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López S, Aguilar L, Mercado L, Bravo M, Quiroz W. Sb(V) reactivity with human blood components: redox effects. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0114796. [PMID: 25615452 PMCID: PMC4304803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the reactivity of Sb(V) in human blood. Sb(V) reactivity was determined using an HPLC-HG-AFS hyphenated system. Sb(V) was partially reduced to Sb(III) in blood incubation experiments; however, Sb(III) was a highly unstable species. The addition of 0.1 mol L−1 EDTA prevented Sb(III) oxidation, thus enabling the detection of the reduction of Sb(V) to Sb(III). The transformation of Sb(V) to Sb(III) in human whole blood was assessed because the reduction of Sb(V) in human blood may likely generate redox side effects. Our results indicate that glutathione was the reducing agent in this reaction and that Sb(V) significantly decreased the GSH/GSSG ratio from 0.32±0.09 to 0.07±0.03. Moreover, the presence of 200 ng mL−1 of Sb(V) increased the activity of superoxide dismutase from 4.4±0.1 to 7.0±0.4 U mL−1 and decreased the activity of glutathione peroxidase from 62±1 to 34±2 nmol min−1 mL−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana López
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Luis Aguilar
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Luis Mercado
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Manuel Bravo
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Waldo Quiroz
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- * E-mail:
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202
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Ong YC, Blair VL, Kedzierski L, Tuck KL, Andrews PC. Stability and toxicity of tris-tolyl bismuth(v) dicarboxylates and their biological activity towards Leishmania major. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:18215-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03335g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of tris-tolylbismuth(v) dicarboxylates, [Bi(Tol)3(O2CR)2], were synthesised, characterised and evaluated againstLeishmania majorparasites demonstrating good selectivity towards promastigotes but with more moderate success against amastigotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih Ching Ong
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | | | - Lukasz Kedzierski
- Walter and Eliza Institute of Medical Research
- Melbourne
- Australia
- Department of Medical Biology
- University of Melbourne
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203
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Singh J, Srivastava A, Jha P, Sinha KK, Kundu B. l-Asparaginase as a new molecular target against leishmaniasis: insights into the mechanism of action and structure-based inhibitor design. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1887-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00251f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
l-Asparaginases belong to a family of amidohydrolases that catalyze the conversion of l-asparagine into l-aspartic acid and ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasdeep Singh
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - Ankit Srivastava
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - Pravin Jha
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research
- Vaishali-844102
- India
| | - Kislay K. Sinha
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research
- Vaishali-844102
- India
| | - Bishwajit Kundu
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
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204
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Sangshetti JN, Kalam Khan FA, Kulkarni AA, Arote R, Patil RH. Antileishmanial drug discovery: comprehensive review of the last 10 years. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02669e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers the current aspects of leishmaniasis including marketed drugs, new antileishmanial agents, and possible drug targets of antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rohidas Arote
- Department of Molecular Genetics
- School of Dentistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Rajendra H. Patil
- Department of Biotechnology
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
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205
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Machado-Silva A, Guimarães PPG, Tavares CAP, Sinisterra RD. New perspectives for leishmaniasis chemotherapy over current anti-leishmanial drugs: a patent landscape. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 25:247-60. [PMID: 25530084 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.993969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although leishmaniasis is estimated to cause the ninth largest disease burden among individual infectious diseases, it is still one of the most neglected diseases in terms of drug development. Current drugs are highly toxic, resistance is common and compliance of patients to treatment is low, as treatment is long and drug price is high. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors carried out a patent landscape in search for new perspectives for leishmaniasis therapy. This search encompassed patent documents having priority date between 1994 and 2014. Selected compounds were compared to current anti-leishmanial drugs regarding efficacy and toxicity, when experimental data were available. EXPERT OPINION Most patents related to drugs for leishmaniasis have not been produced by the pharmaceutical industry but rather by public research institutes or by universities, and the majority of the inventions disclosed are still in preclinical phase. There is an urgent need to find new ways of funding research for leishmaniasis drugs, incentivizing product development partnerships and pushing forward innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Machado-Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Exatas,Departamento de Química , Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte-MG , Brazil +55 31 3409 5778 ; +55 31 3409 5700 ;
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206
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Cantanhêde LF, Almeida LP, Soares REP, Castelo Branco PVG, Pereira SRF. Soy isoflavones have antimutagenic activity on DNA damage induced by the antileishmanial Glucantime (meglumine antimoniate). Drug Chem Toxicol 2014; 38:312-7. [PMID: 25268948 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2014.963599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavones are phytoestrogens reported to be potent antioxidant agents. In contrast, the antileishmanial meglumine antimoniate has mutagenic activities. This study evaluated the ability of soy isoflavones to reduce DNA damage induced by meglumine antimoniate. Antimutagenic effects (by micronucleus test) were tested using Swiss mice divided into seven groups treated with meglumine antimoniate (425 mg/kg bw pentavalent antimony); cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg bw); water (negative control); single isoflavones dose (1.6 mg/kg bw), and three groups received one dose of isoflavones via gavage (0.4 mg/kg bw, 0.8 mg/kg bw or 1.6 mg/kg bw) plus meglumine antimoniate via intraperitoneal, simultaneously. To evaluate antigenotoxicity (by Comet assay), each group with 10 animals received the above-mentioned control doses; single dose of isoflavones 0.8 mg/kg bw, and three groups received isoflavones (0.8 mg/kg bw) by gavage along with intraperitoneal meglumine antimoniate, which were treated with isoflavones 24 h before or after receiving meglumine antimoniate (pre-treatment and post-treatment, respectively) or simultaneously. Cells were harvested 24 h after the treatment, and the data were evaluated by ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (p < 0.05). The data from the simultaneous treatment by micronucleus test revealed that isoflavones (0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg) were able to reverse the mutagenic effect of Glucantime. Moreover, all regimes of the treatment with 0.8 mg/kg bw dose were able to reduce the genotoxicity caused by meglumine antimoniate. It is suggested that the protective effect of isoflavones against DNA damage is related to their ability to reduce oxidative stress caused by the trivalent Sb(III) metabolite of meglumine antimoniate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludymila Furtado Cantanhêde
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Maranhão, Cidade Universitária do Bacanga , São Luís, Maranhão , Brazil
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207
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Castro RAO, Silva-Barcellos NM, Licio CSA, Souza JB, Souza-Testasicca MC, Ferreira FM, Batista MA, Silveira-Lemos D, Moura SL, Frézard F, Rezende SA. Association of liposome-encapsulated trivalent antimonial with ascorbic acid: an effective and safe strategy in the treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104055. [PMID: 25105501 PMCID: PMC4126701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a chronic debilitating disease endemic in tropical and subtropical areas, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Annually, it is estimated the occurrence of 0.2 to 0.4 million new cases of the disease worldwide. Considering the lack of an effective vaccine the afflicted population must rely on both, an accurate diagnosis and successful treatment to combat the disease. Here we propose to evaluate the efficacy of trivalent antimonial encapsulated in conventional liposomes, in association with ascorbic acid, by monitoring its toxicity and efficacy in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania infantum. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Infected mice were subjected to single-dose treatments consisting in the administration of either free or liposome-encapsulated trivalent antimony (SbIII), in association or not with ascorbic acid. Parasite burden was assessed in the liver, spleen and bone marrow using the serial limiting dilution technique. After treatment, tissue alterations were examined by histopathology of liver, heart and kidney and confirmed by serum levels of classic biomarkers. The phenotypic profile of splenocytes was also investigated by flow cytometry. Treatment with liposome-encapsulated SbIII significantly reduced the parasite burden in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Co-administration of ascorbic acid, with either free SbIII or its liposomal form, did not interfere with its leishmanicidal activity and promoted reduced toxicity particularly to the kidney and liver tissues. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Among the evaluated posological regimens treatment of L. infantum-infected mice with liposomal SbIII, in association with ascorbic acid, represented the best alternative as judged by its high leishmanicidal activity and absence of detectable toxic effects. Of particular importance, reduction of parasite burden in the bone marrow attested to the ability of SbIII-carrying liposomes to efficiently reach this body compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata A. O. Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas – Cipharma, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Neila M. Silva-Barcellos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas – Cipharma, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Carolina S. A. Licio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas – Cipharma, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Janine B. Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas – Cipharma, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Míriam C. Souza-Testasicca
