prioritisation of non-aerosol generating procedures while we look to further understand methods to mitigate transmission risk via infected aerosol and spatter. Inevitably, the cost of personal protective equipment and the lower volume of patients pose a continued threat to businesses. Natural history of oral disease progression if not managed is described. Concerns about the medico-legal consequences of reduced access to dental care are discussed. The economic repercussions of the COVID-19 need for suspension of routine care and the future increased costs of practice are presented.
Collapse
|
216
|
Bijle MN, Ekambaram M, Lo E, Yiu C. Physicochemical Characteristics of Arginine Enriched NaF Varnish: An In Vitro Study. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122998. [PMID: 33339152 PMCID: PMC7765578 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro study objectives were to investigate the effect of arginine (Arg) incorporation in a 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish on its physical and chemical properties including F/Arg release. Six experimental formulations were prepared with L-arginine (L-Arg) and L-arginine monohydrochloride at 2%, 4%, and 8% w/v in a 5% NaF varnish, which served as a control. The varnishes were subjected to assessments for adhesion, viscosity, and NaF extraction. Molecular dynamics were simulated to identify post-dynamics total energy for NaF=Arg/Arg>NaF/Arg<NaF concentrations. The Arg/F varnish release profiles were determined in polyacrylic lactate buffer (pH-4.5; 7 days) and artificial saliva (pH-7; 1 h, 24 h, and 12 weeks). Incorporation of L-Arg in NaF varnish significantly influences physical properties ameliorating retention (p < 0.001). L-Arg in NaF varnish institutes the Arg-F complex. Molecular dynamics suggests that NaF>Arg concentration denotes the stabilized environment compared to NaF<Arg (p < 0.001). The 2% Arg-NaF exhibits periodic perennial Arg/F release and shows significantly higher integrated mean F release than NaF (p < 0.001). Incorporating 2% L-arginine in 5% NaF varnish improves its physical properties and renders a stable matrix with enduring higher F/Arg release than control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manikandan Ekambaram
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
| | - Edward Lo
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong;
| | - Cynthia Yiu
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-2859-0256
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Horuztepe SA, Ergin E, Onen A, Gürgan S. Comparison of Resin Infiltration Technique with Conventional Preventive Applications on Occlusal Fissures in Terms of Chemical Analysis and SEM. Acta Stomatol Croat 2020; 54:382-391. [PMID: 33642602 PMCID: PMC7871427 DOI: 10.15644/asc54/4/5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To compare the subsurface mineral loss preventing capability of resin infiltration technique with topical fluoride and fissure sealant applications to demineralized occlusal fissures under simulated oral conditions. Materials and Methods Occlusal surfaces of 64 extracted intact human third molars were demineralized. Next, the teeth were classified into four groups according to preventive applications (n = 16): G1, Specimens used as the control group with no preventive treatment; G2, Topical fluoride application (APF Gel/ DEEPAK); G3, Fissure sealant application (ClinproTMSealant/ 3M ESPE); and G4, Resin infiltration technique (Icon/ DMG). Chemical compositions before pH cycling were evaluated for eight specimens from each group. The remaining eight teeth from each group were subjected to pH cycling for 15 days to simulate the oral conditions. Subsequently, the specimens were fractured after immersion in liquid nitrogen and the subsurface fluoride (F), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) levels, and Ca/P ratio of each specimen were measured using energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDS). The data were subjected to statistical analysis (p = 0.05). The effects of preventive applications to surface topography of specimens were evaluated using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results There were no significant differences among the groups in subsurface F, Ca, and P levels and Ca/P ratios before or after pH cycling (p > 0.05). All three preventive applications were effective during pH cycling according to SEM observations. Conclusions The subsurface mineral loss preventing capability of resin infiltration technique applied to occlusal fissures was comparable to topical fluoride and fissure sealant applications. Clinical significance The resin infiltration technique could represent a valid alternative to traditionally used both preventive and restorative treatments for treating initial carious lesions on occlusal fissures, offering the advantages of better resin penetration and retention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Esra Ergin
- Hacettepe University, School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alev Onen
- Hacettepe University, School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevil Gürgan
- Hacettepe University, School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Lee YH, Auh QS, Chun YH, An JS. Age-related radiomorphometric changes on panoramic radiographs. Clin Exp Dent Res 2020; 7:539-551. [PMID: 33305888 PMCID: PMC8404498 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to analyse age‐related anatomical changes in teeth and mandibular structures using panoramic radiographs. Materials and Methods We included 471 subjects aged 13–70 years (mean, 35.12 ± 18.72 years). Panoramic radiographs were used to record intraoral condition and radiomorphometric parameters. After grouping the subjects by age decade, descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were performed to assess age‐related patterns. Results The number of missing teeth, endodontically treated teeth, full veneer crowns, and implant prosthesis increased with age (all p < .05). The prevalence of periodontitis significantly increased after the 40s and was the highest in the 60s (57.1%). The maxillary canine root was the longest in the 10s and 20s (p < .001). With age, the mandibular canal and mental foramen moved towards the alveolar bone crest, on the opposite side of the mandibular inferior border. The pulp area and pulp‐to‐tooth ratio of maxillary/mandibular first molars were significantly higher in the 10s and 20s than in other age groups (all p < .05). Conclusions We provided comprehensive information on age‐related anatomical changes in teeth and mandibular structures based on panoramic radiographs. Various radiographic parameters showed specific changes with increasing age. Assessing these age‐related changes can be useful in determining an individual's age, and may aid in medico‐legal and forensic judgments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Hee Lee
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Q-Schick Auh
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yang-Hyun Chun
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Sub An
- Department of Orthodontics, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Hajihoseini N, Rezvani G, Etemad-Moghadam S. Comparison of routine and microwave-assisted decalcification of bone with or without teeth: A histologic study. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2020; 17:452-458. [PMID: 33889351 PMCID: PMC8045530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare conventional and microwave-assisted decalcification of sheep bone with and without teeth and to detect any difference in tissue detail preservation, staining quality, and rate of decalcification. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this method analysis study, twenty-four specimens consisting of 12 blocks of mandibular molars with their surrounding bone and 12 blocks of mandibular osseous tissue were allocated into two microwave or routine decalcification groups using 5% nitric or formic acid as decalcifying agents. In addition to decalcification rate, a number of variables were used to assess staining quality and tissue detail preservation which were compared between the two groups using Mann-Whitney test (P < 0.05). RESULTS Time to complete decalcification was significantly reduced in the microwave-treated samples as compared to the conventional method, regardless of the decalcifying agent (P = 0.025). For both acids, most variables related to staining quality and tissue detail preservation were similar between the techniques (P > 0.05). Patchy staining in bone samples and tissue tears in bone + teeth specimens were more common in the routine method when using nitric acid (NAc) (P = 0.046) and formic acid (FAc) (P = 0.046), respectively. In comparing acids, the performance of FAc was slightly inferior to that of NAc, especially for specimens containing both tooth and bone. CONCLUSION The use of microwave technology can accelerate decalcification of bone and teeth of sheep mandibles and at the same time preserve tissue structure and staining quality. Further studies are required to help select the best demineralizing agent, especially in specimens containing bone and teeth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gita Rezvani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahroo Etemad-Moghadam
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Address for correspondence: Dr. Shahroo Etemad-Moghadam, Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Ghods Street, Enghelab Ave., P. O. Box: 14155-5583, Tehran 14174, Iran. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Tissue-Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase-A Gatekeeper of Physiological Conditions in Health and a Modulator of Biological Environments in Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121648. [PMID: 33302551 PMCID: PMC7763311 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme that is best known for its role during mineralization processes in bones and skeleton. The enzyme metabolizes phosphate compounds like inorganic pyrophosphate and pyridoxal-5′-phosphate to provide, among others, inorganic phosphate for the mineralization and transportable vitamin B6 molecules. Patients with inherited loss of function mutations in the ALPL gene and consequently altered TNAP activity are suffering from the rare metabolic disease hypophosphatasia (HPP). This systemic disease is mainly characterized by impaired bone and dental mineralization but may also be accompanied by neurological symptoms, like anxiety disorders, seizures, and depression. HPP characteristically affects all ages and shows a wide range of clinical symptoms and disease severity, which results in the classification into different clinical subtypes. This review describes the molecular function of TNAP during the mineralization of bones and teeth, further discusses the current knowledge on the enzyme’s role in the nervous system and in sensory perception. An additional focus is set on the molecular role of TNAP in health and on functional observations reported in common laboratory vertebrate disease models, like rodents and zebrafish.
