201
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Glycogen synthase kinase-3β regulates fractalkine production by altering its trafficking from Golgi to plasma membrane: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:1153-1163. [PMID: 27832289 PMCID: PMC5309299 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a serine-threonine kinase implicated in multiple processes and signaling pathways. Its dysregulation is associated with different pathological conditions including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here we demonstrate how changes in GSK-3β activity and/or levels regulate the production and subsequent secretion of fractalkine, a chemokine involved in the immune response that has been linked to AD and to other different neurological disorders. Treatment of primary cultured neurons with GSK-3β inhibitors such as lithium and AR-A014418 decreased full-length fractalkine in total cell extracts. Opposite effects were observed after neuron transduction with a lentiviral vector overexpressing the kinase. Biotinylation assays showed that those changes mainly affect the plasma membrane-associated form of the protein, an observation that positively correlates with changes in the levels of its soluble form. These effects were confirmed in lithium-treated wild type (wt) mice and in GSK-3β transgenic animals, as well as in brain samples from AD patients, evident as age-dependent (animals) or Braak stage dependent changes (humans) in both the membrane-bound and the soluble forms of the protein. Further immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated how GSK-3β exerts these effects by affecting the trafficking of the chemokine from the Golgi to the plasma membrane, in different and opposite ways when the levels/activity of the kinase are increased or decreased. This work provides for the first time a mechanism linking GSK-3β and fractalkine both in vitro and in vivo, with important implications for neurological disorders and especially for AD, in which levels of this chemokine might be useful as a diagnostic tool.
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202
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Role of Microglia in Neurological Disorders and Their Potentials as a Therapeutic Target. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7567-7584. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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203
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Xu MX, Yu R, Shao LF, Zhang YX, Ge CX, Liu XM, Wu WY, Li JM, Kong LD. Up-regulated fractalkine (FKN) and its receptor CX3CR1 are involved in fructose-induced neuroinflammation: Suppression by curcumin. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 58:69-81. [PMID: 26765996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that diet-induced fractalkine (FKN) stimulates neuroinflammation in animal models of obesity, yet how it occurs is unclear. This study investigated the role of FKN and it receptor, CX3CR1, in fructose-induced neuroinflammation, and examined curcumin's beneficial effect. Fructose feeding was found to induce hippocampal microglia activation with neuroinflammation through the activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) signaling, resulting in the reduction of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of mice. Serum FKN levels, as well as hypothalamic FKN and CX3CR1 gene expression, were significantly increased in fructose-fed mice with hypothalamic microglia activation. Hippocampal gene expression of FKN and CX3CR1 was also up-regulated at 14d and normalized at 56d in mice fed with fructose, which were consistent with the change of GFAP. Furthermore, immunostaining showed that GFAP and FKN expression was increased in cornu amonis 1, but decreased in DG in fructose-fed mice. In vitro studies showed that GFAP and FKN expression was stimulated in astrocytes, and suppressed in mixed glial cells exposed to 48h-fructose, with the continual increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, increased FKN and CX3CR1 may cause a cross-talk between activated glial cells and neurons, playing an important role in the development of neuroinflammation in fructose-fed mice. Curcumin protected against neuronal damage in hippocampal DG of fructose-fed mice by inhibiting microglia activation and suppressed FKN/CX3CR1 up-regulation in the neuronal network. These results suggest a new therapeutic approach to protect against neuronal damage associated with dietary obesity-associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Xuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Rong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Li-Fei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yan-Xiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Chen-Xu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xin-Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Wen-Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jian-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Ling-Dong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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204
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Cherry JD, Tripodis Y, Alvarez VE, Huber B, Kiernan PT, Daneshvar DH, Mez J, Montenigro PH, Solomon TM, Alosco ML, Stern RA, McKee AC, Stein TD. Microglial neuroinflammation contributes to tau accumulation in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:112. [PMID: 27793189 PMCID: PMC5084333 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0382-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic effects of repetitive head impacts (RHI) on the development of neuroinflammation and its relationship to chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) are unknown. Here we set out to determine the relationship between RHI exposure, neuroinflammation, and the development of hyperphosphorylated tau (ptau) pathology and dementia risk in CTE. We studied a cohort of 66 deceased American football athletes from the Boston University-Veteran's Affairs-Concussion Legacy Foundation Brain Bank as well as 16 non-athlete controls. Subjects with a neurodegenerative disease other than CTE were excluded. Counts of total and activated microglia, astrocytes, and ptau pathology were performed in the dorsolateral frontal cortex (DLF). Binary logistic and simultaneous equation regression models were used to test associations between RHI exposure, microglia, ptau pathology, and dementia. Duration of RHI exposure and the development and severity of CTE were associated with reactive microglial morphology and increased numbers of CD68 immunoreactive microglia in the DLF. A simultaneous equation regression model demonstrated that RHI exposure had a significant direct effect on CD68 cell density (p < 0.0001) and ptau pathology (p < 0.0001) independent of age at death. The effect of RHI on ptau pathology was partially mediated through increased CD68 positive cell density. A binary logistic regression demonstrated that a diagnosis of dementia was significantly predicted by CD68 cell density (OR = 1.010, p = 0.011) independent of age (OR = 1.055, p = 0.007), but this effect disappeared when ptau pathology was included in the model. In conclusion, RHI is associated with chronic activation of microglia, which may partially mediate the effect of RHI on the development of ptau pathology and dementia in CTE. Inflammatory molecules may be important diagnostic or predictive biomarkers as well as promising therapeutic targets in CTE.
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205
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Minhas G, Sharma J, Khan N. Cellular Stress Response and Immune Signaling in Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Front Immunol 2016; 7:444. [PMID: 27822213 PMCID: PMC5075763 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia–reperfusion injury is a well-known pathological hallmark associated with diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and other related retinopathies that ultimately can lead to visual impairment and vision loss. Retinal ischemia pathogenesis involves a cascade of detrimental events that include energy failure, excitotoxic damage, calcium imbalance, oxidative stress, and eventually cell death. Retina for a long time has been known to be an immune privileged site; however, recent investigations reveal that retina, as well as the central nervous system, elicits immunological responses during various stress cues. Stress condition, such as reperfusion of blood supply post-ischemia results in the sequestration of different immune cells, inflammatory mediators including cytokines, chemokines, etc., to the ischemic region, which in turn facilitates induction of inflammatory conditions in these tissues. The immunological activation during injury or stress per se is beneficial for repair and maintenance of cellular homeostasis, but whether the associated inflammation is good or bad, during ischemia–reperfusion injury, hitherto remains to be explored. Keeping all these notions in mind, the current review tries to address the immune response and host stress response mechanisms involved in ischemia–reperfusion injury with the focus on the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillipsie Minhas
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , Telangana, India
| | - Jyoti Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , Telangana, India
| | - Nooruddin Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , Telangana, India
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206
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Kamphuis W, Kooijman L, Schetters S, Orre M, Hol EM. Transcriptional profiling of CD11c-positive microglia accumulating around amyloid plaques in a mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1847-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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207
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Andreasson KI, Bachstetter AD, Colonna M, Ginhoux F, Holmes C, Lamb B, Landreth G, Lee DC, Low D, Lynch MA, Monsonego A, O’Banion MK, Pekny M, Puschmann T, Russek-Blum N, Sandusky LA, Selenica MLB, Takata K, Teeling J, Town T, Van Eldik LJ, Russek-Blum N, Monsonego A, Low D, Takata K, Ginhoux F, Town T, O’Banion MK, Lamb B, Colonna M, Landreth G, Andreasson KI, Sandusky LA, Selenica MLB, Lee DC, Holmes C, Teeling J, Lynch MA, Van Eldik LJ, Bachstetter AD, Pekny M, Puschmann T. Targeting innate immunity for neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system. J Neurochem 2016; 138:653-93. [PMID: 27248001 PMCID: PMC5433264 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is critically involved in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, and key signaling steps of innate immune activation hence represent promising therapeutic targets. This mini review series originated from the 4th Venusberg Meeting on Neuroinflammation held in Bonn, Germany, 7-9th May 2015, presenting updates on innate immunity in acute brain injury and chronic neurodegenerative disorders, such as traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer disease, on the role of astrocytes and microglia, as well as technical developments that may help elucidate neuroinflammatory mechanisms and establish clinical relevance. In this meeting report, a brief overview of physiological and pathological microglia morphology is followed by a synopsis on PGE2 receptors, insights into the role of arginine metabolism and further relevant aspects of neuroinflammation in various clinical settings, and concluded by a presentation of technical challenges and solutions when working with microglia and astrocyte cultures. Microglial ontogeny and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia, advances of TREM2 signaling, and the cytokine paradox in Alzheimer's disease are further contributions to this article. Neuroinflammation is critically involved in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, and key signaling steps of innate immune activation hence represent promising therapeutic targets. This mini review series originated from the 4th Venusberg Meeting on Neuroinflammation held in Bonn, Germany, 7-9th May 2015, presenting updates on innate immunity in acute brain injury and chronic neurodegenerative disorders, such as traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease, on the role of astrocytes and microglia, as well as technical developments that may help elucidate neuroinflammatory mechanisms and establish clinical relevance. In this meeting report, a brief overview on physiological and pathological microglia morphology is followed by a synopsis on PGE2 receptors, insights into the role of arginine metabolism and further relevant aspects of neuroinflammation in various clinical settings, and concluded by a presentation of technical challenges and solutions when working with microglia cultures. Microglial ontogeny and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia, advances of TREM2 signaling, and the cytokine paradox in Alzheimer's disease are further contributions to this article.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Niva Russek-Blum