- Coordenadoria da Área de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais - Campus Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Flávia M. Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas – Cipharma, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Mauricio A. Batista
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas – NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Denise Silveira-Lemos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas – NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Sandra L. Moura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas – NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Frédéric Frézard
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Simone A. Rezende
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas – Cipharma, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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208
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Antileishmanial activity and cytotoxicity of Brazilian plants. Exp Parasitol 2014; 143:60-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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209
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Moosavian Kalat S, Khamesipour A, Bavarsad N, Fallah M, Khashayarmanesh Z, Feizi E, Neghabi K, Abbasi A, Jaafari M. Use of topical liposomes containing meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) for the treatment of L. major lesion in BALB/c mice. Exp Parasitol 2014; 143:5-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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210
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Targeting protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 for therapeutic intervention. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:1423-37. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases have been the focus of considerable research efforts aimed at developing novel therapeutics; however, these targets are often characterized as being ‘undruggable’ due to the challenge of achieving selectivity, potency and cell permeability. More recently, there has been renewed interest in developing inhibitors of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (PTPN11) in the light of its broad role in cancer, specifically juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, and recent studies that implicate SHP2 as a key factor in breast cancer progression. Recent significant advances in the field of SHP2 inhibitor development raise the question: are we on the verge of a new era of protein tyrosine phosphatase-directed therapeutics? This article critically appraises recent developments, assesses ongoing challenges and presents a perspective on possible future directions.
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211
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Monzote L, Pastor J, Scull R, Gille L. Antileishmanial activity of essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides and its main components against experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:1048-1052. [PMID: 24768411 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chenopodium ambrosioides have been used during centuries by native people to treat parasitic diseases. AIMS OF THE STUDY To compare the in vivo anti-leishmanial activity of the essential oil (EO) from C. ambrosioides and its major components (ascaridole, carvacrol and caryophyllene oxide). MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-leishmanial effect was evaluated in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis and treated with the EO, main compounds and artificial mix of pure components by intralesional route at 30 mg/kg every 4 days during 14 days. Diseases progression and parasite burden in infected tissues were determined. RESULTS EO prevented lesion development compared (p<0.05) with untreated animals and treated with vehicle. In addition, the efficacy of EO was also statistically superior (p<0.05) compared with the glucantime-treated animals. No potential effects were observed with pure components treatment. Mix of pure compounds cause death of animals after 3 days of treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the superiority of EO against experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. amazonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Monzote
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kouri", Havana, Cuba.
| | - J Pastor
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kouri", Havana, Cuba
| | - R Scull
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food, Havana University, Cuba
| | - L Gille
- Biochemical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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212
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Elmahallawy EK, Jiménez-Aranda A, Martínez AS, Rodriguez-Granger J, Navarro-Alarcón M, Gutiérrez-Fernández J, Agil A. Activity of melatonin against Leishmania infantum promastigotes by mitochondrial dependent pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 220:84-93. [PMID: 24973643 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis, a potentially fatal disease, remains a major international health problem. Only a limited number of effective antileishmanial agents are available for chemotherapy, and many of them are expensive with severe side effects or have a markedly reduced effectiveness due to the development of drug resistance. Hence, there is a genuine need to develop a novel effective and less toxic antileishmanial drug. Melatonin, a neurohormone found in animals, plants, and microbes, can participate in various biological and physiological functions. Several in vitro or in vivo studies have reported the inhibitory effect of melatonin against many parasites via various mechanisms, including modulation of intracellular concentrations of calcium in the parasite and/or any other suggested mechanism. Importantly, many of available antileishmanial drugs have been reported to exert their effects by disrupting calcium homeostasis in the parasite. The objective of the present study was to test the efficacy of exogenous melatonin against Leishmania infantum promastigotes in vitro. Interestingly, melatonin not only demonstrated a significant antileishmanial activity of against promastigote viability in tested cultures but was also accompanied by an alteration of the calcium homeostasis of parasite mitochondrion, represented by earlier mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, and by changes in some mitochondrial parameters are critical to parasite survival. These pioneering findings suggest that melatonin may be a candidate for the development of novel effective antileishmanial agents either alone or in associations with other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Zoonotic diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Aroa Jiménez-Aranda
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurosciences Institute (CIBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Javier Rodriguez-Granger
- Service of Microbiology and Parasitology, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Navarro-Alarcón
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Ahmad Agil
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurosciences Institute (CIBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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213
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Azevedo EG, Ribeiro RR, da Silva SM, Ferreira CS, de Souza LE, Ferreira AAF, de Oliveira e Castro RA, Demicheli C, Rezende SA, Frézard F. Mixed formulation of conventional and pegylated liposomes as a novel drug delivery strategy for improved treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1551-60. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.932347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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214
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Chiverto Llamazares Y, Cabezas López E, Castro Sánchez M, Iglesias Goy E. Leishmaniasis visceral como diagnóstico de fiebre puerperal de origen desconocido. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pog.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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215
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Goyal S, Dhanjal JK, Tyagi C, Goyal M, Grover A. Novel fragment-based QSAR modeling and combinatorial design of pyrazole-derived CRK3 inhibitors as potent antileishmanials. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:54-62. [PMID: 24447365 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The CRK3 cyclin-dependent kinase of Leishmania plays an important role in regulating the cell-cycle progression at the G2/M phase checkpoint transition, proliferation, and viability inside the host macrophage. In this study, a novel fragment-based QSAR model has been developed using 22 pyrazole-derived compounds exhibiting inhibitory activity against Leishmanial CRK3. Unlike other QSAR methods, this fragment-based method gives flexibility to study the relationship between molecular fragments of interest and their contribution for the variation in the biological response by evaluating cross-term fragment descriptors. Based on the fragment-based QSAR model, a combinatorial library was generated, and top two compounds were reported after predicting their activity. The QSAR model showed satisfactory statistical parameters for the data set (r(2) = 0.8752, q(2) = 0.6690, F-ratio = 30.37, and pred_r(2) = 0.8632) with four descriptors describing the nature of substituent groups and the environment of the substitution site. Evaluation of the model implied that electron-rich substitution at R1 position improves the inhibitory activity, while decline in inhibitory activity was observed in presence of nitrogen at R2 position. The analysis carried out in this study provides a substantial basis for consideration of the designed pyrazole-based leads as potent antileishmanial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukriti Goyal