Collapse
|
221
|
Modeling the age-related shift in the mineral content of hard tissues in two Mediterranean deer species. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 122:104999. [PMID: 33340922 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this paper we aim to provide baseline data and model the changes of Ca, P and Mg throughout life in the mandibular bone, enamel and dentin of red (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) in Mediterranean ecosystems. DESIGN Through a cross-sectional study of cervids from 1.5 to 20 yrs old, hunted between 1990 and 1997, we apply generalized additive models (GAMs) with data from scanning-electron-microscope with energy-dispersive X-ray (FESEM-EDX) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyses. RESULTS The mineral content varied in a similar range to that reported for other ruminants. However, we detected lower Ca content values, while more similar results were obtained for P and Mg contents, which led to relatively lower Ca/P ratios and higher Ca/Mg in our deer at that time. A significantly lesser pattern of decreasing mineral content with aging was detected in the fallow deer males, similarities were found between the sexes, and significantly less resistance to demineralization was observed in dentin compared to bone. We discuss how the basic macromineral elements involved in the biomineralization process vary with age throughout life depending on deer species, sex and hard tissues. CONCLUSION Allowing for possible inferences of differential changes in the mineralization state at the main stages in life history, our methodological approach opens up new possibilities in zooarchaeological, paleontological, and wildlife research.
Collapse
|
222
|
Bijle MN, Tsoi J, Ekambaram M, Lo ECM, Carey CM, Yiu CKY. Inter-method reliability for determining total and soluble fluorides in child low-fluoride formula dentifrices. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20880. [PMID: 33257761 PMCID: PMC7705677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77920-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to compare three methods for determining total (TF) and total soluble fluorides (TSF) in 5 child formula dentifrices (CFD) using Inter-method reliability (IMR) statistical approach. The methods were direct acid-hydrolysis (DM), the least-time-consuming method; Modified direct acid-hydrolysis with standard-addition method (MDM), ISO 19448:2018 method; and modified Taves acid-HMDS diffusion analysis (TAD), the claimed gold standard method. A significant difference in the mean difference was observed for all methods at all levels (p < 0.001), except DM and TAD for TF (p = 0.622). A proportional bias was discerned in the agreement distribution between DM and TAD for TF (p < 0.001). The ICC analysis identified significant reliability between all measurements, irrespective of the model, measure, and fluoride type (p < 0.001). For TF and TSF, the IMR between DM and TAD was lower than MDM and TAD for consistency/absolute agreement reliability at single/average measures. The reliability measure for DM and MDM was higher than MDM and TAD for TSF, but was lower than MDM and TAD for TF. The ICC measure for DM-TAD was significantly lower than DM-MDM and MDM-TAD (p < 0.05). The ISO 19448:2018 MDM is a reliable test that can be used as an alternative to TAD/DM for determining TF/TSF in CFD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nadeem Bijle
- 2/F, Paediatric Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - James Tsoi
- Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Manikandan Ekambaram
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Edward C M Lo
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Clifton M Carey
- Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Cynthia Kar Yung Yiu
- 2/F, Paediatric Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
AlQranei MS, Balhaddad AA, Melo MAS. The burden of root caries: Updated perspectives and advances on management strategies. Gerodontology 2020; 38:136-153. [PMID: 33236462 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Root caries has gained much attention in the last few years. As the world's population is ageing and people currently tend to retain more teeth compared with older generations, there is an increased prevalence of periodontal disease and gingival recession, which may accelerate the onset of root caries. OBJECTIVE This review aims to summarise recent findings related to the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of root caries. MATERIALS AND METHODS MEDLINE (OVID) and Scopus (Elsevier) searches were performed to identify and discuss articles that address the pathogenicity and clinical management of root caries. RESULTS Root caries is a multifactorial disease. Cariogenic species involved in root caries are less dependent on carbohydrates since collagen degradation inside the dentinal tubules can provide nutrients and microcavities for the invading microorganisms. Furthermore, the root surface has fewer minerals in comparison with enamel, which may accelerate the onset of demineralisation. Root caries could be prevented by patient education, modification of risk factors, and the use of in-office and home remineralisation tools. The use of non-invasive approaches to control root caries is recommended, as the survival rate of root caries restorations is poor. When plaque control is impossible and a deep/large cavity is present, glass ionomer or resin-based restorations can be placed. CONCLUSION The assessment of root carious lesions is critical to determine the lesion activity and the required intervention. Dental practitioners should also be aware of different prevention and treatment approaches to design optimum oral health care for root caries-affected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S AlQranei
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A Balhaddad
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mary A S Melo
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Development of a Bioactive Flowable Resin Composite Containing a Zinc-Doped Phosphate-Based Glass. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10112311. [PMID: 33266456 PMCID: PMC7700342 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Flowable resins used for dental restoration are subject to biofilm formation. Zinc has antibacterial properties. Thus, we prepared a zinc-doped phosphate-based glass (Zn-PBG) to dope a flowable resin and evaluated the antibacterial activity of the composite against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) to extrapolate the preventative effect toward secondary caries. The composites were prepared having 0 (control), 1.9, 3.8, and 5.4 wt.% Zn-PBG. The flexural strength, elastic modulus, microhardness, depth of cure, ion release, inhibition zone size, and number of colony-forming units were evaluated and analyzed using ANOVA. The flexural strength of the control was significantly higher than those of Zn-PBG samples (p < 0.05). However, all samples meet the International Standard, ISO 4049. The microhardness was not significantly different for the control group and 1.9 and 3.8 wt.% groups, but the 5.4 wt.% Zn-PBG group had a significantly lower microhardness (p < 0.05). Further, the composite resins increasingly released P, Ca, Na, and Zn ions with an increase in Zn-PBG content (p < 0.05). The colony-forming unit count revealed a significant reduction in S. mutans viability (p < 0.05) with increase in Zn-PBG content. Therefore, the addition of Zn-PBG to flowable composite resins enhances antibacterial activity and could aid the prevention of secondary caries.