- The Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Central Arava Branch, Yair Station, Hazeva, Israel
| | - Alon Monsonego
- The Shraga Segal Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, The Faculty of Health Sciences: The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Donovan Low
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Kazuyuki Takata
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Terrence Town
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089,
| | - M. Kerry O’Banion
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Del Monte Neuromedicine Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642,
| | - Bruce Lamb
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gary Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University 44106
| | - Katrin I. Andreasson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leslie A. Sandusky
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, FL 33613
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tampa, FL 33613
| | - Maj-Linda B. Selenica
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, FL 33613
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tampa, FL 33613
| | - Daniel C. Lee
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, FL 33613
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tampa, FL 33613
| | - Clive Holmes
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 7YD, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Teeling
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 7YD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Milos Pekny
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Till Puschmann
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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208
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Guillot-Sestier MV, Doty KR, Town T. Innate Immunity Fights Alzheimer's Disease. Trends Neurosci 2016; 38:674-681. [PMID: 26549882 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common age-related dementia. Pathognomonic accumulation of cerebral β-amyloid plaques likely results from imbalanced production and removal of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. In AD, innate immune cells lose their ability to restrict cerebral Aβ accumulation. At least in principle, mononuclear phagocytes can be enlisted to clear Aβ/β-amyloid from the brain. While the classical focus has been on dampening neuroinflammation in the context of AD, we hypothesize that rebalancing cerebral innate immunity by inhibiting actions of key anti-inflammatory cytokines returns the brain to a physiological state. Recent experiments demonstrating beneficial effects of blocking anti-inflammatory cytokine signaling in preclinical mouse models provide supportive evidence. This concept represents an important step toward innate immune-targeted therapy to combat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Victoire Guillot-Sestier
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Room 337, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2821, USA
| | - Kevin R Doty
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Room 337, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2821, USA
| | - Terrence Town
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Room 337, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2821, USA.
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209
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Rawat P, Spector SA. Development and characterization of a human microglia cell model of HIV-1 infection. J Neurovirol 2016; 23:33-46. [PMID: 27538994 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia cells are the major reservoir of HIV-1 (HIV) within the CNS. However, current models using transformed cell lines are not representative of primary microglia and fetal brain samples for isolation of primary human microglia (HMG) are increasingly difficult to obtain. Here, we describe a monocyte-derived microglia (MMG) cell model of HIV infection that recapitulates infection of primary HMG. CD14+ cells isolated from healthy donors were cultured with M-CSF, beta-nerve growth factor, GM-CSF, and CCL2, and compared to HMG. MMG and HMG cells were infected with HIV and viral replication was detected by p24 antigen. Both MMG and HMG cells were found to acquire spindle shape with few branched or unbranched processes at their ends during the second week in culture and both were found to be CD11b+/ CD11c+/ CD14+/ CD45+/ CD195+/ HLADRlow/ CD86low/ CD80+. Whereas hT-Hμglia and HMC3 transformed cell lines are deficient in human microglia signature genes (C1Q, GAS6, GPR34, MERTK, PROS1, and P2RY12), MMG cells expressed all of these genes. Additionally, MMG expressed all the microglia signature miRNA (miR-99a, miR125b-5p, and miR-342-3p). Both MMG and HMG produced ROS and phagocytosed labeled zymosan particles upon PMA stimulation. MMG and HMG infected with HIV produced equivalent levels of HIV p24 antigen in culture supernatants for 30 days post-infection. Thus, we have developed and characterized a microglia cell model of HIV infection derived from primary monocytes that recapitulates the phenotypic and molecular properties of HMG, is superior to transformed cell lines, and has similar HIV replication kinetics to HMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Rawat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0672, USA
| | - Stephen A Spector
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0672, USA. .,Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA.
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210
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Hertwig L, Hamann I, Romero-Suarez S, Millward JM, Pietrek R, Chanvillard C, Stuis H, Pollok K, Ransohoff RM, Cardona AE, Infante-Duarte C. CX3CR1-dependent recruitment of mature NK cells into the central nervous system contributes to control autoimmune neuroinflammation. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1984-96. [PMID: 27325505 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1)-deficient mice develop very severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), associated with impaired NK cell recruitment into the CNS. Yet, the precise implications of NK cells in autoimmune neuroinflammation remain elusive. Here, we investigated the pattern of NK cell mobilization and the contribution of CX3CR1 to NK cell dynamics in the EAE. We show that in both wild-type and CX3CR1-deficient EAE mice, NK cells are mobilized from the periphery and accumulate in the inflamed CNS. However, in CX3CR1-deficient mice, the infiltrated NK cells displayed an immature phenotype contrasting with the mature infiltrates in WT mice. This shift in the immature/mature CNS ratio contributes to EAE exacerbation in CX3CR1-deficient mice, since transfer of mature WT NK cells prior to immunization exerted a protective effect and normalized the CNS NK cell ratio. Moreover, mature CD11b(+) NK cells show higher degranulation in the presence of autoreactive 2D2 transgenic CD4(+) T cells and kill these autoreactive cells more efficiently than the immature CD11b(-) fraction. Together, these data suggest a protective role of mature NK cells in EAE, possibly through direct modulation of T cells inside the CNS, and demonstrate that mature and immature NK cells are recruited into the CNS by distinct chemotactic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hertwig
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabell Hamann
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvina Romero-Suarez
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason M Millward
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebekka Pietrek
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Coralie Chanvillard
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanna Stuis
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karolin Pollok
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,German Rheumatism Research Center, Germany and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Astrid E Cardona
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Carmen Infante-Duarte
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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211
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Alam JJ. Selective Brain-Targeted Antagonism of p38 MAPKα Reduces Hippocampal IL-1β Levels and Improves Morris Water Maze Performance in Aged Rats. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:219-27. [PMID: 26401942 PMCID: PMC4923728 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: P38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) α modulates microglia-mediated inflammatory responses and a number of neuronal physiological processes. Objective: To evaluate pre-clinically the pharmacological effects in the brain of p38 MAPKα inhibition with a brain-penetrant specific chemical antagonist. Methods: VX-745, a blood-brain barrier penetrant, highly selective p38 MAPKα inhibitor, and clinical stage investigational drug, was utilized. Initially, a pilot study in 26-month-old Tg2576 mice was conducted. Subsequently, a definitive dose-response study was conducted in aged (20–22 months) rats with identified cognitive deficits; n = 15 per group: vehicle, 0.5, 1.5, and 4.5 mg/kg VX-745 by oral gavage twice daily for 3 weeks. Assessments in aged rats included IL-1β, PSD-95, TNFα protein levels in hippocampus; and Morris water maze (MWM) test for cognitive performance. Results: Drug effect could not be assessed in Tg2576 mice, as little inflammation was evident. In cognitively-impaired aged rats, VX-745 led to significantly improved performance in the MWM and significant reduction in hippocampal IL-1β protein levels, though the effects were dissociated as the MWM effect was evident at a lower dose level than that required to lower IL-1β. Drug concentration-effect relationships and predicted human doses were determined. Conclusions: Selective inhibition of p38 MAPKα with VX-745 in aged rats reduces hippocampal IL-1β levels and improves performance in the MWM. As the two effects occur at different dose levels, the behavioral effect appears to be via a mechanism that is independent of reducing cytokine production. The predicted human doses should minimize risks of systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Alam
- Correspondence to: John J. Alam, MD, EIP Pharma, LLC, 11 Channing Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Tel.: +1 617 909 5737;
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212
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ElAli A, Rivest S. Microglia in Alzheimer's disease: A multifaceted relationship. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 55:138-150. [PMID: 26254232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting elderly people worldwide, which is mainly characterized by cerebral amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaque deposition and neurofibrillary tangle formation. The interest in microglia arose from the overwhelming experimental evidence that outlined a key role of neuroinflammation in AD pathology. Microglia constitute the powerhouse of the innate immune system in the brain. It is now widely accepted that microglia are myeloid-derived cells that infiltrate the developing brain at the early embryonic stages, and acquire a highly ramified phenotype postnatally. Microglia use these dynamic ramifications as sentinels to sense and detect any occurring alteration in brain homeostasis. Once a danger signal is detected, microglia get activated by acquiring a less ramified phenotype, and mount adequate responses that range from phagocyting cell debris to secreting inflammatory and trophic factors. Earlier reports have demonstrated, unequivocally, that microglia surround Aβ plaques and internalize Aβ microaggregates. However, the implication of these observations in AD pathology, and consequently treatment, is still a matter of debate. Nonetheless, targeting the activity of these cells constituted a convergent point in this debate. Unfortunately, the conflicting experimental findings obtained following the modulation of microglial activity in AD, further fueled the debate. This review aims at providing an overview regarding what we know about the implication of microglia in AD pathology, and treatment. The emerging role of monocytes is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman ElAli
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Canada.