- Apaji Institute of Mathematics & Applied Computer Technology, Banasthali University, Tonk, 304022, India
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216
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Islam A, Da Silva JG, Berbet FM, da Silva SM, Rodrigues BL, Beraldo H, Melo MN, Frézard F, Demicheli C. Novel triphenylantimony(V) and triphenylbismuth(V) complexes with benzoic acid derivatives: structural characterization, in vitro antileishmanial and antibacterial activities and cytotoxicity against macrophages. Molecules 2014; 19:6009-30. [PMID: 24824136 PMCID: PMC6271143 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19056009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel organoantimony(V) and two organobismuth(V) complexes of the type ML2 were synthesized, with L = acetylsalicylic acid (HL1) or 3-acetoxybenzoic acid (HL2) and M = triphenylantimony(V) (M1) or triphenylbismuth(V) (M2). Complexes, [M1(L1)2] (1), [M1(L2)2]∙CHCl3 (2), [M2(L1)2], (3) and [M2(L2)2] (4), were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and NMR. Crystal structures of triphenylantimony(V) dicarboxylate complexes 1 and 2 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Structural analyses revealed that 1 and 2 adopt five-coordinated extremely distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometries, binding with three phenyl groups in the equatorial position and two deprotonated organic ligands (L) in the axial sites. The metal complexes, their metal salts and ligands were evaluated in vitro for their activities against Leishmania infantum and amazonensis promastigotes and Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. Both the metal complexes showed antileishmanial and antibacterial activities but the bismuth complexes were the most active. Intriguingly, complexation of organobismuth(V) salt reduced its activity against Leishmania, but increased it against bacteria. In vitro cytotoxic test of these complexes against murine macrophages showed that antimony(V) complexes were the least toxic. Considering the selectivity indexes, organoantimony(V) complexes emerge as the most promising antileishmanial agents and organobismuth(V) complex 3 as the best antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Jeferson Gomes Da Silva
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Campus Governador Valadares, Av. Dr. Raimundo Monteiro de Rezende, 330, Centro, 35010-177 Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil.
| | - Filipe Moan Berbet
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Sydnei Magno da Silva
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Av Amazonas, s/n, , 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Bernardo Lages Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Heloisa Beraldo
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Maria Norma Melo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Frédéric Frézard
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Cynthia Demicheli
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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217
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Gopinath VS, Rao M, Shivahare R, Vishwakarma P, Ghose S, Pradhan A, Hindupur R, Sarma KD, Gupta S, Puri SK, Launay D, Martin D. Design, synthesis, ADME characterization and antileishmanial evaluation of novel substituted quinoline analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2046-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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218
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Ferreira WA, Islam A, Andrade APS, Fernandes FR, Frézard F, Demicheli C. Mixed antimony(V) complexes with different sugars to modulate the oral bioavailability of pentavalent antimonial drugs. Molecules 2014; 19:5478-89. [PMID: 24786687 PMCID: PMC6270655 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19055478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the association of the drug meglumine antimoniate (MA) with β-cyclodextrin can improve its bioavailability by the oral route. In this work, ribose and maltose were investigated for their ability to form mixed or association complexes with MA, release MA and modulate the serum levels of Sb after oral administration in mice. Analysis of the MA/ribose composition by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LCMS-IT-TOF) revealed the presence of mixed meglumine-Sb-ribose and Sb-ribose complexes. Analysis of the MA/maltose composition suggested the formation of MA-maltose association compounds. Circular dichroism characterization of these compositions following dilution in water at 37 °C suggested a partial and slow dissociation of the association compounds. When the MA/ribose composition was administered orally and compared to MA, the serum concentration of Sb was significantly lower after 1 h and greater after 3 h. On the other hand, the MA/maltose composition showed similar serum Sb concentration after 1 h and higher level of Sb after 3 h, when compared to MA. In conclusion, the present study has demonstrated the formation of mixed or association complexes of MA with sugars, such as maltose and ribose, which promoted sustained serum level of Sb after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weverson A Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences - Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Arshad Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences - Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Aretha Priscilla S Andrade
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences - Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Flaviana R Fernandes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences - Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Frédéric Frézard
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences - Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Demicheli
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences - Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil.
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219
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Hendrickx S, Boulet G, Mondelaers A, Dujardin JC, Rijal S, Lachaud L, Cos P, Delputte P, Maes L. Experimental selection of paromomycin and miltefosine resistance in intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania donovani and L. infantum. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1875-81. [PMID: 24615359 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although widespread resistance of Leishmania donovani and L. infantum against miltefosine (MIL) and paromomycin (PMM) has not yet been demonstrated, both run the risk of resistance selection. Unraveling the dynamics and mechanisms of resistance development is key to preserve drug efficacy in the field. In this study, resistance against PMM and MIL was experimentally selected in vitro in intracellular amastigotes of several strains of both species with different antimony susceptibility background. To monitor amastigote susceptibility, microscopic determination of IC50-values and promastigote back-transformation assays were performed. Both techniques were also used to evaluate the susceptibility of field isolates from MIL-relapse patients. PMM-resistance could readily be selected in all species/strains, although promastigotes remained fully PMM-susceptible. Successful MIL-resistance selection was demonstrated only by promastigote back-transformation at increasing MIL-concentrations upon successive selection cycles. Important to note is that amastigotes with the MIL-resistant phenotype could not be visualized after Giemsa staining; hence, MIL-IC50-values showed no shift. The same phenomenon was observed in a set of recent clinical isolates from MIL-relapse patients. This study clearly endorses the need to use intracellular amastigotes for PMM- and MIL-susceptibility testing. When monitoring MIL-resistance, promastigote back-transformation should be used instead of the standard Giemsa staining. In-depth exploration of the mechanistic background of this finding is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hendrickx
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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220
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Lizarazo-Jaimes EH, Reis PG, Bezerra FM, Rodrigues BL, Monte-Neto RL, Melo MN, Frézard F, Demicheli C. Complexes of different nitrogen donor heterocyclic ligands with SbCl3 and PhSbCl2 as potential antileishmanial agents against SbIII-sensitive and -resistant parasites. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 132:30-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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221
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Mechanistic insights into mode of actions of novel oligopeptidase B inhibitors for combating leishmaniasis. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2099. [PMID: 24567150 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an endemic disease caused by infection with one of several different species of protozoan parasite Leishmania. Oligopeptidase B (OPB) is a serine peptidase which plays a vital role in survival of the Leishmania parasite in the host (human) macrophage and help in attaining complete virulence. Inhibition of this peptidase would check the parasite growth inside the host organism and would thus control its infection. Lack of efficient and cheap drugs has led to an urgent need for development of new anti-leishmanial drugs and this study is a step forward in this direction. Using a structure-based approach we virtually screened a large naturally-occurring compound library against OPB and subjected two top scoring compounds with high binding affinity to molecular dynamics simulations which showed a stable RMSD trajectory. The first compound COP (Glide score: -13.183) was found stable for 15 ns at RMSD of 2.5 Å while the second compound TOA (Glide score: -10.308) was stable for 8 ns at RMSD of 1.5 Å. The screened compounds interacted with some crucial residues of OPB such as COP interacted with Ser577 and His697 (part of the catalytic triad), Tyr499 (responsible for substrate stability), Arg576 (conserved in protozoan family) and Arg664 (plays a role in stabilization of the bound inhibitor). TOA also interacted with Glu669 (conserved in protozoan family) in addition to the residues interacted with COA. These interactions are crucial for OPB inhibition. This study identified naturally-occurring compound leads against OPB with good binding affinity and low toxicity to human cells.