Collapse
|
225
|
Marin E, Hiraishi N, Honma T, Boschetto F, Zanocco M, Zhu W, Adachi T, Kanamura N, Yamamoto T, Pezzotti G. Raman spectroscopy for early detection and monitoring of dentin demineralization. Dent Mater 2020; 36:1635-1644. [PMID: 33168225 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of dental caries and variations in composition/structure of both enamel and dentin represents an important issue in modern dentistry. Demineralization has been associated to teeth discoloration, development of caries, and formation of cavities. OBJECTIVE In this study, we systematically monitored the processes of demineralization/remineralization in dentin samples by means of three different spectroscopic techniques, namely, Raman spectroscopy, X-Ray Photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD). METHODS Bovine dentin samples were first exposed to acidic solutions and their structure systematically monitored as a function of time and pH. Then, the samples were rinsed in artificial saliva to simulate remineralization. RESULTS The above three spectroscopic techniques provided quantitative structural information spanning from the nanometer to the millimeter scale of sample penetration depth. An irreversible level of demineralization was reached when dentin was exposed to pH 2 beyond a time threshold of 6h, successive treatments with artificial saliva being unable to restore the mineral fraction. On the other hand, short-term treatments at pH 5 and long-term treatments at pH 6 could partially or completely recover the dentin structure within one week of remineralization treatment. SIGNIFICANCE Two specific Raman parameters, namely, the bandwidth of the symmetric phosphate-stretching signal and the mineral-to-matrix intensity ratio, showed strong correlations with XPS and XRD data, and matched laser microscopy observations. Such correlations open the path to apply Raman spectroscopy in monitoring dentin demineralization in vivo and provide quantitative working algorithms for the prevention of oral caries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elia Marin
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, 606-8585 Kyoto, Japan; Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Noriko Hiraishi
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 113-8510 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taigi Honma
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, 606-8585 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Francesco Boschetto
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi dori, 602-0841 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Matteo Zanocco
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, 606-8585 Kyoto, Japan; Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi dori, 602-0841 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, 606-8585 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Adachi
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Narisato Kanamura
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshiro Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, 606-8585 Kyoto, Japan; Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi dori, 602-0841 Kyoto, Japan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, 160-0023 Tokyo, Japan; The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Sharma K, Sharma S, Thapa S, Bhagat M, Kumar V, Sharma V. Nanohydroxyapatite-, Gelatin-, and Acrylic Acid-Based Novel Dental Restorative Material. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27886-27895. [PMID: 33163772 PMCID: PMC7643135 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to prepare a novel dental restorative material (NDRM) and to understand its cell viability behavior. The hydroxyapatite (HA) nanopowder was synthesized using a wet chemical precipitation method using calcium hydroxide and orthophosphoric acid as precursors. The as-prepared HA nanopowder was annealed at different temperatures to get a pure compound with a Ca/P ratio close to 1.67. The optimal temperature was found to be 600 °C, whereas at a higher temperature, HA starts decomposing into CaO. The preparation of NDRM was conducted in two steps. The first step comprises the preparation of HA nanopowder- and gelatin (G)-based film using microwave heating. In the second step, the homogenized mixture of the HA-G film was mixed with different amounts of acrylic acid to form a self-flowable NDRM paste. Further, both these materials (HA nanopowder and NDRM) were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDX analyses. The FTIR and XRD results show the peaks corresponding to natural bone apatite and therefore confirm the formation of HA. EDX results showed the presence of Ca and P in HA nanopowder and NDRM with Ca/P ratios of 1.79 and 1.63, respectively. Synthesized NDRM was also analyzed for its in vitro cytotoxic and reproductive viability potential against normal cells using MTT and clonogenic assay. The analysis showed significantly higher cellular viability on the treatment with NDRM when compared to HA nanopowder as well as no colony suppression by both materials was observed on the normal cell line (fR2) even after exposure for 24 h, indicating its nontoxicity. The synthesized NDRM therefore can be considered as a promising candidate for dental caries restoration applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kashma Sharma
- Institute
of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab
University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Shreya Sharma
- Institute
of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab
University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sonia Thapa
- Cancer
Pharmacology Division, CSIR-IIIM, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, Jammu
and Kashmir, India
| | - Madhulika Bhagat
- School
of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department
of Physics, National Institute of Technology
(NIT), Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu
and Kashmir, India
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Institute
of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab
University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Alexandria A, Valença AMG, Cabral LM, Maia LC. Comparative Effects of CPP-ACP and Xylitol F-Varnishes on the Reduction of Tooth Erosion and Its Progression. Braz Dent J 2020; 31:664-672. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202002985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Evaluated the effect of CPP-ACP/NaF and xylitol/NaF varnishes in reduce erosion and progression of erosion. Forty enamel blocks were divided into four groups (n=10): G1=CPP-ACP/NaF varnish (MI varnishTM); G2=xylitol/NaF varnish (Profluorid®); G3=NaF varnish (Duraphat®, positive control) and G4=deionized water (MilliQ®, negative control). Samples were immersed in Sprite ZeroTM (pH 2.58, 4x/day, 3 days), in between immersions, the specimens stayed in artificial saliva. After 3 days of erosion, the eroded area was divided in two (half of one received an additional varnish layer while the other half repeated the same 3-day erosion cycle). The 3D, non-contact profilometry technique was used to determinate tooth structure loss (TSL) and surface roughness (SR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 3D images were utilized to evaluate the topography of the samples. Mann-Whitney, one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests were used (significance level of 0.05%). SEM and 3D images were descriptively evaluated. After 3 or 6 days of erosion, all tested varnishes were better than G4 (p<0.05) for TSL and SR. In addition, G1 had lower values for TSL than G3 (p<0.05) after 3 days of erosion. Under SEM and 3D images observation, all groups presented porosity, irregularities and depressions on the surface enamel after 3 and 6 days of erosion, more pronounced in G4. An application of topical NaF varnishes was effective in reducing TSL and enamel roughness after erosion challenges, being the CCP-ACP/NaF varnish more effective than NaF varnish and water after 3 days of erosion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adílis Alexandria
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
228
|
The Influence of pH Values on the Rheological, Textural and Release Properties of Carbomer Polacril ® 40P-Based Dental Gel Formulation with Plant-Derived and Synthetic Active Components. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215018. [PMID: 33138200 PMCID: PMC7663699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The physicochemical properties, especially pH value of dental medicines, have significant influence on the health of oral cavity tissues. The pH of formulations should correspond to the value of saliva pH (5.5–8.0). For carbomer-based gels, the required pH value is obtained by neutralizing them with alkaline components, which leads to their structuring (thickening). This affects the physical properties of the gel, its residence time at the application site and the rate of release of active pharmaceutical ingredient. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to evaluate the rheological, textural, and biopharmaceutical properties of Carbomer Polacril® 40P-based dental gel depending on the pH value. Evaluation of the rheological properties of gel preparations were performed by measuring the structural viscosity of the samples as a function of pH and temperature. The textural properties of the gel were evaluated by performing tests regarding back extrusion and spreadability. Carbomer Polacril® 40P-based gels haven’t shown noticeable thixotropic behavior, and were characterized by plastic flow in the whole studied pH range. The structural viscosity at the selected average pH value hasn’t differed at storage (25 °C) and application (37 °C) temperature. Texture studies of dental gels have shown a strong correlation with rheoparameters. Their rheological behavior and textural properties haven’t changed significantly between the pH range of 5.5–6.6. The relatively narrow range of working pH values does not affect the change in the viscosity of the preparation significantly and, consequently, does not affect the release of APIs from the developed Carbomer Polacril® 40P-based dental gel.