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213
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CX3CL1/CX3CR1 in Alzheimer's Disease: A Target for Neuroprotection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8090918. [PMID: 27429982 PMCID: PMC4939332 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8090918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CX3C chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) is an intriguing chemokine belonging to the CX3C family. CX3CL1 is secreted by neurons and plays an important role in modulating glial activation in the central nervous system after binding to its sole receptor CX3CR1 which mainly is expressed on microglia. Emerging data highlights the beneficial potential of CX3CL1-CX3CR1 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a common progressive neurodegenerative disease, and in the progression of which neuroinflammation plays a vital role. Even so, the importance of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 in AD is still controversial and needs further clarification. In this review, we make an attempt to present a concise map of CX3CL1-CX3CR1 associated with AD to find biomarkers for early diagnosis or therapeutic interventions.
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214
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Zabel MK, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Gonzalez SR, Ma W, Wang X, Fariss RN, Wong WT. Microglial phagocytosis and activation underlying photoreceptor degeneration is regulated by CX3CL1-CX3CR1 signaling in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Glia 2016; 64:1479-91. [PMID: 27314452 PMCID: PMC4958518 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a disease characterized by the progressive degeneration of mutation‐bearing photoreceptors, is a significant cause of incurable blindness in the young worldwide. Recent studies have found that activated retinal microglia contribute to photoreceptor demise via phagocytosis and proinflammatory factor production, however mechanisms regulating these contributions are not well‐defined. In this study, we investigate the role of CX3CR1, a microglia‐specific receptor, in regulating microglia‐mediated degeneration using the well‐established rd10 mouse model of RP. We found that in CX3CR1‐deficient (CX3CR1GFP/GFP) rd10 mice microglial infiltration into the photoreceptor layer was significantly augmented and associated with accelerated photoreceptor apoptosis and atrophy compared with CX3CR1‐sufficient (CX3CR1GFP/+) rd10 littermates. CX3CR1‐deficient microglia demonstrated increased phagocytosis as evidenced by (1) having increased numbers of phagosomes in vivo, (2) an increased rate of phagocytosis of fluorescent beads and photoreceptor cellular debris in vitro, and (3) increased photoreceptor phagocytosis dynamics on live cell imaging in retinal explants, indicating that CX3CR1 signaling in microglia regulates the phagocytic clearance of at‐risk photoreceptors. We also found that CX3CR1 deficiency in retinal microglia was associated with increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation markers. Significantly, increasing CX3CL1‐CX3CR1 signaling in the rd10 retina via exogenous intravitreal delivery of recombinant CX3CL1 was effective in (1) decreasing microglial infiltration, phagocytosis and activation, and (2) improving structural and functional features of photoreceptor degeneration. These results indicate that CX3CL1‐CX3CR1 signaling is a molecular mechanism capable of modulating microglial‐mediated degeneration and represents a potential molecular target in therapeutic approaches to RP. GLIA 2016;64:1479–1491
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Zabel
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lian Zhao
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yikui Zhang
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shaimar R Gonzalez
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wenxin Ma
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xu Wang
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert N Fariss
- Biological Imaging Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wai T Wong
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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215
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Espinosa-Jeffrey A, Arrazola RA, Chu B, Taniguchi A, Barajas SM, Bokhoor P, Garcia J, Feria-Velasco A, de Vellis J. Trophic factors intervention regenerates the nestin-expressing cell population in a model of perinatal excitotoxicity: Implications for perinatal brain injury and prematurity. INTEGRATIVE MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2016; 3:703-715. [PMID: 35558521 PMCID: PMC9094396 DOI: 10.15761/imm.1000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that TSC1 (a combination of transferrin and IGF-1) is a potent inductor of myelinogenesis in myelin deficient rats and in demyelinated adult mice. More recently, we demonstrated that regeneration of oligodendrocyte progenitors and myelin are possible with a single dose of TSC1 in a mouse model of Premature birth. Here, using the same mouse model of perinatal white matter damage due to glutamate excitotoxicity (GME), we tested the hypothesis that regeneration of endogenous nestin-expressing neural progenitors improves the outcome of prematurity. Treatments: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), saline, NMDA+TSC1 together or NMDA followed byTSC1 3 days later, were stereotaxically delivered into the corpus callosum of P4 mouse pups. Fluorescence analysis showed an intense enrichment of nestin-expressing cells in groups injected with NMDA+TSC1 from which many were generated by proliferation. Moreover, when TSC1 was injected three days after the primary insult it was still able to reduce ventricular enlargement and extensively rescue nestin-expressing progenitors. Cells co-expressing the proliferation marker Ki67, CNPase and faint nestin label were more abundant in groups injected with MNDA+TSC1 at 35 days after injection. Stereological analysis showed that the number of nestin-expressing cells in the sub-ventricular zone correlated inversely with the volume of the ventricle. A delayed administration of TSC1 after excitotoxicity reduced ventriculomegaly but not as much as, when NMDA and TSC1 were injected simultaneously. Thus, the earliest TSC1 was administered, the more tissue was rescued as shown by reduced ventriculomegaly. Astrocytes responded to GME by upregulating the expression of estrogen receptor and this expression was attenuated in the presence of TSC1 suggesting a decreased inflammation and a lesser need for estrogen-mediated central nervous system (CNS) neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Espinosa-Jeffrey
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7332, USA
| | - R A Arrazola
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7332, USA
| | - B Chu
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7332, USA
| | - A Taniguchi
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7332, USA
| | - S M Barajas
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7332, USA
| | - P Bokhoor
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7332, USA
| | - J Garcia
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7332, USA
| | - A Feria-Velasco
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7332, USA
| | - J de Vellis
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7332, USA
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216
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Van Eldik LJ, Carrillo MC, Cole PE, Feuerbach D, Greenberg BD, Hendrix JA, Kennedy M, Kozauer N, Margolin RA, Molinuevo JL, Mueller R, Ransohoff RM, Wilcock DM, Bain L, Bales K. The roles of inflammation and immune mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2016; 2:99-109. [PMID: 29067297 PMCID: PMC5644267 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Alzheimer's Association's Research roundtable met in April 2015 to explore the role of neuroinflammatory mechanisms in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The ability of innate immune cells, particularly microglia and astrocytes, to mediate neuroinflammation in AD has been implicated as a significant contributor to disease pathogenesis. Adaptive immunity, which plays an important role in responding to injury and some diseases of the central nervous system, may contribute to neuroinflammation in AD as well. Communication between the central and peripheral immune systems may also be important in AD. An increased understanding of the physiology of the innate immune system may aid the identification of new therapeutic targets or mechanisms. The development of predictive animal models and translatable neuroinflammation biomarkers for AD would also facilitate the advancement of novel treatments for innate immunity. Important challenges impeding the advancement of new therapeutic agents and strategies to overcome them were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Maria C Carrillo
- Division of Medical & Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Dominik Feuerbach
- Neuroscience Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barry D Greenberg
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James A Hendrix
- Division of Medical & Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew Kennedy
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - José L Molinuevo
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, ICN Hospital Clinic i Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona beta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Donna M Wilcock
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lisa Bain
- Independent medical writer, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kelly Bales
- Pfizer, Inc. Neuroscience Research Unit, Cambridge, MA, USA
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217
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Feng X, Szulzewsky F, Yerevanian A, Chen Z, Heinzmann D, Rasmussen RD, Alvarez-Garcia V, Kim Y, Wang B, Tamagno I, Zhou H, Li X, Kettenmann H, Ransohoff RM, Hambardzumyan D. Loss of CX3CR1 increases accumulation of inflammatory monocytes and promotes gliomagenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:15077-94. [PMID: 25987130 PMCID: PMC4558137 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The most abundant populations of non-neoplastic cells in the glioblastoma (GBM) microenvironment are resident microglia, macrophages and infiltrating monocytes from the blood circulation. The mechanisms by which monocytes infiltrate into GBM, their fate following infiltration, and their role in GBM growth are not known. Here we tested the hypothesis that loss of the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 in microglia and monocytes would affect gliomagenesis. Deletion of Cx3cr1 from the microenvironment resulted in increased tumor incidence and shorter survival times in glioma-bearing mice. Loss of Cx3cr1 did not affect accumulation of microglia/macrophages in peri-tumoral areas, but instead indirectly promoted the trafficking of CD11b+CD45hiCX3CR1lowLy-6ChiLy-6G−F4/80−/low circulating inflammatory monocytes into the CNS, resulting in their increased accumulation in the perivascular area. Cx3cr1-deficient microglia/macrophages and monocytes demonstrated upregulation of IL1β expression that was inversely proportional to Cx3cr1 gene dosage. The Proneural subgroup of the TCGA GBM patient dataset with high IL1β expression showed shorter survival compared to patients with low IL1β. IL1β promoted tumor growth and increased the cancer stem cell phenotype in murine and human Proneural glioma stem cells (GSCs). IL1β activated the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1/CCL2) by tumor cells. Loss of Cx3cr1 in microglia in a monocyte-free environment had no impact on tumor growth and did not alter microglial migration. These data suggest that enhancing signaling to CX3CR1 or inhibiting IL1β signaling in intra-tumoral macrophages can be considered as potential strategies to decrease the tumor-promoting effects of monocytes in Proneural GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Feng
- Department of Neurosciences at Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Frank Szulzewsky
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexan Yerevanian
- Department of Neurosciences at Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Zhihong Chen
- Department of Neurosciences at Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - David Heinzmann
- Department of Neurosciences at Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Cardiology at Tübingen University School of Medicine, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Yeonghwan Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Bingcheng Wang
- Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ilaria Tamagno