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222
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Frézard F, Monte-Neto R, Reis PG. Antimony transport mechanisms in resistant leishmania parasites. Biophys Rev 2014; 6:119-132. [PMID: 28509965 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-013-0134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimonial compounds have been used for more than a century in the treatment of the parasitic disease leishmaniasis. Although pentavalent antimonials are still first-line drugs in several developing countries, this class of drugs is no longer recommended in the Indian sub-continent because of the emergence of drug resistance. The precise mechanisms involved in the resistance of leishmania parasites to antimony are still subject to debate. It is now well documented that drug resistance in leishmania parasites is a multifactorial phenomenon involving multiple genes whose expression pattern synergistically leads to the resistance phenotype. The reduction of intracellular antimony accumulation is a frequent change observed in resistant leishmania cells; however, no comprehensive transport model has been presented so far to explain this change and its contribution to Leishmania resistance. The present review firstly covers the actual knowledge on the metabolism of antimonial drugs, the mechanisms of their transmembrane transport and intracellular processing in Leishmania. It further describes both the functional and molecular changes associated with Sb resistance in this organism. Possible transport models based on the actual knowledge are then presented, as well as their functional implications. Biophysical and pharmacological strategies are finally proposed for the precise identification of the transport pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Frézard
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Rubens Monte-Neto
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, RC-709, G1V 4G2, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Priscila G Reis
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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223
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Ong YC, Blair VL, Kedzierski L, Andrews PC. Stability and toxicity of heteroleptic organometallic Bi(v) complexes towards Leishmania major. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:12904-16. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00957f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of organometallic bismuth(v) dicarboxylates, [BiPh3(O2CR′)2], were synthesised and evaluated for their anti-leishmanial activity. The complexes are effective against parasite promastigotes (0.6–2.5 μM), but prone to slow reductive decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih Ching Ong
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Lukasz Kedzierski
- Walter and Eliza Institute of Medical Research
- Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology
- University of Melbourne
- Parkville 3010, Australia
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224
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Yamamoto ES, Campos BLS, Laurenti MD, Lago JHG, Grecco SDS, Corbett CEP, Passero LFD. Treatment with triterpenic fraction purified from Baccharis uncinella leaves inhibits Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis spreading and improves Th1 immune response in infected mice. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:333-9. [PMID: 24173812 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3659-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The current medications used to treat leishmaniasis have many side effects for patients; in addition, some cases of the disease are refractory to treatment. Therefore, the search for new leishmanicidal compounds is indispensable. Recently, it was demonstrated that oleanolic- and ursolic-containing fraction from Baccharis uncinella leaves eliminated the promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and L. (Viannia) braziliensis without causing toxic effects for J774 macrophages. Thus, the aim of the present work was to characterize the therapeutic effect of the triterpenic fraction in L. (L.) amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice. Oleanolic- and ursolic acid-containing fraction was extracted from B. uncinella leaves using organic solvents and chromatographic procedures. L. (L.) amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice were treated intraperitoneally with triterpenic fraction during five consecutive days with 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg of triterpenic fraction, or with 10.0 mg/kg of amphotericin B drug. Groups of mice treated with the triterpenic fraction, presented with decreased lesion size and low parasitism of the skin-both of which were associated with high amounts of interleukin-12 and interferon gamma. The curative effect of this fraction was similar to amphotericin B-treated mice; however, the final dose, required to eliminate amastigotes, was lesser than amphotericin B. Moreover, triterpenic fraction did not cause microscopic alterations in liver, spleen, heart, lung, and kidney of experimental groups. This work suggests that this fraction possesses compounds that are characterized by leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory activities. From this perspective, the triterpenic fraction can be explored as a new therapeutic agent for use against American Tegumentar Leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Seiji Yamamoto
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infeciosas, Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina, da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, Cerqueira César, 01246-000, São Paulo, Brazil
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225
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Chávez Enciso NA, Coy-barrera ED, Patiño OJ, Cuca LE, Delgado G. Evaluation of the Leishmanicidal Activity of Rutaceae and Lauraceae Ethanol Extracts on Golden Syrian Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) Peritoneal Macrophages. Indian J Pharm Sci 2014; 76:188-97. [PMID: 25035529 PMCID: PMC4090825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicine has provided a number of therapeutic solutions for the control of infectious agents, cancers, and other diseases. After screening a wide variety of Colombian plant extracts, we have identified promising antileishmanial activity in ethanol extracts from Ocotea macrophylla (Lauraceae) and Zanthoxyllum monophyllum (Rutaceae). In this study, we evaluated the in vitro activity of two ethanol extracts, one from Ocotea macrophylla and the other from Zanthoxyllum monophyllum and one alkaloid fraction of ethanol extract of Zanthoxyllum monophyllum, on peritoneal macrophages isolated from golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) infected with Leishmania panamensis and Leishmania major promastigotes. All of the extracts studied displayed promising (≥2) selectivity indices (S/I), the most significant of which were for ethanol extract of Zanthoxyllum monophyllum against Leishmania panamensis (S/I=12) and alkaloid fraction of ethanol extract of Zanthoxyllum monophyllum against Leishmania major (S/I=11). These results support the use of ethanol extracts and alkaloid fractions isolated from Ocotea macrophylla and Zanthoxyllum monophyllum, respectively; as therapeutic options for cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. A. Chávez Enciso
- Immunotoxicology Research Group, Pharmacy Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia. A.A. 14490, Bogotá-Colombia
| | - E. D. Coy-barrera
- Universidad Militar, Nueva Granada, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá-Colombia
| | - O. J. Patiño
- Natural Plant Products Group, Chemistry Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá-Colombia
| | - L. E. Cuca
- Natural Plant Products Group, Chemistry Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá-Colombia
| | - Gabriela Delgado
- Immunotoxicology Research Group, Pharmacy Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia. A.A. 14490, Bogotá-Colombia,Address for correspondence E-mail:
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226
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Abin CA, Hollibaugh JT. Dissimilatory antimonate reduction and production of antimony trioxide microcrystals by a novel microorganism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 48:681-688. [PMID: 24319985 DOI: 10.1021/es404098z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Antimony (Sb) is a metalloid that has been exploited by humans since the beginning of modern civilization. The importance of Sb to such diverse industries as nanotechnology and health is underscored by the fact that it is currently the ninth-most mined metal worldwide. Although its toxicity mirrors that of its Group 15 neighbor arsenic, its environmental chemistry is very different, and, unlike arsenic, relatively little is known about the fate and transport of Sb, especially with regard to biologically mediated redox reactions. To further our understanding of the interactions between microorganisms and Sb, we have isolated a bacterium that is capable of using antimonate [Sb(V)] as a terminal electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration, resulting in the precipitation of antimonite [Sb(III)] as microcrystals of antimony trioxide. The bacterium, designated strain MLFW-2, is a sporulating member of a deeply branching lineage within the order Bacillales (phylum Firmicutes). This report provides the first unequivocal evidence that a bacterium is capable of conserving energy for growth and reproduction from the reduction of antimonate. Moreover, microbiological antimonate reduction may serve as a novel route for the production of antimony trioxide microcrystals of commercial significance to the nanotechnology industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Abin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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227