Collapse
|
229
|
The Influence of Different Classes of Amino Acids on Calcium Phosphates Seeded Growth. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13214798. [PMID: 33121165 PMCID: PMC7662258 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) attract attention for elucidating the role of proteins in biomineralization and the preparation of functionalized biomaterials. The influence that AAs exert on calcium phosphate (CaP) mineralization is still not completely understood, as contradictory results have been reported. In this paper, the influence of the addition of different classes of AAs, charged (L-aspartic acid, Asp; L-lysine, Lys), polar (L-asparagine, Asn; L-serine, Ser; L-tyrosine, Tyr), and non-polar (L-phenylalanine, Phe), on CaP growth in the presence of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and calcium hydrogenphosphate dihydrate (DCPD) seeds was investigated. In control systems (without AAs), a calcium-deficient apatite (CaDHA) layer was formed on the surface of OCP, while a mixture of CaDHA and OCP in the form of spherical aggregates was formed on the surface of DCPD crystals. Charged and non-polar promoted, while polar AAs inhibited CaDHA formation on the OCP seeds. In the case of DCPD, Lys, Asp, and Phe promoted CaP formation, while the influence of other AAs was negligible. The most efficient promotor of precipitation in both cases was non-polar Phe. No significant influence of AAs on the composition and morphology of precipitates was observed. The obtained results are of interest for understanding biomineralization processes and additive controlled material synthesis.
Collapse
|
230
|
Dodoo CC, Stapleton P, Basit AW, Gaisford S. The potential of Streptococcus salivarius oral films in the management of dental caries: An inkjet printing approach. Int J Pharm 2020; 591:119962. [PMID: 33049357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of probiotics, which can be administered in oro-dispersible films (ODFs) and have prolonged activity in the mouth, was explored. ODFs made of xylitol and containing Streptococcus salivarius were formulated using inkjet printing and tested against Streptococcus mutans - a causative organism of dental caries. The testing of the prepared ODFs involved co-incubating an ink-jetted formulation of S. salivarius and xylitol with S. mutans and monitoring the microbial growth kinetics in real-time using isothermal microcalorimetry and colony plate counts. Cell-free supernatants (CFS) of S. salivarius were also tested against S. mutans. The phosphate solubilisation potential of S. salivarius was also determined and found to be negative, an indication that the species will not deplete phosphate from teeth. From the tests, it was observed that the formulation reduced the S. mutans population from 7.9 to 5.04 Log CFU/mL post-calorimetry (approximately 3 Log reduction) which was comparable to the 99.9% reduction expected during antimicrobial activity testing. A gradual decrease in S. mutans population was also observed with increasing of CFS of S. salivarius volumes indicative of pathogen suppression. This study demonstrates that S. salivarius can be useful in managing dental caries and ODFs of S. salivarius can be formulated easily using ink-jetting for such management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius C Dodoo
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Paul Stapleton
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Abdul W Basit
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Simon Gaisford
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Mocquot C, Colon P, Fernando D, Jackson P, Pradelle-Plasse N, Grosgogeat B, Attik N. The influence of experimental bioactive glasses on pulp cells behavior in vitro. Dent Mater 2020; 36:1322-1331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
232
|
Serna J, Bergwitz C. Importance of Dietary Phosphorus for Bone Metabolism and Healthy Aging. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3001. [PMID: 33007883 PMCID: PMC7599912 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) plays a critical function in many tissues of the body: for example, as part of the hydroxyapatite in the skeleton and as a substrate for ATP synthesis. Pi is the main source of dietary phosphorus. Reduced bioavailability of Pi or excessive losses in the urine causes rickets and osteomalacia. While critical for health in normal amounts, dietary phosphorus is plentiful in the Western diet and is often added to foods as a preservative. This abundance of phosphorus may reduce longevity due to metabolic changes and tissue calcifications. In this review, we examine how dietary phosphorus is absorbed in the gut, current knowledge about Pi sensing, and endocrine regulation of Pi levels. Moreover, we also examine the roles of Pi in different tissues, the consequences of low and high dietary phosphorus in these tissues, and the implications for healthy aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Serna
- Yale College, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;
| | - Clemens Bergwitz
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
Narukawa M, Suzuki O, Mayahara M, Imamura E, Takagi Y, Funae T, Makino Y, Ohki R, Nakamura M. Resorption analysis of deproteinized cancellous bovine bone. Dent Mater J 2020; 39:760-765. [PMID: 32404567 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2019-240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Commercially available deproteinized cancellous bovine bone (DPBB) has been indicated as non-absorbable bone filling materials. Stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HA) was not resorbed by osteoclasts while calcium-deficient and carbonate-rich apatite converted from octacalcium (OCP hydrolysate) was resorbed by osteoclasts. We analyzed the chemical composition of DPBB and compared the tissue reactions around two materials after implanting into mouse bone marrow. X-ray diffraction analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that DPBB was a carbonate-rich apatite. Micro-CT analysis indicated the massive bone formation on both materials at 2 weeks, then gradually resorbed. At 12 weeks, osteoclasts were directly attached to both materials. The ultrastructure of ruffled borders on DPBB was identical to osteoclasts resorbing normal bone while ruffled border on OCP hydrolysate showed irregular shape. These results indicated that DPBB was the absorbed material and that the structure of ruffled border of osteoclasts might be regulated by the size or orientation of HA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Narukawa
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry
| | - Osamu Suzuki
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Mitsuori Mayahara
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry
| | - Eisaku Imamura
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry.,Division of Oral Surgery, Yokohama General Hospital
| | - Yoshitoki Takagi
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry
| | - Takashi Funae
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry
| | - Yuusuke Makino
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry
| | - Retsu Ohki
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry
| | - Masanori Nakamura
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Fan D, Wang Q, Zhu T, Wang H, Liu B, Wang Y, Liu Z, Liu X, Fan D, Wang X. Recent Advances of Magnetic Nanomaterials in Bone Tissue Repair. Front Chem 2020; 8:745. [PMID: 33102429 PMCID: PMC7545026 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnetic field has been proven to enhance bone tissue repair by affecting cell metabolic behavior. Magnetic nanoparticles are used as biomaterials due to their unique magnetic properties and good biocompatibility. Through endocytosis, entering the cell makes it easier to affect the physiological function of the cell. Once the magnetic particles are exposed to an external magnetic field, they will be rapidly magnetized. The magnetic particles and the magnetic field work together to enhance the effectiveness of their bone tissue repair treatment. This article reviews the common synthesis methods, the mechanism, and application of magnetic nanomaterials in the field of bone tissue repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daoyang Fan