- Department of Neurosciences at Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Immunology at Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Immunology at Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard M Ransohoff
- Department of Neurosciences at Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Neuroinflammation Research Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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218
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Srinivasan K, Friedman BA, Larson JL, Lauffer BE, Goldstein LD, Appling LL, Borneo J, Poon C, Ho T, Cai F, Steiner P, van der Brug MP, Modrusan Z, Kaminker JS, Hansen DV. Untangling the brain's neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative transcriptional responses. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11295. [PMID: 27097852 PMCID: PMC4844685 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A common approach to understanding neurodegenerative disease is comparing gene expression in diseased versus healthy tissues. We illustrate that expression profiles derived from whole tissue RNA highly reflect the degenerating tissues' altered cellular composition, not necessarily transcriptional regulation. To accurately understand transcriptional changes that accompany neuropathology, we acutely purify neurons, astrocytes and microglia from single adult mouse brains and analyse their transcriptomes by RNA sequencing. Using peripheral endotoxemia to establish the method, we reveal highly specific transcriptional responses and altered RNA processing in each cell type, with Tnfr1 required for the astrocytic response. Extending the method to an Alzheimer's disease model, we confirm that transcriptomic changes observed in whole tissue are driven primarily by cell type composition, not transcriptional regulation, and identify hundreds of cell type-specific changes undetected in whole tissue RNA. Applying similar methods to additional models and patient tissues will transform our understanding of aberrant gene expression in neurological disease. Whole tissue RNA profiling can help identify altered molecular pathways underlying neurodegenerative disease, but often masks cell type-specific transcriptional changes. Here, the authors compare transcriptomes of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia from Alzheimer's disease model brains and identify hundreds of cell-type specific changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karpagam Srinivasan
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Brad A Friedman
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Jessica L Larson
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Benjamin E Lauffer
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Leonard D Goldstein
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Laurie L Appling
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Jovencio Borneo
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Chungkee Poon
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Terence Ho
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Fang Cai
- Department of Diagnostics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Pascal Steiner
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Marcel P van der Brug
- Department of Diagnostics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Joshua S Kaminker
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - David V Hansen
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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219
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Liu W, Jiang L, Bian C, Liang Y, Xing R, Yishakea M, Dong J. Role of CX3CL1 in Diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 64:371-83. [PMID: 27098399 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are a family of small 8-10 kDa inducible cytokines. Initially characterized as chemotactic factors, they are now considered to affect not just cellular recruitment. CX3CL1 is a unique chemokine that can exist in a soluble form, as a chemotactic cytokine, or in a membrane-attached form that acts as a binding molecule. Recently, the effects of CX3CL1 on diseases, such as inflammation and cancer, have been supported and confirmed by numerous publications. However, due to its dual effects, CX3CL1 exerts numerous effects on pathophysiological conditions that have both negative and positive consequences on pathogenesis and outcome. This review article summarizes the important scientific and clinical data that now point to a critical role for CX3CL1 in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- WangMi Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Libo Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chong Bian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yun Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Rong Xing
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mumingjiang Yishakea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian Dong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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220
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Zhao J, Deng Y, Jiang Z, Qing H. G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) in Alzheimer's Disease: A Focus on BACE1 Related GPCRs. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:58. [PMID: 27047374 PMCID: PMC4805599 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been considered as one of the largest families of validated drug targets, which involve in almost overall physiological functions and pathological processes. Meanwhile, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, affects thinking, learning, memory and behavior of elderly people, that has become the hotspot nowadays for its increasing risks and incurability. The above fields have been intensively studied, and the link between the two has been demonstrated, whereas the way how GPCRs perturb AD progress are yet to be further explored given their complexities. In this review, we summarized recent progress regarding the GPCRs interacted with β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), a key secretase in AD pathogenesis. Then we discussed the current findings on the regulatory roles of GPCRs on BACE1, and the possibility for pharmaceutical treatment of AD patients by the allosteric modulators and biased ligands of GPCRs. We hope this review can provide new insights into the understanding of mechanistic link between GPCRs and BACE1, and highlight the potential of GPCRs as therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhao
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China
| | - Zhaotan Jiang
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China
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221
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Striebel JF, Race B, Carroll JA, Phillips K, Chesebro B. Knockout of fractalkine receptor Cx3cr1 does not alter disease or microglial activation in prion-infected mice. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1481-1487. [PMID: 26935332 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation is a hallmark of the neuroimmunological response to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and prion disease. The CX3C chemokine axis consists of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor (CX3CR1); these are expressed by neurons and microglia respectively, and are known to modulate microglial activation. In prion-infected mice, both Cx3cr1 and Cx3cl1 are altered, suggesting a role in disease. To investigate the influence of CX3C axis signalling on prion disease, we infected Cx3cr1 knockout (Cx3cr1-KO) and control mice with scrapie strains 22L and RML. Deletion of Cx3cr1 had no effect on development of clinical signs or disease incubation period. In addition, comparison of brain tissue from Cx3cr1-KO and control mice revealed no significant differences in cytokine levels, spongiosis, deposition of disease-associated prion protein or microglial activation. Thus, microglial activation during prion infection did not require CX3C axis signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Striebel
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Brent Race
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - James A Carroll
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Katie Phillips
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Bruce Chesebro
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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222
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Poniatowski ŁA, Wojdasiewicz P, Krawczyk M, Szukiewicz D, Gasik R, Kubaszewski Ł, Kurkowska-Jastrzębska I. Analysis of the Role of CX3CL1 (Fractalkine) and Its Receptor CX3CR1 in Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury: Insight into Recent Advances in Actions of Neurochemokine Agents. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2167-2188. [PMID: 26927660 PMCID: PMC5355526 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CX3CL1 (fractalkine) is the only member of the CX3C (delta) subfamily of chemokines which is unique and combines the properties of both chemoattractant and adhesion molecules. The two-form ligand can exist either in a soluble form, like all other chemokines, and as a membrane-anchored molecule. CX3CL1 discloses its biological properties through interaction with one dedicated CX3CR1 receptor which belongs to a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). The CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis acts in many physiological phenomena including those occurring in the central nervous system (CNS), by regulating the interactions between neurons, microglia, and immune cells. Apart from the role under physiological conditions, the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis was implied to have a role in different neuropathologies such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI). CNS injuries represent a serious public health problem, despite improvements in therapeutic management. To date, no effective treatment has been determined, so they constitute a leading cause of death and severe disability. The course of TBI and SCI has two consecutive poorly demarcated phases: the initial, primary injury and secondary injury. Recent evidence has implicated the role of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis in neuroinflammatory processes occurring after CNS injuries. The importance of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis in the pathophysiology of TBI and SCI in the context of systemic and direct local immune response is still under investigation. This paper, based on a review of the literature, updates and summarizes the current knowledge about CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis involvement in TBI and SCI pathogenesis, indicating possible molecular and cellular mechanisms with a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz A Poniatowski
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 3C, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Wojdasiewicz
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 3C, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Rheumaorthopaedics, Eleonora Reicher National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Spartańska 1, 02-637, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Neuroorthopaedics and Neurology, Eleonora Reicher National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Spartańska 1, 02-637, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Krawczyk
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Pediatric and Neurological Rehabilitation, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Marymoncka 34, 00-968, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Szukiewicz
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 3C, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Gasik
- Department of Rheumaorthopaedics, Eleonora Reicher National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Spartańska 1, 02-637, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Neuroorthopaedics and Neurology, Eleonora Reicher National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Spartańska 1, 02-637, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kubaszewski
- Department of Neuroorthopaedics and Neurology, Eleonora Reicher National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Spartańska 1, 02-637, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Wiktor Dega Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Clinical Hospital, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 135/147, 61-545, Poznań, Poland
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223