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Singh N, Mishra BB, Bajpai S, Singh RK, Tiwari VK. Natural product based leads to fight against leishmaniasis. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 22:18-45. [PMID: 24355247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The growing incidence of parasitic resistance against generic pentavalent antimonials, specifically for visceral disease in Indian subcontinent, is a serious issue in Leishmania control. Notwithstanding the two treatment alternatives, that is amphotericin B and miltefosine are being effectively used but their high cost and therapeutic complications limit their use in endemic areas. In the absence of a vaccine candidate, identification, and characterization of novel drugs and targets is a major requirement of leishmanial research. This review describes current drug regimens, putative drug targets, numerous natural products that have shown promising antileishmanial activity alongwith some key issues and strategies for future research to control leishmaniasis worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Singh
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Bhuwan B Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Surabhi Bajpai
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Vinod K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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228
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Association of water extract of green propolis and liposomal meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:533-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3685-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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229
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Hepatotoxicity of pentavalent antimonial drug: possible role of residual Sb(III) and protective effect of ascorbic acid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:481-8. [PMID: 24189251 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01499-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentavalent antimonial drugs such as meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime [Glu; Sanofi-Aventis, São Paulo, Brazil]) produce severe side effects, including cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, during the treatment of leishmaniasis. We evaluated the role of residual Sb(III) in the hepatotoxicity of meglumine antimoniate, as well as the protective effect of the antioxidant ascorbic acid (AA) during antimonial chemotherapy in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis. BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania infantum were treated intraperitoneally at 80 mg of Sb/kg/day with commercial meglumine antimoniate (Glu) or a synthetic meglumine antimoniate with lower Sb(III) level (MA), in association or not with AA (15 mg/kg/day), for a 20-day period. Control groups received saline or saline plus AA. Livers were evaluated for hepatocytes histological alterations, peroxidase activity, and apoptosis. Increased proportions of swollen and apoptotic hepatocytes were observed in animals treated with Glu compared to animals treated with saline or MA. The peroxidase activity was also enhanced in the liver of animals that received Glu. Cotreatment with AA reduced the extent of histological changes, the apoptotic index, and the peroxidase activity to levels corresponding to the control group. Moreover, the association with AA did not affect the hepatic uptake of Sb and the ability of Glu to reduce the liver and spleen parasite loads in infected mice. In conclusion, our data supports the use of pentavalent antimonials with low residue of Sb(III) and the association of pentavalent antimonials with AA, as effective strategies to reduce side effects in antimonial therapy.
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230
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Coimbra ES, Antinarelli LMR, da Silva AD, Bispo MLF, Kaiser CR, de Souza MVN. 7-Chloro-4-quinolinyl hydrazones: a promising and potent class of antileishmanial compounds. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 81:658-65. [PMID: 23350797 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report the antileishmanial evaluation of twenty 7-chloro-4-quinolinyl hydrazone derivatives (1-20). Firstly, the compounds were tested against promastigotes of four different Leishmania species. After that, all derivatives were assayed against L. braziliensis amastigotes and murine macrophages. Furthermore, it was investigated whether the antiamastigote L. braziliensis effect of the compounds could be associated with nitric oxide production. Compounds 6 and 7 showed a strong leishmanicidal activity against intracellular parasite with IC50 in nanogram levels (30 and 20 ng/mL, respectively). Appreciable activity of three compounds tested can be considered an important finding for the rational design of new leads for antileishmanial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine S Coimbra
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Cidade Universitária, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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231
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Strychnos pseudoquina and Its Purified Compounds Present an Effective In Vitro Antileishmanial Activity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:304354. [PMID: 24194781 PMCID: PMC3806161 DOI: 10.1155/2013/304354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The development of new and cost-effective alternative therapeutic strategies to treat leishmaniasis has become a high priority. In the present study, the antileishmanial activity of Strychnos pseudoquina St. Hil. was investigated and pure compounds that presented this biological effect were isolated. An ethyl acetate extract was prepared, and it proved to be effective against Leishmania amazonensis. A bioactivity-guided fractionation was performed, and two flavonoids were identified, quercetin 3-O-methyl ether and strychnobiflavone, which presented an effective antileishmanial activity against L. amazonensis, and studies were extended to establish their minimum inhibitory concentrations (IC50), their leishmanicidal effects on the intra-macrophage Leishmania stage, as well as their cytotoxic effects on murine macrophages (CC50), and in O+ human red blood cells. The data presented in this study showed the potential of an ethyl acetate extract of S. pseudoquina, as well as two flavonoids purified from it, which can be used as a therapeutic alternative on its own, or in association with other drugs, to treat disease evoked by L. amazonensis.
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232
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Ahmadpour D, Geijer C, Tamás MJ, Lindkvist-Petersson K, Hohmann S. Yeast reveals unexpected roles and regulatory features of aquaporins and aquaglyceroporins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1482-91. [PMID: 24076236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae provides unique opportunities to study roles and regulation of aqua/glyceroporins using frontline tools of genetics and genomics as well as molecular cell and systems biology. SCOPE OF REVIEW S. cerevisiae has two similar orthodox aquaporins. Based on phenotypes mediated by gene deletion or overexpression as well as on their expression pattern, the yeast aquaporins play important roles in key aspects of yeast biology: establishment of freeze tolerance, during spore formation as well as determination of cell surface properties for substrate adhesion and colony formation. Exactly how the aquaporins perform those roles and the mechanisms that regulate their function under such conditions remain to be elucidated. S. cerevisiae also has two different aquaglyceroporins. While the role of one of them, Yfl054c, remains to be determined, Fps1 plays critical roles in osmoregulation by controlling the accumulation of the osmolyte glycerol. Fps1 communicates with two osmo-sensing MAPK signalling pathways to perform its functions but the details of Fps1 regulation remain to be determined. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Several phenotypes associated with aqua/glyceroporin function in yeasts have been established. However, how water and glycerol transport contribute to the observed effects is not understood in detail. Also many of the basic principles of regulation of yeast aqua/glyceroporins remain to be elucidated. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Studying the yeast aquaporins and aquaglyceroporins offers rich insight into the life style, evolution and adaptive responses of yeast and rewards us with discoveries of unexpected roles and regulatory mechanisms of members of this ancient protein family. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Aquaporins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doryaneh Ahmadpour
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Geijer
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Markus J Tamás
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Stefan Hohmann
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Moreira DS, Monte Neto RL, Andrade JM, Santi AMM, Reis PG, Frézard F, Murta SM. Molecular characterization of the MRPA transporter and antimony uptake in four New World Leishmania spp. susceptible and resistant to antimony. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2013; 3:143-53. [PMID: 24533304 PMCID: PMC3862441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Level of expression of Pgp is increased in the SbIII-resistant L. guyanensis and L. amazonensis lines. Incorporation of antimony was reduced in the SbIII-resistant L. guyanensis, L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis lines. Down-regulation of AQP1 protein was observed in the SbIII-resistant L. guyanensis and L. amazonensis lines. Rates of SbIII efflux are higher in the SbIII-resistant lines of L. guyanensis and L. braziliensis. Mechanisms of antimony-resistance of the MRPA gene are different among species of Leishmania analyzed.