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tengjiao Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hufei Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics & Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingchuan Liu
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- CED Education, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Zhongjun Liu
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xunyong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Dongwei Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics & Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Ruengrungsom C, Burrow MF, Parashos P, Palamara JEA. Evaluation of F, Ca, and P release and microhardness of eleven ion-leaching restorative materials and the recharge efficacy using a new Ca/P containing fluoride varnish. J Dent 2020; 102:103474. [PMID: 32941973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to evaluate fluoride (F), calcium (Ca), and phosphate (P) release of ion-leaching restorative materials (ILMs), their recharge efficacy with a Ca/P-containing F varnish, and relative microhardness. METHODS Thirteen groups of materials were investigated. Cylindrical-shaped specimens were fabricated. Deionised water or lactic-acid solution were used as the storage media. Solutions were changed after 1d, 4d, 7d, and 14d of ion release and at the same periods after recharge with MI Varnish (7 -h storage). F, Ca, and P measurements were accomplished using a fluoride-ion selective electrode, atomic absorption spectrometry, and colourimetric method by spectrophotometer, respectively. Relative Vickers hardness was proceeded with similar specimens used in the F assay (4 periods). SEM/EDS was additionally performed. Statistical analyses were calculated in each parameter (p < 0.05). RESULT Hardness of several ILMs immediately increased after recharge. After 28d, Ketac Universal [a high-viscosity glass-ionomer cement (HVGIC)] showed the highest hardness similar to the resin composite control. Although 2 HVGICs (Zirconomer and Equia Forte Fil) ranked as first and second for F release/re-release, some HVGICs had inferior or comparable F capacity to RMGICs (Fuji VIII and Fuji II LC) and a resin-based (RB) ILM (Cention N). Cention N, Activa-Restorative (RB-ILM), and Zirconomer were the top-3 ranking for Ca release/re-release. Activa-Restorative showed the highest P release, whereas Cention N displayed the greatest recharge ability for P. CONCLUSIONS Zirconomer showed a versatile performance for ion-release/re-release, especially for F. Cention N had excellent capacity in relation to Ca release and recharge ability of Ca/P. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE With the F varnish recharge protocol, Zirconomer, Equia Forte, and Fuji VIII seems to have an ability to inhibit initial caries initiation. Cention N is a promising resin-based material that could be an alternative for high caries risk patients due to the high Ca release/recharge with acceptable F release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chirayu Ruengrungsom
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Michael F Burrow
- Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Peter Parashos
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Joseph E A Palamara
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Dissanayake SSM, Ekambaram M, Li KC, Harris PWR, Brimble MA. Identification of Key Functional Motifs of Native Amelogenin Protein for Dental Enamel Remineralisation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25184214. [PMID: 32937944 PMCID: PMC7571260 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries or tooth decay is a preventable and multifactorial disease that affects billions of people globally and is a particular concern in younger populations. This decay arises from acid demineralisation of tooth enamel resulting in mineral loss from the subsurface. The remineralisation of early enamel carious lesions could prevent the cavitation of teeth. The enamel protein amelogenin constitutes 90% of the total enamel matrix protein in teeth and plays a key role in the biomineralisation of tooth enamel. The physiological importance of amelogenin has led to the investigation of the possible development of amelogenin-derived biomimetics against dental caries. We herein review the literature on amelogenin, its primary and secondary structure, comparison to related species, and its’ in vivo processing to bioactive peptide fragments. The key structural motifs of amelogenin that enable enamel remineralisation are discussed. The presence of several motifs in the amelogenin structure (such as polyproline, N- and C-terminal domains and C-terminal orientation) were shown to play a critical role in the formation of particle shape during remineralization. Understanding the function/structure relationships of amelogenin can aid in the rational design of synthetic polypeptides for biomineralisation, halting enamel loss and leading to improved therapies for tooth decay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shama S. M. Dissanayake
- School of Chemical Sciences, 23 Symonds St, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Manikandan Ekambaram
- Paediatric Dentistry, Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (M.E.); (K.C.L.)
| | - Kai Chun Li
- Paediatric Dentistry, Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (M.E.); (K.C.L.)
| | - Paul W. R. Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences, 23 Symonds St, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
- School of Biological Sciences, 3b Symonds St, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, 3b Symonds St, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (P.W.R.H.); (M.A.B.); Tel.: +64-9-373-7599 (P.W.R.H. & M.A.B.); Fax: +64-9-373-7422 (P.W.R.H. & M.A.B.)
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, 23 Symonds St, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
- School of Biological Sciences, 3b Symonds St, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, 3b Symonds St, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (P.W.R.H.); (M.A.B.); Tel.: +64-9-373-7599 (P.W.R.H. & M.A.B.); Fax: +64-9-373-7422 (P.W.R.H. & M.A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
237
|
Carvalho FSR, Feitosa VP, Fonteles CSR, Ribeiro TR, Araújo BS, Ayala AP, Costa FWG. Compositional and microhardness findings in tooth affected by X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. J Clin Exp Dent 2020; 12:e688-e694. [PMID: 32904979 PMCID: PMC7462373 DOI: 10.4317/jced.56945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to evaluate the X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLHR)-related compositional and microhardness tooth aspects.
Material and Methods One affected and one non-affected teeth by XLHR were sectioned transversely, and each section was separated for Micro-Raman spectroscopy, Knoop microhardness and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDS). The outcomes of these analyses were assessed.
Results Outcomes of Raman analysis of inorganic/organic components (~958/~1250+~1450 cm−1) and carbonate/phosphate (~1070/~958 cm−1) ratios showed areas of altered enamel and dentin (interglobular dentin, calcospherites, and mantle dentin) with an increase of inorganic content in the rickets tooth. Microhardness reduction was observed in the affected tooth, with a more evident drop in regions of mantle dentin, interglobular dentin, and calcospherites. SEM-EDS analysis showed demonstrated the absence of calcium and phosphorus in interglobular spaces.