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Anastasio TJ. Temporal-logic analysis of microglial phenotypic conversion with exposure to amyloid-β. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:434-53. [PMID: 25406664 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00457d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer Disease (AD) remains a leading killer with no adequate treatment. Ongoing research increasingly implicates the brain's immune system as a critical contributor to AD pathogenesis, but the complexity of the immune contribution poses a barrier to understanding. Here I use temporal logic to analyze a computational specification of the immune component of AD. Temporal logic is an extension of logic to propositions expressed in terms of time. It has traditionally been used to analyze computational specifications of complex engineered systems but applications to complex biological systems are now appearing. The inflammatory component of AD involves the responses of microglia to the peptide amyloid-β (Aβ), which is an inflammatory stimulus and a likely causative AD agent. Temporal-logic analysis of the model provides explanations for the puzzling findings that Aβ induces an anti-inflammatory and well as a pro-inflammatory response, and that Aβ is phagocytized by microglia in young but not in old animals. To potentially explain the first puzzle, the model suggests that interferon-γ acts as an "autocrine bridge" over which an Aβ-induced increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines leads to an increase in anti-inflammatory mediators also. To potentially explain the second puzzle, the model identifies a potential instability in signaling via insulin-like growth factor 1 that could explain the failure of old microglia to phagocytize Aβ. The model predicts that augmentation of insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling, and activation of protein kinase C in particular, could move old microglia from a neurotoxic back toward a more neuroprotective and phagocytic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Anastasio
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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224
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Sustained Arginase 1 Expression Modulates Pathological Tau Deposits in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy. J Neurosci 2016; 35:14842-60. [PMID: 26538654 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3959-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau accumulation remains one of the closest correlates of neuronal loss in Alzheimer's disease. In addition, tau associates with several other neurodegenerative diseases, collectively known as tauopathies, in which clinical phenotypes manifest as cognitive impairment, behavioral disturbances, and motor impairment. Polyamines act as bivalent regulators of cellular function and are involved in numerous biological processes. The regulation of the polyamines system can become dysfunctional during disease states. Arginase 1 (Arg1) and nitric oxide synthases compete for l-arginine to produce either polyamines or nitric oxide, respectively. Herein, we show that overexpression of Arg1 using adeno-associated virus (AAV) in the CNS of rTg4510 tau transgenic mice significantly reduced phospho-tau species and tangle pathology. Sustained Arg1 overexpression decreased several kinases capable of phosphorylating tau, decreased inflammation, and modulated changes in the mammalian target of rapamycin and related proteins, suggesting activation of autophagy. Arg1 overexpression also mitigated hippocampal atrophy in tau transgenic mice. Conversely, conditional deletion of Arg1 in myeloid cells resulted in increased tau accumulation relative to Arg1-sufficient mice after transduction with a recombinant AAV-tau construct. These data suggest that Arg1 and the polyamine pathway may offer novel therapeutic targets for tauopathies.
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225
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Murtishaw AS, Heaney CF, Bolton MM, Sabbagh JJ, Langhardt MA, Kinney JW. Effect of acute lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in intracerebroventricular-streptozotocin injected rats. Neuropharmacology 2016; 101:110-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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226
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APOE Isoforms Control Pathogenic Subretinal Inflammation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J Neurosci 2016; 35:13568-76. [PMID: 26446211 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2468-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Contrary to Alzheimer's disease (AD), the APOE2 allele increases and the APOE4 allele reduces the risk to develop age-related macular degeneration (AMD) compared with the most common APOE3 allele. The underlying mechanism for this association with AMD and the reason for the puzzling difference with AD are unknown. We previously demonstrated that pathogenic subretinal mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) accumulate in Cx3cr1-deficient mice due to the overexpression of APOE, interleukin-6, and CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2). We here show using targeted replacement mice expressing the human APOE isoforms (TRE2, TRE3, and TRE4) that MPs of TRE2 mice express increased levels of APOE, interleukin-6, and CCL2 and develop subretinal MP accumulation, photoreceptor degeneration, and exaggerated choroidal neovascularization similar to AMD. Pharmacological inhibition of the cytokine induction inhibited the pathogenic subretinal inflammation. In the context of APOE-dependent subretinal inflammation in Cx3cr1(GFP/GFP) mice, the APOE4 allele led to diminished APOE and CCL2 levels and protected Cx3cr1(GFP/GFP) mice against harmful subretinal MP accumulation observed in Cx3cr1(GFP/GFP)TRE3 mice. Our study shows that pathogenic subretinal inflammation is APOE isoform-dependent and provides the rationale for the previously unexplained implication of the APOE2 isoform as a risk factor and the APOE4 isoform as a protective factor in AMD pathogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The understanding of how genetic predisposing factors, which play a major role in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), participate in its pathogenesis is an important clue to decipher the pathomechanism and develop efficient therapies. In this study, we used transgenic, targeted replacement mice that carry the three human APOE isoform-defining sequences at the mouse APOE chromosomal location and express the human APOE isoforms. Our study is the first to show how APOE2 provokes and APOE4 inhibits the cardinal AMD features, inflammation, degeneration, and exaggerated neovascularization. Our findings reflect the clinical association of the genetic predisposition that was recently confirmed in a major pooled analysis. They emphasize the role of APOE in inflammation and inflammation in AMD.
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227
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Central nervous system myeloid cells as drug targets: current status and translational challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 15:110-24. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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228
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Michels M, Steckert AV, Quevedo J, Barichello T, Dal-Pizzol F. Mechanisms of long-term cognitive dysfunction of sepsis: from blood-borne leukocytes to glial cells. Intensive Care Med Exp 2015; 3:30. [PMID: 26515197 PMCID: PMC4626467 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-015-0066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mechanisms are associated with brain dysfunction during sepsis; one of the most important are activation of microglia and astrocytes. Activation of glial cells induces changes in permeability of the blood-brain barrier, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and these alterations could induce neuronal dysfunction. Furthermore, blood-borne leukocytes can also reach the brain and participate in inflammatory response. Mechanisms involved in sepsis-associated brain dysfunction were revised here, focusing in neuroinflammation and involvement of blood-borne leukocytes and glial cells in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Michels
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil.
| | - Amanda V Steckert
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, The University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, The University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil.
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229
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Minter MR, Taylor JM, Crack PJ. The contribution of neuroinflammation to amyloid toxicity in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2015; 136:457-74. [PMID: 26509334 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia. Deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) remains a hallmark feature of the disease, yet the precise mechanism(s) by which this peptide induces neurotoxicity remain unknown. Neuroinflammation has long been implicated in AD pathology, yet its contribution to disease progression is still not understood. Recent evidence suggests that various Aβ complexes interact with microglial and astrocytic expressed pattern recognition receptors that initiate innate immunity. This process involves secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and generation of reactive oxygen species that, in excess, drive a dysregulated immune response that contributes to neurodegeneration. The mechanisms by which a neuroinflammatory response can influence Aβ production, aggregation and eventual clearance are now becoming key areas where future therapeutic intervention may slow progression of AD. This review will focus on evidence supporting the combined neuroinflammatory-amyloid hypothesis for pathogenesis of AD, describing the key cell types, pathways and mediators involved. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Deposition of intracellular plaques containing amyloid-beta (Aβ) is a hallmark proteinopathy of the disease yet the precise mechanisms by which this peptide induces neurotoxicity remains unknown. A neuroinflammatory response involving polarized microglial activity, enhanced astrocyte reactivity and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine load has long been implicated in AD and proposed to facilitate neurodegeneration. In this issue we discuss key receptor systems of innate immunity that detect Aβ, drive pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production and influence Aβ aggregation and clearance. Evidence summarized in this review supports the combined neuroinflammatory-amyloid hypothesis for pathogenesis of AD and highlights the potential of immunomodulatory agents as potential future therapies for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles R Minter
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juliet M Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Crack
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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230
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Fractalkine Signaling Regulates the Inflammatory Response in an α-Synuclein Model of Parkinson Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140566. [PMID: 26469270 PMCID: PMC4607155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and widespread aggregates of the protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn). Increasing evidence points to inflammation as a chief mediator; however, the role of α-syn in triggering and sustaining inflammation remains unclear. In models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and neurotoxin models of PD, the chemokine CX3CL1 (fractalkine) and its receptor (CX3CR1) have important roles in modulating neuroinflammation. METHODS To examine the role of fractalkine signaling in α-syn-induced-neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, we used an in vivo mouse model in which human α-syn is overexpressed by an adeno associated viral vector serotype 2 (AAV2) and in vitro phagocytosis and protein internalization assays with primary microglia treated with aggregated α-syn. RESULTS We observed that loss of CX3CR1 expression led to a reduced inflammatory response, with reduced IgG deposition and expression of MHCII 4 weeks post-transduction. Six months post transduction, AAV2 mediated overexpression of α-syn leads to loss of dopaminergic neurons, and this loss was not exacerbated in animals with deletion of CX3CR1. To determine the mechanism by which CX3CR1affects inflammatory responses in α-syn-induced inflammation, phagocytosis was assessed using a fluorescent microsphere assay as well as by microglial uptake of aggregated α-syn. CX3CR1-/- microglia showed reduced uptake of fluorescent beads and aggregated α-syn. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that one mechanism by which CX3CR1-/- attenuates inflammation is at the level of phagocytosis of aggregated α-syn by microglia. These data implicate fractalkine signaling as a potential therapeutic target for regulating inflammatory response in α-syn models PD.