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters have been associated with drug resistance in various diseases. The MRPA gene, a transporter of ABCC subfamily, is involved in the resistance by sequestering metal-thiol conjugates in intracellular vesicles of Leishmania parasite. In this study, we performed the molecular characterization of the MRPA transporter, analysis of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and aquaglyceroporin-1 (AQP1) expression, and determination of antimony level in antimony-susceptible and -resistant lines of L. (V.) guyanensis, L. (L.) amazonensis, L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) infantum. PFGE analysis revealed an association of chromosomal amplification of MRPA gene with the drug resistance phenotype in all SbIII-resistant Leishmania lines analyzed. Levels of mRNA from MRPA gene determined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR showed an increased expression of two fold in SbIII-resistant lines of Leishmania guyanensis, Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania braziliensis. Western blot analysis revealed that Pgp is increased in the SbIII-resistant L. guyanensis and L. amazonensis lines. The intracellular level of antimony quantified by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry showed a reduction in the accumulation of this element in SbIII-resistant L. guyanensis, L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis lines when compared to their susceptible counterparts. Interestingly, a down-regulation of AQP1 protein was observed in the SbIII-resistant L. guyanensis and L. amazonensis lines, contributing for decreasing of SbIII entry in these lines. In addition, efflux experiments revealed that the rates of SbIII efflux are higher in the SbIII-resistant lines of L. guyanensis and L. braziliensis, that may explain also the low SbIII concentration within of these parasites. The BSO, an inhibitor of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase enzyme, reversed the SbIII-resistance phenotype of L. braziliensis and caused an increasing in the Sb intracellular level in the LbSbR line. Our data indicate that the mechanisms of antimony-resistance are different among species of Leishmania analyzed in this study.
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Key Words
- AQP1, aquaglyceroporin-1
- Drug resistance
- La, L. (L.) amazonensis
- Lb, L. (V.) braziliensis
- Leishmania spp.
- Lg, L. (V.) guyanensis
- Li, L. (L.) infantum
- MRPA transporter
- MRPA, multidrug-resistance protein A
- Pgp, phosphoglycoprotein
- Potassium antimonyl tartrate
- SbIII, potassium antimonyl tartrate
- SbR, SbIII-resistant
- WTS, Wild-type susceptible
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S. Moreira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou – CPqRR/FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rubens L. Monte Neto
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, CHUL, Québec G1V 4G2, QC, Canada
| | - Juvana M. Andrade
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou – CPqRR/FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria M. Santi
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou – CPqRR/FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Priscila G. Reis
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Frédéric Frézard
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Silvane M.F. Murta
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou – CPqRR/FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Corresponding author. Address: Laboratório de Parasitologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas ‘René Rachou’, FIOCRUZ, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Caixa Postal 1743, CEP 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Tel.: +55 31 3349 7780; fax: +55 31 32953115.
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Bento DB, de Souza B, Steckert AV, Dias RO, Leffa DD, Moreno SE, Petronilho F, de Andrade VM, Dal-Pizzol F, Romão PR. Oxidative stress in mice treated with antileishmanial meglumine antimoniate. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:1134-41. [PMID: 24012348 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the understanding of the toxicity of pentavalent antimony (Sb(V)), we investigated the acute effects of meglumine antimoniate (MA) on the oxidative stress in heart, liver, kidney, spleen and brain tissue of mice. Levels of lipoperoxidation and protein carbonylation were measured to evaluate the oxidative status, whereas superoxide dismutase/catalase activity and glutathione levels were recorded to examine the antioxidative status. We observed that MA caused significant protein carbonylation in the heart, spleen and brain tissue. Increased lipoperoxidation was found in the liver and brain tissue. An imbalance between superoxide dismutase and catalase activities could be observed in heart, liver, spleen and brain tissue. Our results suggest that MA causes oxidative stress in several vital organs of mice. This indicates that the production of highly reactive oxygen and nitrogen species induced by MA might be involved in some of its toxic adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Bento
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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Wang F, Yin H, Yue C, Cheng S, Hong M. Syntheses, structural characterization, in vitro cytotoxicities and DNA-binding properties of triphenylantimony di(N-oxy phthalimide) and di(N-oxy succinimide) complexes. J Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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236
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Strategies for the design of orally bioavailable antileishmanial treatments. Int J Pharm 2013; 454:539-52. [PMID: 23871737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the six major tropical diseases targeted by the World Health Organization. The most serious, life-threatening form is visceral leishmaniasis (VL). No vaccine is yet available for human use and chemotherapy is the main mean of dealing with this disease. This review focuses on the development of drug delivery systems (DDS) for treatment of leishmaniasis. After an overview of the significance of leishmaniasis in 2013, current chemotherapy and its limitations are considered, leading to possible strategies to improve the treatment of VL: new drugs, combinations of existing drugs and DDS, particularly for oral administration. Nanostructured biomaterials such as lipid-based or polymeric nanoparticles have unique physicochemical properties, ultra-small and controllable size, large surface area to mass ratio and the possibility of surface modification which can be used to advantage for the oral administration of antileishmanial drugs. They can improve the rate of dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs, increase intestinal residence time by bioadhesion and, especially when lipid additives are used, influence the route and efficiency of absorption. These recent advances in this very active field should lead to better management of this serious disease.