Conclusions In conclusion, compositional and structural deficiencies were observed in deciduous tooth affected by XLHR. Also, it was observed the absence of hydroxyapatite in the interglobular dentin by using Raman spectroscopy analysis. Key words:Dentin, dentin permeability, X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets, tooth, tooth calcification, Raman spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cristiane-Sá Roriz Fonteles
- DDS, PhD. Post-graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Thyciana-Rodrigues Ribeiro
- DDS, PhD. Post-graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Bruno-Sousa Araújo
- MSc. Division of Physics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio-Wildson-Gurgel Costa
- DDS, PhD. Post-graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
de Sousa Ferreira VC, Lopes AP, Alves NM, Sousa FRN, Pereira KMA, Gondim DV, Girão VCC, Leitão RFC, Goes P. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis induced change in alveolar bone architecture in rats with participation of Wnt signaling. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:673-682. [PMID: 32897500 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work aimed to study the role of inflammation in medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) in rats with focus on Wnt signaling. METHODS A total of 36 female Wistar rats (12 weeks ± 200 g) were divided into 2 groups (n = 6) in 3 experiments: saline (SAL) and zoledronic acid (ZOL). For MRONJ induction, rats received 0.1 mg/kg of ZOL (ip) 3×/week for 9 weeks. Animals from the SAL group received 0.1 mg/kg of 0.9% SAL, ip 3×/week for 9 weeks. On the 8th week, 3 left upper molars were extracted, and on the 11th week, they were euthanized. Maxillae were evaluated by macroscopic and histopathological analyses; scanning electron microscopy (SEM); immunohistochemistry for DKK-1, Wnt 10b, and caspase-3; and Raman spectrometry. Gingiva was also collected for TNF-α e IL-1β quantification. RESULTS Bone necrosis was confirmed by healing impairment, reduced number of viable osteocytes, increased caspase-3 immunoexpression, and increased number of empty lacunae (p < 0.05). ZOL enhanced inflammation and increased gingival levels of IL-1β and TNF-α (p < 0.05). Irregular indentations were seen on bone after ZOL administration. Bone necrosis was marked by reduced amount of total and type I collagen. ZOL reduced the mineral/matrix ratio and increased carbonate/phosphate ratio. It was observed a significant reduction on Wnt10b and beta-catenin immunolabeling in the bone tissue of ZOL group. CONCLUSION In summary, MRONJ model caused bone necrosis due to intense inflammation. Wnt signaling seems to play an important role in this process. CLINICAL RELEVANCE New therapeutic strategies focusing on Wnt pathway can provide an interesting approach for future treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Costa de Sousa Ferreira
- Department of Morphology, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Nucleus of Study and Research in Pain, Inflammation and Osteoimmunology (NEPDIO), Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Amanda Pimentel Lopes
- Department of Morphology, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Nucleus of Study and Research in Pain, Inflammation and Osteoimmunology (NEPDIO), Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Militão Alves
- Department of Morphology, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Nucleus of Study and Research in Pain, Inflammation and Osteoimmunology (NEPDIO), Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Karuza Maria Alves Pereira
- Department of Morphology, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Nucleus of Study and Research in Pain, Inflammation and Osteoimmunology (NEPDIO), Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Delane Viana Gondim
- Department of Morphology, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Nucleus of Study and Research in Pain, Inflammation and Osteoimmunology (NEPDIO), Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paula Goes
- Nucleus of Study and Research in Pain, Inflammation and Osteoimmunology (NEPDIO), Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. .,Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. .,Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Monsenhor Furtado, s/n 60441-750. Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
239
|
Ferrer MD, López-López A, Nicolescu T, Perez-Vilaplana S, Boix-Amorós A, Dzidic M, Garcia S, Artacho A, Llena C, Mira A. Topic Application of the Probiotic Streptococcus dentisani Improves Clinical and Microbiological Parameters Associated With Oral Health. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:465. [PMID: 32984080 PMCID: PMC7488176 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus dentisani 7746, isolated from dental plaque of caries-free individuals, has been shown to have several beneficial effects in vitro which could contribute to promote oral health, including an antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens by the production of bacteriocins and a pH buffering capacity through ammonia production. Previous work has shown that S. dentisani was able to colonize the oral cavity for 2–4 weeks after application. The aim of the present work was to evaluate its clinical efficacy by a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group study. Fifty nine volunteers were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to a treatment or placebo group. The treatment consisted of a bucco-adhesive gel application (2.5 109 cfu/dose) with a dental splint for 5 min every 48 h, for a period of 1 month (i.e., 14 doses). Dental plaque and saliva samples were collected at baseline, 15 and 30 days after first application, and 15 days after the end of treatment. At baseline, there was a significant correlation between S. dentisani levels and frequency of toothbrushing. Salivary flow, a major factor influencing oral health, was significantly higher in the probiotic group at day 15 compared with the placebo (4.4 and 3.4 ml/5 min, respectively). In the probiotic group, there was a decrease in the amount of dental plaque and in gingival inflammation, but no differences were observed in the placebo group. The probiotic group showed a significant increase in the levels of salivary ammonia and calcium. Finally, Illumina sequencing of plaque samples showed a beneficial shift in bacterial composition at day 30 relative to baseline, with a reduction of several cariogenic organisms and the key players in plaque formation, probably as a result of bacteriocins production. Only 58% of the participants in the probiotic group showed increased plaque levels of S. dentisani at day 30 and 71% by day 45, indicating that the benefits of S. dentisani application could be augmented by improving colonization efficiency. In conclusion, the application of S. dentisani 7746 improved several clinical and microbiological parameters associated with oral health, supporting its use as a probiotic to prevent tooth decay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María D Ferrer
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Aranzazu López-López
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Teodora Nicolescu
- Clínica Odontológica, Fundació Lluís Alcanyis, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Alba Boix-Amorós
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Majda Dzidic
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Garcia
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Artacho
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Llena
- Clínica Odontológica, Fundació Lluís Alcanyis, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alex Mira
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
Bijle MN, Ekambaram M, Lo ECM, Yiu CKY. The enamel remineralization potential of fluoride varnishes containing arginine. J Dent 2020; 99:103411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
241
|
Chugh P, Dutt R, Sharma A, Bhagat N, Dhar MS. A critical appraisal of the effects of probiotics on oral health. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
242
|
Degli Esposti L, Ionescu AC, Brambilla E, Tampieri A, Iafisco M. Characterization of a Toothpaste Containing Bioactive Hydroxyapatites and In Vitro Evaluation of Its Efficacy to Remineralize Enamel and to Occlude Dentinal Tubules. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13132928. [PMID: 32629879 PMCID: PMC7372420 DOI: 10.3390/ma13132928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Demineralization of dental hard tissues is a well-known health issue and the primary mechanism responsible for caries and dentinal hypersensitivity. Remineralizing toothpastes are nowadays available to improve conventional oral care formulations regarding the prevention and repair of demineralization. In this paper, we analyzed the chemical-physical features of a commercial toothpaste (Biosmalto Caries Abrasion and Erosion, Curasept S.p.A., Saronno, Italy), with particular attention paid to the water-insoluble fraction which contains the remineralizing bioactive ingredients. Moreover, the efficacy of the toothpaste to induce enamel remineralization and to occlude dentinal tubules has been qualitatively and semiquantitatively tested in vitro on human dental tissues using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Our results demonstrated that the water-insoluble fraction contained silica as well as chitosan and poorly crystalline biomimetic hydroxyapatite doped with carbonate, magnesium, strontium, and fluoride ions. The formulation showed excellent ability to restore demineralized enamel into its native structure by epitaxial deposition of a new crystalline phase in continuity with the native one. It was also able to occlude the dentinal tubules exposed completely by acid-etching. Overall, this study demonstrated that the tested toothpaste contained a biomimetic ionic-substituted hydroxyapatite-based active principle and that, within the in vitro conditions analyzed in this study, it was effective in dental hard tissue remineralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Degli Esposti
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy; (L.D.E.); (A.T.)