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231
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Wieghofer P, Prinz M. Genetic manipulation of microglia during brain development and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:299-309. [PMID: 26432479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wieghofer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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232
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Verheijden S, De Schepper S, Boeckxstaens GE. Neuron-macrophage crosstalk in the intestine: a "microglia" perspective. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:403. [PMID: 26528133 PMCID: PMC4603243 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal macrophages are strategically located in different layers of the intestine, including the mucosa, submucosa and muscularis externa, where they perform complex tasks to maintain intestinal homeostasis. As the gastrointestinal tract is continuously challenged by foreign antigens, macrophage activation should be tightly controlled to prevent chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Unraveling the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the tissue-specific control of macrophage activation is crucial to get more insight into intestinal immune regulation. Two recent reports provide unanticipated evidence that the enteric nervous system (ENS) acts as a critical regulator of macrophage function in the myenteric plexus. Both studies clearly illustrate that enteric neurons reciprocally interact with intestinal macrophages and are actively involved in shaping their phenotype. This concept has striking parallels with the central nervous system (CNS), where neuronal signals maintain microglia, the resident macrophages of the CNS, in a quiescent, anti-inflammatory state. This inevitably evokes the perception that the ENS and CNS share mechanisms of neuroimmune interaction. In line, intestinal macrophages, both in the muscularis externa and (sub)mucosa, express high levels of CX3CR1, a feature that was once believed to be unique for microglia. CX3CR1 is the sole receptor of fractalkine (CX3CL1), a factor mainly produced by neurons in the CNS to facilitate neuron-microglia communication. The striking parallels between resident macrophages of the brain and intestine might provide a promising new line of thought to get more insight into cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling macrophage activation in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Verheijden
- Laboratory of Neuroimmune Interaction and Mucosal Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University Hospital Leuven KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan De Schepper
- Laboratory of Neuroimmune Interaction and Mucosal Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University Hospital Leuven KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy E Boeckxstaens
- Laboratory of Neuroimmune Interaction and Mucosal Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University Hospital Leuven KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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233
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Zhao W, Lu H, Wang X, Ransohoff RM, Zhou L. CX3CR1 deficiency delays acute skeletal muscle injury repair by impairing macrophage functions. FASEB J 2015; 30:380-93. [PMID: 26443824 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-270090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adequate inflammatory response predominated by macrophage infiltration is essential to acute skeletal muscle injury repair. The majority of intramuscular macrophages express the chemokine receptor CX3CR1. We studied the role of CX3CR1 in regulating intramuscular macrophage number and function in acute injury repair by using a loss-of-function approach. Muscle injury repair was delayed in CX3CR1(GFP/GFP) mice as compared with wild-type (WT) controls. CX3CR1 was predominantly expressed by macrophages but not by myogenic cells or capillary endothelia cells in injured muscles. Intramuscular macrophage number and subset composition were not altered by CX3CR1 deficiency. Intramuscular macrophage phagocytosis function was impaired by CX3CR1 deficiency as demonstrated by increased number of necrotic fibers (+115%) and percentage of necrotic area (+204%) at 7 d, increased number of intramuscular neutrophils at 3 (+89%) but not 1 d, reduced number of phagocytosing macrophages (-12%) and phagocytosed beads within macrophages (-15%) in CX3CR1(GFP/GFP) mice as compared with WT controls. The mRNA expression of CD36 (-50%), CD14 (-43%), IGF-1 (-53%), and IL-6 (-40%) was reduced in CX3CR1-deficient macrophages as compared with WT controls. We conclude that CX3CR1 is important to acute skeletal muscle injury repair by regulating macrophage phagocytosis function and trophic growth factor production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanming Zhao
- *Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; and Department of Neurosciences, Neuroinflammation Research Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Haiyan Lu
- *Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; and Department of Neurosciences, Neuroinflammation Research Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xingyu Wang
- *Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; and Department of Neurosciences, Neuroinflammation Research Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard M Ransohoff
- *Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; and Department of Neurosciences, Neuroinflammation Research Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lan Zhou
- *Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; and Department of Neurosciences, Neuroinflammation Research Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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234
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Meyer-Luehmann M, Prinz M. Myeloid Cells in Alzheimer's Disease: Culprits, Victims or Innocent Bystanders? Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:659-668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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235
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Mhatre SD, Tsai CA, Rubin AJ, James ML, Andreasson KI. Microglial malfunction: the third rail in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:621-636. [PMID: 26442696 PMCID: PMC4670239 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have predominantly focused on two major pathologies: amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau. These misfolded proteins can accumulate asymptomatically in distinct regions over decades. However, significant Aβ accumulation can be seen in individuals who do not develop dementia, and tau pathology limited to the transentorhinal cortex, which can appear early in adulthood, is usually clinically silent. Thus, an interaction between these pathologies appears to be necessary to initiate and propel disease forward to widespread circuits. Recent multidisciplinary findings strongly suggest that the third factor required for disease progression is an aberrant microglial immune response. This response may initially be beneficial; however, a maladaptive microglial response eventually develops, fueling a feed-forward spread of tau and Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhita D Mhatre
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Connie A Tsai
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, USA; Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amanda J Rubin
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, USA; Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle L James
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katrin I Andreasson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
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236
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Abstract
Microglia, the major myeloid cells of the central nervous system (CNS) are implicated in physiologic processes and in the pathogenesis of several CNS disorders. Since their initial description early in the 20th century, our ability to identify and isolate microglia has significantly improved and new research is providing insight into the functions of these cells in sickness and in health. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the role of microglia in physiological and pathological processes of the CNS with a focus on multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Because of the prominent roles CX3CR1 and its ligand fractalkine played in bringing about these advances, we discuss the physiological and pathological roles of microglia as viewed from the CX3CR1-fractalkine perspective, providing a unique viewpoint. Based on the most recent studies of molecular profiling of microglia, we also propose a molecular and functional definition of microglia that incorporates the properties attributed to these cells in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Ransohoff
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Joseph El Khoury
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
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237
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Febinger HY, Thomasy HE, Pavlova MN, Ringgold KM, Barf PR, George AM, Grillo JN, Bachstetter AD, Garcia JA, Cardona AE, Opp MR, Gemma C. Time-dependent effects of CX3CR1 in a mouse model of mild traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:154. [PMID: 26329692 PMCID: PMC4557842 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is an important secondary mechanism that is a key mediator of the long-term consequences of neuronal injury that occur in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Microglia are highly plastic cells with dual roles in neuronal injury and recovery. Recent studies suggest that the chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1, FKN) mediates neural/microglial interactions via its sole receptor CX3CR1. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling modulates microglia activation, and depending upon the type and time of injury, either protects or exacerbates neurological diseases. METHODS In this study, mice deficient in CX3CR1 were subjected to mild controlled cortical impact injury (CCI), a model of TBI. We evaluated the effects of genetic deletion of CX3CR1 on histopathology, cell death/survival, microglia activation, and cognitive function for 30 days post-injury. RESULTS During the acute post-injury period (24 h-15 days), motor deficits, cell death, and neuronal cell loss were more profound in injured wild-type than in CX3CR1(-/-) mice. In contrast, during the chronic period of 30 days post-TBI, injured CX3CR1(-/-) mice exhibited greater cognitive dysfunction and increased neuronal death than wild-type mice. The protective and deleterious effects of CX3CR1 were associated with changes in microglia phenotypes; during the acute phase CX3CR1(-/-) mice showed a predominant anti-inflammatory M2 microglial response, with increased expression of Ym1, CD206, and TGFβ. In contrast, increased M1 phenotypic microglia markers, Marco, and CD68 were predominant at 30 days post-TBI. CONCLUSION Collectively, these novel data demonstrate a time-dependent role for CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling after TBI and suggest that the acute and chronic responses to mild TBI are modulated in part by distinct microglia phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Y Febinger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, BOX # 359724, Seattle, WA, 98001, USA.,Present address: Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Hannah E Thomasy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, BOX # 359724, Seattle, WA, 98001, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Maria N Pavlova
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, BOX # 359724, Seattle, WA, 98001, USA
| | - Kristyn M Ringgold
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, BOX # 359724, Seattle, WA, 98001, USA
| | - Paulien R Barf
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, BOX # 359724, Seattle, WA, 98001, USA
| | - Amrita M George
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, BOX # 359724, Seattle, WA, 98001, USA
| | - Jenna N Grillo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, BOX # 359724, Seattle, WA, 98001, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Adam D Bachstetter
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Jenny A Garcia
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Astrid E Cardona
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Mark R Opp
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, BOX # 359724, Seattle, WA, 98001, USA
| | - Carmelina Gemma
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, BOX # 359724, Seattle, WA, 98001, USA.