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Quiroz W, Aguilar L, Barría M, Veneciano J, Martínez D, Bravo M, Lobos MG, Mercado L. Sb(V) and Sb(III) distribution in human erythrocytes: speciation methodology and the influence of temperature, time and anticoagulants. Talanta 2013; 115:902-10. [PMID: 24054681 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this research a new method was developed and optimized for the determination of Sb(V) and Sb(III) in human erythrocytes fractions (plasma and cytoplasm) by high performance liquid chromatography with hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The method considers the first step of samples cleaning by protein precipitation by salting out followed by C18 solid phase extraction, EDTA elution, and finally a chromatographic separation by using anion exchange PRPX-100 (100 mm × 4.1mm) and EDTA 20 mmol L(-1) as mobile phase. The method was optimized by experimental design with a recovery of 90% for Sb(V) and 55-75% for Sb(III) approximately. The analytical method was applied to study the distribution of Sb(V) and Sb(III) in human erythrocytes considering temperature and time of incubations and with special attention about the influence of the anticoagulant. Results showed that both Sb(V) and Sb(III) are capable to enter the red blood cell in a proportion of approximately 40-60%. On the other hand, both species are then excreted from the interior of the cell, where the percentage considerably decreased from approximately 60 to less than 30% within the cell. An increase in the culture temperature increases the capacity of Sb(V) and Sb(III) to penetrate the membrane barrier and reach the cytoplasm. In order to preserve the original distribution of Sb in blood, heparin seems to be the best anticoagulant for sample preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldo Quiroz
- Laboratorio de Química Analítica y Ambiental, Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Parque Sur 330 Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile.
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Rocha VPC, Nonato FR, Guimarães ET, Rodrigues de Freitas LA, Soares MBP. Activity of antimalarial drugs in vitro and in a murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:1001-1010. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.058115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The currently used treatments for leishmaniasis, a neglected parasitic disease, are associated with several side effects, high cost and resistance of the Leishmania parasites. Here we evaluated in vitro and in vivo the antileishmanial activity of five antimalarial drugs against Leishmania amazonensis. Mefloquine was effective against promastigotes in axenic cultures and showed an IC50 (concentration giving half-maximal inhibition) value of 8.4±0.7 µM. In addition, mefloquine, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine were active against intracellular amastigotes in macrophage-infected cultures, presenting IC50 values of 1.56±0.19 µM, 0.78±0.08 µM and 0.67±0.12 µM, respectively. The ultrastructural analysis of chloroquine- or mefloquine-treated amastigotes showed an accumulation of multivesicular bodies in the cytoplasm of the parasite, suggesting endocytic pathway impairment, in addition to the formation of myelin-like figures and enlargement of the Golgi cisternae. CBA mice were infected with L. amazonensis in the ear dermis, and treated by oral and/or topical routes with chloroquine and mefloquine. Treatment of L. amazonensis-infected mice with chloroquine by the oral route reduced lesion size, which was associated with a decrease in the number of parasites in the ear, as well as the parasite burden in the draining lymph nodes. In contrast, mefloquine administration by both routes decreased the lesion size in infected mice without causing a reduction in parasite burden. Our results revealed a promising antileishmanial effect of chloroquine and suggest its use in cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Pinto Costa Rocha
- Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, 40296-70, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Regina Nonato
- Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, 40296-70, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Elisalva Teixeira Guimarães
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Rua Silveira Martins, 2555, Cabula, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, 40296-70, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antônio Rodrigues de Freitas
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n°, Vale do Canela, 40025-010, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, 40296-70, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Hospital São Rafael, Avenida São Rafael 2152, 41253-190, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, 40296-70, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Beheshti N, Soflaei S, Shakibaie M, Yazdi MH, Ghaffarifar F, Dalimi A, Shahverdi AR. Efficacy of biogenic selenium nanoparticles against Leishmania major: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2013; 27:203-7. [PMID: 23219368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PROJECT This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of biogenic selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs), biosynthesized by Bacillus sp. MSh-1, against Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER). PROCEDURE The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiozol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity effects of the biogenic Se NPs against both promastigote and amastigote forms of L. major. In a separate in vivo experiment, we also determined the preventive and therapeutic effects of biogenic Se NPs in BALB/c mice following subcutaneous infected with L. major. RESULTS The MTT assays showed that the highest toxicity occurred after 72 h against both promastigote and amastigote forms of L. major. The cytotoxicity of Se NPs was higher at all incubation times (24, 48, and 72 h) against the promastigote than the amastigote form (p<0.05). The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of the Se NPs were 1.62±0.6 and 4.4±0.6 μg ml(-1) against the promastigote and amastigote forms, respectively, after a 72-h incubation period. Apoptosis assays showed DNA fragmentation in promastigotes treated with Se NPs. In an animal challenge, prophylactic doses of biogenic Se NPs delayed the development of localized cutaneous lesions. Moreover, daily administration of Se NPs (5 or 10 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) in similarly infected BALB/c mice that had not received prophylactic doses of Se NPs also abolished the localized lesions after 14 days. CONCLUSION Based on these in vitro and in vivo studies, biogenic Se NPs can be considered as a novel therapeutic agent for treatment of the localized lesions typical of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasibeh Beheshti
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117, Iran
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240
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Amphiphilic Antimony(V) Complexes for Oral Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:4229-4236. [PMID: 23796930 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00639-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for daily parenteral administration is an important limitation in the clinical use of pentavalent antimonial drugs against leishmaniasis. In this study, amphiphilic antimony(V) complexes were prepared from alkylmethylglucamides (L8 and L10, with carbon chain lengths of 8 and 10, respectively), and their potential for the oral treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was evaluated. Complexes of Sb and ligand at 1:3 (SbL8 and SbL10) were obtained from the reaction of antimony(V) with L8 and L10, as evidenced by elemental and electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analyses. Fluorescence probing of hydrophobic environment and negative-staining transmission electron microscopy showed that SbL8 forms kinetically stabilized nanoassemblies in water. Pharmacokinetic studies with mice in which the compound was administered by the oral route at 200 mg of Sb/kg of body weight indicated that the SbL8 complex promoted greater and more sustained Sb levels in serum and liver than the levels obtained for the conventional antimonial drug meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime [Glu]). The efficacy of SbL8 and SbL10 administered by the oral route was evaluated in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania infantum after a daily dose of 200 mg of Sb/kg for 20 days. Both complexes promoted significant reduction in the liver and spleen parasite burdens in relation to those in the saline-treated control group. The extent of parasite suppression (>99.96%) was similar to that achieved after Glu given intraperitoneally at 80 mg of Sb/kg/day. As expected, there was no significant reduction in the parasitic load in the group treated orally with Glu at 200 mg of Sb/(kg day). In conclusion, amphiphilic antimony(V) complexes emerge as an innovative and promising strategy for the oral treatment of VL.