| | - Andrei C. Ionescu
- Oral Microbiology and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.C.I.); (E.B.)
| | - Eugenio Brambilla
- Oral Microbiology and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.C.I.); (E.B.)
| | - Anna Tampieri
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy; (L.D.E.); (A.T.)
| | - Michele Iafisco
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy; (L.D.E.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0546-699-730
| |
Collapse
|
243
|
Mocquot C, Attik N, Pradelle-Plasse N, Grosgogeat B, Colon P. Bioactivity assessment of bioactive glasses for dental applications: A critical review. Dent Mater 2020; 36:1116-1143. [PMID: 32605848 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the context of minimally invasive dentistry and tissue conservation, bioactive products are valuable. The aim of this review was to identify, clarify, and classify the methodologies used to quantify the bioactive glasses bioactivity. METHODS Specific search strategies were performed in electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. Papers were selected after a review of their title, abstract, and full text. The following data were then examined for final selection: BAG investigated, objectives, criteria, methods, and outcomes. RESULTS Sixty-one studies published from 2001 to 2019, were included. The bioactivity of BAG can be evaluated in vitro in contact with solutions, enamel, dentin, or cells. Other studies have conducted in vivo evaluation by BAG contact with dentin and dental pulp. Studies have used various analysis techniques: evaluation of apatite with or without characterization or assessment of mechanical properties. Reprecipitation mechanisms and pulp cell stimulation are treated together through the term 'bioactivity'. SIGNIFICANCE Based on these results, we suggested a classification of methodologies for a better understanding of the bioactive properties of BAG. According to all in vitro studies, BAG appear to be bioactive materials. No consensus has been reached on the results of in vivo studies, and no comparison has been conducted between protocols to assess the bioactivity of other bioactive competitor products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Mocquot
- Université de Lyon - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5615, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Rothschild, Service d'Odontologie, Université de Paris, Faculté dentaire, France.
| | - Nina Attik
- Université de Lyon - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5615, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté d'Odontologie, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Nelly Pradelle-Plasse
- Université de Lyon - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5615, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Rothschild, Service d'Odontologie, Université de Paris, Faculté dentaire, France
| | - Brigitte Grosgogeat
- Université de Lyon - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5615, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté d'Odontologie, 69008 Lyon, France; Hospices civils de Lyon, Service d'Odontologie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Colon
- Université de Lyon - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5615, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Rothschild, Service d'Odontologie, Université de Paris, Faculté dentaire, France
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
Fernández-Escudero AC, Legaz I, Prieto-Bonete G, López-Nicolás M, Maurandi-López A, Pérez-Cárceles MD. Aging and trace elements in human coronal tooth dentine. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9964. [PMID: 32561784 PMCID: PMC7305194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Teeth are a fundamental tool in forensic odontology for identification in a legal context of those individuals who cannot be identified visually or by other means. Dentine presents physiological exchanges of in trace elements after a period of mineralization and several factors can affect its concentration. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of 25 trace elements in the coronal dentine according to sex and type of tooth to determine their relationship with age. A total of 25 trace elements were analyzed in 150 human coronal dentine. Teeth were classified into three age groups, sex and tooth type. The trace elements were grouped as potentially toxic or essential. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry and Atomic Emission Spectroscopy were used. The toxic and essential elements were detected in the following order of concentration: Al > Pb > Sn > Li > As > Cd and Ca > P > Mg > Na > S > K > Sr > Zn > Ba > Fe > B > Ti > Mn > Cr > Ni > Cu > Co > Se > V. Our findings show an increase in the concentration of toxic (Pb, Li and Sn) and essential (B, Ba, K, Sr, S and Mg) elements in coronal dentin related to the age of the teeth, regardless of sex. The concentrations of Pb and K in dentin of molars and premolars are the elements that best relate their variations with age. In view of our results, the analysis of these trace elements in dentin in combination with other types of techniques could be established as an element to consider in age dating studies in different forensic situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Fernández-Escudero
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel Legaz
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Gemma Prieto-Bonete
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel López-Nicolás
- Department of Dermatology, Stomatology, Radiology and Physical Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Maurandi-López
- Department of Didactics of Mathematical and Social Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María D Pérez-Cárceles
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Uwitonze AM, Rahman S, Ojeh N, Grant WB, Kaur H, Haq A, Razzaque MS. Oral manifestations of magnesium and vitamin D inadequacy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 200:105636. [PMID: 32084549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adequate nutrition is essential for maintaining good oral health. Minerals such as magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus found in the diet constitute the main structural components of the tooth. Their inadequacy leads to absorption impairment, increased bleeding tendency, bone resorption, looseness, and premature tooth loss. Inadequacy of those essential minerals is associated with delayed tooth eruption and with enamel or dentin hypoplasia. Taking calcium without magnesium results in soft dental enamel, which cannot resist the acids causing tooth decay. In addition to magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus, adequate vitamin D is needed to maintain optimal oral health. Vitamin D exerts anti-inflammatory effects and helps in calcium absorption and bone remodeling. Moreover, adequate vitamin D status could reduce formation of dental caries by delaying its onset and progression. Here we summarize the oral manifestations of vitamin D and magnesium inadequacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Uwitonze
- Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, University of Rwanda College of Medicine & Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Sayeeda Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology & Public Health, School of Medicine, American University of Integrative Sciences, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Nkemcho Ojeh
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - William B Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition, & Health Research Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Harleen Kaur
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences & Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Afrozul Haq
- Department of Food Technology, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammed S Razzaque
- Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, University of Rwanda College of Medicine & Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Kigali, Rwanda; College of Advancing & Professional Studies (CAPS), University of Massachusetts Boston (UMB), Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
246
|