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238
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Le Thuc O, Blondeau N, Nahon JL, Rovère C. The complex contribution of chemokines to neuroinflammation: switching from beneficial to detrimental effects. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1351:127-40. [PMID: 26251227 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is an innate mechanism that defends organisms against harmful stimuli. Inflammation leads to the production and secretion of proinflammatory mediators that activate and recruit immune cells to damaged tissues, including the brain, to resolve the cause of inflammation. In the central nervous system, inflammation is referred to as neuroinflammation, which occurs in various pathological conditions of the brain. The primary role of neuroinflammation is to protect the brain. However, prolonged and/or inappropriate inflammation can be harmful for the brain, from individual cells to the whole tissue. This review focuses on a particular type of inflammatory mediator, chemokines, and describes their complex effects both under physiological and pathophysiological conditions of the brain. The clinical relevance of the multiple characters of chemokines is highlighted with respect to acute and chronic inflammation of the brain, including their actions in stroke and Alzheimer's disease, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélia Le Thuc
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Nicolas Blondeau
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Jean-Louis Nahon
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Carole Rovère
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
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239
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Fractalkine Signaling and Microglia Functions in the Developing Brain. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:689404. [PMID: 26347402 PMCID: PMC4539507 DOI: 10.1155/2015/689404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). Besides their classical roles in pathological conditions, these immune cells also dynamically interact with neurons and influence their structure and function in physiological conditions. The neuronal chemokine fractalkine and its microglial receptor CX3CR1 are one important signaling pathway involved in these reciprocal interactions. In the present review, we will discuss recent evidence indicating that fractalkine signaling also determines several functions of microglial cells during normal CNS development. It has been known for a decade that microglial cells influence the neuronal death that normally occurs during CNS development. Surprisingly, recent evidence indicates that they can also support survival of developing neurons, control axon outgrowth, and laminar positioning of subsets of interneurons in the forebrain. Moreover, microglial cells influence the maturation of synaptic circuits at early postnatal stages: their phagocytic activity allows them to eliminate inappropriate synapses and they can also influence the functional expression of synaptic proteins by releasing mediators. Fractalkine signaling controls these functions of microglial cells in part by regulating their timely recruitment at sites of developing synapses. Finally, on-going research suggests that this signaling pathway is also a key player in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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240
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Babcock AA, Ilkjær L, Clausen BH, Villadsen B, Dissing-Olesen L, Bendixen ATM, Lyck L, Lambertsen KL, Finsen B. Cytokine-producing microglia have an altered beta-amyloid load in aged APP/PS1 Tg mice. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 48:86-101. [PMID: 25774009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and chronic neuroinflammation are significant neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease. Microglial cells in aged brains have potential to produce cytokines such as TNF and IL-1 family members (IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-1Ra) and to phagocytose Aβ in Alzheimer's disease, however the inter-relationship between these processes is poorly understood. Here we show that % Aβ plaque load followed a sigmoidal trajectory with age in the neocortex of APPswe/PS1ΔE9 Tg mice, and correlated positively with soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42. Aβ measures were moderately correlated with mRNA levels of CD11b, TNF, and IL-1Ra. Cytokine production and Aβ load were assessed in neocortical CD11b(+)(CD45(+)) microglia by flow cytometry. Whereas most microglia in aged mice produced IL-1Ra, relatively low proportions of microglia produced TNF, IL-1α, and IL-1β. However, microglial production of these latter cytokines was generally increased in APP/PS1 Tg mice. Microglia that phagocytosed endogenously-produced Aβ were only observed in APP/PS1 Tg mice. Differences in phagocytic index and total Aβ load were observed in microglia with specific cytokine profiles. Both phagocytic index and total Aβ load were higher in IL-1α(+) and IL-1Ra(+) microglia, than microglia that did not produce these cytokines. In contrast, total Aβ load was lower in IL-1β(+) and TNF(+) microglia, compared to IL-1β(-) and TNF(-) microglia, and TNF(+) microglia also had a lower phagocytic index. Using GFP bone marrow chimeric mice, we confirmed that the majority of neocortical CD11b(+)(CD45(+)) microglia were resident cells (GFP(-)) in APP/PS1 Tg mice, even after selectively analysing CD11b(+)CD45(high) cells, which are typically considered to be infiltrating cells. Together, our data demonstrate that cytokine expression is selectively correlated with age and Aβ pathology, and is associated with an altered Aβ load in phagocytic microglia from APP/PS1 Tg mice. These findings have implications for understanding the regulation of microglial cytokine production and phagocytosis of Aβ in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A Babcock
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsløws Vej 25, 2, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Laura Ilkjær
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsløws Vej 25, 2, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Bettina H Clausen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsløws Vej 25, 2, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Birgitte Villadsen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsløws Vej 25, 2, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Lasse Dissing-Olesen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsløws Vej 25, 2, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Anita T M Bendixen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsløws Vej 25, 2, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Lise Lyck
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsløws Vej 25, 2, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Kate L Lambertsen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsløws Vej 25, 2, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Bente Finsen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsløws Vej 25, 2, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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241
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Takeshita
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Ube Yamaguchi Japan
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242
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Abstract
The past two decades of research into the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) have been driven largely by the amyloid hypothesis; the neuroinflammation that is associated with AD has been assumed to be merely a response to pathophysiological events. However, new data from preclinical and clinical studies have established that immune system-mediated actions in fact contribute to and drive AD pathogenesis. These insights have suggested both novel and well-defined potential therapeutic targets for AD, including microglia and several cytokines. In addition, as inflammation in AD primarily concerns the innate immune system - unlike in 'typical' neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis and encephalitides - the concept of neuroinflammation in AD may need refinement.