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241
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Cota GF, de Sousa MR, Fereguetti TO, Rabello A. Efficacy of anti-leishmania therapy in visceral leishmaniasis among HIV infected patients: a systematic review with indirect comparison. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2195. [PMID: 23658850 PMCID: PMC3642227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We conducted a systematic literature review with indirect comparison of studies evaluating therapeutic efficacy and toxicity associated to visceral leishmaniasis (VL) therapy among HIV infected individuals. Main outcome measurements The outcomes of interest were clinical and parasitological cure, mortality, and adverse events. Methods PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews and Cochrane manual were followed. Sources were MEDLINE, LILACS, EMBASE, Web of Knowledge databases and manual search of references from evaluated studies. We included all studies reporting outcomes after VL treatment, regardless of their design. Study quality was evaluated systematically by using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software v.2.2.048 was used to perform one-group meta-analysis of study arms with the same drug to estimate global rates of success and adverse events with each drug. These estimates were used, when possible, to indirectly compare treatment options, adjusted for CD4 count. Direct comparison was pooled when available. Results Seventeen studies reporting five treatment regimens and outcome of 920 VL episodes occurring in HIV infected individuals were included. The main outstanding difference in outcome among the treatment regimens was observed in mortality rate: it was around 3 times higher with high-dose antimony use (18.4%, CI 95% 13.3–25%), indirectly compared to lipid formulations of amphotericin B treatment (6.1%, CI 95% 3.9–9.4%). It was observed, also by indirect comparison, higher rates of clinical improvement in study arms using amphotericin B than in study arms using pentavalent antimonial therapy (Sbv). The parasitological cure, an outcome that presented some degree of risk of selection and verification bias, had rates that varied widely within the same treatment arm, with high heterogeneity, hampering any formal comparison among drugs. One direct comparison of amphotericin and antimoniate was possible combining results of two studies and confirming the superiority of amphotericin. Conclusions Available evidence suggests that amphotericin is superior to antimony treatment. Death rate using antimoniate high dose is unacceptably high. Randomized controlled trials are necessary to compare different formulations and doses of amphotericin, alternative therapies and drug combinations. In co-infection with HIV/AIDS, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) most often results in an unfavorable response to treatment, frequent relapses, and in premature deaths. Scarce data is available regarding the treatment of leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients (VL-HIV). Despite this, clinical decisions must be made. To aid in this task we reviewed comprehensive and systematically the available literature about efficacy and toxicity of therapeutic options for VL-HIV. PRISMA guidelines and Cochrane manual for systematic reviews were followed. Direct and indirect comparisons of nonrandomized studies were used, adjusting for CD4 count. Seventeen studies reporting five treatment regimens and outcome of 920 VL episodes occurring in HIV infected individuals were included. Results suggest higher survival and clinical response rate with amphotericin B than with antimony treatment. Antimonial therapy carries a higher rate of drug discontinuation and a significantly higher mortality indirectly compared to treatment with amphotericin B. Randomized controlled trials are needed to compare doses and formulations of amphotericin and alternative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gláucia F Cota
- Laboratory of Clinical Research, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Guimarães TT, Pinto MDCF, Lanza JS, Melo MN, do Monte-Neto RL, de Melo IM, Diogo EB, Ferreira VF, Camara CA, Valença WO, de Oliveira RN, Frézard F, da Silva Júnior EN. Potent naphthoquinones against antimony-sensitive and -resistant Leishmania parasites: Synthesis of novel α- and nor-α-lapachone-based 1,2,3-triazoles by copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:523-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Salaün P, Frézard F. Unexpectedly high levels of antimony (III) in the pentavalent antimonial drug Glucantime: insights from a new voltammetric approach. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5201-14. [PMID: 23612869 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucantime, a pentavalent antimonial drug, is commonly used for the treatment of leishmaniasis but the presence of residual trivalent antimony, Sb(III), is thought to be responsible for toxic side-effects observed in patients. Numerous analytical studies have focused on determining Sb(III) concentrations in Glucantime but without reaching a consensus: results span over 3 orders of magnitude. In this study, we present a detailed new analytical approach showing that: (1) Sb(III) levels are much higher than previously reported and represent more than 30% of total Sb; (2) determination of Sb(III) concentrations in acidic conditions is hampered by fast oxidation rates. This latter point explains the large variations in previously reported results of Sb(III) concentrations in Glucantime. Measurements were made here at a vibrated gold microwire electrode by stripping voltammetry enabling measurement of Sb(III) in acidic, neutral or alkaline conditions. The developed methods are sensitive (e.g., detection limits of 19 pM for 120 s deposition at pH 4.5), stable (<6%, N = 100), precise (5%, N = 5) and robust (same electrode used for weeks) at all pH values. In diluted solutions of Glucantime, Sb(III) levels were strongly dependent both on pH and ionic strength. At pH < 3, Sb(III) is oxidized with oxidation rates that increase as pH is decreased. At high pH, Sb(III) forms electro-inactive complexes. Highest Sb(III) levels were detected at pH ~3 and at low ionic strength. The presence of several Sb(III) and Sb(V) species was demonstrated by different reduction waves obtained by stripping scanned voltammetry. As an implication of these unexpectedly high Sb(III) concentrations, an alternative model can be proposed for the mode of action of pentavalent antimonials against leishmaniasis, in which antimony complexes may act as molecular carrier of Sb(III) and release it specifically in the acidic intracellular compartment where the Leishmania parasites reside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Salaün
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, 4 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK.
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Charret KS, Lagrota-Cândido J, Carvalho-Pinto CE, Hottz CF, Lira MLF, Rodrigues RF, Gomes AO, Bernardino AM, Canto-Cavalheiro MM, Leon LL, Amaral VF. The histopathological and immunological pattern of CBA mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis after treatment with pyrazole carbohydrazide derivatives. Exp Parasitol 2013; 133:201-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Evaluation of Genetic Polymorphism of Leishmania (V.) braziliensis Isolates Obtained from the Same Patient before and after Therapeutic Failure or Reactivation of Cutaneous Lesions. J Trop Med 2013; 2012:808132. [PMID: 23304168 PMCID: PMC3530180 DOI: 10.1155/2012/808132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate genetic polymorphism in Leishmania braziliensis population previously typed through isoenzyme electrophoresis, isolated from the same patient in two different moments: (A) before the beginning of treatment and (B) after treatment failure to meglumine antimoniate or reactivation after successful initial treatment. Fifteen pairs of isolates were assessed using the polymorphic molecular marker LSSP-PCR and following the phenetic analysis. The genetic profiles of the 30 samples were grouped in four clusters. Only two patients presented total identity in the A and B isolates. Most isolates presented similarity coefficients varying from 0.63 to 0.91. In this group of patients genetic polymorphisms could be observed indicating low similarity between the pairs of isolates. The results demonstrate the existence of genetic polymorphism between the samples isolated before treatment and after reactivation or treatment failure, suggesting a possible differentiation of the structure of the original parasite population which could be involved in the mechanisms of resistance to treatment or reactivation of lesions in the ATL. This phenomenon is important, although other factors also could be involved in this context and are discussed in this paper.
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Ali MI, Rauf MK, Badshah A, Kumar I, Forsyth CM, Junk PC, Kedzierski L, Andrews PC. Anti-leishmanial activity of heteroleptic organometallic Sb(v) compounds. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:16733-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51382c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tiwari A, Kumar S, Suryawanshi S, Mittal M, Vishwakarma P, Gupta S. Chemotherapy of leishmaniasis part X: Synthesis and bioevaluation of novel terpenyl heterocycles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Andric B, Terzic D, Dupanovic B, Andric A. Public health aspects of visceral leishmaniasis in Montenegro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojcd.2013.34035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Granados-Falla D, Coy-Barrera C, Cuca L, Delgado G. <i>Seco</i>-limonoid 11<i>α</i>,19<i>β</i>-dihydroxy-7-acetoxy-7- deoxoichangin promotes the resolution of <i>Leishmania panamensis</i> infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.42a041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pomel S, Biot C, Bories C, Loiseau PM. Antiprotozoal activity of ferroquine. Parasitol Res 2012; 112:665-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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