Yilmaz N, Baltaci E, Baygin O, Tüzüner T, Ozkaya S, Canakci A. Effect of the usage of Er,Cr:YSGG laser with and without different remineralization agents on the enamel erosion of primary teeth. Lasers Med Sci 2020; 35:1607-1620. [PMID: 32472426 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different remineralization agents associated with erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) (0.5 W power, 20 Hz frequency, 60% water, 40% air, 25 mJ pulse energy, 8.84 J/cm2 fluence, 60 μs pulse duration, 600 μm tip diameter, and an approximate 1-1.5 mm distance to the target) laser irradiation on erosion induced by the consumption of carbonated drinks in human primary enamel. There were 8 groups and 10 primary teeth in each g0roup. The distribution was as follows: group 1, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate with fluoride (CPP-ACPF); group 2, Er,Cr:YSGG laser+CPP-ACPF; group 3, fluor varnish; group 4, Er,Cr:YSGG Laser+fluoride varnish; group 5, ROCS® medical mineral gel; group 6, Er,Cr:YSGG laser + ROCS® medical mineral gel; group 7, Er,Cr:YSGG laser; and group 8, artificial saliva. The samples in the groups were submerged in artificial saliva and acid twice a day for 6 s at 6-h intervals and were then exposed to an erosion cycle 15 times. In the groups in which the Er,Cr:YSGG laser was applied in combination with the remineralization agents, the laser application was made first, and then the remineralization agents were applied for 4 min in each group. The Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and the Bonferroni correction were used in statistical analyses, and the significance level was taken as p < 0.05. According to the results, all agents had a statistically significant difference (groups 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6: p = 0.005, p < 0.017; groups 5 and 7: p = 0.007, p < 0.017) between BL-RM periods. However, all agents had a statistically significant remineralization effect on primary teeth enamel (groups 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7: p = 0.005, p < 0.017; group 4: p = 0.011, p < 0.017) except that group 5 (p = 0.074, p < 0.017) between DM-RM periods. The coadministration of an agent with the laser did not make any difference at a statistical level (p = 0.804, p > 0.05). The results were supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. As a result of this study, CPP-ACPF had a notable impact in terms of the remineralization effect on eroded enamel, and the Er,Cr:YSGG laser alone may be an alternative method, which may be related to the modified hydroxyapatite structure, 38.5% H0.56Ca4.56O13P3Y0.44, that was determined in XRD analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagehan Yilmaz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Ezgi Baltaci
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Ozgul Baygin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Tamer Tüzüner
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Serdar Ozkaya
- Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Aykut Canakci
- Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
247
|
The Effect of Bioactive Glass-Enhanced Orthodontic Bonding Resins on Prevention of Demineralization: A Systematic Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112495. [PMID: 32471284 PMCID: PMC7321359 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, bioactive glasses (BAGs) are demonstrating promising results in the remineralization of hard tissues. Their bioactive properties can potentially overcome the demineralization effect accompanying orthodontic treatment. This review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of bioactive glass enhanced orthodontic bonding resins on enamel remineralization, in addition to their antibacterial, ion release and acid neutralization effect. Four databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science and Scopus) were searched. Two hundred and fifty-one full-text articles were screened independently, out of which seven studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. Quality appraisal was performed by two independent reviewers. Methodologies used to assess the anti-demineralization effect included Micro-Computed Tomography, Polarized Light Microscopy and Hardness Testing (Knoop and Berkovich). All seven articles confirmed the superior remineralization effect of BAG orthodontic bonding resins compared to their non-BAG counterparts. A proportional relationship was proved between BAG concentrations and increased anti-demineralization effect. The addition of antibacterial agents to BAG does not necessarily improve its anti-demineralization effect. Although studies have confirmed the effectiveness of BAG orthodontic bonding resins on enamel remineralization, there was a degree of heterogeneity across studies due to the lack of an in vitro studies standardized protocol.
Collapse
|
248
|
Ozturk T, Atilla AO, Yagci A. Cervicovertebral anomalies and/or normal variants in patients with congenitally bilateral absent maxillary lateral incisors. Angle Orthod 2020; 90:383-389. [PMID: 33378430 PMCID: PMC8032309 DOI: 10.2319/061919-418.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether there is a relationship between congenitally bilaterally absent maxillary lateral incisors (BAMLIs) and skeletal anomalies and/or normal variants. MATERIALS AND METHODS The records of 86 patients (62 girls, 24 boys; age 12-17 years) with congenitally BAMLIs and 86 patients (55 girls, 34 boys; age 13-18 years) without any dental or skeletal anomalies were collected and evaluated retrospectively. The study was based on the evaluation of lateral cephalometric and orthopantomographic radiographs. Posterior arch deficiency of the atlas bone (PADA); atlanto-occipital ligament calcification, known as "ponticulus posticus" (PP); and interclinoid ligament calcification, known as "sella turcica bridging" were recorded for each participant. Pearson χ2 and Fisher exact tests were used to evaluate and compare skeletal anomalies and/or normal variants between patients with BAMLIs and the control group. RESULTS The prevalence of cervicovertebral anomalies and/or normal variants seen in the lateral cephalometric radiographs was higher in patients with BAMLI than in the control group. The prevalence of PP was lower and that of PADA was higher in patients with BAMLIs than in the control group (P < .05). CONCLUSION The prevalence of PADA was increased and that of PP formation was decreased in patients with BAMLIs. There was a significant relationship between skeletal anomalies and/or normal variants.
Collapse
|
249
|
Micro-PAD card for measuring total ammonia nitrogen in saliva. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3167-3176. [PMID: 32303795 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02577-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a portable microfluidic paper-based analytical device (micro-PAD) card for the quantification of total ammonia nitrogen in human saliva. The amount of total ammonia nitrogen in saliva can be an indicator of the status of the oral microbiome with potential correlation to kidney health problems. The developed micro-PAD card comprises twenty units consisting of three stacked layers of circular discs: the sample layer, paper discs impregnated with sodium hydroxide solution, the PTFE membrane layer, and the detection layer, paper discs impregnated with bromothymol blue. The twenty units were aligned on transparent laminating pouches laminated to form the micro-PAD card (7.5 cm × 10.5 cm). Saliva samples can be directly dispensed onto the micro-PAD card and the detection was achieved by the BTB indicator color change, from yellow to blue, after conversion of ammonium into ammonia and diffusion of the ammonia gas through a hydrophobic layer. The determination of total ammonia nitrogen in saliva using the developed micro-PAD card intended to be very simple method and operated without the need of laboratory equipment. A quantification limit of 11.3 NH4+mg L-1 and linear application range from up to 150 NH4+mg L-1 were obtained making it suitable for the expected concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen in human saliva. It was successfully applied to saliva samples and its validation obtained by comparison against a potentiometric method. The card is stable for at least 1 month making it ideal as a portable device for point-of-care diagnosis. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
|
250
|
Khonina T, Chupakhin O, Shur V, Turygin A, Sadovsky V, Mandra Y, Sementsova E, Kotikova A, Legkikh A, Nikitina E, Bogdanova E, Sabirzyanov N. Silicon-hydroxyapatite‒glycerohydrogel as a promising biomaterial for dental applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 189:110851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|