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243
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Mizuno
- Department of Neuroimmunology; Research Institute of Environmental Medicine; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
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244
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Dorostkar MM, Zou C, Blazquez-Llorca L, Herms J. Analyzing dendritic spine pathology in Alzheimer's disease: problems and opportunities. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 130:1-19. [PMID: 26063233 PMCID: PMC4469300 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1449-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic failure is an immediate cause of cognitive decline and memory dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. Dendritic spines are specialized structures on neuronal processes, on which excitatory synaptic contacts take place and the loss of dendritic spines directly correlates with the loss of synaptic function. Dendritic spines are readily accessible for both in vitro and in vivo experiments and have, therefore, been studied in great detail in Alzheimer’s disease mouse models. To date, a large number of different mechanisms have been proposed to cause dendritic spine dysfunction and loss in Alzheimer’s disease. For instance, amyloid beta fibrils, diffusible oligomers or the intracellular accumulation of amyloid beta have been found to alter the function and structure of dendritic spines by distinct mechanisms. Furthermore, tau hyperphosphorylation and microglia activation, which are thought to be consequences of amyloidosis in Alzheimer’s disease, may also contribute to spine loss. Lastly, genetic and therapeutic interventions employed to model the disease and elucidate its pathogenetic mechanisms in experimental animals may cause alterations of dendritic spines on their own. However, to date none of these mechanisms have been translated into successful therapeutic approaches for the human disease. Here, we critically review the most intensely studied mechanisms of spine loss in Alzheimer’s disease as well as the possible pitfalls inherent in the animal models of such a complex neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario M. Dorostkar
- />Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Chengyu Zou
- />Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
- />Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- />German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lidia Blazquez-Llorca
- />Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
- />German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- />German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
- />Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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245
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Lauro C, Catalano M, Trettel F, Limatola C. Fractalkine in the nervous system: neuroprotective or neurotoxic molecule? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1351:141-8. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Lauro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Myriam Catalano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
- IRCCS NeuroMed; Pozzilli Italy
| | - Flavia Trettel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
- IRCCS NeuroMed; Pozzilli Italy
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246
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Anastasio TJ. Computational identification of potential multi-drug combinations for reduction of microglial inflammation in Alzheimer disease. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:116. [PMID: 26097457 PMCID: PMC4456568 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer Disease (AD) has a prominent inflammatory component mediated by brain microglia. Reducing microglial inflammation could potentially halt or at least slow the neurodegenerative process. A major challenge in the development of treatments targeting brain inflammation is the sheer complexity of the molecular mechanisms that determine whether microglia become inflammatory or take on a more neuroprotective phenotype. The process is highly multifactorial, raising the possibility that a multi-target/multi-drug strategy could be more effective than conventional monotherapy. This study takes a computational approach in finding combinations of approved drugs that are potentially more effective than single drugs in reducing microglial inflammation in AD. This novel approach exploits the distinct advantages of two different computer programming languages, one imperative and the other declarative. Existing programs written in both languages implement the same model of microglial behavior, and the input/output relationships of both programs agree with each other and with data on microglia over an extensive test battery. Here the imperative program is used efficiently to screen the model for the most efficacious combinations of 10 drugs, while the declarative program is used to analyze in detail the mechanisms of action of the most efficacious combinations. Of the 1024 possible drug combinations, the simulated screen identifies only 7 that are able to move simulated microglia at least 50% of the way from a neurotoxic to a neuroprotective phenotype. Subsequent analysis shows that of the 7 most efficacious combinations, 2 stand out as superior both in strength and reliability. The model offers many experimentally testable and therapeutically relevant predictions concerning effective drug combinations and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Anastasio
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA
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247
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Dworzak J, Renvoisé B, Habchi J, Yates EV, Combadière C, Knowles TP, Dobson CM, Blackstone C, Paulsen O, Murphy PM. Neuronal Cx3cr1 Deficiency Protects against Amyloid β-Induced Neurotoxicity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127730. [PMID: 26038823 PMCID: PMC4454597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cx3cr1, the receptor for the chemokine Cx3cl1 (fractalkine), has been implicated in the progression and severity of Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in mice, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. A complicating factor is that Cx3cr1 has been demonstrated in both neurons and microglia. Here, we have dissected the differences between neuronal and microglial Cx3cr1, specifically by comparing direct amyloid-β-induced toxicity in cultured, mature, microglia-depleted hippocampal neurons from wild-type and Cx3cr1-/- mice. Wild-type neurons expressed both Cx3cl1 and Cx3cr1 and released Cx3cl1 in response to amyloid-β. Knockout of neuronal Cx3cr1 abated amyloid-β-induced lactate dehydrogenase release. Furthermore, amyloid-β differentially induced depression of pre- and postsynaptic components of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, in a peptide conformation-dependent manner. Knockout of neuronal Cx3cr1 abated effects of both amyloid-β conformational states, which were differentiable by aggregation kinetics and peptide morphology. We obtained similar results after both acute and chronic treatment of cultured neurons with the Cx3cr1 antagonist F1. Thus, neuronal Cx3cr1 may impact Alzheimer's disease-like pathology by modulating conformational state-dependent amyloid-β-induced synaptotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Dworzak
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Neuronal Oscillations Group, Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benoît Renvoisé
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Johnny Habchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emma V. Yates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Combadière
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Tuomas P. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Craig Blackstone
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ole Paulsen
- Neuronal Oscillations Group, Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PMM); (OP)
| | - Philip M. Murphy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PMM); (OP)
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248
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Maphis N, Xu G, Kokiko-Cochran ON, Cardona AE, Ransohoff RM, Lamb BT, Bhaskar K. Loss of tau rescues inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:196. [PMID: 26089772 PMCID: PMC4452825 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related tauopathies. Activated microglia spatially coexist with microtubule-associated protein tau (Mapt or tau)-burdened neurons in the brains of human AD and non-AD tauopathies. Numerous studies have suggested that neuroinflammation precedes tau pathology and that induction or blockage of neuroinflammation via lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or anti-inflammatory compounds (such as FK506) accelerate or block tau pathology, respectively in several animal models of tauopathy. We have previously demonstrated that microglia-mediated neuroinflammation via deficiency of the microglia-specific chemokine (fractalkine) receptor, CX3CR1, promotes tau pathology and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of LPS-induced systemic inflammation. Here, we demonstrate that tau mediates the neurotoxic effects of LPS in Cx3cr1 (-/-) mice. First, Mapt (+/+) neurons displayed elevated levels of Annexin V (A5) and TUNEL (markers of neurodegeneration) when co-cultured with LPS-treated Cx3cr1 (-/-)microglia, which is rescued in Mapt (-/-) neurons. Second, a neuronal population positive for phospho-S199 (AT8) tau in the dentate gyrus is also positive for activated or cleaved caspase (CC3) in the LPS-treated Cx3cr1 (-/-) mice. Third, genetic deficiency for tau in Cx3cr1 (-/-) mice resulted in reduced microglial activation, altered expression of inflammatory genes and a significant reduction in the number of neurons positive for CC3 compared to Cx3cr1 (-/-)mice. Finally, Cx3cr1 (-/-)mice exposed to LPS displayed a lack of inhibition in an open field exploratory behavioral test, which is rescued by tau deficiency. Taken together, our results suggest that pathological alterations in tau mediate inflammation-induced neurotoxicity and that deficiency of Mapt is neuroprotective. Thus, therapeutic approaches toward either reducing tau levels or blocking neuroinflammatory pathways may serve as a potential strategy in treating tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Maphis
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Guixiang Xu
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Astrid E Cardona
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Bruce T Lamb
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kiran Bhaskar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA
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249
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Heneka MT, Carson MJ, El Khoury J, Landreth GE, Brosseron F, Feinstein DL, Jacobs AH, Wyss-Coray T, Vitorica J, Ransohoff RM, Herrup K, Frautschy SA, Finsen B, Brown GC, Verkhratsky A, Yamanaka K, Koistinaho J, Latz E, Halle A, Petzold GC, Town T, Morgan D, Shinohara ML, Perry VH, Holmes C, Bazan NG, Brooks DJ, Hunot S, Joseph B, Deigendesch N, Garaschuk O, Boddeke E, Dinarello CA, Breitner JC, Cole GM, Golenbock DT, Kummer MP. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 2015; 14:388-405. [PMID: 25792098 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)70016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3684] [Impact Index Per Article: 409.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis is not restricted to the neuronal compartment, but includes strong interactions with immunological mechanisms in the brain. Misfolded and aggregated proteins bind to pattern recognition receptors on microglia and astroglia, and trigger an innate immune response characterised by release of inflammatory mediators, which contribute to disease progression and severity. Genome-wide analysis suggests that several genes that increase the risk for sporadic Alzheimer's disease encode factors that regulate glial clearance of misfolded proteins and the inflammatory reaction. External factors, including systemic inflammation and obesity, are likely to interfere with immunological processes of the brain and further promote disease progression. Modulation of risk factors and targeting of these immune mechanisms could lead to future therapeutic or preventive strategies for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegnerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
| | - Monica J Carson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Joseph El Khoury
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Alzheimer Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Andreas H Jacobs
- Department of Geriatrics, Johanniter Hospital, Bonn, Germany; European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI) at the Westfalian Wilhelms University (WWU), Münster, Germany
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Restoration, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Richard M Ransohoff
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroinflammation Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Karl Herrup
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Sally A Frautschy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, the Geriatric, Research, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bente Finsen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU (Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea/Universidad del País Vasco) and CIBERNED (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas), Leioa, Spain
| | - Koji Yamanaka
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University/RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Department of Neurobiology, AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eicke Latz
- German Center for Neurodegnerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany; Institute of Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of InfectiousDiseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Annett Halle
- Max-Planck Research Group Neuroimmunology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (CAESAR), Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabor C Petzold
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegnerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Terrence Town
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dave Morgan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mari L Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - V Hugh Perry
- School of Biological Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Clive Holmes
- Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Memory Assessment and Research Centre, Moorgreen Hospital, Southern Health Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Louisiana State University Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine in New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - David J Brooks
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stéphane Hunot
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7225, Experimental Therapeutics of Neurodegeneration, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Department of Oncology Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nikolaus Deigendesch
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Garaschuk
- Institute of Physiology II, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erik Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - John C Breitner
- Centre for Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, and the McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Greg M Cole
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, the Geriatric, Research, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Douglas T Golenbock
- Department of InfectiousDiseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Markus P Kummer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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250
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Layé S, Madore C, St-Amour I, Delpech JC, Joffre C, Nadjar A, Calon F. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and neuroinflammation in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3233/nua-150049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Layé
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Bordeaux Cedex, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- OptiNutriBrain International associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
| | - Charlotte Madore
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Bordeaux Cedex, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle St-Amour
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Christophe Delpech
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Bordeaux Cedex, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Corinne Joffre
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Bordeaux Cedex, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- OptiNutriBrain International associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
| | - Agnès Nadjar
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Bordeaux Cedex, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- OptiNutriBrain International associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada
- OptiNutriBrain International associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
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